wandering spider youtube

Brazilian wandering spiders: Bites & other facts

Brazilian wandering spiders don't build webs but crawl on the forest floor at night in search of prey, which they kill with neurotoxic venom.

Classification/taxonomy

Size & characteristics, bites and venom, additional resources.

Brazilian wandering spiders are aggressive spiders that belong to the genus Phoneutria, which means "murderess" in Greek.

These critters, also known as armed spiders or banana spiders, are some of the most venomous spiders on Earth. Their large mouthparts, or chelicerae, inflict painful bites loaded with neurotoxic venom that can be deadly to humans — especially children — although in most cases immediate medical care can prevent death with antivenom, according to a 2018 study in the journal Clinical Toxinology in Australia, Europe, and Americas .

Brazilian wandering spiders are frequently listed among the deadliest spiders in the world . They were named the world's deadliest spiders multiple times by Guinness World Records, although the current record-holder is the male Sydney funnel-web spider ( Atrax robustus ). But "classifying an animal as deadly is controversial," Jo-Anne Sewlal, an arachnologist at the University of the West Indies in Trinidad and Tobago, previously told Live Science. Each bite is unique, and the damage it causes depends on the amount of venom injected, Sewlal said. 

Jo-Anne Sewlal was a noted arachnologist from Trinidad and Tobago. While completing her PhD, she received the National Institute of Higher Education, Research, Science and Technology (NIHERST) 2012 Award for Excellence in Science and Technology for Junior Scientist. In 2013, She received a doctorate in zoology from the University of the West Indies. She discovered several species of spiders in her home country, surveyed the arachnids across several countries the Caribbean and appeared as an expert on the topic on The Science Channel. She died of an allergic reaction in January 2020.

There are nine species of Brazilian wandering spider, all of which are nocturnal and can be found in Brazil. Some species also can be found throughout Central and South America, from Costa Rica to Argentina, according to a 2008 article in the journal American Entomologist . Study author Richard S. Vetter , a research associate in the department of entomology at the University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources, wrote that specimens of these powerful arachnids have been mistakenly exported to North America and Europe in banana shipments. However, Vetter noted, in many cases of cargo infestation, the spider in question is a harmless banana spider (genus Cupiennius ) that is misidentified as a Phoneutria . The two types of spiders look similar.

The taxonomy of Brazilian wandering spiders, according to the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) , is:

Kingdom : Animalia 

Subkingdom : Bilateria 

Infrakingdom : Protostomia 

Superphylum : Ecdysozoa 

Phylum : Arthropoda 

Subphylum : Chelicerata 

Class : Arachnida 

Order : Araneae 

Family : Ctenidae 

Genus : Phoneutria  

• Phoneutria bahiensis
• Phoneutria boliviensis
• Phoneutria eickstedtae
• Phoneutria fera
• Phoneutria keyserlingi
• Phoneutria nigriventer
• Phoneutria pertyi
• Phoneutria reidyi
• Phoneutria depilata , according to a 2021 study published in the journal ZooKeys , which found that Phoneutria boliviensis actually included two separate species from different habitats. 

Brazilian wandering spiders are large, with bodies reaching up to 2 inches (5 centimeters) and a leg span of up to 7 inches (18 cm), according to the Natural History Museum in Karlsruhe, Germany. The species vary in color, though all are hairy and mostly brown and gray, although some species have lightly colored spots on their abdomen. Many species have bands of black and yellow or white on the underside of the two front legs, according to the University of Florida . 

These arachnids "are called wandering spiders because they do not build webs but wander on the forest floor at night, actively hunting prey," Sewlal told Live Science in an interview conducted in 2014, before her death. They kill by both ambush and direct attack.

They spend most of their day hiding under logs or in crevices, and come out to hunt at night. They eat insects, other spiders and sometimes, small amphibians, reptiles and mice. 

Research into one species of Brazilian wandering spider, Phoneutria boliviensis , revealed that these spiders eat a mix of arthropods and reptiles. DNA metabarcoding, a technique that examines the DNA and RNA in a sample, of the guts of 57 spiders identified 96 prey species, including flies, beetles, butterflies, moths, grasshoppers, locusts and crickets, according to research from the University of Tolima and the University of Ibagué in Colombia . Some of the female spiders also ate lizards and snakes.

While their bites are powerful and painful, "their bites are a means of self-defense and only done if they are provoked intentionally or by accident," Sewlal said.

When Brazilian wandering spiders feel threatened, they often assume a defensive position by standing on their hind legs and stretching out their front legs to expose their fangs, according to the 2018 study in Clinical Toxinology in Australia, Europe, and Americas. This posture is sometimes accompanied by side-to-side movements. The spiders can also jump distances up to 1.3 feet (40 cm). 

In the Brazilian wandering spider, just as in most spider species, the female is larger than the male. Males approach females cautiously when attempting to mate, according to the biology department at the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse . Males perform a dance to get females' attention, and males often fight each other over the female. The female can be picky, and she often turns down many males before choosing a mating partner. Once she does pick one, the male needs to watch out; females often attack the males once copulation is finished.

The female then can store the sperm in a separate chamber from the eggs until she is ready to fertilize them. She will lay up to 1,000 eggs at a time, which are kept safe in a spun-silk egg sac.

Brazilian wandering spiders typically live for one or two years.

Brazilian wandering spiders' venom is a complex cocktail of toxins, proteins and peptides, according to the Natural History Museum in Karlsruhe, Germany. The venom affects ion channels and chemical receptors in victims' neuromuscular systems.

After a human is bitten by one of these spiders, they may experience initial symptoms such as severe burning pain at the site of the bite, sweating and goosebumps, Sewlal said. Within 30 minutes, symptoms become systemic and include high or low blood pressure , fast or a slow heart rate , nausea, abdominal cramping, hypothermia, vertigo, blurred vision, convulsions and excessive sweating associated with shock. People who are bitten by a Brazilian wandering spider should seek medical attention immediately.

Their venom is perhaps most famous for triggering painful and long-lasting erections . For that reason, in a 2023 study, scientists reported that they were testing the venom in humans as a potential treatment for erectile dysfunction in those for whom Viagra didn't work.

However, these bites are rare, and envenomations, or exposure to these toxins from a spider bite, are usually mild, Vetter said. For instance, a 2000 study in the journal Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo found that only 2.3% of people with bites who came to a Brazilian hospital over a 13-year period were treated with antivenom. (The other bites did not contain enough venom to require it.) Most of the bites were from the species P. nigriventer and P. keyserlingi in eastern coastal Brazil. About 4,000 bites reportedly happen each year in Brazil, but only 0.5% of those cases are severe, according to the 2018 study. Meanwhile, 15 deaths have been attributed to Phoneutria in Brazil since 1903, the 2018 study reported. 

"It is unlikely that the spider would inject all of its venom into you, as this venom is not only needed as a means of defense but to immobilize prey," Sewlal said. "So if it did inject all of its venom, it [would] have to wait until its body manufactured more before it could hunt." That would also leave the spider vulnerable to being attacked by predators.

Furthermore, Sewlal pointed out that venom production requires a lot of a spider's resources and time. "So if the spider were to attack frequently and use up all of its venom, it [would] be safe to assume that it has a ready food supply to replace the energy and resources used. This situation does not exist in the wild."

• Learn more about Brazilian wandering spiders from the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse .
• Read about several species of Brazilian wandering spiders, including several images of the arachnids at the University of Florida .
• Find a spider in your bananas? It may or may not be a deadly species, according to the University of California, Riverside .

This article was originally published on Nov. 20, 2014. 

Sign up for the Live Science daily newsletter now

Get the world’s most fascinating discoveries delivered straight to your inbox.

Jessie Szalay is a contributing writer to FSR Magazine. Prior to writing for Live Science, she was an editor at Living Social. She holds an MFA in nonfiction writing from George Mason University and a bachelor's degree in sociology from Kenyon College. 

• Laura Geggel Editor
• Sascha Pare Trainee staff writer

We now know why tarantulas are hairy — to stop army ants eating them alive

Giant, invasive Joro spiders with 6-foot webs could be poised to take over US cities, scientists warn

Babylonian Map of the World: The oldest known map of the ancient world

Most Popular

• 2 'Put glue on your pizza' embodies everything wrong with AI search — is SearchGPT ready to change that?
• 3 How fast does evolution happen?
• 4 The James Webb telescope found hundreds of 'little red dots' in the ancient universe. We still don't know what they are.
• 5 'Absolutely outstanding' 12-century picture stone unearthed in Germany likely depicts bishop who brought Christianity to region

AnimalBehaviorCorner

Brazilian Wandering Spider

Brazilian Wandering Spider , scientifically known as Phoneutria, emerges as a captivating enigma in the realm of arachnids.

Renowned for its formidable reputation as one of the world’s most venomous spiders , Phoneutria embodies a plethora of intriguing traits that have captured the curiosity of enthusiasts and researchers alike.

From its distinctive appearance and neurotoxic venom to its nomadic hunting strategies and unique mating behaviors , this remarkable spider species holds a wealth of fascinating secrets waiting to be unraveled.

Join us as we embark on a journey to explore the captivating world of the Brazilian Wandering Spider, shedding light on its captivating characteristics and dispelling myths that have shrouded its true nature.

1. Taxonomy and Distribution of the Brazilian Wandering Spider

A. scientific classification of phoneutria.

The Brazilian Wandering Spider, scientifically referred to as Phoneutria, occupies a distinct place within the arachnid taxonomy.

Belonging to the family Ctenidae, this spider genus is further categorized into several species, each boasting unique traits and behaviors .

Phoneutria’s taxonomic position not only distinguishes it from its arachnid counterparts but also underscores its intriguing evolutionary journey.

B. Native Habitat in South and Central America

Endemic to the lush landscapes of South and Central America, the Brazilian Wandering Spider finds its natural haven within these diverse regions.

From the rainforests of the Amazon to the tropical stretches of the Caribbean, Phoneutria has adapted to a range of environments over the course of its evolution.

The spider’s ancestral ties to these regions are tightly woven into their behaviors , anatomy, and survival strategies.

C. Preference for Tropical Rainforests and Urban Areas

Within its native territories, the Brazilian Wandering Spider exhibits remarkable versatility in its chosen habitats.

While it thrives amidst the vibrant biodiversity of tropical rainforests, it has also displayed a propensity for urban locales.

Phoneutria’s adaptability has led it to establish a presence in urban areas, where it often finds shelter in crevices, gardens, and even human dwellings.

This adaptability to both wild and urban spaces further showcases the spider’s resilience and capacity to thrive in varying conditions.

2. Physical Characteristics of the Brazilian Wandering Spider

A. size, coloration, and distinctive markings.

The Brazilian Wandering Spider , a creature of remarkable visual intrigue, boasts an array of captivating physical attributes.

Ranging in size from a few centimeters to several inches, Phoneutria showcases a size diversity that reflects the breadth of its genus.

Its coloration varies across species, encompassing shades of brown, black, and gray, often accompanied by intricate patterns and markings that adorn its exoskeleton.

These unique markings serve not only as a visual spectacle but also as essential components of its survival toolkit.

B. Camouflage and Defense Mechanisms

The Brazilian Wandering Spider’s appearance is a masterpiece of evolution, meticulously crafted to ensure both survival and predation .

Its coloration and markings are tailor-made for blending seamlessly into its surroundings, granting it a potent advantage in ambushing prey and evading predators . Moreover, these markings also play a role in its defense mechanisms.

When threatened, Phoneutria adopts a defensive posture, raising its front legs and revealing its striking markings, a visual warning to potential threats. This dual-purpose camouflage and defense strategy exemplify nature’s ingenuity at its finest.

C. Sexual Dimorphism: Unveiling Gender Differences

A fascinating facet of the Brazilian Wandering Spider lies in the realm of sexual dimorphism , where gender-based variations manifest in pronounced ways.

Females tend to be larger and more robust than their male counterparts, showcasing a size disparity that has evolved in tandem with their roles in reproduction and hunting .

Beyond size, other characteristics, such as leg structure and coloration, also exhibit subtle differences between male and female Phoneutria specimens.

This divergence in physical traits adds depth to our understanding of the species’ intricate biology and behavior .

In exploring the physical characteristics of the Brazilian Wandering Spider , we uncover a canvas painted with size diversity, intricate coloration, and unique markings.

These features, finely tuned by evolution, contribute to its prowess in camouflage and defense, while the fascinating interplay of sexual dimorphism further enriches our perception of this captivating arachnid species .

3. Venomous Nature of the Brazilian Wandering Spider

A. potent neurotoxic venom: a silent lethal weapon.

The Brazilian Wandering Spider, known scientifically as Phoneutria, harbors a venomous arsenal that stands as a testament to nature’s intricate design.

This spider’s venom contains a potent concoction of neurotoxic compounds, tailored by evolution to incapacitate its prey swiftly and efficiently.

The neurotoxins interfere with nerve cell communication, leading to paralysis and ensuring that Phoneutria’s quarry is rendered immobile and defenseless, setting the stage for a successful meal.

B. Effects on Prey and Human Hazard

When a victim succumbs to the Brazilian Wandering Spider’s venom , the effects are a symphony of paralysis and predation .

The venom’s impact on the prey’s nervous system results in swift immobilization, offering the spider a decisive advantage in subduing its catch.

While this venomous efficiency is well-adapted for predation, it also underscores the potential danger to humans.

A bite from Phoneutria can lead to a series of neurotoxic reactions, with varying degrees of severity depending on factors such as the individual’s age and overall health.

