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Tourism Development Authority

The Surry County Tourism Development Authority (TDA) was established by the North Carolina General Assembly in 2009. The Authority expends remitted occupancy tax revenues to promote travel and tourism in the unincorporated areas of the county. The Authority participates in the Tourism Partnership of Surry County, a collaboration with the four municipal TDA's (i.e. Dobson, Elkin, Mount Airy, and Pilot Mountain). The Tourism Partnership manages a countywide marketing program with funding provided by all five TDA's. Meetings are typically held six times a year during the months of January, March, May, July, September and November. Please refer to the calendar for meeting dates and details. Meeting Agendas Meeting Minutes Travis Frye 114 W. Atkins Street P.O. Box 1467 Dobson, NC 27017 (336) 401-8201 (O) (336) 401-8216 (F) [email protected]

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Emporia, VA (23847)

Lots of sunshine. High 87F. Winds W at 5 to 10 mph..

Clear skies. Low 58F. Winds light and variable.

Updated: June 7, 2024 @ 12:25 pm

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• Surry County Tourism Receives Grant Award
• Jun 6, 2024

By Terry Harris

Surry County Tourism recently received a $20,000 grant for a marketing campaign entitled “Now We’re Cooking: From Field to Fork” thanks to a Virginia Tourism Corporation (VTC) program. As announced by Governor Glenn Youngkin recently announced, the VTC program was responsible for more than $3.27 million for 268 local and regional tourism marketing programs to help increase visitation and revenue for Virginia’s localities through tourism.

“VTC’s marketing and sponsorship programs are powerful incentives creating tourism partnerships across Virginia that are a robust part of Virginia’s economic ecosystem,” said Governor Glenn Youngkin. “Across the Commonwealth, the tourism industry recognizes the importance of having inventive strategies to showcase all that Virginia has to offer. These grants will support those efforts and help draw thousands of additional visitors to the Commonwealth to experience everything that makes Virginia so special.”

According to a press release from Surry County officials, the county has pledged $18,811 in matching funds for the campaign which will focus on the emerging food scene in rural Surry County. The stated goal locally is to promote “interesting and quirky elements to celebrate Surry’s uniqueness as well as promoting awareness of fresh and organic produce grown on local farms, thereby bringing together businesses within the local agritourism and food service communities creating memorable agricultural and dining experiences for guests to enjoy.”

According to Robert Elliott, Chairman of the Surry County Board of Supervisors, “The extended reach of this campaign is expected to create additional widespread awareness and accentuate Surry’s uniqueness and its emerging ‘food scene’ which will increase visits to our beautiful waterfront county resulting in a significant economic impact for the Surry community.”

“Once again, we are thrilled to highlight Surry County’s farmers, local business, and restaurants with this “Field to Fork” promotional opportunity,” stated Surry County Administrator Melissa Rollins. “Surry County has a long history of agricultural excellence, and the campaign will extend the knowledge of visitors as well as create business growth in the county. The increase in visitation results in greater guest expenditures and tax revenues, therefore creating a direct benefit to businesses in our small agricultural community'" 

 “The proposed marketing plan for this project will include partnerships with The Local Palate: Food Culture of the South Magazine and Advance Travel and Tourism which will enable us to explore new marketing tactics and expand our brand messaging into previously unreached markets to increase awareness of our community’s unique, sometimes quirky, attributes,” explained Pat Bernshausen, Surry County Tourism Coordinator. “Local participating grant partners include the Hampton Roads Winery, Chippokes State Park, Sycamore Springs Farm Market, Winfield Farms, Dragonfly Hill Farm, The Surry Seafood Company Restaurant, and Drewry Farms.”

“The VTC grant programs continue to inject critical funds into communities across the Commonwealth, helping to make Virginia the best place to live, work, and raise a family,” said Secretary of Commerce and Trade Caren Merrick. “The tourism industry in an incredible employment on-ramp for high school and college students, part-time workers, and those interested long-term hospitality careers. From kitchen line cooks to regional executive hotel managers, these funds support a robust hospitality workforce by inducing tourism demand and increasing overnight visitation.”

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• Do & See

Arts & Culture, shopping, golf, family fun, and more!

There are so many things to do in Surrey BC! With a unique mix of urban and rural, it’s no surprise that the list of fun things to do and see in Surrey, BC is seemingly endless. As one of the fastest-growing and most multicultural cities in Canada, Surrey is bustling with one-of-a-kind music festivals, cultural activities, rodeos, community events, world-class golf, and theatre.

Feeling artsy? Take a tour and admire the eye-catching public art. Super stressed? Enjoy a relaxing spa day. Travelling with the family? We have you covered with indoor playgrounds and outdoor activities! Looking for trendy shopping districts and malls? Then get that credit card ready.

Because, what we’re really trying to say is that no matter who you are or why you’re here, and whether you are looking for places to visit at night, in winter, as a day trip, or for a full week’s vacation, we’re pretty positive you’ll never run out of things to do and see. 

Ready to start exploring? Scroll down for some of our top categories or skip straight to the business listings .

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If you are visiting Surrey or making a day trip from a neighbouring community (Burnaby, White Rock, Langley, Coquitlam, or anywhere in Greater Vancouver), make sure you check out our Events Calendar to find out what’s happening in Surrey this weekend or even today! Our community is an inclusive place with plenty of places to visit in Surrey for free or for those on a budget – that includes cultural activities, music festivals, farmer’s markets, and places to see near Surrey.

If you are looking for things to do in Surrey today or this weekend, our  Stories, Features and Blog section  has articles highlighting:

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12 Free Outdoor and Historic Things to do in Surry Virginia

When most people visit Williamsburg, VA, they don’t go outside of Virginia’s historic triangle of Williamsburg, Jamestown and Yorktown. I mean, why would you? There is plenty to do.

But what you are missing is all of the historic and nature sites in Surry, Virginia, just across the James River, when you expand your trip outside of the area you already have on your trip itinerary. 

Why Visit Surry County?

Drive around and you are sure to be surprised by all of the things to do in Surry. Farmland is prevalent, but so is small town charm, history and nature.  

Surry, found in Surry County Virginia, is just a short, free ferry ride away from Historic Jamestowne, and an easy day trip from Richmond, VA or Virginia Beach, VA .

You can spend the morning, or an entire day exploring Hog Island Wildlife Management Area looking for bald eagles, learning about the history of farming at Chippokes State Park, taste a bit of that famous Virginia ham, sip some local wine, load up on produce at the farmer’s market and tour historic plantation homes. 

Things to do in Surry Virginia

At first glance, there doesn’t seem to be much to do in Surry, Virginia, but look a little deeper and you will find a day trip to Jamestown expanded into a weekend of fun for the entire family. 

Jamestown-Scotland Ferry

The free ferry from Jamestown to Surry County is easy to pull your car onto throughout the day, making the trip back and forth a breeze. Simply get in line at the ferry stop near the Jamestown Settlement and get off on the other side; no reservations required.

Directions back are just as simple– get in the ferry lane line in Surry to make the trip back across the James River to Jamestown. 

Ferries take about 15-20 minutes to cross the river, and the cost is always free. They run 24 hours, 7 days a week. Rush hour may see more cars in the line up, but throughout the day you should have no problem hopping on the next ferry that arrives to port.

The Powhatan (ferry boat) can carry 70 vehicles and 499 passengers, a vast improvement to the original ferry built in 1938 that could only carry 28 cars. 

Surrey County Visitors Center

If this is your first visit to Surry, VA, a stop into the Surry County Visitors Center is a good place to start your trip.

Inside this 1825 “Old Clerk’s Office” you will find information about attractions in the area, as well as a little walk through the history of the county via a visual timeline. 

Check the visitors center website for opening dates and times.

Surry County Historical Society & Museum

Located right downtown, the Surry County Historical Society and Museum digs into the history, heirlooms and artifacts of past residents.

Visitors are welcome to check out the restored “Capt. John Smith” Deckhouse taken off the first motorized ferry to go across the James River from Surry to Jamestown. 

Chippokes Plantation State Park

Probably the biggest reason to visit Surry is a stop at Chippokes Plantation State Park. Established in 1619 by Captain William Powell, an English Lieutenant Governor of Jamestown, this 1400-acre farm located opposite Jamestown Island, is still an active farm.

It is also one of the oldest continuously operated plantations in the nation. 

Although the old mansion isn’t always open for tours, you can still wander the grounds throughout the year to see the gardens, antebellum mansion, outbuildings and farmlands. 

Cottage Rentals in Chippokes Plantation State Park

Best of all, there are four cottages you can rent to stay in the state park, which is particularly good for those who don’t want to go camping in Virginia , although there is a campground in the park too.

Renters and campers have access to the swimming pool, and can enjoy horseback riding, hiking, fishing, biking and canoeing in the park. 

Chippokes Farm and Forestry Museum

Inside of Chippokes Plantation State Park you will also find the Chippokes Farm and Forestry Museum. This active farm has cows, pigs and donkeys you can say hello to (from the safety of your side of the fence). Programs that are open to the public happen throughout the year that explain farm life in the 1600s to present day. 

Hog Island Wildlife Management Area 

One of the most beautiful, yet a bit tricky to get to, parts of Surry County is the Hog Island Wildlife Management Area. While more people come here during hunting seasons to keep the deer and bird population to a sustainable number, visitors will want to pop over to see all of the birds who call this part of Virginia home. 

We saw several bald eagles, vultures, hawks, osprey, herons and other shorebirds during our short time on the “island,” which is actually a peninsula. Pull over at any of the viewing platforms or beach locations and sit for a bit. You will definitely see birds fly over head, do a little fishing and even play together. 

Getting to Hog Island Wildlife Management Area

To get to Hog Island, you do have to pass through the Dominion Energy entrance. Order your Restore the Wild Membership head of time to access this wildlife area. We had no idea this was required, but the Dominion Energy checkpoint agent allowed us through anyway, seeing as we were the only people visiting that day. 

Be prepared to stop at the entrance for a vehicle inspection and driver’s license registration. This is a nuclear power site, so they need to be extra careful to track anyone who comes and goes, for the safety of all.

Kids can usually stay in the car, but adults will have to step out to register.  

Bacon’s Castle

Bacon’s Castle, only open seasonally, is the oldest brick home in North America, constructed for Arthur Allen in 1665. The castle is one of the few examples of High Jacobean architecture in the United States, with formal English gardens.

While it used to be known as the Allen’s Brick House, it was renamed “Bacon’s Castle” in 1676 when Nathaniel Bacon’s men took over the home during Bacon’s Rebellion. 

The property, now owned by Preservation Virginia, offers an exterior self-guided tour that you can download onto your cell phone. Private interior tours are offered by reservation only. You can book tickets online for the 45-minute tour of the interior. 

Picnics are encouraged on the grounds at six picnic tables for guest use. 

Smith’s Fort Plantation

Wander back in time to learn more about the lives and impact of Captain John Smith, John Rolfe, Pocahontas and Chief Wahunsenacawh in Surry and across the region. Smith had proposed that a new fort be built here, with the earthworks still marking out the spot where the fort was started, but never completed. 

The current house stands on land that Chief Wahunsenacawh (Powhatan) gave to John Rolfe as a dowry for his daughter Pocahontas’ marriage in 1614, although the actual house wasn’t built until the mid-1700s. In the late 1800s, the fort was bought by a group of Black families, and later aquired by Preservation Virginia in the 1930s. 

Self-guided cell phone tours of the exterior are available, but you will have to pay an entrance fee for each car that drives onto the property. Guided tours are offered on the weekends of the exterior and interior of the property. 