While human envenomations are relatively rare, they can result in a range of symptoms, from localized pain and swelling to more severe neurological effects.

C. Recorded Cases of Envenomations: Unraveling the Symptoms

Throughout history, documented cases of Phoneutria envenomations have offered insights into the spider’s potential threat to humans .

Symptoms typically include intense pain at the bite site, accompanied by swelling and redness . In some instances, victims have reported systemic reactions, such as muscle cramps, elevated heart rate, and even breathing difficulties.

Swift medical attention and the administration of antivenom have proven effective in mitigating the severity of these symptoms.

These cases serve as a reminder of the delicate balance between the Brazilian Wandering Spider’s potent venom and the potential risks it poses to those who unwittingly encounter it.

4. Hunting and Diet of the Brazilian Wandering Spider

A. hunting techniques and wandering behavior.

The Brazilian Wandering Spider, scientifically known as Phoneutria, unveils a mesmerizing repertoire of hunting techniques that set it apart as a master predator .

Displaying an agile and nomadic behavior , Phoneutria does not confine itself to the confines of a web. Instead, it actively prowls its surroundings, tirelessly searching for potential prey.

This dynamic wandering behavior ensures that its chances of encountering a variety of food sources are maximized, showcasing a strategic approach to sustenance.

B. Active Hunting Triumphs Over Web-Building

Unlike its web-weaving counterparts, the Brazilian Wandering Spider relies on a more hands-on approach to securing its next meal.

While weaving webs might seem an efficient method, Phoneutria’s active hunting strategy offers a distinct advantage in versatility.

By forgoing the constraints of a stationary web, it can tailor its approach to suit different environments and prey types, adapting its tactics on the fly.

This adaptability demonstrates the spider’s remarkable ability to adjust its methods for optimal results.

C. Diverse Prey Spectrum: Insects to Small Vertebrates

Phoneutria’s diet is a testament to its prowess as an opportunistic predator . Its menu spans a diverse range of creatures, from insects like crickets and cockroaches to small vertebrates such as lizards and frogs , and even small rodents.

This wide-ranging palate highlights its ecological significance in controlling various populations within its habitat.

By consuming creatures both large and small, Phoneutria ensures a balanced ecosystem, playing a crucial role in maintaining biodiversity and ecological equilibrium.

5. Mating and Reproduction of the Brazilian Wandering Spider

A. courtship rituals and behaviors: a complex affair.

The Brazilian Wandering Spider, scientifically referred to as Phoneutria, reveals a captivating array of courtship rituals and behaviors that form the cornerstone of its reproductive cycle.

Courtship among these arachnids is a complex affair, involving intricate dances and displays that serve as both communication and assessment.

Male Phoneutria employs a combination of visual cues, vibrations, and tactile interactions to court potential mates.

This elaborate courtship process highlights the significance of precise communication in the delicate dance of reproduction .

B. Cannibalistic Tendencies: A Post-Mating Phenomenon

An aspect that sets Phoneutria’s mating process apart is the notorious cannibalistic tendency exhibited by females after mating.

Following successful mating, females may exhibit an inclination to consume their partners. This seemingly counterintuitive behavior has evolutionary underpinnings.

It is believed that this cannibalistic act not only provides the female with a much-needed nutritional boost but also eliminates potential competitors and safeguards the male’s investment in the next generation.

This intriguing behavior sheds light on the complexities of reproductive strategies within the species.

C. The Unique Mating Plug Phenomenon: A Puzzling Enigma

A distinctive feature in Phoneutria’s reproductive saga is the enigmatic mating plug phenomenon. After mating, male Phoneutria deposit a specialized substance that forms a plug within the female’s reproductive tract.

This plug is believed to serve multiple purposes. It may prevent other males from mating with the female, thus ensuring the successful transmission of the mating male’s genetic material.

Additionally, it might aid in sealing off the female’s reproductive tract, potentially protecting her from external pathogens.

This phenomenon underscores the intricate interplay of biological strategies that contribute to the species’ reproductive success.

6. Human Interaction and Urban Legends of the Brazilian Wandering Spider

A. occasional presence in urban areas: nature in our midst.

The Brazilian Wandering Spider, scientifically known as Phoneutria, has carved a niche for itself not only in the wild but also in the fabric of urban environments.

While its primary habitats are the lush landscapes of South and Central America, Phoneutria occasionally ventures into human -inhabited spaces. Its adaptability allows it to find shelter in gardens, crevices, and even within homes.

This coexistence with humans adds an intriguing dimension to our encounters with this enigmatic arachnid .

B. Debunking Misconceptions: Separating Fact from Fiction

The presence of the Brazilian Wandering Spider has sparked a plethora of misconceptions and exaggerated tales, contributing to the creation of urban legends.

Stories of spiders leaping from banana bunches or hiding under toilet seats have become part of modern folklore, often fueled by sensationalism.

It’s crucial to sift through these tales and recognize that while Phoneutria’s venom is potent, the likelihood of encountering a dangerous encounter is relatively low.

Separating fact from fiction empowers individuals to approach these creatures with accurate knowledge.

C. Importance of Proper Education: Identifying Friend from Foe

Education plays a pivotal role in fostering a harmonious coexistence between humans and the Brazilian Wandering Spider .

Learning to identify and understand the behaviors of Phoneutria species enhances safety for both humans and the spiders themselves.

Instead of succumbing to unwarranted fear, individuals can take steps to reduce the chances of accidental encounters and, if necessary, engage in responsible removal methods.

By arming themselves with knowledge, individuals can navigate encounters with urban-dwelling Phoneutria specimens with confidence and respect.

7. Brazilian Wandering Spider Conservation and Misunderstanding

A. significance of phoneutria in ecosystem dynamics.

The Brazilian Wandering Spider , scientifically termed Phoneutria, assumes a pivotal role within its ecosystem, contributing to a delicate balance of populations and interactions.

As a top-tier predator , it plays a crucial part in controlling insect and small vertebrate populations, preventing unchecked growth that could disrupt the ecosystem’s equilibrium.

By maintaining these population dynamics, Phoneutria ensures the health and stability of its habitat, highlighting its significance beyond its ominous reputation.

B. Impact of Fear and Misunderstanding: Hindrances to Conservation

Despite its ecological contributions, the Brazilian Wandering Spider often falls victim to fear-driven misconceptions that negatively impact conservation efforts.

Misunderstandings surrounding its behavior and potential danger can lead to unwarranted extermination campaigns and habitat destruction.

Fear-driven reactions not only disrupt the natural balance but also hinder opportunities to study and appreciate the species for its ecological significance.

Addressing these misconceptions is crucial to ensuring the spider’s survival and maintaining the health of its ecosystems.

C. Efforts to Dispel Myths and Promote Coexistence

Efforts to conserve the Brazilian Wandering Spider are interwoven with endeavors to educate and dispel myths.

By providing accurate information and dispelling exaggerated tales, conservationists aim to reshape public perception.

Collaborative initiatives emphasize coexistence, highlighting the importance of responsible behavior when encountering Phoneutria.

Educating communities about the spider’s role, behavior, and conservation status fosters an environment where fear gives way to appreciation, and where balanced cohabitation becomes a reality.

8. Research and Medical Significance of the Brazilian Wandering Spider

A. ongoing scientific research on phoneutria venom.

The Brazilian Wandering Spider , Phoneutria, has garnered significant attention from the scientific community due to the unique properties of its venom.

Ongoing research delves into the intricate composition of the venom, aiming to unlock its mysteries and potential applications in various fields.

The diverse array of compounds within the venom, particularly its neurotoxic components, has attracted interest for their potential medical and therapeutic implications.

B. Antivenom Development and Therapeutic Prospects

One of the most promising areas of research surrounding Phoneutria lies in the development of antivenoms and therapeutic agents.

The venom’s potent neurotoxic effects on the nervous system have spurred efforts to create targeted treatments for conditions such as chronic pain and neurological disorders .

Additionally, the potential for antivenoms holds promise in mitigating the effects of envenomations, offering a lifeline for individuals who encounter these spiders .

This focus on harnessing the venom’s properties for positive medical outcomes highlights the transformative potential within this enigmatic arachnid .

C. Balanced Perspectives: Navigating Ethical and Scientific Endeavors

While research on the Brazilian Wandering Spider’s venom offers tremendous potential, it necessitates a balanced perspective.

As researchers probe the venom’s properties, ethical considerations arise, including the well-being of the spiders and their ecosystems.

A holistic approach acknowledges the value of understanding Phoneutria’s natural behaviors and conserving its habitats.

This balanced perspective extends to utilizing the venom’s potential responsibly, ensuring that breakthroughs are achieved while respecting the complex interplay of science and nature.

9. Frequently Asked Questions about the Brazilian Wandering Spider

What is the brazilian wandering spider.

The Brazilian Wandering Spider , scientifically known as Phoneutria, is a venomous arachnid found in South and Central America. It’s notorious for its potent venom and is considered one of the most venomous spiders in the world.

Is the Brazilian Wandering Spider dangerous to humans?

Yes, the Brazilian Wandering Spider’s venom contains potent neurotoxins that can cause a range of symptoms in humans , from localized pain and swelling to more severe reactions. While bites are relatively rare, it’s advisable to exercise caution when encountering these spiders.

What is the spider’s habitat?

The Brazilian Wandering Spider is native to tropical rainforests of South and Central America. However, it’s adaptable and can also be found in urban areas, such as gardens and houses.

How does the Brazilian Wandering Spider hunt?

Unlike many spiders that build webs, Phoneutria is an active hunter. It roams its environment in search of prey, relying on its keen senses to detect vibrations and movements.

Are Brazilian Wandering Spiders aggressive toward humans?

Brazilian Wandering Spiders are not naturally aggressive towards humans and will typically only bite in self-defense. However, caution is advised, especially in areas where these spiders are known to inhabit.

Can the Brazilian Wandering Spider’s venom be used for medical purposes?

Yes, research is ongoing into the potential medical applications of Phoneutria’s venom. Its neurotoxic properties have sparked interest in pain management and neurological treatments.

Is the spider’s reputation for crawling into banana shipments true?

While there have been stories of Brazilian Wandering Spiders being found in shipments of bananas, these occurrences are extremely rare. Spiders are unlikely to survive the conditions of shipping and storage.

How can I stay safe around Brazilian Wandering Spiders?

To stay safe, it’s important to be cautious when encountering spiders in their natural habitat. Avoid provoking or handling them, especially if you’re unsure of their identity. If you suspect you’ve been bitten, seek medical attention promptly.

Are there any efforts to conserve the Brazilian Wandering Spider?

Conservation efforts for the Brazilian Wandering Spider are intertwined with public education and dispelling myths. Recognizing its role in ecosystems and promoting coexistence are essential steps in preserving this unique species.

What can I do if I find a Brazilian Wandering Spider in my home?

If you encounter a Brazilian Wandering Spider in your home, it’s advisable to contact local pest control professionals who can safely remove the spider without causing harm.

In the intricate tapestry of nature, the Brazilian Wandering Spider , Phoneutria, emerges as a creature of both fascination and caution.

Its venomous nature and captivating behaviors have earned it a place among the most enigmatic arachnids .

As we continue to explore its world, debunk myths, and understand its vital role in ecosystems, we find a delicate balance between awe and respect.

Armed with knowledge, we navigate the realm of Phoneutria, appreciating its complexity while fostering coexistence, a testament to the intricate dance between humans and the natural world.

Share this:

Similar posts.

Human-Animal Conflict: Understanding, Mitigation, and Coexistence

Human-animal conflict (HAC) is an increasingly prevalent issue worldwide, posing significant challenges to human communities and wildlife populations. As human populations expand and encroach upon natural habitats, conflicts between humans and animals over resources and space become more frequent. Understanding the complexities of Human-Animal Conflict is crucial for implementing effective mitigation strategies and promoting harmonious…

Primate Behavior

Primate Behavior is a fascinating field of study that delves into the intricate and captivating behaviors exhibited by our closest relatives in the animal kingdom, the primates. From the inquisitive nature of chimpanzees to the social dynamics of bonobos and the communication skills of gibbons, primate behavior offers a unique window into the complex world…

Clownfish Behavior

Clownfish Behavior is a fascinating subject that offers valuable insights into the intriguing world of these colorful marine creatures. These vibrant fish, famously depicted in popular animated movies, exhibit a range of behaviors that not only capture the imagination but also play a crucial role in their survival within the intricate ecosystem of coral reefs….

Scorpion Behavior

Scorpion Behavior is a fascinating subject that delves into the intriguing world of these arachnids. Scorpions, known for their distinctive appearance and venomous stingers, exhibit a wide range of behaviors that are both captivating and essential for their survival. Understanding Scorpion Behavior is not only crucial for researchers and enthusiasts but also for those looking…

Red-Winged Blackbird Behavior

Are you intrigued by the vibrant beauty of nature’s winged wonders? Look no further than the Red-Winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus), a captivating avian species that commands attention with its striking appearance and melodious calls. In this article, we delve into the fascinating world of the Red-Winged Blackbird, exploring its unique characteristics, habitat, behavior, and cultural…

Cannibalism in Animals

Cannibalism in animals is a remarkable yet gruesome phenomenon that defies our traditional understanding of predation. While the concept may evoke a sense of horror, it’s essential to recognize that cannibalism serves as a distinctive survival strategy deeply embedded within the natural world. This intriguing behavior, observed across various species and environments, offers valuable insights…

Understanding the Wandering Spider: Quick Essential Facts

Wandering spiders are a group of venomous arachnids found primarily in South America.