Rogers Store Historic Site

Pop into Rogers’ Store, a 1897 structure that now highlights the history of rural life in Surry County. The property is only viewable by appointment, so plan ahead and get in touch with the Surry Historical Society for access.

Lightwood-Historic 18th Century Plantation House

If you have ever wanted to sleep in history, Lightwood House is your chance. The home is nestled on 110 acres of beech forest, streams and meadows, and is part of the land given to Pocohontas and John Rolfe as a wedding present from her father. 

The home is pet and kid friendly, and only a few miles from the Jamestown-Scotland ferry so you can still explore Williamsburg, Jamestown and Yorktown. 

Find more rental information here

Surry nuclear information center.

CLOSED until further notice.

Those interested in electricity, nuclear power and sources of energy can stop by the Surry Nuclear Information Center. There are interactive exhibits and films inside the center, to explore on your own, although staff is on hand if you have any questions. 

Edwards Virginia Ham Shoppe of Surry

When you are feeling peckish, pop into Edwards Virginia Ham Shoppe of Surry for sandwiches, and smoked, cured and cooked hams for your picnic basket or charcuterie board. You can also pick up sausages and bacon, as well as specialty items like smoked poultry, peanuts and BBQ (ribs, brisket and pulled pork).

Hampton Roads Vineyard & Winery

Just south of Surry in Elberon, Virginia, inside of the White Oak Farm that originally raised horses for the New York City carriage trade in 1898, you will find the Hampton Roads Vineyard & Winery. Guests are welcome to grab a tasting and take a walking of the farm as they sip. 

The winery makes a nice mix of whites and reds, including their White Oak White that goes with just about everything.

You can pick up snacks to munch outside too. Their reds go great with Edwards Virginia Ham and sausages. You can also pick up some of the farm’s own Red Angus cattle meat, and take a peek at the World’s Tallest Goat Tower.  

The Surry Farmers Market

We love a good farmers market, not only for the fresh produce and breads, but for the people we can meet too.

The Surry Farmers Market takes place every Friday, May through October from 5pm-8pm. It’s the perfect place to stop by after a long day of exploring, or load up on prepared foods, produce and baked goods for your weekend in town. 

Take the time to stop and chat with the vendors. Many are local farmers and producers, who know the history of the area and are happy to share their stories. 

The Surry Seafood Co.

Opened in 2018, the Surry Seafood Co. is feeding locals and visitors fresh seafood and their famous hush puppies. Dine in, hang out on the back deck or pull your boat up at the dock to take advantage of a great meal with beautiful views on Gray’s Creek. 

If you aren’t into seafood, have no fear, the cooks are always whipping up steak, burgers and chicken options. And yes, there are salads if you just want a bit of roughage in your diet. But seriously, get the hush puppies. 

James River

Boating is what it is all about when you want to get on the James River. While there are hiking trails in Chippokes State Park, and you can hang out on the beach and look for shells in the park, rent a canoe or bring your kayak to paddle around Cobham Bay, Grey’s Creek and the James River. 

Day Trips to Virginia’s Historic Triangle

Jamestown historic sites.

It’s easy to take a day trip to the Jamestown Settlement, Historic Jamestowne and drive down the Colonial Parkway for a bit of hiking and beach time.

Colonial Williamsburg

You really can’t come to this part of Virginia and not check out Colonial Williamsburg. Whether you buy a ticket to enter the buildings or just stroll down the Duke of Gloucester Street, you will soak up the history that was built all around you and still stands today.

Best of all, the food scene in Williamsburg has really grown, so you can grab a bite to eat, cup of coffee, local Williamsburg beers or a cocktail at a number of our favorite Williamsburg restaurants .

Busch Gardens Williamsburg

If you have kids or you just love roller coasters, block out a day of your trip to enjoy Busch Gardens Williamsburg . You will have plenty of roller coasters to ride, food to eat and shows to see during your visit. Heck, you may want to come back for a second day of even more fun once you know your way around the park.

This post was published by Keryn Means, a Washington DC travel expert, and the editor and publisher of DC Travel Magazine. Our articles may contain affiliate links. If you make a purchase after clicking one of those links we will receive a small commission.

Surry VA Hotels and Vacation Rentals

If you want to stay in Surry, VA, a vacation rental is your best bet. You can also book hotel rooms in Williamsburg or Newport News .

• Lightwood-Historic 18th Century Plantation House : A unique kid and pet friendly historic home that sleeps 10!
• Private Beach! Cottage on the High Banks of the James River : Watch bald eagles fly by from your porch 70 feet above the river (Sleeps 6)
• Beachfront Cottage on James River. Private beach : Perfect for families with little ones who want a calm beach, and no neighbors (sleeps 6).
• The Surry Seafood Co .: Hotel-style rooms overlooking Gray’s Creek.

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Keryn Means

Plan Your Trip to Surry: Best of Surry Tourism

PLAN YOUR TRIP Surry

Essential surry.

• The Surry Seafood Co.
• Edwards Ham Shop of Surry
• Anna's Pizza & Italian Restaurant
• Chen's Asian Grill
• The Colonial Trail Seafood Market
• Jamestown-Scotland Ferry
• Bacon's Castle
• Chippokes State Park
• Smith's Fort Plantation
• College Run Farms

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Did you spot the Painshill landscape in Bridgerton?

Painshill was delighted to welcome back the Netflix team in the autumn of 2022 to film some dramatic scenes for season 3 of Bridgerton.

Tour & Tasting at Albury Vineyard

Art & sculptures in the vineyard at high clandon.

Dive in. Taste gorgeous sparkling Cuvée. Open 30 June - 14 July

Loseley Park

Loseley House is open Sunday – Thursday only until the end of July

Come and discover our scenic landscapes and fantastic attractions and activities. With such a great mix of parks, museums, sports and arts, family fun activities there is always something to do and enjoy.

Make some incredible new memories in Surrey.

Attractions

Fun things to do on a budget, discover the surrey hills wine route, parks & gardens, history & heritage, experiences, entertainment, towns & villages, arts, crafts & galleries, half term fun in surrey, half term fun, things to do in surrey.

Whatever your interests, with the family, as a couple or in a group, Surrey has things to do for you all. Surrey is famous for its leafy countryside with its rolling hills and scenic viewpoints just perfect for walking and cycling.  Come and enjoy our scenic landscapes and wonderful attractions .

With a mix of parks, museums, sports and arts, family fun activities there is always something to do with the kids in Surrey.   At Brooklands Museum you will discover the history of flight and motor sport.  Surrey’s animal attractions offer fantastic family fun options, will indoor play areas if the weather is not on your side.   Not forgetting the many National Trust properties in Surrey offers family-friendly adventures in their houses, gardens and open spaces.  

Explore Surrey's beautiful countryside . Explore our chocolate box villages and vibrant towns. Walkers will love our extensive footpath networks, including the North Downs Way, which runs through the heart of Surrey. For those looking to explore on four wheels, why not hire a classic car? What a great way to explore the scenic landscapes of the Surrey Hills.

Sign up to our monthly Visit Surrey newsletters  and keep up-to-date on ideas for days out, events and more. 

NOTE: Please remember to check attractions websites before you travel to avoid disappointment, as opening dates and times may change.

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16 Unique & Fun Things to do in Surrey, BC

From niche museums and beautiful beaches to lush trails and quaint historic escapes, there’s actually many things to do in Surrey, BC that most visitors don’t expect.

Growing up in the Lower Mainland, Surrey wasn’t often considered a destination to visit or do day trips. But things are quickly changing. In fact, Surrey is one of the fastest growing cities in Canada, not to mention the largest city in Metro Vancouver where land mass is concerned.

So, what is there to do in Surrey? Read on for a roundup of our favourites activities and places to visit!

Head to Crescent Beach

We know that beaches aren’t often what come to mind when you think of Surrey, but this sprawling city is indeed home to a beautiful waterfront, and one of the best places to watch sunset in Metro Vancouver.

We’re talking of course about Crescent Beach, a picturesque beach and residential community in South Surrey that makes for a perfect summer (or sunset) excursion.

With gorgeous views over Boundary Bay, and a walkable promenade lined with quaint houses, this is by far one of the most scenic places to visit in Surrey… with a much more laid-back feel than nearby White Rock.

Whether you want to sunbathe, enjoy some beach volleyball, or simply grab a bite at one of the Beecher Street hot spots, visiting Crescent Beach is definitely one of the best things to do in Surrey… so come see for yourself the next time you visit!

NOTE: The beach here is pretty rocky. If you prefer sandy beaches, then time your visit for low tide.

Explore Tynehead Regional Park

Just off of the Trans-Canada Highway, you’ll find another Surrey gem: Tynehead Regional Park, a large park in North Surrey with kilometres of scenic trails, a fish hatchery, a dog park, and even its own butterfly garden.

If you’re looking for outdoorsy things to do in Surrey, visiting this park is a must. The Tynehead Perimeter Trail is a popular pick for first timers, but you can easily choose your own adventure once you enter the park.

Be sure to pack a picnic too, because there’s several picnicking areas to choose from!

Enjoy some craft brews

Craft beer is practically a religion in the Lower Mainland these days, and Surrey is no exception. While you won’t find a microbrewery on every corner here like in Mount Pleasant , there’s still great options if you’re looking for some hyperlocal brews.

Central City Brewing has been around since 2003, and its signature Red Racer beer can be found in bars and restaurants all around the Lower Mainland. Their original brewpub is located conveniently by Surrey Central Skytrain Station, although their new 125,000 square foot facility on Bridgeview Derive (with tasting room) is well worth a visit.

There’s also Russell Brewing Co , which has been championing craft beer methods since 1995, making it one of the oldest microbreweries in Metro Vancouver. While their long awaited Tasting Room is set to open later this year, you can find their inventive pours in over 1200 locations across the country. Click here to find the closest location near you.

Head to the historic town centre of Cloverdale

Cloverdale may best be known for its annual rodeo, but it’s also a worthwhile place to visit year round thanks to several attractions (which we’ll cover below), like the Museum of Surrey, BC Vintage Truck Museum, and the Cloverdale Flea Market.

Often considered the historic heart of Surrey, Cloverdale is filled with heritage buildings and a quiet charm that feels worlds removed from the glass condos and shopping malls popping up elsewhere in the city.

Truth be told, the historic main drag of Cloverdale (176th Street) is pretty quiet these days, but it’s a spot where you can explore some independent shops, browse for antiques, admire some public art, and grab a bite to eat.

Pop culture fans might also recognize it as Smallville, or Greendale from the Chilling Adventures of Sabrina. Thanks to its historic charm, Cloverdale is a favourite for film crews.

Beyond Cloverdale’s main strip though, there are lots of worthwhile attractions in the neighbourhood. We’ll showcase some of our favourites below.

Stop by the Museum of Surrey

Yes, Surrey has a museum dedicated to Surrey! Who knew?

This underrated attraction is unknown to many Metro Vancouverites, but if you’re looking for something a little different/educational to do in Surrey, particularly with young ones in tow, then the Museum of Surrey makes a great choice… especially on a rainy day.

Located at the Heritage Campus in Cloverdale, the museum has a goal of “celebrating Surrey’s past, present and future through innovative, dynamic and delightful learning, storytelling, and creating shared experiences”.

They do this through interactive exhibits, events, and programs… and a pretty baller kids play area. Best of all, it’s free, making it one of the most budget-friendly Surrey activities you can enjoy.