Among these, the Brazilian wandering spider is particularly known for its potent venom and unique behavior. They are often referred to as “banana spiders” due to their frequent encounters with humans in banana plantations.

As a reader, you might be interested in learning more about these fascinating creatures, including their habitat, hunting techniques, and the effects of their venom.

In this article, we will delve into the world of wandering spiders and provide you with all the essential information to satisfy your curiosity.

Scientific Classification and Naming

The wandering spider belongs to the genus Phoneutria , which is a part of the Ctenidae family.

These spiders are known for their potent venom and aggressive behavior. Here is the scientific classification of the wandering spider:

• Kingdom: Animalia
• Phylum: Arthropoda
• Subphylum: Chelicerata
• Class: Arachnida
• Order: Araneae
• Family: Ctenidae
• Genus: Phoneutria

Within the genus Phoneutria, two species are particularly noteworthy: Phoneutria fera and Phoneutria nigriventer, also known as P. nigriventer . These spiders are primarily found in South America and other tropical regions.

Phoneutria fera and P. nigriventer differ in some aspects. Let’s compare their features using a table:

Some key characteristics of the wandering spiders in the genus Phoneutria include:

• Potent venom that can be dangerous to humans
• Nocturnal hunters and are active at night
• Equipped with long, spiny legs for capturing prey
• Aggressive defenders of their territory

By understanding the scientific classification and differences between Phoneutria species, you can better appreciate the diversity and fascinating biology of these wandering spiders.

Identification and Appearance

Color and size.

The wandering spider, also known as the banana spider, has a distinctive appearance that can help you easily identify it in the wild.

They usually have a combination of hairy brown and black colors on their body. Their size can vary, but they are generally considered large spiders. Their size can range from 1 to 2 inches in body length.

When it comes to wandering spider’s leg span, these creatures can have an impressive reach. Their leg span can extend up to 5-6 inches.

Some key characteristics of a wandering spider’s legs include:

Habitat and Distribution

Wandering Spiders are known to inhabit various environments, including rainforests and tropical forests.

These spiders can adapt to different habitats based on their needs and availability of food sources. They prefer warm and humid places, as these conditions suit their growth and reproduction.

Geographical Coverage

Wandering spiders are found in Central and South America .

They live in forests from Costa Rica to Argentina, including Colombia, Venezuela, The Guianas, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Northern Argentina.

They may also be present in some parts of the United States, particularly in the northern part of southern America.

However, they don’t inhabit countries like Australia. In summary, the Wandering Spider is mostly prevalent in the following areas:

• South America
• Central America
• Southern parts of the United States

Types of Wandering Spiders

Here’s a brief description of the major types of wandering spiders.

Brazilian wandering spiders

Also known as armed or banana spiders, these spiders are nocturnal and don’t make webs.

They are known to have been transported outside of South America in banana shipments.

Phoneutria nigriventer

These spiders contain neurotoxins that can cause cerebral changes and breakdown of the blood-brain barrier .

Their venom is medically significant and has been used in manufacturing drugs. Their bites may be fatal to children.

Ctenus captiosus

Also known as the Florida false wolf spider or tropical wolf spider, this species is found in the United States.

Some species of these spiders are large and scary-looking, but they’re only mildly venomous. Their venom is comparable to a bee sting.

Other types of wandering spiders include: Acantheis, Acanthoctenus, Africactenus, and Afroneutria.

Behavior and Diet

Aggression level.

Wandering spiders, as their name suggests, are known for their aggressive behavior .

While they won’t attack without provocation, if they feel threatened, they will not hesitate to defend themselves.

This is especially true during mating season.

Prey and Predators

In their natural habitat, wandering spiders primarily feed on insects and small vertebrates, such as:

• Insects like ants and moths
• Small amphibians

This diverse diet allows them to thrive in various ecosystems.

However, they are not top predators, as their natural predators include larger birds, mammals, and other spiders.

Nocturnal Activities

Wandering spiders are nocturnal creatures , which means they are active during the night.

During the day, they remain hidden in their retreats, often made from rolled-up leaves or small crevices.

At night, they leave their hiding spots to search for prey using their strong hunting skills.

Venom and Its Effects

Composition of venom.

The venom of the wandering spider is a complex mixture containing several toxic components.

Its main component is a potent neurotoxin, which can have severe effects on your nervous system 1 . Here’s a brief overview of its composition:

• Neurotoxins

Symptoms and Severity

A wandering spider’s venomous bite can cause a wide range of symptoms, depending on the severity of envenomation. These symptoms may include 2 :

• Mild to moderate pain
• Redness and swelling at the bite site
• Irregular heartbeat
• Difficulty breathing
• Blurred vision
• High blood pressure

Some severe cases may result in life-threatening complications, such as respiratory failure or even death 2 .

Medical Treatment and Antivenom

If bitten by a wandering spider, it’s crucial to seek immediate medical attention. Treatment often involves the following steps:

• Cleaning and immobilizing the affected area
• Monitoring and managing the symptoms
• Administering antivenom if it’s available and appropriate, depending on the severity of envenomation 3

Antivenom is specific to the venom of the wandering spider and can help neutralize its effects.

However, the availability of antivenom may be limited in some regions 3 .

Always remember that prevention is better than cure: learning how to identify and avoid wandering spiders is the best way to stay safe.

Reproduction and Mating

Mating ritual.

When it’s time for reproduction, the wandering spider undergoes an intriguing mating ritual.

The male spider performs a dance to attract the female by displaying his brightly colored legs and vibrating his body.

During the process, the male also produces a sperm web and transfers his sperm to the female’s reproductive organs using his pedipalps.

Egg Sacs and Offspring

After the mating process, the female wandering spider will create an egg sac to protect her eggs.

The sac consists of silk and can hold hundreds of eggs. She then attaches it to a safe hiding place, usually against a protective surface or within a secure web.

The female often guards the egg sac to ensure the protection of her offspring until they hatch.

Once the spiderlings hatch, they are known to be highly independent.

They disperse quickly and start their own journey, fending for themselves soon after emerging from the egg sac.

As they grow, they’ll go through a series of molts before reaching adulthood and beginning their own reproductive cycle.

Danger and Defense Mechanisms

The Wandering Spider is known to be one of the most dangerous spiders in the world.

Although they can potentially kill humans, fatalities are rare due to their reluctance to bite.

Oddly enough, their venom can cause an involuntary erection in men, alongside other painful symptoms.

Here are some ways the Wandering Spider protects itself and displays its dangerous nature:

• Fangs : These spiders are equipped with strong, sharp fangs that can easily pierce human skin, allowing them to inject their venom with ease.
• Venom : Their venom is potent and can cause severe pain, inflammation, and other adverse effects. In rare cases, it can even lead to death.

While interacting with Wandering Spiders, be cautious and observe them from a safe distance.

Knowing their defense mechanisms will help you respect their space and avoid any unpleasant encounters.

Remember, it’s essential to be informed and aware when dealing with these fascinating, yet dangerous creatures.

Comparison with Other Dangerous Spiders

Comparison to black widow.

The black widow spider is notorious for its potent venom, but the wandering spider has a stronger venom overall.

Both spiders are capable of causing severe symptoms, but the black widow’s venom is primarily neurotoxic, affecting your nervous system.

In contrast, the wandering spider’s venom can cause both neurotoxic and cytotoxic effects, potentially damaging your nerves and cells.

• Potent neurotoxic venom
• Red hourglass marking
• Stronger venom (neurotoxic and cytotoxic)
• No distinct marking

Comparison to Brown Recluse

The brown recluse spider is known for its necrotic venom that can lead to tissue damage and sometimes requires medical intervention.

While both the brown recluse and wandering spider can produce venomous bites, wandering spiders are considered more dangerous due to the potency of their venom and the severity of their bite symptoms.

• Necrotic venom
• Dark violin-shaped marking

Comparison to Wolf Spider

Wolf spiders are frequently mistaken for more dangerous spiders due to their size and appearance.

Although they can bite, their venom is not particularly potent and generally only causes mild itching, redness, and swelling.

In comparison, the wandering spider’s venom is far more dangerous, and its bite can result in serious symptoms, requiring immediate medical attention.

• Large and hairy
• Smoother appearance

Comparison to Sydney Funnel-Web Spider

The Sydney funnel-web spider is another highly venomous spider known for its potentially lethal bites.

While both spiders possess powerful venom, the wandering spider has a broader range of symptoms due to the combination of neurotoxic and cytotoxic effects.

In conclusion, wandering spiders are more dangerous than wolf spiders but their venom’s effects are more varied compared to black widows, brown recluses, and Sydney funnel-web spiders.

Be cautious around these spiders and seek medical help if bitten.

Interesting Facts and Guinness World Records

The Wandering Spider, also known as the Brazilian Wandering Spider, is a fascinating creature that has caught the attention of many.

They belong to the genus Phoneutria , which means “murderess” in Greek, giving you an idea of their potency. Let’s explore some interesting facts about this spider and its place in the Guinness World Records.

First, you might be curious about their venom. The Wandering Spider is known for having one of the most potent venoms among spiders.

In fact, it holds the Guinness World Record for the most venomous spider. Their venom contains a potent neurotoxin that can cause severe symptoms, including difficulty breathing, high blood pressure, and intense pain.

Apart from their venom, their behavior is also quite intriguing. These spiders are called “wandering” because they are known for actively hunting their prey rather than spinning webs to catch them.

They are mostly nocturnal creatures and, during the day, can be found hiding in logs or dark crevices.

Here are a few more notable characteristics of the Wandering Spider:

• Females are larger than males, with a body length of up to 1.6 inches (4 cm).
• They have eight eyes, arranged in two rows, which help them in hunting.
• The Wandering Spider is primarily found in Central and South America, particularly in Brazil.
• They are known to show aggression when threatened.

While the Wandering Spider is a marvel of the arachnid world, it’s essential to keep a safe distance from them due to their venomous nature.

However, their unique characteristics and record-breaking venom potency make them a fascinating subject for those interested in the natural world.

Prevention and Safety Measures

To protect yourself from wandering spiders, there are some simple safety measures you can take.

Firstly, be cautious in areas where these spiders may live, such as dark and warm spaces. For example, avoid reaching into crevices or lifting piles of wood without inspecting them first.

Always wear appropriate shoes when outdoors, particularly in wooded or grassy areas. This can help prevent bites on your feet or ankles.

Reduce the risk of wandering spiders entering your home by sealing gaps and cracks. This minimizes the chance of the spiders finding a way inside.

Regularly clean your living spaces, paying special attention to dark and hidden areas. By maintaining a clean environment, you’ll discourage wandering spiders from making themselves at home.

When out in nature, avoid disturbing spider habitats like webs or egg sacs. This can prevent agitating wandering spiders, reducing your chance of accidental encounters.

Remember, wandering spiders can be dangerous, but by taking these precautions, you can significantly reduce your risk of encountering them or being bitten. Stay safe and always be aware of your surroundings.

In summary, wandering spiders, particularly those in the genus Phoneutria, are a group of venomous arachnids predominantly found in Central, South America and parts of Southern United States.

These spiders, including the Brazilian wandering spider, are known for their potent venom, nocturnal hunting habits, and aggressive defense mechanisms.

Their venom, containing neurotoxins and other components, can cause severe symptoms in humans, making them one of the most dangerous spider species.

Despite their fearsome reputation, fatalities are rare, and they play a vital role in their ecosystems.

It’s important to respect their space and take preventive measures to avoid encounters. Understanding these spiders’ behavior, habitat, and characteristics can help in appreciating their role in nature while ensuring safety.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2857337/ ↩

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3851068/ ↩ ↩ 2

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6560916/ ↩ ↩ 2

Bugman aka Daniel Marlos has been identifying bugs since 1999. whatsthatbug.com is his passion project and it has helped millions of readers identify the bug that has been bugging them for over two decades. You can reach out to him through our Contact Page .

Piyushi is a nature lover, blogger and traveler at heart. She lives in beautiful Canada with her family. Piyushi is an animal lover and loves to write about all creatures.

Related Posts

8 comments . leave new.

Hi Michele, I am an Ecuadorian scientist and specialized on spiders, I would like to find one like yours, I can say that, almost without doubt, you found the Phoneutria itself, it is the Phoneutria fera, look at this picture: http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-bFH9qzT0F7U/T_2sZuk6xAI/AAAAAAAAAGY/8jnMVcPOcNI/s1600/phoneutria_fera2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://rangerbaiano.blogspot.com/2012/07/animais-peconhentos-e-venenosos.html&usg=__iCWEz7S86xub6RAyvXTER6HBaco=&h=864&w=834&sz=215&hl=es-419&start=6&zoom=1&tbnid=jjOROVO9h-vKXM:&tbnh=145&tbnw=140&ei=99eRUY6xKo2K9QTLvYCoDQ&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dphoneutria%2Bfera%26sa%3DN%26hl%3Des-US%26sout%3D1%26tbm%3Disch%26prmd%3Divns&itbs=1&sa=X&ved=0CDYQrQMwBQ Can you see the similarities?, unfortunately the spider might be in a better life today 🙂 Another thing, when you want identifications you should take a picture in front, the under part, and the upper part, as well as some characteristics about behaviour like how they react when you approach. The Phoneutria is a very agressive one.. best wishes, bye.

Hi Miguel, Thanks so much for the comment. This is a seven year old posting and we did not have the ability to post comments when it was originally posted online. We have made an update on What’s That Bug? and your comment is greatly appreciated.

Ah, there is also needed the size and the picture of its face so we can see the eye arrangement, depending on that it could also be pisauridae, but I stay in Ctenidae..

This is a female Cupiennius sp. wandering spider.

Perhaps surprisingly, this ubiquitous large spider of the Mindo area appears to be undescribed to species level.

Although one is indeed best advised to exercise caution in the presence of large ctenids, members of the genus Cupiennius are not known to be dangerously venomous (Barth, 2002). By way of confirmation, my girlfriend, Shannon Bowley, managed to be bitten by a mature female of this Mindo species in 2013 – she felt only mild effects, equivalent to a bee sting.

Thanks for this valuable information.

I’m planning a trip to Ecuador and I’m fearing these spiders. Do they get in houses? Any tips to keep them out, so I can sleep at night?

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Notify me of followup comments via e-mail. You can also subscribe without commenting.

Post Comment

Recent Posts

Cabbage Tree Emperor Moth: Quick Facts and Essential Info

Do Boxelder Bugs Bite? Separating Fact from Fiction

Is a Scorpion Fly Dangerous? Uncovering the Truth About This Intriguing Insect

Orbweaver Spiders: Your Go-To Resource for Successful Encounters

Are Cat Faced Spiders Poisonous? Uncovering the Truth

• Anura (egg stage)
• Ephemeroptera
• From the Archives
• Hymenoptera
• Insects General
• Lepidoptera
• Malacostraca
• Megaloptera
• Microcoryphia
• Nematomorpha
• Non Insects
• Nymphalidae
• Papilionoidea
• Phasmatodea
• Phthiraptera
• Platyhelminthes
• Pseudoscorpiones
• Pycnogonida
• Raphidioptera
• Siphonaptera
• Thelyphonida
• Thysanoptera
• Trichoptera
• Trombidiformes
• Turbellaria
• Uncategorized

Animal Corner

Discover the many amazing animals that live on our planet.

Brazilian Wandering Spider

The Brazilian Wandering Spider (Phoneutria fera) is an aggressive and highly venomous spider . It was first discovered in Brazil hence its name. However, this genus is known to exist elsewhere in South and Central America .

The Brazilian Wandering spider is a member of the Ctenidae family of wandering spiders.

The Brazilian Wandering spider appeared in the Guinness Book of World Records 2007 for being the most venomous animal .

In this particular genus, there are five known similar species whose members are also highly venomous. They include some of the relatively few species of spiders that present a threat to human beings.

Brazilian Wandering Spider Characteristics

The Brazilian wandering spider can grow to have a leg span of up to 4 – 5 inches. They are large hairy spindly-looking spiders who have eight eyes, two of which are large. Brazilian wandering spiders are fast-moving spiders, their legs are strong and spiny and they have distinctive red jaws which they display when angered.

The Brazilian wandering spider is not a Tarantula . Brazilian wandering spiders are not even in the same family group. Tarantulas are harmless to humans and are mostly ambush killers who wait for prey to come to them. Brazilian wandering spiders are active hunters. Brazilian wandering spiders and Tarantulas do have one thing in common, however, they do not eat bananas.

Brazilian Wandering Spider Habitat and Spider Webs

The Brazilian Wandering spider is so-called because it wanders the jungle floor, rather than residing in a lair or maintaining a web. This is another reason it is considered so dangerous. In densely populated areas, the Brazilian Wandering spider will usually search for cover and dark places to hide during daytime, leading it to hide within houses, clothes, cars, boots, boxes and log piles. This usually causes accidents when people disturb them.

The Brazilian Wandering spider is also called the ‘banana spider’ as it is occasionally found within shipments of bananas. As a result, any large spider appearing in a bunch of bananas should be treated with due care.

Brazilian Wandering Spider Diet

Adult Brazilian Wandering spiders eat crickets, other large insects, small lizards and mice. Spiderlings of this species eat flightless fruit flies and pinhead crickets.

Brazilian Wandering Spider Reproduction

All spiders produce silk, a thin, strong protein strand extruded by the spider from spinnerets most commonly found on the end of the abdomen. Many species use it to trap insects in webs, although there are many species that hunt freely such as the Brazilian Wandering spider. Silk can be used to aid in climbing, form smooth walls for burrows, build egg sacs, wrap prey and temporarily hold sperm, among other applications.

Brazilian Wandering spiders reproduce by means of eggs, which are packed into silk bundles called egg sacs. The male spider must (in most cases) make a timely departure after mating to escape before the females normal predatory instincts return.

Mature male spiders have swollen bulbs on the end of their palps for this purpose and this is a useful way to identify whether the spider is male or female. Once the sperm is inside the female spider, she stores it in a chamber and only uses it during the egg-laying process, when the eggs come into contact with the male sperm for the first time and are fertilized. The Brazilian Wandering spiders life cycle is 1 – 2 years.

Brazilian Wandering Spider Venom

Bites from the Brazilian Wandering spider may result in only a couple of painful pinpricks to full-blown envenomed. In either case, people bitten by this spider or any Ctenid should seek immediate emergency treatment as the venom is possibly life threatening.

The Phoneutria fera and Phoneutria nigriventer (two species of wandering spider) are the two most commonly implicated as the most vicious and deadly of the Phoneutria spiders.

The Phoneutria not only has a potent neurotoxin, but is reported to have one of the most excruciatingly painful envenoms of all spiders due to its high concentration of serotonin. They have the most active venom of any living spiders.

One of their members, the Brazilian Huntsman, is thought to be the most venomous spider in the world. Brazilian wandering spiders are certainly dangerous and bite more people than any other spiders.

Check out more  animals that begin with the letter B

More Fascinating Animals to Learn About

About joanne spencer.

I've always been passionate about animals which led me to a career in training and behaviour. As an animal professional I'm committed to improving relationships between people and animals to bring them more happiness.

• Planet Earth
• Strange News

Brazilian wandering spiders: Bites & other details

Acidente por aranha armadeira com sequela do fenômeno Raynaud – 17 Lopes-Martins RAB, Antunes E, Oliva MLV,Sampaio CAM, Burton J, Nucci G. Pharmacological characterization of rabbit corpus cavernosum relaxation mediated by the tissue kallikrein-kinin system. Br J Pharmacol. 1994 Sep;113(1): 81-6. Doi: 10. 1111/j. 1476-5381. 1994. tb16177. x (Link)

Video advice: Brazilian Wandering Spider facts: one of the banana spiders

Brazilian wandering spiders are known as banana spiders because there’s the idea that these spiders travel around the world in banana shipments. While not entirely impossible, it’s extremely rare for a Brazilian wandering spider to be seen outside of their native range due to travels on bananas – though it has happened! Brazilian wandering spiders have a toxic bite which has caused some human deaths, however this is generally an atypical occurrence. Still, to be fair, these spiders are considered to be some of the deadliest spiders in the world! Their bite can also cause some… awkward circumstances when male humans have been bitten. These spiders were discovered in Brazil but can be found throughout parts of Central and South America. There are eight classified species of Brazilian wandering spiders and not all of them have a bite toxic enough to harm a human.

What happens if a Brazilian wandering spider bites you?

Are brazilian spiders dangerous.

It has been reported that the spiders are Brazilian wandering spiders, a deadly breed that can kill people in a matter of hours , though these spiders are known to nest on the ground and not in trees. The types of spiders known to nest in bananas are understood to be harmless to humans.

How fast can a wandering spider kill you?

The signs of envenomation usually include increased heart rate, priapism, muscle tremors. Phoneutria fera and Phoneutria nigriventer are more dangerous than the rest of the species of this genus. Symptoms appear within 10-20 minutes, and death occurs in two to six hours after the bite .

How painful is a Brazilian wandering spider bite?

The bite of a Brazilian wandering spider is extremely painful . It can quickly result in heavy sweating and drooling. The skin around the bite will usually swell, turn red, and get hot. In severe cases, the bite can result in dead tissue or death.

Is Daddy Long Legs the most poisonous spider?

You've probably heard this playground legend: Daddy longlegs are the most venomous spiders in the world , but their fangs are too short to bite you. Is this really true? The short answer: no. ... Unlike spiders, these animals have a single body segment and only two eyes, and they don't have fangs or venom glands.

Video advice: Spider bite . Brazilian Wandering Spider bit me . AND I AM ALIVE. Worlds Deadliest Spider

Spider bite. Brazilian Wandering Spider bit me . AND I AM ALIVE. Worlds deadliest spider.

Related Articles:

• Funnel-Web Spiders: Families, Bites & Other Details
• Copperhead Snakes: Details, bites & babies
• Barrier Snakes: Colors, Bites, Farts & Details
• Camel Spiders: Details & Myths
• Black widow spiders: Details relating to this infamous number of arachnids
• Ogre-Faced Spiders: These Spiders Can Hear – While They Don’t Have Any Ears

Science Journalist

Science atlas, our goal is to spark the curiosity that exists in all of us. We invite readers to visit us daily, explore topics of interest, and gain new perspectives along the way.

You may also like

A pup preserved in permafrost ate among the last woolly rhinos on the planet

Ancient Scorpion Had Ft, Might Have Left of Sea

Alien Parasites Threaten Sci-Fi Space Travelers (Infographic)

Add comment, cancel reply.

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

Recent discoveries

Would You Like To Travel Into Space Ielts Speaking

How Much Space Is Required For A Workstation

______ Is Regarded As The Father Of Modern Geology

Will The Innovation For Homeland Security Work

• Animals 3041
• Astronomy 8
• Biology 2281
• Chemistry 482
• Culture 1333
• Entertainment 1139
• Health 8466
• History 2152
• Human Spaceflights 1209
• Physics 913
• Planet Earth 3239
• Science 2158
• Science & Astronomy 4927
• Search For Life 599
• Skywatching 1274
• Spaceflight 4586
• Strange News 1230
• Technology 3625
• Terms and Conditions 163

Random fact

Taking Acetaminophen While Pregnant Associated with Childhood Behavior Problems

• Skip to main content
• Skip to footer

Our Breathing Planet

Unique and Amazing Places and Species

Brazilian Wandering Spider

Brazilian Wandering Spider Facts

• Most notably, the common name of Brazilian Wandering Spider actually applies to a total of eight species within one genus.
• While all of the varieties in the genus inhabit the country of Brazil, hence the name, many also inhabit other parts of the region as well.
• Each species varies from the others in some ways, of course. However, all of them remain extremely poisonous and highly aggressive.
• Due to this combination of powerful venom and extremely aggressive behavior, most experts consider this genus to comprise the deadliest spiders.
• However, its aggressiveness remains a defensive technique, and the arachnid typically only bites if the individual feels directly threatened.

Related Articles

Brazilian Wandering Spider Physical Description

Most notably, given the fact that the term Brazilian Wandering Spider applies to a total of eight species, physical characteristics naturally vary.

However, certain factors remain true for all varieties. Firstly, sexual dimorphism occurs in all members of the genus, just like most arachnids.

In addition, while coloring does vary, the majority of species remain primarily brown, with a black spot or spots on the underside of the body.

Also, most members of this genus grow large, with bodies reaching a length of 2 in (5 cm), and a leg span totaling as much as 6 in (15 cm).

• Kingdom: Animalia
• Phylum: Arthropoda
• Class: Arachnida
• Order: Araneae
• Family: Ctenidae
• Genus: Phoneutria

Brazilian Wandering Spider Distribution, Habitat, and Ecology

Most notably, most species known as the Brazilian Wandering Spider occur in South America . However, one species does inhabit Central America.

Also, and not surprisingly at all, given the name, the habitats of seven of the eight species comprising the genus include the country of Brazil .

The native habitats of the various members of the genus include temperate forests, tropical jungle, and, for some, regions of savanna.

The distinct name occurs due to the tendency of these invertebrates, unlike most spiders, to roam around at night in search of prey, rather than spin webs or lay in wait.

Furthermore, individuals tend to spend the majority of the daytime hiding in crevices, or under fallen trees, then emerging at night to hunt.

Finally, the typical prey varies by region and species, but most commonly ranges from various insects to small animals, such as frogs and lizards.

Species Sharing Its Range

Check out our other articles on 5 Marvels of New Zealand and Australia , Tassled Scorpionfish , Colorado Columbine , Ringed Seal

Reader Interactions

Leave a reply cancel reply.

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed .

Get Instant Updates

Free wallpapers, green tips for you, write for us, our supporters.

Fact Animal

Facts About Animals

Brazilian Wandering Spider Facts

Brazilian wandering spider profile.

There are more than 50,000 species of spider, and the vast majority are less dangerous than a honeybee. Almost none are aggressive, and of those with medically significant venom, only a small percentage are capable of causing death. So, on the whole, arachnophobes are just being a bit silly.

But there’s one spider that vindicates all of these fears, and few animals are as globally renowned to be a serious threat to human lives as the Brazilian Wandering Spider .

Brazilian Wandering Spiders are actually 9 species of spider in the same genus ‘Phoneutria’, one of which is found in Central America, with the rest in South America.

Brazilian Wandering Spider Facts Overview

These spiders are called wandering spiders because of instead of spinning a web to wait for food, or occupying a lair, they spend their night wandering in the leaf litter of the jungle floor for prey.

The sensitive hairs on its body help detect vibrations of passing prey, and it will feed on insects, lizards, frogs and any animals as large as itself.

During the day they will hide under logs, rocks, or inside termite mounds and banana plants. They will also sometimes wander into urban areas and homes, where they can come into contact with humans.