Visit the BC Vintage Truck Museum

When we said Surrey had niche museums, we meant it… and if you’re looking for a quirky Surrey activity to check off your list, then why not consider a visit to Cloverdale’s BC Vintage Truck Museum ?

Sure, their opening hours are fairly limited, but if you happen to catch them open, you’ll be treated to a hefty collection of vintage cars dating back to 1914, alongside tons of memorabilia and signage.

Rummage for goodies at the Cloverdale Flea Market

For almost 50 years, Cloverdale’s Flea Market has been one of the top draws for visitors from across the Lower Mainland who come in search of crafts, clothing, collectibles, and virtually everything you can imagine.

Held every Sunday, this “weekly treasure hunt” offers an array of eclectic goods as well as fresh produce, meaning there’s pretty much something for everyone here.

So, if you’re looking for a fun and unique activity to enjoy in Cloverdale, make sure you time your visit for a Sunday so you can enjoy this iconic weekly event.

Hop on the Fraser Valley Heritage Railway

If riding through Surrey on a vintage train sounds like your idea of fun, then be sure to add the Fraser Valley Heritage Railway to your list of things to do.

This historic attraction in Surrey offers two main experiences: the Sullivan Excursion, and the Discovery Centre Tour.

Departing from Cloverdale Station, the Sullivan Excursion allows visitors to experience commuter rail as it would have been a century ago.

This bookable experience involves a 55 minute roundtrip ride from Cloverdale to Sullivan Station (usually) on board the BCER 1225 , a train which worked in Vancouver, Burnaby and Steveston from 1913 – 1958.

On certain occasions though, special event trains will be used instead, so be sure to check their website for more details.

Besides train rides, visitors can also enjoy a one hour tour of the Discovery Centre, where you can see restoration efforts up close, learn more about the region’s rail history, and explore the Transit Museum set up at the (replica) Cloverdale Station.

Visit the famous Peace Arch

Visiting a border crossing isn’t usually a priority in most places, but the Peace Arch (found in South Surrey) is different.

This monument can be found at the Westernmost point of the US-Canada border, with a park that stretches across both countries, making it one of the few places in Canada where you can walk over to the US without clearing passport control (so long as you stay in the park, and leave via Canada, of course).

This bright white arch has stood for over 100 years as a symbol of peace between Canada and the US, and was even (fun fact) a hotspot for cross-border couples to get married during border closures throughout the pandemic.

Now open again, Peace Arch Park is well worth a visit if you’re looking for unique places to visit in Surrey… plus, it’s probably one of the coolest picnic spots that Metro Vancouver has to offer.

Look for famous filming locations

While Vancouver has a reputation for being “Hollywood North”, other cities of the Lower Mainland get their fair share of screen time as well, and Surrey is no exception.

The list of productions that have filmed in Surrey is extensive. As previously mentioned, Cloverdale has been used for shows like Peacemaker, Smallville, the Chilling Adventures of Sabrina, and Supernatural.

Crescent Beach has also been featured in productions like Psych and Tron: Legacy.

And various parts of the Surrey Central area have been used in shows like The Flash, Supergirl and the 100.

So, if you’re looking for quirky and geeky Surrey activities, make sure to add “hunting for filming locations” to your list!

Visit the Historic Stewart Farm

The Historic Stewart Farm is a historic gem tucked away in Surrey’s Elgin Heritage Park, offering a glimpse into the rural lifestyle of dwellers who lived here in the early 1900s.

Consisting of eight heritage buildings, the farm is now considered one of the top heritage sites in Surrey, and a great place to immerse yourself in local history through a tour around the farm’s scenic grounds.

The crown jewel of the property is the Queen Anne Revival farmhouse, originally built in 1894. Today, it has been lovingly restored to its former glory, and can be explored via a guided tour from on-site staff, or on your own.

Walk around Green Timbers Urban Forest & Surrey Nature Centre

For another fun outdoorsy thing to do in Surrey, a visit to Green Timbers Urban Forest (and the nearby Surrey Nature Centre) is a great bet.

This park is one of the largest in Surrey, offering 10km of trails in a lush second-growth forest. It may be hard to believe, but back in 1929, this forest had been completely logged and bare. But, decades of replanting and regrowth later, it is now more beautiful than ever, with plenty of spaces and trails for visitors to enjoy.

Little wonder why it is often referred to as BC’s “Birthplace of Reforestation”.

Try out an escape room

Getting locked in a room and solving puzzles to escape may sound like a TERRIBLE thing to do in Surrey, but it’s actually a lot of fun… and a unique idea for a date night or outing with friends.

E-Exit in Surrey offers a variety of themed escape rooms where you get to solve puzzles and brave challenges in order to find your way out… perfect for a rainy day activity, or if you’ve exhausted all the other things to do in Surrey we’ve already mentioned.

Head out to spend a day at White Rock

With a central location in the Lower Mainland, Surrey makes a great base for various day trips across Metro Vancouver and the Fraser Valley.

One of our favourites is White Rock, a gorgeous waterfront town with chill beach vibes, a variety of restaurants, and a lovely promenade with sweeping views over Semiamhoo Bay.

From walking the longest pier in Canada to enjoying sweet patio time, there’s tons of great things to do in White Rock. .. which is why we’d highly recommend the trip there from Surrey.

Hit the casino

Another rainy day activity to enjoy in Surrey is a visit to the casino!

While it’s not exactly Vegas, Elements Casino  in Surrey has hundreds of slot machines, a variety of fun table games, and a few different spots to grab a bite.

They also often host special events and live music, making it a fun entertainment venue if you’re looking for something a little different to do in Surrey.

Attend Surrey Fusion Festival

Lastly, we couldn’t write a list of cool things to do in Surrey without mentioning the annual Surrey Fusion Festival!

This epic festival bills itself as the “ultimate celebration of food, music and culture”, and takes place every July. You can think of it as an amalgamation of food, music, and culture from dozens of countries around the world, with varied pavilions and tents showcasing the diversity that Surrey is known for.

If you happen to be in Surrey during the summer, be sure to add this event to your list. After all, it’s the largest free multicultural festival that British Columbia has to offer.

Did we miss any of your favourite things to do in Surrey?

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Go Hike Virginia

3 Ways to Spend the Day in Surry County, Virginia

Many of us have visited Williamsburg. There are historical attractions, hiking trails , a large theme park. Yet, there’s so much more across the James River.

A 15-minute ride on the Jamestown-Scotland Ferry leads to Surry County , and you won’t believe all the things to do in Surry, Virginia.

Things to Do in Surry, VA

From hiking and paddling to historic mansions and forts, even a castle (kind of), you’ll find plenty of indoor and outdoor adventures in Surry.

When you’re ready to spend the day in Surry, here are three day trip ideas to make the most of your time with this riverside gem in Coastal Virginia.

Surry for Families

For families staying in the Williamsburg area, plan to catch the free car ferry in Jamestown for a short ride over to Scotland, a small village in Surry County.

From here, it’s a seven-minute drive to Chippokes State Park . Stop in the visitor center to inquire about ranger-led programs, like Fossil Walk and Pasture Pals.

Most of the park’s interpretive programs are offered on Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays. The park also offers two ranger-led paddling programs.

From here, make a beeline for the sandy beach on the James River to hunt for fossils. In the visitor center, ask for a fossil guide and identification sheet.

Before you break for lunch, stop in the Farm and Forestry Museum. This outdoor museum features exhibits on farm life and friendly farm animals.

For lunch, it’s an easy eight-minute drive to Anna’s Pizza & Italian Restaurant . Eat in or get a pizza, salad or sub to go. The restaurant closes on Mondays.

Once bellies are full, it’s a 10-minute drive to Bacon’s Castle . It’s not a real castle, but it is the oldest brick dwelling in North America, dating back to 1665.

Book a one-hour guided tour of the mansion’s interior (March-December), then stroll the property, which includes outbuildings and a formal garden.

Make Hampton Roads Vineyard & Winery your next stop in Surry. It’s a 15-minute drive and you’ll absolutely want to see the world’s tallest goat tower.

There’s indoor and outdoor seating to enjoy a flight of wines or a wine slushie. You can also take a self-guided tour of the property. Just ask for a brochure.

Before you head back across the James River, enjoy dinner at the marina on Gray’s Creek at The Surry Seafood Company . Delicious.

There’s so much to love on the menu, from the hush puppy basket to the fried Virginia oysters. The restaurant hosts live music on Wednesday evenings.

Surry for Outdoor Adventurers

For those eager to spend a full day outside in Surry County , get ready to start your day at Chippokes State Park. Bring your bicycle.

There are 12+ miles of hiking, biking and equestrian trails. The James River Trail and Lower Chippokes Creek Trail are good picks for bikes.

Both trails have dirt and grass surfaces. You may also want to ride your bike on Chippokes Farm Road. This flat, paved road leads to the state park cabins.

For lunch, it’s a seven-minute drive to Chen’s Asian Grill . The food is inexpensive and delicious. There is indoor and outdoor seating.

Once you’ve filled up on noodles and wontons, make the 25-minute drive to Hog Island Wildlife Management Area (WMA). Bring your binoculars.

This WMA is divided into three sections. Travel to the main section, the Hog Island Tract. This area is tops for bird watching.

The Hog Island WMA notes that 35+ species of shorebirds and 30+ species of waterfowl have been seen at Hog Island, including the royal tern and bald eagle.

For this day trip, you’ll also want to bring your own kayak to put in at Gray’s Creek, a six-mile-long tributary of the Lower James River.

The paddling on the calm creek waters is absolutely serene. From the waterway, take in the views across the marina and native sea grasses.

The boat launch is adjacent to The Surry Seafood Company , making this the perfect spot to settle in for a seafood dinner.

Eat outside on the deck for sunset and views across Gray’s Creek. It’s absolutely spectacular. Make note, select wines are half-price on Sundays from 4-8 pm.

Surry for History Lovers

For those who couldn’t get their fill of state history in Virginia’s Historic Triangle, Surry is the ideal destination.

Start at Chippokes State Park. Take a guided tour of Jones-Stewart Mansion, which delves into the lives of two families that lived here in the mid-1800’s.

Thirty-minute mansion tours take place Friday-Monday from 1-4 pm. No fees or reservations are required. Meet on the back porch of the historic mansion.

Before or after the tour, stroll the formal gardens adjacent to the home. In the gardens, you’ll find memorial headstones for Victor and Elizabeth Stewart.

You’ll also want to check out the River House, the oldest dwelling at this coastal state park, as well as the one-time slave quarters on Quarter Lane.

For lunch, it’s a 10-minute drive to Meats of Virginia . Here you’ll find delicious hot sandwiches, like pork BBQ. Sit outside to eat on the shaded deck.

After you fill up, it’s a 10-minute drive to Bacon’s Castle. The home dates back to 1665. It was taken over during the uprising known as Bacon’s Rebellion.

Take a one-hour guided tour of the interior with a docent. Tour the grounds with a cell phone audio tour, including the formal gardens.

Drive 15 minutes to Smith’s Fort . A 45-minute tour explores key figures in Virginia history, including John Rolfe, Pocahontas and Captain John Smith.

Both Smith’s Fort and Bacon’s Castle are managed by Preservation Virginia . That noted, you can buy a reduced-price ticket that includes both sites.

For dinner, fill up on pizza and subs at Anna’s Pizza & Italian Restaurant. The food is delicious. The restaurant closes on Mondays.

Disclosure: This post was sponsored by  Surry County Tourism . All views and opinions expressed here are my own.