Brazilian wandering spiders are aggressive , dangerous and frightening. For once, this is an animal you should be wary of.

The females are larger, around 50% heavier than males, and produce more venom, and this might be a clue as to why their Greek name translates to “ Mudress” . These spiders will often stand and fight and have an intimidating threat display.

The potency of their venom is one of the reasons they’re so dangerous, and their ability to hide away in fruit and shoes explains why most bites are on extremities.

Interesting Brazilian Wandering Spider Facts

1. armed spiders.

In Brazilian, these are sometimes known as armed spiders, on account of their elongated front legs.

They can convey quite a bit of information with these legs, and as wandering spiders, use them to get about the forest, looking for food.

2. Banana Spiders

They’re also sometimes called ‘banana spiders’ on account of their status as a stowaway on popular fruit imported from the tropics.

This is becoming less common as stricter regulations ensure there’s less contamination of fruits, but there’s always a chance your next bunch of bananas will have a family of these spiders living inside it.

3. They have the largest venom glands of any spider

Females produce more venom than males, but both sexes have enormous venom glands. These glands are even more impressive when you consider the size of the spider is significantly less than the largest around.

The venom glands of the Brazilian Wandering Spider are over a centimetre long, and this is all housed inside the bright red chelicerae (mouth parts) which they are quick to display whenever they get upset. 1

4. They’re aggressive

These spiders can grow quite large and have long, brightly-coloured legs. Unlike most spiders, they’re known to stand their ground when threatened and are far quicker to bite than many other species.

They’ll still try to scurry away where possible, and they’re not out to get anybody.

But where most other species will flee, the wandering spiders’ aggression does make it more likely to be involved in incidents.

Most bites are on fingers and toes, a sign that they’re being stepped on or grabbed inadvertently. When the spider feels cornered, it’ll rear up on its back legs and waves its colourful arms around as a warning.

Then it’ll sway side to side, beckoning you to have a go. Anything foolhardy enough to call this bluff gets a wealth of envenomation effects. 2 3

5. They give some men erections

There are ways to accomplish this with fewer side effects, but a bit from a Brazilian wandering spider does come with a certain Viagral quality.

This isn’t as fun as it might sound. Prolonged erections in this manner are likely to harm and destroy muscles and blood vessels in the penis and could cause irreparable damage.

Besides this, the assault on the central nervous system that comes with envenomation by this spider doesn’t sound worth it. 4

6. And some people die

This assault brings with it a whole host of unpleasant symptoms. Seizures, foaming at the mouth, inability to speak, collapse, and a host of other miserable experiences.

Paralysis is possible, as is cardiac shock. Blood vessels can burst in the brain, or anywhere else, and in many cases, this can be enough to kill a person.

This spider has one of the most potent venoms of all, and there are multiple legitimate records of death as a result of bites.

7. But they’re rarely fatal

While the Brazilian wandering spider is potentially one of the most dangerous spiders in the world, there is some evidence to suggest it gives a dry bite, defensively.

This means that despite exceptionally toxic venom, the amount actually injected is less than some of the other contenders, and this is what makes it typically less lethal than the Australian funnel webs.

These spiders are classified as Dangerous Wild Animals and would therefore require a special permit to keep. Bites from wandering spiders are common in South America, but antivenom is often readily available, and they rarely result in death.

In most cases, lethal bites are cases of a very young or very old victim, and few people of healthy age are killed. 5

8. They do invade the UK sometimes

These unquestionably scary spiders show up in supermarkets in the UK on occasion, having hitched a ride on banana shipments.

On more than one occasion they’ve made their way into shoppers’ homes, but it doesn’t appear that there are any cases of them biting people as a result.

These spiders aren’t suited for temperate climates and don’t survive Winter, so there’s no risk of them multiplying.

Brazilian Wandering Spider Fact-File Summary

Scientific classification, fact sources & references.

• PeerJ. (2017), “ Dimensions of venom gland of largest venom glands in all spiders ”, Bio Numbers.
• Dave Clarke (2010), “ Venomous spider found in Waitrose shopping ‘beautiful but aggressive’” , The Guardian.
• “ Phoneutria Perty (Arachnida: Araneae: Ctenidae) ”, UF-IFAS University of Florida
• Kátia R.M. Leite (2012), “ Phoneutria nigriventer spider toxin Tx2-6 causes priapism and death: A histopathological investigation in mice ”, Science Direct.
• “ Brazilian wandering spiders: Bites & other facts ”, Live Science.

Brazilian Wandering Spider (Phoneutria Nigriventer)

The Brazilian wandering spider (Phoneutria nigriventer), also known as the armed spider or banana spider, is a deadly spider native to South America. This large, venomous arachnid is widely recognised as one of the most venomous spiders in the world. With a range of fascinating behaviours and unique adaptations, the Brazilian wandering spider has become a subject of interest for scientists and enthusiasts alike.

Physical Characteristics

Brazilian wandering spiders are known for their robust build, long legs, and powerful fangs. They are large spiders, with an average leg span of up to 6 inches (15 cm) and a body length that ranges from 1.7 to 2 inches (4.3 to 5 cm). Their size makes them particularly intimidating to encounter, as they are one of the largest spiders in their region.

The spider’s colouration varies depending on the species, but most Brazilian wandering spiders are brownish in colour with black or dark markings. This colouration enables them to blend into their natural habitat, making it easier for them to ambush their prey.

Anatomically, these spiders have a robust body, long and thick legs, and powerful fangs that can deliver venomous bites. Their eyes are arranged in two rows, with a total of eight eyes, which gives them a wide field of vision and the ability to detect motion from various angles. Their chelicerae (fang-bearing mouthparts) are large and powerful, capable of piercing the skin and delivering venom to their prey.

Brazilian wandering spiders are primarily found in the tropical rainforests of South America, especially in Brazil, and one species in North America. Their preferred habitat includes a variety of environments ranging from the forest floor to trees and shrubs. The dense vegetation of the rainforest provides them with ample hiding spots, making it easier for them to ambush their prey.

These spiders are highly adaptable and can survive in a range of environments. They have even been found in human settlements, particularly in rural areas where there is less disturbance. In such cases, they may seek refuge in homes, barns, or other structures, especially during periods of heavy rain or when searching for food.

Diet and Hunting Techniques

Brazilian wandering spiders are carnivorous predators that primarily feed on insects, other spiders, and small vertebrates such as lizards and frogs. They have a diverse diet and can consume a wide range of prey, depending on their size and availability.

Unlike many other spiders, Brazilian wandering spiders do not spin webs to catch their prey. Instead, they actively hunt for food, relying on their acute senses, speed, and agility to catch their prey. They use a combination of stealth and ambush tactics to get close to their prey, and then swiftly strike with a venomous bite, immobilising their victim.

The wandering behaviour of these spiders is what gives them their name. Instead of building a permanent web and waiting for prey to come to them, Brazilian wandering spiders actively search for food. This makes them highly mobile and increases their chances of encountering a wide variety of prey.

When threatened, Brazilian wandering spiders are known for their aggressive behaviour. They may raise their front legs and display their fangs in a defensive posture. This behaviour is a warning to potential predators that they are armed with venom and ready to strike if necessary.

Reproduction

The reproduction process in Brazilian wandering spiders begins with courtship rituals. Males initiate mating by approaching females and signalling their intentions through vibrations and leg movements. Once the female is receptive, the male deposits his sperm into the female’s reproductive organs.

After mating, the female lays a clutch of eggs and guards them until they hatch. The spiderlings then disperse to start their independent lives. As they grow, they moult several times, shedding their exoskeletons and developing into mature spiders.

The Brazilian wandering spider venom is highly potent and contains a mix of toxins, including neurotoxins, proteins, and enzymes. This venom is highly effective at immobilising their prey, making it easier for the spider to consume it.

In humans, the venom can cause a range of symptoms, including intense pain, swelling, excessive sweating, blurred vision, and elevated heart rate. In rare cases, Brazilian wandering spider bite can lead to severe complications or even death. However, with prompt medical treatment, most victims recover without long-term effects.

Brazilian Wandering Spider and Humans

Brazilian wandering spiders are known to occasionally enter human settlements, especially in rural areas. While these encounters can be unnerving, the spiders generally prefer to avoid confrontation with humans.

If you encounter a Brazilian wandering spider, it is important to stay calm and avoid provoking it. If you are bitten, seek medical attention immediately, as prompt treatment is crucial for minimising the effects of the venom.

Conservation Efforts

Conservation efforts are essential for Brazilian wandering spiders, as their natural habitat is increasingly threatened by deforestation, agriculture, and urbanisation. Protecting the rainforests and other natural habitats of these spiders is crucial for their survival.

Interesting Facts

• The venom of the Brazilian wandering spider is being studied for potential medical applications, including pain relief and anti-venom development.
• Despite their reputation as highly venomous spiders, Brazilian wandering spiders play an important role in controlling insect populations in their ecosystems.
• These spiders are also known as “banana spiders” because they have been found in shipments of bananas.

The Brazilian wandering spider (Phoneutria nigriventer) is a remarkable arachnid with unique adaptations and behaviours. Despite their fearsome reputation, these spiders are an essential part of their ecosystems and play a vital role in controlling pest populations. Understanding and respecting these spiders is crucial for their conservation and coexistence with humans.

Sam loves to learn about animals and their habitats. He has been a nature lover from a very young age, and has been writing papers and articles about wildlife for as long as he can remember.

Leave a Comment Cancel Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

An official website of the United States government

The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

• Publications
• Account settings

Preview improvements coming to the PMC website in October 2024. Learn More or Try it out now .

• Advanced Search
• Journal List
• Front Mol Biosci

Holistic profiling of the venom from the Brazilian wandering spider Phoneutria nigriventer by combining high-throughput ion channel screens with venomics

F. c. cardoso.

1 Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

2 Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

A. A. Walker

M. v. gomez.

3 Department of Neurotransmitters, Institute of Education and Research, Santa Casa, Belo Horizonte, Brazil

Rodrigo Ligabue-Braun , Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Brazil

Luiza Gremski , Federal University of Paraná, Brazil

Associated Data

The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The name of the repository and accession number are ProteomeXchange PRIDE repository; PXD037904.

Introduction: Spider venoms are a unique source of bioactive peptides, many of which display remarkable biological stability and neuroactivity. Phoneutria nigriventer , often referred to as the Brazilian wandering spider, banana spider or “armed” spider, is endemic to South America and amongst the most dangerous venomous spiders in the world. There are 4,000 envenomation accidents with P. nigriventer each year in Brazil, which can lead to symptoms including priapism, hypertension, blurred vision, sweating, and vomiting. In addition to its clinical relevance, P. nigriventer venom contains peptides that provide therapeutic effects in a range of disease models.

Methods: In this study, we explored the neuroactivity and molecular diversity of P. nigriventer venom using fractionation-guided high-throughput cellular assays coupled to proteomics and multi-pharmacology activity to broaden the knowledge about this venom and its therapeutic potential and provide a proof-of-concept for an investigative pipeline to study spider-venom derived neuroactive peptides. We coupled proteomics with ion channel assays using a neuroblastoma cell line to identify venom compounds that modulate the activity of voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels, as well as the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.

Results: Our data revealed that P. nigriventer venom is highly complex compared to other neurotoxin-rich venoms and contains potent modulators of voltage-gated ion channels which were classified into four families of neuroactive peptides based on their activity and structures. In addition to the reported P. nigriventer neuroactive peptides, we identified at least 27 novel cysteine-rich venom peptides for which their activity and molecular target remains to be determined.

Discussion: Our findings provide a platform for studying the bioactivity of known and novel neuroactive components in the venom of P. nigriventer and other spiders and suggest that our discovery pipeline can be used to identify ion channel-targeting venom peptides with potential as pharmacological tools and to drug leads.

Introduction

Venomous animals are a highly adapted group of organisms whose evolutionary success excelled with the emergence of venom. Spider venoms, in particular, are rich in peptide knottins specialized in modulating, often with high potency and selectivity, voltage-gated ion channels that regulate the physiology of neuronal, muscular and cardiac systems ( Cardoso and Lewis, 2018 ; Cardoso, 2020 ). Although such effects can be deleterious to envenomated animals, venom components can be tailored to selectively modulate ion channels in pathways of complex diseases such as chronic pain, motor neuron disease, and epilepsy. This has been demonstrated for numerous spider venoms ( Smith et al., 2015 ; Cardoso and Lewis, 2018 , 2019 ), including the venom of the infamous South American ctenid spider Phoneutria nigriventer , often referred as Brazilian wandering spider, banana spider or “armed” spider ( Peigneur et al., 2018 ). Besides its clinical relevance due to frequent envenomation cases in Brazil, with approximately 4,000 cases per year ( Isbister and Fan, 2011 ; Gewehr et al., 2013 ), P. nigriventer venom contains peptides that have therapeutic effects in a range of disease models including chronic pain ( Pedron et al., 2021 ; Cavalli et al., 2022 ), Huntington’s disease ( Joviano-Santos et al., 2022 ), glaucoma ( da Silva et al., 2020 ) and erectile dysfunction ( Nunes da Silva et al., 2019 ).