Erin Gifford has completed more than 300 hikes in Virginia. She is also the author of three hiking guidebooks from Falcon Guides. Need help finding a hike? Check out the Trail Finder feature or send Erin an email at [email protected] .

• ← Winkler Botanical Preserve: A Lush Urban Oasis in Alexandria, Virginia
• Hightop Mountain: Hike to One of the Highest Peaks at Shenandoah National Park →

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Savor the Flavors of Surry!

Surry County’s Best Bites:

Surry County has long been a fantastic find for food enthusiasts. From fresh seafood to authentic Italian cuisine, Surry offers a diverse range of dining sure to inspire a need to taste everything. Whether you're craving a waterfront dining experience with stunning scenery or an exquisite meal at a local eatery, Surry County has all your culinary needs covered.

The Surry Seafood Company Restaurant

The Surry Seafood Co. is a distinguished dining destination known for its fresh local seafood, live entertainment, and picturesque waterfront setting. Since 2018, this eating establishment has served as a beloved focal point of a comprehensive experience that also includes hotel suites and a marina. While the diverse menu has something for everyone, standout seafood dishes have long garnered local acclaim.

Start with some Boom Tiki Shrimp or Oysters Rockefeller before moving on to menu standards such as the Company Seafood Platter, the Stuffed Flounder, or the Surf N Turf. Everything is incredible at The Surry Seafood Co., so sit back and enjoy the bounty of Virginia's best seafood while taking in the serene views of Gray's Creek, just off of the James River.

Anna’s Pizza and Italian Restaurant

Nestled in the heart of Surry, Anna's Pizza & Italian Restaurant stands as a beacon of authentic Italian cuisine and warm, welcoming hospitality. This appetizing eatery has carved a niche for itself among locals and visitors alike, offering a delightful array of Italian dishes that promise to transport your taste buds straight to Italy. The charming ambiance of the restaurant, coupled with its friendly service, makes it the perfect spot for family dinners, casual lunches, or special occasions.

The entire menu at Anna's Pizza & Italian Restaurant is worth exploring, so be sure to share with each other and order extra plates. Standout dishes that you simply must try include the “Garbage” pizza that is anything but, the plentiful Parmigiana Plates, and the absolutely stuffed Meatball Sub. Finish things off with a piece of Italian Cream Cake.

Yu-Chen’s Asian Grill

  Chen's Asian Grill offers a unique take on culinary fusion, offering a blend of Chinese and Japanese cuisine that leaves locals raving. Known for fresh ingredients, welcoming service, and generous portions, Chen’s is a must-stop when in Surry. Here, you can have anything from a hearty hibachi meal to a light lunch of spring rolls and wonton soup.

Choosing Chen's for your next meal out is more than just a decision about where to eat; it's an opportunity to explore a rich tapestry of flavors that beautifully blend distinct culinary traditions. Be sure to sample the Chef Specialties, such as the Honey Chicken and the aptly named Happy Family. Their refreshing Bubble Teas are also a hit on a hot day.

Meats of Virginia

The saying “Go the whole hog” is literally a mantra followed by Meats of Virginia. While the meat selection is both diverse and unmatched, this is more than just your favorite neighborhood butcher shop. In fact, their deli should be a dining landmark on the way to your destination. Open seven days a week, Meats of Virginia promises an unforgettable experience for meat lovers and seafood connoisseurs alike.

This bustling business boasts an extensive array of exotic meats, including buffalo, bison, wild boar, and even alligator. They also carry a wide variety of poultry, such as pork, beef, chicken, turkey, duck, goat, lamb, and rabbit. Their whole hogs, ranging from 6-pound suckling pigs to 160-pound hogs, are a popular choice for family gatherings and dinner parties. The seafood selection is equally impressive, featuring fresh Virginia and North Carolina seafood, including blue crabs, oysters, clams, mussels, shrimp, and a variety of fish. They also offer a selection of crabs, such as the sought-after blue crabs, which are known for their supreme flavor, texture, and quality.

Stop by for a delicious deli sandwich and order the beloved Bacon Wrapped Scallops and Nova Lox Salmon for delivery to your door.

Just For Kicks Cupcakes and More

Sometimes, you just have to let your sweet tooth guide you to your journey. Just For Kicks Cupcakes and More is the sugar sanctuary of your dreams, and this beloved Surry spot is known for its delectable desserts and Oz-themed cupcakes. Just For Kicks is a charming shop offering a variety of homemade sweets and treats that are sure to satisfy any “chocoholic” or indulgence enthusiast. 

Beginning with cupcakes, The Ruby Slipper (red velvet cake with cream cheese frosting) and the Tornado (vanilla cake with chocolate Bavarian cream and buttercream frosting) are essentials, bringing the best blend of moist bites and dynamic flavors. Daily, you’ll find some combination of twelve different cupcake types, so splurge a little and try them all. The chocolate chip cookies and fudgy brownies are also particularly popular, as are savory snacks such as made from scratch pimento cheese and chicken salad. If you're celebrating a special occasion, consider ordering a custom cake from Just for Kicks and let dessert be the highlight of the party.

Hampton Roads Winery

Often, a sunny afternoon beckons, encouraging you to seize the day with scenic views, supreme spirits, and calming conversations. Hampton Roads Winery is the premier place for such an experience, providing exceptional wines and a peaceful vineyard experience. In addition to the award-winning wine and stunning setting, Hampton Roads also has truly unique on-site attractions, such as the world's tallest goat tower.

Patrons can enjoy a variety of wines sold by the flight, glass, or bottle, including the delightful Hog Island Sweet Red and the Goat Tower Chardonnay. Indoor and outdoor seating is available, so plan a picnic. Small bites and snack items are available in the winery, but Hampton Roads encourages you to pack your own picnic to pair with their wines as well. Kids and dogs are also invited, so bring the whole family and create a meaningful memory.

Sample Surry County Today!

Whether you're a seasoned local foodie or a visitor looking for an ideal meal, exploring the culinary scene in Surry County is an appetizing adventure. The combination of warm hospitality, unique dining options, and unforgettable food makes it a truly inviting destination for anyone looking to savor some of Virginia’s premier provisions. Learn more about can’t-miss Surry County experiences to have in between bites of the area’s best food by   clicking here today.

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School of Hospitality and Tourism Management

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We are ranked 1st in the UK and 2nd in the world for hospitality and tourism management in the Shanghai Global Ranking of Academic Subjects 2023 . We are 1st in the UK and 15th in the world for hospitality and leisure management in the  QS World University Rankings by Subject 2024 . We are also 1st for tourism, transport, travel and heritage studies in the  Complete University Guide 2025.

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Our lives and our industry have been deeply impacted by the pandemic and the global lockdown that came with it. In these unprecedented times researchers at SHTM have worked closely with industry to learn about the needs and requirements of businesses and travellers to be able to return to a new normality when it comes to travelling and the prosperity of businesses. We are dedicated to support the hospitality, tourism, events, transport industry and related sectors with our research and wish to share it as widely as possible.

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Visit Surry County – Art & Soul of the Yadkin Valley Yadkin Valley North Carolina

Contact us or stop by for complete information on our area. The inviting towns of Mount Airy, Dobson, Elkin and Pilot Mountain make Surry County the art and soul of the Yadkin Valley wine region. The county is home to nearly 16 wineries and provides a wealth of outdoor activities via the Yadkin River, Pilot Mountain State Park, Elkin Valley Trails Association and Blue Ridge Parkway.

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Agritourism is one of the target areas of a new tourism initiative involving Surry County, as evidenced by a display on Horne Creek Living Historical Farm at a previous event.

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Efforts brewing to 'UPLIFT' Surry tourism

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Folks in Surry County have an opportunity to participate in an ambitious regional tourism program that will be highlighted in Mount Airy next week.

It is being spearheaded by an entity known as UPLIFT, which has a goal of supporting tourism through community-driven efforts crossing county lines in rural North Carolina.

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Current students share their thoughts on planning for university, student life and what it’s like to study at the university of surrey., university of surrey morocco field trip.

Hi everyone! I’m Dinara, an International Hospitality and Tourism Management student at the University of Surrey, and today I’ll be talking about my course field trip to Morocco!

This optional week-long field trip is offered to International Hospitality and Tourism Management and International Tourism Management students, in collaboration with travel agency Explore . While it’s a week of fun with friends, it also serves a purpose: collecting data for our assignments.

Prior to the trip, we had fortnightly lectures to prepare us for our assignments. The first assignment is a group video podcast where we define a question related to Morocco, its tourism, and theories we’ve studied throughout our course or researched independently. ourselves. Our second assignment is an individual reflective essay about our experience during the field trip.

Day 1: Upon arriving in Marrakech (the capital city), we were introduced to our tour guides, Mohammed and Hassan. We then took a three-hour coach ride to Essaouira, another big city and a popular destination in the country due to its climate and ocean. On the way, I noticed quite a several interesting scenes: donkeys being used as a means of transport, vineyards, olive oil production sites, and red buildings. S

Regarding the buildings and their colours, Mohammed informed us that during the French Protectorate in Morocco, a law was established to preserve the architectural heritage, maintaining the original look of the houses, including their colours and details. Interestingly, the colours of cities differ: Marrakesh tends to be more red due to the prevalent stone, whereas Essaouira, for example, is orange. The hotel we checked into reflected this law with its patterns, wood carvings on wardrobes, ceilings, and bed frames.

On the way to Essaouira, we also stopped at an argan oil production site. The facility was a moderately sized building where about 13 women, all widowed, produced oil by hand. There was also a shop selling soaps, oils, shampoos, and more. This initiative contributes to the economic sustainability of the area.

Dinner was a delicious three-course meal at the hotel restaurant.

Day 2: We had breakfast at the hotel and then met with Mohamed for about an hour. He explained the day’s plan and gave us an overview of the history and geography of Essaouira and Morocco in general. We took a lovely walk along the ocean’s coastline to the medina (old town), saw where an episode of Game of Thrones was filmed, and had lunch at a local restaurant. Since Essaouira is by the ocean, we had a lot of fish dishes during our stay, including our lunch that day.

After lunch, we visited a marketing with various types of fish, some of which I’d never seen before. We then toured a hotel where we had the opportunity to ask questions for our assignments. While some people returned to the hotel afterward, my friends and I went back to the medina and enjoyed some ice cream on a rooftop with a view of the entire area. Dinner was also in town.

Day 3: We drove for about an hour and a half to another hotel. This hotel was a tranquil retreat; it doesn’t do any advertising and relies solely on word of mouth, which works perfectly for them. Everything is made from natural materials, mainly stone and wood. It has a view of the ocean is surrounded by tonnes of greenery.

We had another opportunity to ask questions, including those related to our assignments. After the visit, we returned to town. Some people took optional surfing lessons which they’d signed up to advance, while others, like me, went back to the medina to wander around the market and buy souvenirs.

Day 4: We drove to Ait Ben Haddou, a famous yet more niche location known for its stunning views and unique village architecture. The downside was climbing all the stairs, but the views and the small souvenir shops along the way made it worthwhile.

Day 5: One of the trip highlights was the desert!

We ‘sheshed up’ (referring to the shesh, a headscarf word by Bedouins), before driving to the desert. When we arrived, we had lunch, took some time to complete our field diaries for our assignment, and got to ride the camels, which was quite scary at first but I soon got the hang of it.

It was then time for some thé à la menthe (mint tea) and dinner: couscous with beef, bone broth, and roasted vegetables. For dessert, we had oranges with cinnamon, a common Moroccan treat we encountered several times.

After dinner, Mohammed gave us an introduction to the Sahara and the life of the Sahrawi people (those living in the desert). Following that, we enjoyed a performance with African drums and Sahrawi songs and danced in a circle to their music. Some people then went to sleep (in tens – which had actual beds!), while others, including me, chose to sleep under the stars. It was fun until my friend and I woke up at 3am because of the cold.

Day 6: We had breakfast and took the camels back. We then drove to High Atlas Mountains, where we walked for about 30 minutes to the riad (guest house). There, we enjoyed the usual mint tea followed by dinner. After dinner, some of us went to the terrace with a view of the mountains and stars. It was incredible for the first seven minutes until it became unbearably cold. By now, you can probably tell that it’s not always +30°C in Morocco year-round.

Day 7: Another day, another location. This time we drove to Marrakech. It felt quite interesting to be there after spending time in deserts and mountains with little to no people, let alone tourists.

After lunch, we met another tour guide who took us to Bahai Palace, a riad museum. We then walked through the medina and along the souks until we reached our minibuses that took us to the hotel.

Later, we returned to the place where we had lunch and listened to a presentation form Explora, with opportunities to ask questions. For dinner, we tried another traditional Moroccan dish called pastilla – a layered crunchy pastry with meat, cinnamon, and powdered sugar on top. I didn’t think I’d like this combination, but I did! Afterward, we had free time to wander around the medina.

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25% of NC districts defy school calendar law. Will ruling in favor of tourism deter them?

A quarter of North Carolina’s school districts are defying the state’s school calendar law, despite a judge striking down the school schedule in a popular coastal tourism area.

A report approved Thursday by the State Board of Education shows 29 of North Carolina’s 115 school districts planned to start classes in early to mid-August this year without state permission. That list includes Carteret County, whose 2024-25 school calendar was declared illegal on Wednesday by a state judge.

It’s unclear whether the ruling will slow down the growing resistance to the calendar law.

“It’s disturbing that so many school districts are breaking the law but what yesterday’s ruling demonstrates is that any parent can challenge an illegal calendar and the district is left scrambling to set a compliant calendar,” Vince Chelena, executive director of the North Carolina Travel Industry Association, said in an email Thursday. “That’s a risk these districts shouldn’t be taking.”

The Carteret County school board plans to discuss whether to appeal the ruling. It may adopt a schedule to comply with the calendar law to avoid adding uncertainty for families. Carteret is home to popular summer beach tourism areas such as Atlantic Beach, Beaufort, Emerald Isle and Morehead City.

Law only covers traditional public schools

State lawmakers have regulated school calendars for 20 years, since the tourism industry raised concerns about classes starting earlier in August.

The state’s traditional public schools can’t open sooner than the Monday closest to Aug. 26 or close later than the Friday closest to June 11. The calendar law doesn’t apply to other public schools, such as year-round schools, early college high schools and charter schools.

The calendar law also doesn’t apply to private schools, including those that accept voucher students from the state’s Opportunity Scholarship program.

“Traditional public schools are the only schools subject to the calendar statute and its late August start date,” Carteret County said in its statement after the ruling. “This forces traditional high schools to either end their semesters in mid-January after the winter break, or have a significantly shortened fall semester. Neither are ideal for our students’ academic achievement, yet they are our only practical choices.”

More districts defy calendar law

Efforts to modify the law have failed, resulting in a growing number of districts ignoring the requirement. Most of he districts defying the law plan to open classes the week of Aug. 12.

Many of the districts defying the law are smaller ones.

The Winston-Salem/Forsyth County school system is the largest district not following the calendar law. It has 53,000 students and is the fourth-largest district in the state.

Only 65% of the state’s traditional public schools follow the calendar law, according to an analysis of the state report by WFAE . The other schools are either defying the law or received an exemption from the state.

“The law should be amended to allow for an earlier start date even if limits are imposed,” Don Phipps, superintendent of Caldwell County Schools, said at Thursday’s State Board of Education meeting. “But local boards of education should be allowed to choose the best start dates for the school systems they represent.”

Caldwell County does follow the calendar law.

Lawmakers disagree over punishment

There’s no enforcement mechanism under the calendar law to ensure compliance.

Senate leader Phil Berger has previously said he wants to enforce the calendar law . The Senate has rejected multiple bills passed by the House to provide school calendar flexibility.

But House Speaker Tim Moore has previously said he’s not in favor of punishing districts that violate the calendar law.

Due to the legislative disagreement, enforcement has fallen on individual residents who’ve been willing to sue school districts for not following the calendar law. The Carteret lawsuit was brought by three businesses that benefit from the tourism industry — Atlantic Beach Surf Shop, Marsh’s Surf Shop and Sanitary Fish Market & Restaurant.

The Union County school board reversed its decision to defy the calendar law this school year after it was sued.

Who will enforce the law?

Raleigh attorney Mitch Armbruster represented both the Union County and Carteret County parents and business owners who sued their respective school districts.

“It should not be the job of the public to have to sue their school boards for not following the law,” Armbruster said in an email Thursday.

Armbruster said he’s been contacted by parents and teachers in a number of districts since the Union County lawsuit. He said many of the people who’ve contacted him fear retaliation against their children and their jobs if they were to sue.

“Now that there’s a court ruling that a calendar that starts before Aug. 26 is void, I don’t see why children and parents can’t refuse to attend school in any district without a waiver that starts before Aug. 26,” Armbruster said. “They can’t be disciplined for it. Obviously that’s not an ideal situation, and many parents (as would I) would still send our kids to school because they need to be there for the start of the year.”

Database editor David Raynor contributed to this report.

Defying the state

A report by the State Board of Education said these North Carolina school districts planned to start classes in early to mid-August this year without state permission:

• Cabarrus County
• Carteret County
• Cleveland County
• Gaston County
• Granville County
• Halifax County
• Harnett County
• Henderson County
• Hyde County
• Iredell-Statesville
• Lincoln County
• Mooresville
• Person County
• Polk County
• Rutherford County
• Sampson County
• Stanly County
• Stokes County
• Surry County
• Warren County
• Washington County
• Winston Salem-Forsyth
• Yadkin County

This story was originally published June 6, 2024, 12:24 PM.

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Open Access

Peer-reviewed

Research Article

Stakeholder collaboration for solid waste management in a small tourism island

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

* E-mail: [email protected]

Affiliation Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft

Affiliation School of Hospitality and Tourism Management, University of Surrey, Stag Hill, Guildford, The United Kingdom

• Jarotwan Koiwanit, 
• Viachaslau Filimonau

• Published: July 26, 2023
• https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0288839
• Reader Comments

Although stakeholder collaboration is key for sustainable development of tourism in small islands, research on its determinants is only emerging. The lack of empirical studies hampers an understanding of how effective stakeholder partnerships for sustainability in small tourism islands can be formed and sustained. To partially address this knowledge gap, this study explores stakeholder collaboration for solid waste management in the island of Koh Phayam, Thailand, from the perspective of stakeholder theory, social capital and proximity effect. Semi-structured interviews (n = 26) reveal a lack of understanding of collaboration benefits alongside leadership and reciprocity among stakeholders. However, due to geographical proximity, the level of stakeholder trust in each other is significant, thus indicating potential for future successful partnerships. For these partnerships to become effective, a system of financial incentives for stakeholders to separate and recycle solid waste in situ should be designed. To improve stakeholder communication and reciprocity, capacity building workshops and round tables can be organised. Municipal authorities should lead on solid waste management, and a steering committee comprising the representatives of all other stakeholders needs to be established to oversee the work of municipal authorities. Lastly, the feasibility of setting private public partnerships for solid waste management in Koh Phayam should be considered given the significant extent of knowledge and trust among local stakeholders. External stakeholders, such as farmers, can be involved in management of organic waste, thus extending the scope of partnerships for sustainability beyond the island.

Citation: Koiwanit J, Filimonau V (2023) Stakeholder collaboration for solid waste management in a small tourism island. PLoS ONE 18(7): e0288839. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0288839

Editor: Wei-Ta Fang, National Taiwan Normal University - Gongguan Campus, TAIWAN

Received: January 29, 2023; Accepted: July 5, 2023; Published: July 26, 2023

Copyright: © 2023 Koiwanit, Filimonau. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

Funding: This study was supported financially by the School of Engineering, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (Bangkok, Thailand), Research Project [2565-02-01-015]. Grant recipient - Dr Jarotwan Koiwanit. The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Introduction

Tourism has significant environmental externalities that should be mitigated towards sustainable development goals [ 1 ]. Without mitigation, by 2050, global tourism will consume 154% more energy and 152% more water, and generate 251% more solid waste [ 2 ]. Empirical research is required to mitigate the environmental externalities of tourism [ 3 ]. This research should measure the scale of environmental impacts associated with tourist activities in different destinations to identify priority areas for mitigative interventions [ 4 ]. Research should also understand how tourism stakeholders can be engaged in mitigation [ 5 ].

The figures from UNEP [ 2 ] highlight solid waste as the key challenge for sustainable tourism development. Tourism enterprises conserve energy and water as this conservation is financially beneficial [ 6 ]. For example, by controlling in-room temperature, hotels can save up to 58% in energy cost [ 7 ]. In contrast, tourism enterprises do not always associate solid waste management with direct financial benefits [ 8 ]. Payment for solid waste is usually based on collection frequency or volume and weight; this payment is however considered affordable [ 9 ]. For sustainable development, tourism enterprises should manage solid waste more effectively [ 10 ].

The challenge of solid waste management in tourism is pronounced in small islands [ 11 ] as remoteness and size hamper their ability to conserve the environment [ 12 ]. For example, Wang and colleagues [ 13 ] suggest that tourists in small islands generate up to 3.9 kg of solid waste per day. This is almost three times more than the amount of solid waste produced by an average EU resident i.e., 1.4 kg per day [ 14 ]. Concurrently, small island destinations have fragile ecosystems with limited carrying capacity [ 15 ]. Ineffective management of solid waste damages the natural environment of small islands, thus not only endangering tourism, but also threatening local livelihoods [ 16 ].

Research on solid waste management in small island destinations is evolving but significant knowledge gaps persist [ 13 ]. One is attributed to the insufficient understanding of the determinants of stakeholder collaboration for environmental conservation [ 17 ]. Remoteness and small size of islands suggest limited resources which are prioritised by local stakeholders in line with their perceived needs [ 18 ]. Solid waste management is not always considered a priority, especially in developing countries [ 19 ]. Here, tourism drives economic development, and resources are allocated to foster tourist demand rather than reduce its environmental consequences [ 20 ].

However, remoteness and size also suggest that tourism stakeholders in small islands know each other better, thus increasing the likelihood of collaboration, especially in critical situations, such as under a threat of environmental degradation. This is explained by the concept of social capital [ 21 ] suggesting that individuals and organisations collaborate for survival. This collaboration can be stronger in small and remote areas, such as islands, where social capital is limited and therefore better valued [ 22 ]. This is further aligned with the proximity principle in social psychology suggesting that people closer together in a physical environment are more likely to form partnerships than those further away [ 23 ]. No empirical research has however been undertaken to understand how/if the concept of social capital and the proximity principle apply to stakeholders in small island destinations where environmental conservation is key to sustain tourism and support resident livelihoods.