Initial studies of P. nigriventer venom employed fractionation via gel filtration and reversed-phase chromatography to separate the venom into five distinct groups of peptides based on their molecular weight and hydrophobicity properties; these groups were named PhTx1 to PhTx5 ( Peigneur et al., 2018 ). PhTx1–4 comprise cysteine-rich peptides that are active on voltage-gated calcium (Ca V ), sodium (Na V ) and potassium (K V ) channels, while PhTx5 is comprised of short linear peptides, with a total of 34 peptides identified ( Peigneur et al., 2018 ). Proteotranscriptomic studies of P. nigriventer venom revealed additional peptides with high similarity to those previously described, but very few have been characterised pharmacologically ( Cardoso et al., 2003 ; Richardson et al., 2006 ). This represents an obstacle to the exploration of the therapeutic potential of P. nigriventer venom.

Advances in venom-peptide research have yielded high-throughput cellular screens for the discovery and pharmacological characterisation of naturally occurring molecules with activity at ion channels and receptors in physiological pathways ( Cardoso et al., 2015 ; Cardoso et al., 2021 ). These methods require only a small amount of venom compared to more traditional methods and allow the identification of therapeutically relevant peptides in the early stages of the screening. Besides drug development applications, these same bioassays can assist in unravelling the bioactivity of crude and fractionated venoms from biomedically relevant venomous animals to support studies of evolution and antivenom development, but much work remains to be done in this field.

This study aimed to provide a proof-of-concept in applying high-throughput cellular screens for multiple neuronal ion channels along with proteomic studies of fractionated venom to rapidly characterise spider venoms in terms of bioactive components. It was anticipated that such a pipeline would support envenomation and evolutionary studies and the development of therapeutics from animal venoms. The venom of P. nigriventer was selected as a model system due to its medical relevance, the considerable number of therapeutically relevant peptides already uncovered in the venom, and the wide knowledge base available. Our approach enabled identification of potent modulators of voltage-gated ion channels which were classified into four families of neuroactive peptides based on their activity and structures. In addition to the previously characterised neuroactive peptides in the P. nigriventer venom, we identified 27 additional cysteine-rich venom peptides in which neuroactivities are underexplored. This work contributes to the on-going discovery and structure-function characterisation of spider-venom peptides. Moreover, our bioassay pipeline can be used to guide future research into the discovery of venom peptides that modulate the activity of ion channels, and their development as pharmacological tools and drug leads.

Materials and methods

We applied a holistic approach combining methods in high throughput screens for ion channels, venom proteome, venom gland transcriptome and modelling of peptides as described in Figure 1 .

Flowchart of the venom peptide discovery pipeline applied in this study. Expanding from the traditional assay-guided fractionation, we applied HTS bioassays to characterize the pharmacology of venom peptides on multiple ion channels, followed by the identification of peptide masses and primary sequences using proteome and transcriptome. Ultimately, the three-dimensional structure of venom peptides was determined using in silico molecular modelling.

Cell culture

The human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y was maintained at 37 ° C in a humidified 5% CO 2 incubator in Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) medium supplemented with 15% foetal bovine serum (FBS) and 2 mM L-glutamine. Replicating cells were sub-cultured every 3–4 days in a 1:5 ratio using 0.25% trypsin/EDTA.

Venom fractionation

Crude venom milked from male and female specimens of P. nigriventer was kindly provided by Prof. Marcus Vinicius Gomez from the Institute of Teaching and Research of Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Venom (lyophilised, 1 mg) was dissolved in 100 μL Milli-Q water containing 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) (Auspep, VIC, AU) and 5% acetonitrile (ACN) and centrifuged at 5,000 × g for 10 min to remove particulates. Venom was fractionated by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) using a C18 column (Vydac 4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm, Grace Discovery Sciences, United States) with a gradient of solvent B (90% ACN in 0.045% TFA) in solvent A (0.05% TFA). The gradient was 5% B for 5 min, followed by 20%–40% solvent B over 60 min at a flow rate 0.7 mL min −1 . Peaks were collected every minute, with fraction 1 eluted between 1 and 2 min and so on for the other fractions. Venom fractions were lyophilised before storage at –20°C.

Calcium influx assays

Venom fractions were screened for neuroactivity at human (h) Na V , Ca V 1, Ca V 2 and the α7 subtype of the human nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR-α7) as previously described ( Cardoso et al., 2015 ). Briefly, SH-SY5Y cells were plated at 40,000 cells per well in 384-well flat clear-bottom black plates (Corning, NY, United States) and cultured at 37 ° C in a humidified 5% CO 2 incubator for 48 h. Cells were loaded with 20 μL per well Calcium 4 dye (Molecular Devices) reconstituted in assay buffer containing (in mM) 140 NaCl, 11.5 glucose, 5.9 KCl, 1.4 MgCl 2 , 1.2 NaH 2 PO 4 , 5 NaHCO 3 , 1.8 CaCl 2 and 10 HEPES pH 7.4 and incubated for 30 min at 37 ° C in a humidified 5% CO 2 incubator. For the hCa V 1 assay, the dye was supplemented with 1 μM ω-conotoxin-CVIF (CVIF) to inhibit Ca V 2, and in the hCav2 assay the dye was supplemented with 10 μM nifedipine to inhibit Ca V 1. For the nAChR-α7 assay, the dye was supplemented with PNU-120596 (Sigma-Aldrich), a positive allosteric modulator of nAChR-α7. Venom fractions were assayed in singleton for each ion channel tested. Fluorescence responses were recorded using excitation at 470–495 nm and emission at 515–575 nm for 10 s to set the baseline, then 300 s after addition of 10% venom fraction serial diluted at 1, 1:10, and 1:100, and for a further 300 s after addition of 50 μM veratridine for hNa V , 90 mM KCl and 5 mM CaCl 2 for hCa V, and 30 μM choline for nAChR-α7.

Venom fractions eluting between 10 and 45 min on RP-HPLC were analysed by mass spectrometry to investigate the masses and primary structures of their peptide components. Native mass determinations were carried out with 20% of each fraction dried by vacuum centrifuge and resuspended in 20 μL 1% formic acid (FA), followed by analysis using by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). For identification of primary structures, 20% of each peptide fraction was reduced and alkylated by adding 40 μL of reagent composed of 4.875 mL ACN, 4.5 mL ultrapure water, 0.5 mL 1M ammonium carbonate pH 11.0, 100 μL 2-iodoethanol and 25 μL triethylphosphine, and incubating for 1 h at 37°C. Samples were speed dried in a vacuum centrifuge, and digested with 40 ng/μL trypsin in 50 mM ammonium bicarbonate pH 8.0 and 10% ACN overnight at room temperature. Trypsin was inactivated by adding 50 μL solution containing 50% acetonitrile and 5% formic acid (FA), dried in speed vacuum centrifuge, and resuspended in 1% formic acid.

LC-MS/MS samples were loaded onto a 150 mm × 0.1 mm Zorbax 300SB-C18 column (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, United States) on a Shimadzu Nano LC system with the outflow coupled to a SCIEX 5600 Triple TOF (Framingham, MA, United States) mass spectrometer equipped with a Turbo V ion source. Peptides were eluted using a 30 min gradient of 1%–40% solvent B (90% ACN/0.1% FA) in solvent A (0.1% FA) at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. For MS1 scans, m/z was set between 350 and 2,200. Precursor ions with m/z 350–1,500, charge of +2 to +5, and signals with >100 counts/s (excluding isotopes within 2 Da) were selected for fragmentation, and MS2 scans were collected over a range of 80–1,500 m /z . Scans were obtained with an accumulation time of 250 ms and a cycle of 4 s.

A database of possible peptide sequences produced in P. nigriventer venom glands was compiled using a published venom-gland transcriptome ( Diniz et al., 2018 ), from which open reading frames (ORFs) longer than 30 amino acids were identified and translated by TransDecoder. A list of 200 common MS contaminants was added to the translated ORFs, which was used as a sequence database to compare to mass spectral data using the Paragon algorithm in Protein Pilot 2.2 software (AB SCIEX). We report only peptides for which more than two tryptic fragments were detected with >95% confidence, or where one tryptic fragment was detected, and a secretion signal peptide was predicted by SignalP5.0.

Molecular modelling

Venom peptides identified in this study were selected based on their cysteine-rich scaffold and bioactivity, and their three-dimensional (3D) structure were predicted using the AlphaFold 2 algorithm ( Jumper et al., 2021 ). All 3D structures displayed were from unrelaxed models ranked 1 for each peptide prediction. 3D structures were visualised and analysed using PyMol ( Pymol, 2023 ).

Data analysis

Fluorescence traces from singletons were evaluated using the Maximum-Minimum or Area Under the Curve values generated after addition of ion channel activator. Data were normalised against the negative control (PSS buffer control) and positive control (ion channel activator) for each assay and corrected using the response over baseline from 1 to 5 s. No statistical analyses were required in this study.

Screening of P. nigriventer venom fractions

Fractionation of 1 mg of P. nigriventer ( Figure 2A ) crude venom using RP-HPLC produced numerous peaks eluting between 20% and 40% solvent B, and fractions eluting between 11 and 45 min were selected for pharmacological analysis ( Figure 2B ). Screening using the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line revealed strong modulation of voltage-gated ion channels including both inhibition or enhancement of ion channel activity ( Figure 2C ). Venom fractions eluting between 18 and 34 min showed strong inhibition of Ca V and Na V activity, while fractions eluting between 41 and 45 min strongly activated Ca V 2 channels ( Figure 2C , top panel). At a dilution of 1:10, these inhibitory effects persisted for both Na V and Ca V 2 channels for fractions eluting at 19–20 min and 26–34 min and was absent for Ca V 1 channels ( Figure 2C , middle panel). Fractions eluting from 21 to 25 min showed a clear preference for inhibiting only Ca V 2 channels ( Figure 2C ). Interestingly, at 1:10 dilution, channel activity enhancement was stronger on Na V channels compared to Ca V 2 channels, suggesting potential concentration-dependent synergistic effects of venom peptides modulating both Na V and Ca V 2 channels. At the highest venom dilution of 1:100, persistent inhibition of Na V channel was observed for fraction 20 (F20), while the remaining inhibitory fractions preferentially inhibited only Ca V 2 channels ( Figure 2C , bottom panel). Channel enhancement persisted for Na V channels in fractions eluting from 41 to 45 min. No potent activity was observed against nAChR-α7 at any venom concentration tested. Overall, inhibitory activity was primarily observed for fractions eluting at shorter retention times (i.e., more hydrophilic compounds), while strong ion channel activation was induced by more hydrophobic peptides with longer RP-HPLC retention times.

Fractionation and activity of P. nigriventer venom. (A) P. nigriventer specimen displaying threat posture (photo copyright Alan Henderson, www.minibeastwildlife.com.au ). (B) RP-HPLC fractionation of 1 mg P. nigriventer venom. (C) Ion channel responses calculated from the area under the curve (AUC) after addition of selective activators for fractions 10 to 45, normalized to responses in the absence of venom fractions. (D, E) Representative fluorescence traces of the intracellular calcium responses of SH-SY5Y cells evoked by KCl + CaCl 2 in the presence of venom fractions 26 and 34 for Ca V 1, fractions 19, 26 and 34 for Ca V 2, and fractions 41–45 for both Ca V 1 and Ca V 2 channels. (F) Representative fluorescence traces of the intracellular calcium responses of SH-SY5Y cells evoked by veratridine and in the presence of venom fractions 19, 26 and 34 and fractions 41–45. (G) Representative fluorescence traces of the intracellular calcium responses of SH-SY5Y cells evoked by choline and in the presence of venom fractions 16 and 40 and fractions 41–45. Grey dotted line indicates the KCl + CaCl 2 , veratridine or choline addition.

Fluorescent traces measured upon addition of venom fractions revealed an increase in intracellular calcium ([Ca 2+ ] i ), suggesting that these venom peptides can activate closed channels as well as enhance the responses of these channels opened using pharmacological intervention ( Figures 2D–G ). This was observed for Ca V responses in the presence of 1 μM CVIF (Ca V 2 inhibitor, Figure 2D ) and 10 μM nifedipine (Ca V 1 inhibitor, Figure 2E ). In the absence of Ca V inhibitors, these [Ca 2+ ] i responses resemble the levels of Ca V 1 responses in Figure 2D as observed for F40–F45 applied in the Na V channels assay ( Figure 2F ). The activities of inhibitory fractions were mostly free from initial [Ca 2+ ] i responses upon venom addition, except for weak inhibitors observed in F19 for Na V and F40 for nAChR-α7 ( Figures 2F, G ).

Identification of peptides in P. nigriventer venom fractions

The venom of P. nigriventer has been extensively characterised in terms of composition and bioactivity ( Diniz et al., 2018 ; Peigneur et al., 2018 ), including neuronal ion channel activity and proteomics, but not by using a combined approach. In this study, by combining these approaches, we were able to rapidly identify 58 peptides and proteins in the venom. Due to the complexity of previous nomenclature for P. nigriventer venom peptides, we refer to them here using both the rational nomenclature developed for spider toxins ( King et al., 2008 ) and an identifying number (e.g., PN367) that is linked to a sequence and a list of previously used names in Supplementary Table S1 . Of the 58 identified amino acid sequences, only eight (15%) are peptides that have had their bioactivity reported in previous studies ( Figure 3A , Supplementary Table S1 ) ( Peigneur et al., 2018 ). These included the known neuroactive components μ-CNTX-Pn1a (Tx1) ( Diniz et al., 2006 ; Martin-Moutot et al., 2006 ), κ-CNTX-Pn1a (Tx3-1, PhK V ) ( Kushmerick et al., 1999 ; Almeida et al., 2011 ), ω-CNTX-Pn1a (Tx3-2) ( Cordeiro Mdo et al., 1993 ), Γ-CNTX-Pn1a [Tx4(5-5)] ( Paiva et al., 2016 ), δ-CNTX-Pn1a [Tx4(6-1)] ( de Lima et al., 2002 ; Emerich et al., 2016 ), δ-CNTX-Pn2c (Tx2-5a) ( Yonamine et al., 2004 ), ω-CNTX-Pn4a (Tx3-6) ( Cardoso et al., 2003 ; Vieira et al., 2005 ) and ω-CNTX Pn3a (Tx3-4) ( Dos Santos et al., 2002 ) ( Figure 3B ). Even among these eight peptides, only a few venom peptides have had their molecular pharmacology characterized in detail ( Peigneur et al., 2018 ), or their activities confirmed using recombinant peptides ( Diniz et al., 2006 ; Paiva et al., 2016 ; Garcia Mendes et al., 2021 ).