This study explores the determinants of stakeholder collaboration for solid waste management in a small island destination through the prism of stakeholder theory, social capital and proximity. Koh Phayam, a small tourism island in Thailand, is used as a case study. Prior to COVID-19, Koh Phayam has been growing in popularity with tourists. This has intensified the challenge of solid waste management calling for urgent mitigative interventions. Stakeholder collaboration is key for the success of these interventions in small tourism islands [ 16 , 17 , 24 ] and needs to be better understood. The next section provides further theoretical background to the study.

Literature review

Stakeholder theory, stakeholder collaboration and social capital.

As a theory of organisational management, stakeholder theory posits that organisations have interconnected relationships with different actors of their value chain known as stakeholders [ 25 ]. Stakeholders can influence, or be influenced by, organisations; for example, in tourism, stakeholders are represented by customers, employees, or communities hosting tourists [ 26 ]. Studying the inter-stakeholder relationships aids in understanding how organisations can more effectively allocate resources to satisfy stakeholders for mutual benefit [ 27 ].

Stakeholder theory emphasizes that stakeholders should first be identified and then carefully managed [ 28 ]. For example, the problem of overtourism requires tourism organisations to involve destination residents in a dialogue to understand how the problem can be resolved [ 29 ]. A successful dialogue improves destination management, which benefits tourism organisations and residents [ 30 ]. Stakeholder theory thus enables an understanding of the wider societal and environmental obligations of (tourism) organisations by reinforcing such related concepts as business ethics, corporate social responsibility, and sustainability [ 31 ].

Although stakeholder theory does not explicitly integrate the concept of stakeholder collaboration, it communicates the need for stakeholders to shape formal or informal partnerships for common goals [ 32 ]. Stakeholder theory is therefore reinforced with a network perspective [ 33 ] suggesting that stakeholders should be considered in a network of interdependent partners assisting each other as required [ 34 ]. Networks are important for organisations as they enable access to resources, such as finance, labour, and knowledge [ 35 ]. Larger and stronger networks improve organisational performance, especially in critical times [ 36 ]. For example, strong networks are critical for prompt post-disaster recovery of tourism organisations [ 37 ].

Stakeholder theory is underpinned by the concept of social capital [ 38 ]. Social capital describes the networks of relationships formed between individuals and/or organisations in a particular society or locality which enable this society or locality to perform more effectively [ 21 ]. This suggests that social capital encapsulating the networks of partners is essential for stakeholder collaboration, also in tourism [ 39 ]. For example, destinations with stronger tourism stakeholder networks benefit from more effective management and marketing [ 40 ]. Social capital, being a key to stakeholder collaboration, is also important for the global transition towards sustainability [ 41 ]. The United Nations have recognised this importance in their sustainable development goals whereby Goal 17, Partnerships for the goals, postulates that sustainable development can only be achieved when all stakeholders are involved, and strong stakeholder networks are built [ 42 ].

Stakeholder collaboration for sustainability

Stakeholder collaboration represents a common strategy of working towards sustainability [ 41 ]. For example, industrial symbiosis enables organisations to develop a network of partners to foster transition towards the circular economy [ 43 ]. Partnerships for sustainability are especially important for tourism where stakeholder collaboration is key for sustainable destination development [ 16 ].

Stakeholder collaboration for sustainability is defined as the ability of individuals and organisations, representing private and public sectors, and operating in a specific locality, to work together towards a common, pro-sustainable goal [ 44 ]. This goal can be concerned, for example, with environmental conservation, development of local economies, and improvement of residents’ wellbeing [ 11 ]. Stakeholder collaboration for sustainability is underpinned by mutual commitment, interest, and trust [ 45 ].

The benefits of stakeholder collaboration for sustainability are tangible (for example, improved profitability due to environmental savings) and intangible (for instance, enhanced organisational reputation) [ 46 ]. Stakeholders collaborate for sustainability due to personal motives, but also because of pragmatic interests, such as value cocreation [ 47 ] or strengthened networks [ 48 ]. Stakeholders learn from each other when working in partnership while collaboration contributes to product development and service improvement [ 45 ]. Reciprocity is key for successful collaboration as it indicates commitment, facilitates co-learning, and builds trust between stakeholders [ 49 ].

Stakeholder collaboration for sustainability is hindered by the lack of stakeholder interest, but also by the limited understanding of the goals and outcomes of collaboration [ 44 ]. Stakeholder conflict can occur whereby stakeholders have different visions of the goal, direction, and result of collaboration [ 50 ]. The lack and unequal distribution of resources among stakeholders represent another barrier [ 51 ]. Linked to this barrier, the imbalance of power can impede stakeholder collaboration for sustainability [ 52 ]. The imbalance is exemplified by the situation whereby one stakeholder has more resources and, therefore, more power than others. This can prompt this stakeholder to promote their vision on the extent and direction of collaboration [ 53 ]. For example, the imbalance of power has been shown detrimental to stakeholder collaboration for sustainability in former Soviet Union states [ 54 ]. Here, public organisations have historically exerted more influence in partnerships, also in the tourism context [ 55 ].

Lastly, in tourism, size of a destination plays a role. Larger destinations have more stakeholders; it can therefore be more difficult to engage them in collaboration for sustainability due to varying interests [ 56 ]. In this regard, smaller destinations, such as small islands, may be more suited for building successful stakeholder partnerships for sustainability.

Stakeholder collaboration for sustainable tourism in small islands

The proximity effect is key for inter-organisational networking [ 57 ] and successful stakeholder collaboration [ 58 ]. Geographical proximity enables stakeholders to interact more effectively which facilitates flows of knowledge, thus creating a better understanding of collaboration goals and building trust [ 59 ]. The positive effect of geographical proximity on stakeholder collaboration has been demonstrated in the context of regions where organisations and residents are located close to one another [ 60 , 61 ].

Empirical evidence on the effect of geographical proximity on stakeholder collaboration for sustainable tourism in small islands is fragmented. The study by Graci [ 16 ] showcases an example of stakeholder partnership leading to the implementation of innovative sustainability initiatives on the Gili Trawangan island, Indonesia. This study highlights the importance of outlining objectives, defining roles, communicating progress in the implementation of sustainability initiatives, and ensuring equal participation for successful stakeholder collaboration. Arbulú and colleagues [ 11 , 17 ] discuss the opportunities and challenges of stakeholder collaboration for solid waste management in Mallorca, Spain. Similar to the findings of Graci [ 16 ], Arbulú and colleagues conclude that partnerships for sustainable tourism development depend upon explicit and equal distribution of roles, costs and benefits. Lastly, Dolezal and Novelli [ 62 ] indicate the critical role of stakeholder power and empowerment in building effective partnerships for sustainable tourism development in Bali, Indonesia.

In contrast, Canavan [ 50 ] reports an example of unsuccessful stakeholder collaboration for sustainability on the Isle of Man, the UK. Despite geographical proximity, a lack of shared vision and limited trust determine stakeholder exclusion and conflict. Likewise, Towner [ 32 ] demonstrate how, despite an enthusiasm to collaborate for sustainable tourism development, stakeholder partnership is limited or avoided in the Mentawai Islands, Indonesia. Corruption, mistrust, and a lack of leadership are identified as the main reasons for unsuccessful collaboration. Lastly, albeit not specifically dealing with failed stakeholder collaboration, Movono and Hughes [ 63 ] underline varied stakeholder interests and local culture as the determinants of (in)effective partnerships for sustainable tourism in Fiji.

Summary of the literature review and the research gap

Literature reiterates that collaboration reinforces the social capital of organisations by extending and strengthening a network of their relationships with stakeholders. The effect of geographical proximity can determine the success of stakeholder collaboration. Stakeholder collaboration is critical for sustainable development of tourism, especially in small island destinations where resources are limited. By pooling together, stakeholders can benefit from each other to enable progress of tourism islands towards sustainability. Research on stakeholder collaboration for sustainable tourism is however limited, especially in developing countries [ 64 ]. In particular, there is a paucity of studies on stakeholder collaboration in small islands for solid waste management [ 17 ]. This paper aims to partially plug this knowledge gap with a case study of Koh Phayam. The next section introduces the case study destination and explains the research design.

Materials and methods

Koh Phayam is a small island (34.7 km 2 , maximum length 10 km, maximum width 5 km, permanent population of 964) in the Andaman Sea located 33 km off the west coast of Thailand. In 2021, circa 150000 tourists visited the island; this figure was however significantly lower than in the peak year of 2019 when about 400000 tourist arrivals were registered [ 65 ]. Given that Thailand recorded a total of 40 million tourists in 2019, this indicates that Koh Phayam accounted for 1% of this volume.

Tourists visit Koh Phayam for sun and beach holidays with the majority (70–80%) arriving from Europe [ 65 ]. To reach Koh Phayam, tourists first travel to Ranong, the nearest town and the capital of province, and then by boat to the island. Tourism in Koh Phayam is seasonal: most tourists arrive during the ‘dry’ period between November and April [ 9 ]. To accommodate tourist demand, in 2021, there were 92 businesses registered as providers of accommodation and foodservices, including resorts, hotels, hostels, homestays, restaurants and take-aways [ 65 ].

Up-to-date figures on the amount of solid waste generated in Koh Phayam do not exist. In 2016, 365 tonnes of solid waste were produced in the island [ 66 ]; however, this figure has likely increased since then. Mixed and organic waste were the largest fractions of solid waste in Koh Phayam in 2016 i.e., circa 40% and 30%, respectively, with the bulk of this waste generated by tourism businesses [ 66 ]. The organic fraction was represented by food leftovers, and the mixed fraction was composed of packaging waste.

Solid waste in Koh Phayam is collected by four private companies and four non-governmental organisations (NGOs) subcontracted by municipal authorities. These organisations transport solid waste to Ranong for treatment. According to the interview participants (see Findings and discussion ), treatment of solid waste from Koh Phayam in Ranong is similar to solid waste treatment in Thailand in general. 32% of solid waste is either reused or recycled; 37% is disposed of, mostly by the methods of landfilling and incineration; and 31% is mismanaged by littering, dumping and open burning [ 67 ]. There is no in-situ recycling or recovery facilities in Koh Phayam due to its small size. The management of solid waste in the island is thus ineffective which represents a major challenge in light of anticipated growth in tourism in coastal areas of Thailand in a post-COVID-19 era [ 68 ].

Stakeholder recruitment

The research was approved by the ethics committee of the School of Engineering, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (Bangkok, Thailand). Stakeholders were first identified. These were represented by municipal authorities responsible for environmental conservation and waste management in the island. Private companies and NGOs subcontracted by municipal authorities for solid waste collection and treatment were the other two stakeholder groups. Local communities, represented by community chiefs, were also identified as stakeholders. Lastly, tourism organisations operating in the island i.e., providers of tourist accommodation and foodservices, represented another stakeholder group.

Recruitment of these stakeholders involved multiple stages. At the first stage, contact details of all stakeholders were obtained from public databases and a letter of invitation was produced. This letter introduced the project, explained its aims, and requested a consent for interview. The letter was distributed by email, post and in person. At the second stage, telephone calls were made to all stakeholders who were first contacted by the letter. The calls aimed to confirm that the letter was received and read, reiterate the study’s purpose, and explore stakeholder interest in being interviewed. In the final stage, the stakeholders who preliminarily agreed to be interviewed at the second stage of recruitment, were visited in person. The visits aimed at reconfirming stakeholder intention to become interviewed, explain their rights as interview participants, and answer any final questions related to the study, thus ultimately building trust between prospective participants and the research team.

Following the three-stage recruitment process, 21 stakeholders provided consent to participate in interviews ( Table 1 ). The recruited sample consisted of nine tourism organisations, three representatives of municipal authorities, four environmental NGOs, three private waste collectors, and two community chiefs. It was agreed beforehand that interviews would only involve stakeholder representatives with the decision-making power in the area of interest i.e., solid waste management. For example, in the case of municipal authorities, an interview participant would be a manager directly responsible for environmental conservation. For tourism organisations, it would be a senior manager, such as a resort owner.

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https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0288839.t001

Besides domestic stakeholders, to gain an ‘external’ perspective on the challenge of solid waste and its management in Koh Phayam, interviews were also conducted with five tourists. These were recruited by convenience sampling during fieldwork. Tourists were approached in the island, explained the project’s aims and invited to partake. Similar to the other study participants, an informed consent was sought from tourists prior to interviewing. No specific requirements were applied to tourist recruitment.

Data collection

Data were collected by the method of in-depth, semi-structured stakeholder interviews. This method was chosen because of its suitability for exploratory research topics lacking theoretical conceptualisation [ 69 ]. This is the case for the current study as the determinants of stakeholder collaboration for solid waste management in small tourism islands are insufficiently understood [ 17 ]. The method of semi-structured interviews is also suitable for studying complex social contexts where different actors may have different perspectives on the subject matter in question [ 70 ], such as in the case of the determinants of stakeholder collaboration for sustainability [ 32 ]. An advantage of semi-structured interviews is their ability to provide detailed insights into a variety of opinions and perceptions on the issues of high societal importance [ 71 ], such as solid waste management in small tourism islands, as articulated by different stakeholders [ 16 ].

An interview guide was developed based on the literature review. Specifically, the findings reported by Arbulú and colleagues [ 11 , 17 ]; Fuldauer and colleagues [ 24 ]; Graci [ 16 ]; and Peltola and colleagues [ 47 ] were used in the design of interview questions. The guide comprised introductory questions aiming to better understand the current situation with solid waste management in the island, including the amounts of solid waste generated and the logistics behind its collection and treatment. The guide incorporated questions on the roles and responsibilities of different stakeholders alongside the current extent of stakeholder collaboration. Lastly, the guide aimed to explore the desired extent of stakeholder collaboration for solid waste management in the island, covering its determinants. A copy of the interview guide is provided in Supplementary material ( S1 Appendix ).

The interview guide was developed in English and back translated to Thai. Prior to fieldwork, the interview guide was checked for face and content validity by two academics specialising in environmental conservation and sustainability. The guide was subsequently piloted with four volunteers representing two major stakeholder groups i.e., municipal authorities and tourism businesses. Post pilot, minor modifications were made to the phrasing of some interview questions for better clarity of expression.

Interviews were administered in February-May 2022 and lasted between 56 minutes and 1 hour 56 minutes ( Table 1 ). Prior to interviewing, each prospective study participant was provided with an information sheet explaining the study’s purpose and elucidating the voluntary nature of participation. Participants were subsequently asked to sign and date a consent form.

Interviews were conducted face-to-face in various locations of Koh Phayam and Ranong. Interviews were digitally recorded for transcribing. No financial incentives were provided for participation. Despite the sample of 26 stakeholders, interviews provided rich data showcasing saturation. Although sample size is considered less critical for studies underpinned by qualitative research methods, Marshall and colleagues [ 72 ] posit that interview data tend to be saturated within 10–30 datapoints. This current study fits into this recommended datapoint range.

After interviews, subject to consent of the study participants, observations were made by the research team to better understand how solid waste was managed in-situ. For example, in the case of NGOs collecting and treating solid waste, the process of collecting waste on the island, transporting it to Ranong, and treating was observed. In the case of tourism organisations, observations of waste bins were made alongside the process of their collection. This enabled the research team to triangulate the data obtained in stakeholder interviews, thus reconfirming qualitative data, and adding validity to the study’s findings. Data triangulation is considered beneficial and, therefore, highly recommended, for studies of solid waste management [ 47 , 73 , 74 ].

Data analysis

Interviews were transcribed verbatim and translated in English by a bilingual member of the research team. Transcribed data were analysed thematically following the guidance by Clarke and colleagues [ 75 ]. For trustworthiness in interpretation of meanings, as recommended by Nowell and colleagues [ 76 ], data were coded independently by two members of the research team. The outputs of data codification were then compared and any disagreements in interpretation of meanings were discussed until a consensus was achieved. For the write-up of interview findings, exemplar quotes were identified in the transcripts illustrative of the main codes. Fig 1 outlines the scheme of data codification. The next section explains the scheme in detail.

Legend (see in-text explanations for details): Red colour represents the codes with a negative meaning. Yellow colour represents the codes with a neutral meaning. Green colour represents the code with a positive meaning.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0288839.g001

Findings and discussion

Solid waste in koh phayam: magnitude and management.

The interviews began by establishing the magnitude of solid waste generated in the island and reconfirming the logistics behind its management. Neither solid waste collectors nor municipal authorities were able to provide accurate solid waste figures claiming these to be ‘difficult to get’ (G1). According to one participant, ‘before Corona , solid waste was so large in the island that it was simply impossible to measure’ (N2). The lack of accurate figures on solid waste in tourism is a global problem [ 2 ] which represents a major challenge from the viewpoint of management. This is because solid waste can only be managed effectively if its magnitude is measured accurately to allocate priority areas for mitigation [ 77 ].

Tourism organisations provided solid waste figures based on the weight of waste they generated. Across the sample, total solid waste generation ranged from 5 to 50 kg per day, depending on business size. Mixed waste represented by plastics and glass was the largest fraction (10–30 kg per day) followed by organic waste (5–25 kg per day). The sample average numbers were 18 kg of mixed waste and 14 kg of organic waste generated by a tourism organisation per day. By extrapolating these figures and dividing by the number of tourist arrivals in Koh Phayam in 2019 i.e., 400000, it can be concluded that an average tourist in the island produces circa 2.7 kg of solid waste.

The seminal study by Trung and Kumar [ 78 ] suggests that tourists in Vietnam generate, on average, between 2.5 and 7.2 kg of solid waste. A more recent study by Manomaivibool [ 79 ] cites the figure of 1.7 kg of solid waste generated by an average tourist in northern Thailand. Given that the current study deals with an island destination, the large amount of solid waste attributed to tourism in Koh Phayam is of major concern.

Data extrapolation also suggests that 92 tourism organisations registered in Koh Phayam generate approximately 1070 tonnes of solid waste per year. Importantly, this figure does not include solid waste produced by households. If households are added, the total amount of solid waste generated in the island will be even more significant. However, even the smaller amount attributed to tourism businesses is three-fold more than the figure of 365 tonnes of solid waste recorded for Koh Phayam in 2016 [ 66 ]. Similar to the conclusion by Arbulú and colleagues [ 11 ], this demonstrates how rapid growth of tourism in the island contributes to the increase in solid waste generation, thus calling for urgent mitigation via stakeholder collaboration.

Stakeholder collaboration for solid waste management: Current state

All stakeholders recognised the problem of solid waste in the island as significant; collaboration for its effective management was however limited. Municipal authorities worked with solid waste collectors, but this collaboration, despite being formal and contractually bound, was caused ‘by necessity rather than free will’ (G2). Solid waste collectors partnered with some tourism organisations and local communities from where they collected the mixed fraction of solid waste. However, these partnerships were not formalised. Overall, all stakeholders agreed that collaboration could be improved by showcasing its benefits to the parties involved:

‘ I don’t work with anybody [to manage solid waste] , there is little sense . I pay 30 Baht per month [0 . 9 USD] for [waste] collection . Even if I don’t pay , they [solid waste collectors] still come and collect the rubbish . I don’t think it [collaboration] is that important given the money involved is ridiculous…’ (TB2)

This quote highlights a lack of financial incentives as one of the barriers for more effective stakeholder collaboration ( Fig 1 ). Collection changes are too small for tourism organisations to become interested in separating solid waste in-situ for profit. Solid waste collectors pay between 1 to 11 Bahts [0.03–0.3 USD) per 1 kg of separated plastics. Tourism organisations, and even island residents, do not consider it worth to separate solid waste for such small payment. Concurrently, solid waste contractors either do not get paid by municipal authorities or this payment is very small. This forces solid waste collectors to only offer a small fee in return for separated plastics. Further, solid waste collectors deliver mixed waste to Ranong for extracting recyclables, such as metal, glass and plastics, for subsequent re-sale. Organic waste cannot be re-sold, and it is therefore not collected. As a result, food leftovers are either dumped by tourism organisations in the sea or disposed of by the method of land spreading. Lastly, given there are eight companies collecting solid waste in Koh Phayam, imposing a higher collection charge on tourism organisations and island residents is not considered viable because of competition.

Evidence from developed countries shows that carefully designed financial incentives can be instrumental in promoting recycling and, ultimately, stakeholder collaboration for solid waste management [ 80 ]. Even organic waste can be resold to produce compost or pet food [ 43 ]. A lack of financial incentives in Koh Phayam determines stakeholder disinterest in partnering for sustainability. To make stakeholders interested, a more effective pricing mechanism should be developed. For example, payments to solid waste collectors by municipal authorities can be increased, and a ‘pay-as-you-throw’ scheme can be introduced for mixed waste to incentivise tourism organisations for in-situ solid waste separation and recycling [ 9 ].

A lack of leadership and limited understanding of stakeholder roles and responsibilities was another barrier ( Fig 1 ). Tourism organisations and local residents blamed municipal authorities for not leading on solid waste management while municipal authorities expected tourism organisations to be more proactive and take the lead. For example, given that organic waste is primarily disposed of by dumping in the sea, municipal authorities requested, but never reinforced, in-situ separation of the organic fraction. However, they did not provide a separate bin for this purpose assuming it would be obtained by tourism organisations and local residents. Although NGOs provided such bins at a later stage, they did not explain how to use them for separation:

‘ They [municipal authorities] told us to separate food from other waste . OK , I said , but where to ? They [municipal authorities] said , oh , get your own bin . I said , why should I if I can dump it ?.. I tried to compost food waste . I got one of those composter things . It was my own idea , no one helped me , no one told me what to do and how to do it . But then I had to stop . There is no space , and the odour is horrendous…’ (TB7)

Different expectations of leadership i.e., ‘bottom up’ versus ‘top down’, and poor assignment of roles and responsibilities hinder stakeholder collaboration for sustainability [ 81 ]. To minimise this hindrance, one stakeholder should take the lead while other stakeholders need to accept this leadership and follow the roles assigned [ 64 ]. In developing and transition economies public sector organisations i.e., municipal authorities in the current study, often choose to lead on sustainability projects [ 55 ]. However, if a public sector organisation takes the lead, it is critical to ensure it follows so-called ‘responsible leadership’ in that, for example, there is no corruption and unequal treatment involved [ 82 ]. To achieve this, a leader’s decisions and activities should be overseen by other stakeholders.

Communication was another issue ( Fig 1 ). Stakeholders did not always inform each other about sustainability projects they would like to develop. For instance, municipal authorities considered an option of building an incinerator in Ranong to treat the growing amount of solid waste from the island. This option was not however communicated to solid waste collectors and tourism organisations although some of the latter were even prepared to co-finance an incinerator, subject to its adequate cost. Likewise, some tourism organisations requested solid waste collectors to take organic waste from the island for composting in Ranong. No definite answer was received and, hence, organic waste continued to be treated either by dumping or land spreading:

‘ It’s a small island but we don’t speak to each other which , in my opinion , is a key problem . For example , there was a Swiss company willing to buy waste from the island . They approached XXX [name removed for anonymity , an NGO representative] with a proposal . I don’t know what happened , but the contract was never signed . I think they should have told us about why they’d decided to turn them down’ (C1)

Communication is key for stakeholder collaboration for sustainability, especially in developing and transition economies [ 83 ] and should therefore be reinforced in Koh Phayam. Regular meetings or round tables can be organised to update stakeholders on progress in solid waste management and discuss plans and proposals. These meetings can be conducted online to save on travel time and facilitate participation.