Estimated levels of peptide/protein venom components identified in fractions F17 to F45, and their respective bioactivity at Na V and Ca V channels and the nAChR-α7. (A) Proportion of known and unknown venom peptides and other venom components detected in this study. (B) Venom peptides with previously reported bioactivity detected in fractions by mass spectrometry and compared to fraction bioactivity at Na V and Ca V channels and the nAChR-α7. (C) Venom peptides detected in fractions classified according to their cysteine framework I to IX ( Diniz et al., 2018 ), and compared to fraction bioactivity at Na V and Ca V channels and the nAChR-α7.

Most of the identified sequences in this study (74%) represent peptides with unexplored bioactivity; 38 (65%) of the 43 peptides identified have cysteine-rich scaffolds typical of spider-venom peptides ( Figure 3C ). Some of these venom peptides, such as PN367 and PN363, have a type I scaffold ( Diniz et al., 2018 ) and are predicted by Alphafold 2 to fold into cystine-knot scaffolds typical of spider-venom peptides ( King and Hardy, 2013 ) ( Figure 4 ). Scaffolds II-VIII either form elaborated cystine-knot folds with extra disulphide bonds, or alternative structures such as for scaffolds III and IV ( Figure 4 ). Novel peptides with high identity with other toxins and not previously described in P. nigriventer venom included: PN367 displaying identity with a Agelena orientalis venom peptide; PN369 displaying identity with a Lycosa singoriensis venom peptide, and PN365 displaying scaffold III and identity with another Lycosa singoriensis venom peptide ( Supplementary Table S1 ). Additional disulphide-rich scaffolds present in P. nigriventer venom include three peptides predicted by the algorithm HMMER to form a thyroglobulin type 1 repeat domain (E < e −17 in each case), one of which has been previously reported as U24-CNTX-Pn1a; peptide PN370 which displays high identity with a peptide found in venom of the scorpion Scorpiops jendeki and is predicted by the algorithm HMMER to form into a trypsin-inhibitor-like cysteine-rich domain (E < 2e −13 ); and the peptide PN376 that is predicted by HMMER to form a fungal protease inhibitor domain (E < e −6 ) ( Supplementary Table S1 ). Additional new scaffolds identified in this study were named following the previous suggested nomenclature ( Diniz et al., 2018 ) as X (CXCC motif, 12 Cys residues: −C−C−C−C−CXCC−C−C−C−C−C−), XI (12 Cys residues: −C−C−C−CXC−CXC−C−CXC−C−C−), XII (11 Cys residues: −C−C−CXC−CXC−C−C−CXC−C) and XIII (10 Cys residues: −C−C−C−C−C−C−CXC−C−C−), and include the peptides PN376, PN372, PN373 and PN375, and PN370, respectively.

Diversity and estimated levels of cysteine-rich scaffolds identified in highly neuroactive RP-HPLC fractions from the venom of P. nigriventer , and their predicted 3D structures. (A) Fractions 18–20 comprised high levels of scaffolds I, II and VIII represented by the 3D structures of PN367, PN105 and PN267, respectively. (B) Fractions 26 and 27 comprised high levels of scaffolds II, and IV, and an undefined scaffold represented by the 3D structures of PN321, PN350 and PN372, respectively. (C) Fraction 34 comprised high levels of scaffolds I, II, and V represented by the 3D structures of PN003, PN292 and PN028, respectively. (D) Fractions 41 and 42 comprised high levels of scaffolds IV and V represented by the 3D structures of PN381, and PN077 and PN031, respectively.

Only 9% of the identified sequences were peptides with two or fewer Cys residues ( Supplementary Table S1 ). F17 contained a peptide (PN361) matching a C-terminally amidated peptide precursor from Araneus ventricosus identified in a genomic study ( Kono et al., 2019 ). This precursor has 70% sequence identify with the prohormone-1 like precursor from the honeybee Apis mellifera (UniProt P85798) which is believed to be cleaved to form three short peptides with neuronal activity. Another short peptide, PN366 identified in F18 and F28–F30, matches a neuropeptide in the sea slug Aplysia californica (UniProt P06518). Larger proteins were also detected in some fractions; for example, F18 and F31 contained a fragment at 58% and 70% total fraction components, respectively, matching a zinc metalloprotease from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (UniProt 55112) which contains a peptidase family M12A domain.

Diversity of neuroactive peptides in P. nigriventer venom

The cysteine-rich scaffolds of venom peptides identified in this study were compared to the classification previously proposed for P. nigriventer venom peptides ( Diniz et al., 2018 ) ( Figures 3C , ​ ,4). 4 ). Peptides in fractions displaying inhibitory properties corresponded to scaffolds I, II, IV, V and VIII, as well as unnamed scaffolds, while peptides in fractions with activation properties comprised mostly the scaffold V. All of these scaffolds are inhibitor cystine knot motifs, except for scaffold IV which had the highest level in F26 represented by the peptide PN350.

Neuroactive peptides with greater hydrophilicity (i.e., those with short RP-HPLC retention times) showed pharmacological properties reminiscent of known spider-derived μ-toxins (F17 and F18) and ω-toxins (i.e., inhibition of Ca V 1 and Ca V 2 channels by F19 and F20) ( Figures 2C , ​ ,5A). 5A ). Major components driving those bioactivities were the pharmacologically characterised peptides μ-CNTX-Pn1a, ω-CNTX-Pn1a and ω-CNTX-Pn3a, as well as additional peptides with unknown activity ( Figure 4A ). As the hydrophilicity of the peptides decrease (i.e., peptides with long RP-HPLC retention times), persistent Ca V 2 inhibition was observed with maximum inhibitory activity in F26 and F27, and with the additional peptide ω-CNTX-Pn4a detected in F24 ( Figures 2C , ​ ,3B, 3B , ​ ,5B). 5B ). Interestingly, venom peptides characterized as K V modulators, such as κ-CNTX-Pn1a, were detected in fractions displaying strong inhibition of calcium influx with potential μ- and ω-pharmacology (fractions 26 and 27); it was not clear if the observed bioactivity was associated to the modulation of K V channels, or to other unexplored peptides in these fractions.

Venom peptide content of highly neuroactive RP-HPLC fractions from the venom of P. nigriventer . (A) Identification of the cysteine-rich peptides and proteins in fractions 17–20 displaying potent inhibition of neuronal Na V and Ca V 2 channels. Positively and negatively charged residues are coloured blue and orange, respectively, hydrophobic residues are green, and cysteines are highlighted in grey box. (B) Identification of the peptide and protein content of the fractions 16 and 27 displaying potent inhibition of neuronal Na V , Ca V 1 and Ca V 2 channels. (C) Identification of the peptide and protein content of the fraction 34 displaying potent inhibition of neuronal Na V , Ca V 1 and Ca V 2 channels. (D) Identification of the peptide and protein content of the fraction 34 displaying potent activation of neuronal Na V and Ca V 2 channels. Sequences labelled with a red asterisk (*) at the C-terminal are likely C-terminally amidated.

Neuroactive peptides presenting more hydrophobic structures showed properties of μ and ω-peptides, but with preference for Ca V 2 channels as observed for fraction 34 in which the peptide Γ-Pn1a is the major component, consistent with its previously observed modulation of multiple cation channels ( Paiva et al., 2016 ); and of δ-peptides as observed in fractions 41 to 45, in which major components included the peptides δ-Pn1a and δ-Pn2c ( Figures 2C–F , and Figures 5C, D ). Notably, the main components of some of the most neuroactive fractions are peptides with unexplored bioactivity, e.g., fraction 26 ( Figures 2C , ​ ,4, 4 , ​ ,5 5 ).

Pharmacological groups

Our approach allowed classification of P. nigriventer venom peptides into four major groups based on their bioactivity ( Figure 6 ; Table 1 ). Group 1 is comprised of μ and ω peptides with scaffold type VIII and more hydrophilic properties as they eluted between F17 and F21. As representatives from this group, μ-CNTX-Pn1a and ω-CNTX-Pn3a have a potential “KR electrostatic trap”, a pharmacophore described in spider-venom peptides that modulate ion channels ( Hu et al., 2021 ; Wisedchaisri et al., 2021 ), in their primary and tertiary structures ( Figure 6A ). This pharmacophore is likely composed of residues R61, K67, K70, K71, R74 and R75 in μ-CNTX-Pn1a and residues K54, K56, R59, K65, K70, R71, K73 and K74 in ω-CNTX-Pn3a. Within this group, the ω-CNTX-Pn3a homologue PN319 differs at three positions, making it an interesting candidate for further characterisation.

Pharmacological groups identified in the most active venom fractions highlighting the “KR electrostatic trap” pharmacophore common to spider toxins that modulate the activity of ion channels. (A) Group 1 is represented by μ- and ω-spider-venom peptides with large and complex type VIII scaffold. (B) Group 2 is represented by κ- and ω-spider-venom peptides with type II and VII scaffolds. (C) Group 3 is represented by γ-spider-venom peptides with type V scaffold. (D) Group 4 is represented by δ-spider-venom peptides displaying a type V scaffold. K and R residues located in the C-terminal region of these peptides and grouped on a positively charged face are highlighted in red in the sequences and in red tubes in the corresponding 3D structures. Arrows shows the cysteine-bridge connection forming the cyclic peptide structures predicted for PN028 and PN031.

Pharmacological groups identified in this study with respective pharmacological types, cysteine-rich scaffold types, and representative venom peptides described in the literature. Unexplored peptides within each group are described in Figure 5 and/or Supplementary Table S1 .

Group 2 comprises κ and ω peptides that eluted between F17 and F28, with scaffold types II and VII ( Figure 6B ). As representatives from this group, peptides κ-CNTX-Pn1a, ω-CNTX-Pn1a and ω-CNTX-Pn4a also contain a “KR trap” pharmacophore comprised of residues R20, K23, K34, K35 and K36 for ω-Pn1a; R21, K24, K35 and K36 for κ-Pn1a; and K42, R47, K48, K49, K51, K53 and K54 for ω-Pn4a. In this group, PN107 differs from κ-CNTX-Pn1a by only two residues and is an interesting peptide for further exploration.

Group 3 is comprised of more hydrophobic Γ peptides that eluted in F33–F36 and possess a type V scaffold ( Figures 3C–D , ​ ,6C). 6C ). It is represented by Γ-CNTX-Pn1a with a potential “KR trap” comprising residues K35, R41, K42 and K43. Although Γ peptides modulate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors, Γ-CNTX-Pn1a has also been reported as a β-peptide that inhibits Na V channels ( Paiva et al., 2016 ), which agrees with the results from our high-throughput ion channels assays ( Figures 2C–F , ​ ,3). 3 ). Interestingly, Γ-CNTX-Pn1a predicted 3D structure formed a cyclic structure in which the N-terminal cysteine formed a disulfide bridge with C-terminal cysteine ( Figures 4C , ​ ,6C). 6C ). These same fractions contain other ICK peptides including PN003 and PN292 with scaffold types I and II, respectively; their pharmacological targets have not been explored but they likely contribute to the strong inhibition of Ca V channels by F34 ( Figures 2 , ​ ,3, 3 , ​ ,4 4 ).

Group 4 is composed of very hydrophobic δ peptides that elute in F40–F45 and possess a type V scaffold ( Figure 2B , ​ ,6D). 6D ). It is represented by δ-CNTX-Pn1a with potential “KR trap” comprising residues K43, K44, and K45 ( Figure 6D ). In this group we also identified δ-CNTX-Pn2c which differs not only in primary structure but also in the scaffold V tertiary structure by presenting a non-cyclic structure compared to the cyclic structure predicted for δ-CNTX-Pn1a connected by the N- and C-terminal cysteines ( Figures 4D , ​ ,6D). 6D ). Beyond these known peptides, this group comprised interesting unexplored peptides such as PN032 and PN023 showing δ peptide domains and differing from Γ-CNTX-Pn1a by 12 and 11 residues, respectively.

Spiders are one of the most speciose venomous taxa, with >50,000 characterised species (see World Spider Catalog, https://wsc.nmbe.ch/statistics/ ). Their venoms are rich in neuroactive peptides that target a wide range of neuronal ion channels and receptors using mechanisms distinct from those of neurotoxins from other venomous animals such as cone snails and scorpions. The exploration of venom peptides targeting ion channels and receptors provides novel opportunities for the development of pharmacological tools to understand disease mechanisms ( Cardoso and Lewis, 2018 ; Cardoso, 2020 ) as well as provision of leads for development of therapeutics ( King, 2011 ) and bioinsecticides ( Smith et al., 2013 ).