Reciprocity was another barrier ( Fig 1 ). Some stakeholders committed more to solid waste management than others. For example, a restaurant owner started offering a free drink to tourists coming with refillable bottles. They proposed the idea to other restaurants, but these did not take it. Likewise, a resort owner proposed to solid waste collectors and municipal authorities an idea of constructing a facility converting organic waste into biofuel. However, the idea was rejected with no reason given. Lastly, a hotel owner suggested composting to a local community which was, however, not pursued:

‘ I went to local villagers and said , hey , how about I bring you organic waste and you compost here as you have more space than I do . But they say , oh , no , we don’t want that as it stinks . So , this is how it goes here in terms of reciprocity [laughter]’ (TB4)

Reciprocal engagement is key for success of stakeholder partnerships for sustainability [ 49 ]. In Koh Phayam it can be achieved via regular capacity building events offering the opportunity for stakeholders to discuss the ideas of more effective solid waste management and agree on the extent of their involvement in the implementation of these ideas [ 44 ]. Reciprocity can also be achieved via more effective communication which should explicitly articulate the benefits of collaboration to all involved [ 84 ].

As for enablers of stakeholder collaboration, trust was frequently mentioned ( Fig 1 ). Although the literature forewarns that mistrust can impede formation of partnerships [ 32 ], this was not the case for Koh Phayam. The study participants had no concerns over each other, referring to small size of the island as a positive factor in building social capital. The current lack of collaboration was attributed to other factors, as discussed above. Studies conducted in the context of Thailand and its sustainable tourism industry suggest that local stakeholders tend to trust each other which can be partially attributed to the national Thai culture [ 85 , 86 ]. This current study adds further evidence to this point:

‘ It’s a small island and we know each other . How can I say that I don’t trust XXX [name removed for anonymity , a representative of solid waste collectors] , if I see him every week in the market ? It’s not about trust , it’s about other things…’ (N3)

Power was discussed as an enabling factor from a neutral perspective ( Fig 1 ). There was no particular stakeholder with more power than others. Further, the study participants claimed they had enough power to manage solid waste within their own organisations. For example, organic waste was never a problem for one resort owner as they claimed to use it for in-garden composting. However, when considering the island as a whole, this was where the stakeholders felt powerless to improve solid waste management. In other words, while individual power was available, there was a lack of cumulative, multistakeholder power.

The literature emphasizes power as a determinant of stakeholder collaboration for sustainability. However, power is largely discussed from the perspective of its imbalance [ 87 ] or even abuse [ 88 ]. This current study adds to the body of knowledge by indicating a new notion of power i.e., ‘powerful as individuals but powerless when together’ (TB5). To reduce the negative effect of this ‘powerlessness in togetherness’, capacity building events and round tables are warranted. Such events can empower stakeholders by reinforcing their beliefs in that a success is achievable when working in partnerships. Such events can also strengthen perceived reciprocity i.e., another determinant of stakeholder collaboration, as highlighted earlier.

Environmental awareness was discussed as an enabler ( Fig 1 ) with the study participants claiming that it was high among tourists, but low among residents. For instance, a solid waste collector complained that local residents would often contaminate recyclables with the organic fraction although it was repeatedly emphasized to them that contamination hindered recycling and recovery. In contrast, a resort owner praised tourists for refusing to accept single-use plastic straws and cups. This was confirmed by one of the tourists:

‘ It’s a beautiful island , almost untouched , you know . But I was shocked when I saw so much garbage here . I understand this is very much from tourism , but I feel the locals don’t try to protect the environment either . The bins are provided for plastics , but it is felt that only tourists are using these bins’ (T3)

Stakeholder collaboration for sustainability should be underpinned by an understanding of why this collaboration is necessary and what it aims to achieve [ 44 ]. In Koh Phayam some stakeholders lack this understanding. To raise environmental awareness of island residents and tourists, education campaigns are necessitated. These should be designed and implemented by municipal authorities, ideally with the involvement of educational institutions, such as schools, but also by tourism organisations. A system of clear incentives should be developed to encourage environmental conservation, such as free drinks for refillable bottles, as discussed above.

Importantly, the barriers and enablers of stakeholder collaboration for sustainability are inter-related. For example, by building and reinforcing trust, stakeholders can reduce such barriers as restricted leadership and limited communication [ 89 ]. Likewise, the balance of power can strengthen reciprocal relationships and increase stakeholder interest in collaborating with one another [ 55 ]. Therefore, facilitating conditions need to be created to ensure the enablers of stakeholder collaboration for sustainability are reinforced in Koh Phayam.

When comparing the findings of the current study with the literature on stakeholder collaboration for sustainability in small tourism islands, some similarities and differences can be established. Similar to Graci [ 16 ], the current study showcases leadership and communication as key for successful stakeholder collaboration for sustainable tourism in islands. In line with the findings reported by Arbulú and colleagues [ 11 , 17 ], the current study demonstrates the importance of distributing and accepting roles and responsibilities among stakeholders for effective collaborative work towards solid waste minimization. Lastly, similar to Dolezal and Novelli [ 62 ], the current study highlights power as a critical enabler of pro-sustainability, multi-stakeholder collaborative projects. However, unlike Towner [ 32 ], Canavan [ 50 ] and Movono and Hughes [ 63 ] who all report how limited trust can alienate stakeholder collaboration in small islands, the current study shows that geographical proximity in Koh Phayam is important for building and reinforcing trust, thus improving chances for local stakeholders to work together towards more effective solid waste management. This suggests that local context plays a critical role when evaluating the potential of stakeholder collaboration for sustainability in small tourism islands, thus highlighting the need for more focal, localised studies.

Future vision

The study participants outlined three determinants of successful stakeholder collaboration for future management of solid waste in Koh Phayam ( Fig 1 ). First, leadership was considered essential, and the majority agreed that municipal authorities were best positioned to lead. However, to avoid accusations in corruption, a steering committee was proposed. The role of this committee, composed of the representatives of all stakeholder groups, would be to oversee activities of the leading stakeholder and intervene as necessary. Wondirad and colleagues [ 64 ] argue that steering committees are especially important for stakeholder collaboration in developing economies given their immature traditions of pro-environmental governance.

Private public partnerships (PPPs) for sustainability were discussed ( Fig 1 ). Although the study participants did not necessarily know these by name, the arrangements which they envisaged i.e., long-term agreements between public and private organisations delivering solid waste management projects, contained explicit characteristics of PPPs. Although the current structure of solid waste management in Koh Phayam is underpinned by the PPP idea, it does not function as PPP. PPPs should be based upon a strategic vision, assessment of available resources, and evaluation of required investments [ 11 ]. These PPP features can facilitate adequate market pricing for solid waste collection and treatment; they can also enable the design of effective financial incentives for in-situ separation and recycling [ 17 ]. Given that trust, as a key element of effective stakeholder collaboration, already exists in Koh Phayam, implementation of PPPs should be considered. As a start, capacity building events and round tables should be organised to mobilise prospective participants and establish their interests, aims and expectations.

Lastly, potential engagement of external stakeholders in solid waste management in Koh Phayam was discussed ( Fig 1 ). There is no large-scale agricultural production in the island, but the amount of organic waste is significant; hence, a proposal was made to engage farmers in Ranong in solid waste management. Currently, organic waste is either dumped in the sea or used for on-site composting. Instead, organic waste can be transported from the island to the hinterland and either composted on local farms or used for production of biofuel. This network of interconnected organisations is commonly known as the industrial symbiosis [ 43 ], and it can be implemented in Ranong in the form of, for example, community-scale composting. Community-scale composting can be operated with as little as 200 kg of organic waste per day, or 73 tonnes per year [ 90 ]. The amount of organic waste generated in Koh Phayam (1070 tonnes per year) is sufficient to meet this requirement. Organic waste will however need to be properly separated in-situ which underlines the importance of stakeholder commitment and emphasizes the role of financial incentives in reinforcing stakeholder participation:

‘ Ideally , I’d want my food waste collected every day . Preferably , for free but I’d even be happy to give it out for a small fee . If this waste is then delivered to a farmer , I think that is ideal . No dumping in the sea , no unpleasant smell , yeah , I’d feel good about it [laughter]’ (TB3)

This study explored the opportunities and challenges of stakeholder collaboration for solid waste management in a small tourism island, thus reinforcing the emerging body of literature on partnerships for sustainability. Through the lens of stakeholder theory, social capital and proximity principle, the study revealed such impediments of stakeholder collaboration for solid waste management in Koh Phayam as a lack of perceived benefits, leadership, communication, and reciprocity. The study indicated that geographical proximity exerted a positive effect on social capital and trust between stakeholders. It also ensured that disbalance of power, a major barrier to partnerships for sustainability in developing countries, was less pronounced in the case studied island.

This finding suggested sufficient grounds for future stakeholder collaboration for solid waste management in Koh Phayam, subject to addressing other barriers, as highlighted above. From the theoretical perspective, the study contributed to a better understanding of geographical proximity as a determinant of effective partnerships for sustainability. This finding is relevant for small tourism islands, but it can also be extended to other tourism contexts, such as remote mountain destinations, characterised by a small number of stakeholders concentrated in a single locality.

From the management perspective, the study highlighted several areas for intervention which can facilitate stakeholder collaboration for solid waste management in Koh Phayam. Financial incentives need to be designed to encourage stakeholder engagement in solid waste management. Capacity building workshops and round tables can streamline stakeholder communication and facilitate reciprocity. One stakeholder, most likely municipal authorities, should take the lead in solid waste management and a steering committee should be established to oversee a leader’s activities. The feasibility of setting PPPs for solid waste management in Koh Phayam should be considered given that local stakeholders know and trust each other. Lastly, external stakeholders can be involved in management of organic waste, thus extending partnerships for sustainability towards other localities.

The study had limitations which outlined directions for future research. First, not all stakeholders in Koh Phayam participated in interviews. Future research should aim at engaging other stakeholders and examine their opinions either by a method of interviews, or by focus groups and surveys. Second, the study did not incorporate stakeholders external to Koh Phayam and Ranong, such as farmers and national decision-makers. As these stakeholders are critical for the design of financial incentives for solid waste management alongside PPPs and industrial symbiosis networks, their opinions should be sought in future research. Third, this study established that organic waste in Koh Phayam was severely mismanaged. Future research should focus on organic waste as a key challenge in small tourism islands and examine how it can be managed more effectively. Fourth, the idea of building PPPs for solid waste management in Koh Phayam emerged during interviews. PPPs can be instrumental to progress small tourism islands towards sustainability; however, research on how they can be designed and implemented remains limited, especially in countries of the Global South. Hence, more studies are necessitated to better understand how PPPs can be most effectively developed in Koh Phayam or in other island destinations of Thailand to account for local political and socio-economic contexts. Lastly, this study was only concerned with Koh Phayam. However, Thailand has numerous small tourism islands, including the world-famous destinations of Phuket, Koh Samui and Koh Phi Phi. Future research should focus on these islands as they represent the mainstay of tourist demand.

Supporting information

S1 appendix. interview guide..

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0288839.s001

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