Spiders are classified in two major groups, or infraorders ( King, 2004 ): Mygalomorphae, or so-called “primitive spiders”, includes the family Theraphosidae, or tarantulas, which are the most well studied spider venoms due to the large-size and long lifespan (often >20 years) of these spiders. Araneomorphae, or “modern spiders,” comprise >90% of all extant spider species, including the family Ctenidae in which P. nigriventer resides. Notably, despite their much greater species diversity, araneomorph venoms are underexplored compared to mygalomorphs due to their smaller size and shorter lifespan (typically 1–2 years). Our data, and those of others ( Binford et al., 2009 ; Zhang et al., 2010 ; Diniz et al., 2018 ; Peigneur et al., 2018 ), showed a great diversity of both pharmacological actions and cysteine scaffolds in araneomorph venom, which may have facilitated the highly successful araneomorph radiation. Our data also suggests Araneomorphae’s venoms may be a rich source of unique venom peptides with more diverse structures and pharmacological functions and additional biotechnological and therapeutic applications to Mygalomorphae’s venoms.

The venom from P. nigriventer comprises many exceptional peptides drug leads under development for treating a range of complex neuro disorders ( Peigneur et al., 2018 ). These peptides have been evaluated in pre-clinical models and demonstrated interesting therapeutic efficacy in reverting or preventing conditions for which treatments are limited or unavailable. For example, ω-Pn2a and ω-Pn4a showed efficacy in treating painful neuropathies such as fibromyalgia and chronic post-ischemia pain, respectively ( Pedron et al., 2021 ; Cavalli et al., 2022 ), ω-Pn4a also improved motor movement and neuroprotection in Huntington’s disease ( Joviano-Santos et al., 2022 ). The engineered peptide PnPP-19 derived from the venom peptide δ-Pn2a was efficacious in treating glaucoma ( da Silva et al., 2020 ) and erectile dysfunction ( Nunes da Silva et al., 2019 ). In our study, these therapeutic peptides showed bioactivity at neuronal Na V and Ca V channels, which greatly supports our investigative platform for the discovery of venom peptides useful for the development of efficacious drugs.

Investigative pipelines in venomic studies often focus on the elucidation of venom components based on their structures but lack clear strategies to investigate venom bioactivities ( von Reumont et al., 2022 ). Investigations using fractionated venom ( Cardoso et al., 2015 ; Cardoso et al., 2017 ; Estrada-Gomez et al., 2019 ; Cardoso et al., 2021 ) provides more defined biological functions than using crude venom due to the immense pharmacological diversity of venom, which often contains venom components with opposing activity as well as components that act synergistically ( Raposo et al., 2016 ). Considering the large number of extant spiders and consequently the exceptionally large number of venom components available for investigation, high-throughput (HT) functional bioassays are essential for developing a holistic understanding of venom pharmacology, and they provide a complement to venomic studies.

A recent study by us using HT bioassays to investigate the ion channel targets of Australian funnel-web spider venoms recaptured current taxonomy and revealed potential drug targets to treat severely envenomated patients ( Cardoso et al., 2022 ). In this present study, we also demonstrated the feasibility of applying HT functional bioassays to investigate spider venom components that mediated the activity of voltage-gated ion channels. We were able to capture all known venom components and associated bioactivities using a HT functional assay as well as several new unexplored venom peptides that warrant further exploration. This was achievable only by combining HT bioassays with transcriptomic and proteomic approaches. Although this pipeline provides a robust holistic overview of spider venoms, bioactive components are present in varying concentrations in each fraction, which may affect bioactivity through synergistic effects, and overlook the activity of less abundant components.

The complexity of the cysteine-rich scaffolds in P. nigriventer venom peptides unraveled in this study suggests that further exploration utilising recombinant or synthetic peptides might be challenging but essential, and these could also benefit from modern strategies utilizing HT recombinant expression or chemical synthesis ( Pipkorn et al., 2002 ; Turchetto et al., 2017 ). In tandem with automated whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiological studies, this will build a pipeline to further investigate known and new peptides in the venom of P. nigriventer and allow selection of candidates with biotechnological potential. The putative “KR trap” pharmacophores identified in those venom peptides warrants further exploration of the structure-function relationships of the diverse pharmacological groups found in the venom of P. nigriventer.

In conclusion, we demonstrated that the introduction of HT functional bioassays in venomic studies is essential to provide a more complete understanding of venom components in terms of structure and function. It also allows venom peptides to be ranked for further investigation based on their bioactivity and structural diversity, which is not possible via transcriptomic and proteomic studies alone. Furthermore, this study provides a guide to assist the exploration of neuroactive venoms from other animals, in particularly for the underexplored araneomorph spiders.

Acknowledgments

We thank Mr. Alun Jones and Dr. Kuok Yap (Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland) for assistance with mass spectrometry experiments.

Funding Statement

This work was supported by The University of Queensland, the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (Ideas Grant GNT1188959 to FC; Principal Research Fellowship APP1136889 to GK), and the Australian Research Council (Discovery Grant DP200102867 to AW; Centre of Excellence Grant CE200100012 to GK).

Data availability statement

Author contributions.

Conceptualization: FC; design, conduct, and analysis of experiments: FC and AW; MG contributed with the P. nigriventer crude venom. drafting of manuscript: FC. All authors contributed to reviewing and editing of the manuscript and approved the final version for submission.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher’s note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Supplementary material

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmolb.2023.1069764/full#supplementary-material

• Almeida A. P., Andrade A. B., Ferreira A. J., Pires A. C., Damasceno D. D., Alves M. N., et al. (2011). Antiarrhythmogenic effects of a neurotoxin from the spider Phoneutria nigriventer . Toxicon 57 , 217–224. 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.11.013 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Binford G. J., Bodner M. R., Cordes M. H., Baldwin K. L., Rynerson M. R., Burns S. N., et al. (2009). Molecular evolution, functional variation, and proposed nomenclature of the gene family that includes sphingomyelinase D in sicariid spider venoms . Mol. Biol. Evol. 26 , 547–566. 10.1093/molbev/msn274 [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Cardoso F. C., Castro J., Grundy L., Schober G., Garcia-Caraballo S., Zhao T., et al. (2021). A spider-venom peptide with multitarget activity on sodium and calcium channels alleviates chronic visceral pain in a model of irritable bowel syndrome . Pain 162 , 569–581. 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002041 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Cardoso F. C., Dekan Z., Rosengren K. J., Erickson A., Vetter I., Deuis J., et al. (2015). Identification and characterization of ProTx-III [μ-TRTX-Tp1a], a new voltage-gated sodium channel inhibitor from venom of the tarantula Thrixopelma Pruriens . Mol. Pharmacol. 88 , 291–303. 10.1124/mol.115.098178 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Cardoso F. C., Dekan Z., Smith J. J., Deuis J. R., Vetter I., Herzig V., et al. (2017). Modulatory features of the novel spider toxin μ-TRTX-Df1a isolated from the venom of the spider Davus fasciatus . Br. J. Pharmacol. 174 , 2528–2544. 10.1111/bph.13865 [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Cardoso F. C., Lewis R. J. (2018). Sodium channels and pain: From toxins to therapies . Br. J. Pharmacol. 175 , 2138–2157. 10.1111/bph.13962 [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Cardoso F. C., Lewis R. J. (2019). Structure-function and therapeutic potential of spider venom-derived cysteine knot peptides targeting sodium channels . Front. Pharmacol. 10 , 366. 10.3389/fphar.2019.00366 [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Cardoso F. C. (2020). Multi-targeting sodium and calcium channels using venom peptides for the treatment of complex ion channels-related diseases . Biochem. Pharmacol. 181 , 114107. 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114107 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Cardoso F. C., Pacifico L. G., Carvalho D. C., Victoria J. M., Neves A. L., Chavez-Olortegui C., et al. (2003). Molecular cloning and characterization of Phoneutria nigriventer toxins active on calcium channels . Toxicon 41 , 755–763. 10.1016/s0041-0101(03)00011-4 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Cardoso F. C., Pineda S. S., Herzig V., Sunagar K., Shaikh N. Y., Jin A., et al. (2022). The deadly toxin arsenal of the tree-dwelling Australian funnel-web spiders . Int. J. Mol. Biosci. 23 ( 21 ), 13077. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Cavalli J., De Assis P. M., Cristina Dalazen Goncalves E., Daniele Bobermin L., Quincozes-Santos A., Raposo N. R. B., et al. (2022). Systemic, intrathecal, and intracerebroventricular antihyperalgesic effects of the calcium channel blocker CTK 01512-2 toxin in persistent pain models . Mol. Neurobiol. 59 , 4436–4452. 10.1007/s12035-022-02864-w [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Cordeiro Mdo N., De Figueiredo S. G., Valentim Ado C., Diniz C. R., Von Eickstedt V. R., Gilroy J., et al. (1993). Purification and amino acid sequences of six Tx3 type neurotoxins from the venom of the Brazilian 'armed' spider Phoneutria nigriventer (Keys) . Toxicon 31 , 35–42. 10.1016/0041-0101(93)90354-l [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Da Silva C. N., Dourado L. F. N., De Lima M. E., Da Silva Cunha- A., Jr (2020). PnPP-19 peptide as a novel drug candidate for topical glaucoma therapy through nitric oxide release . Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol. 9 , 33. 10.1167/tvst.9.8.33 [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• De Lima M. E., Stankiewicz M., Hamon A., De Figueiredo S. G., Cordeiro M. N., Diniz C. R., et al. (2002). The toxin Tx4(6-1) from the spider Phoneutria nigriventer slows down Na + current inactivation in insect CNS via binding to receptor site 3 . J. Insect Physiol. 48 , 53–61. 10.1016/s0022-1910(01)00143-3 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Diniz M. R., Theakston R. D., Crampton J. M., Nascimento Cordeiro M., Pimenta A. M., De Lima M. E., et al. (2006). Functional expression and purification of recombinant Tx1, a sodium channel blocker neurotoxin from the venom of the Brazilian “armed” spider, Phoneutria nigriventer . Protein Expr. Purif. 50 , 18–24. 10.1016/j.pep.2006.06.012 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Diniz M. R. V., Paiva A. L. B., Guerra-Duarte C., Nishiyama M. Y., Jr., Mudadu M. A., Oliveira U., et al. (2018). An overview of Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom using combined transcriptomic and proteomic approaches . PLoS One 13 , e0200628. 10.1371/journal.pone.0200628 [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Dos Santos R. G., Van Renterghem C., Martin-Moutot N., Mansuelle P., Cordeiro M. N., Diniz C. R., et al. (2002). Phoneutria nigriventer ω-phonetoxin IIA blocks the Ca V 2 family of calcium channels and interacts with ω-conotoxin-binding sites . J. Biol. Chem. 277 , 13856–13862. 10.1074/jbc.M112348200 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Emerich B. L., Ferreira R. C., Cordeiro M. N., Borges M. H., Pimenta A. M., Figueiredo S. G., et al. (2016). δ-Ctenitoxin-Pn1a, a peptide from Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom, shows antinociceptive effect involving opioid and cannabinoid systems, in Rats . Toxins (Basel) 8 , 106. 10.3390/toxins8040106 [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Estrada-Gomez S., Cardoso F. C., Vargas-Munoz L. J., Quintana-Castillo J. C., Arenas Gomez C. M., Pineda S. S., et al. (2019). Venomic, transcriptomic, and bioactivity analyses of Pamphobeteus verdolaga venom reveal complex disulfide-rich peptides that modulate calcium channels . Toxins (Basel) 11 , 496. 10.3390/toxins11090496 [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Garcia Mendes M. P., Carvalho Dos Santos D., Rezende M. J. S., Assis Ferreira L. C., Rigo F. K., Jose De Castro Junior C., et al. (2021). Effects of intravenous administration of recombinant Phα1β toxin in a mouse model of fibromyalgia . Toxicon 195 , 104–110. 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.03.012 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Gewehr C., Oliveira S. M., Rossato M. F., Trevisan G., Dalmolin G. D., Rigo F. K., et al. (2013). Mechanisms involved in the nociception triggered by the venom of the armed spider Phoneutria nigriventer . PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 7 , e2198. 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002198 [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Hu H., Mawlawi S. E., Zhao T., Deuis J. R., Jami S., Vetter I., et al. (2021). Engineering of a spider peptide via conserved structure-function traits optimizes sodium channel inhibition in vitro and anti-nociception in vivo . Front. Mol. Biosci. 8 , 742457. 10.3389/fmolb.2021.742457 [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Isbister G. K., Fan H. W. (2011). Spider bite . Lancet 378 , 2039–2047. 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62230-1 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Joviano-Santos J. V., Valadao P. a. C., Magalhaes-Gomes M. P. S., Fernandes L. F., Diniz D. M., Machado T. C. G., et al. (2022). Neuroprotective effect of CTK 01512-2 recombinant toxin at the spinal cord in a model of Huntington's disease . Exp. Physiol. 107 , 933–945. 10.1113/EP090327 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Jumper J., Evans R., Pritzel A., Green T., Figurnov M., Ronneberger O., et al. (2021). Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold . Nature 596 , 583–589. 10.1038/s41586-021-03819-2 [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• King G. F., Gentz M. C., Escoubas P., Nicholson G. M. (2008). A rational nomenclature for naming peptide toxins from spiders and other venomous animals . Toxicon 52 , 264–276. 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.05.020 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• King G. F., Hardy M. C. (2013). Spider-venom peptides: Structure, pharmacology, and potential for control of insect pests . Annu. Rev. Entomol. 58 , 475–496. 10.1146/annurev-ento-120811-153650 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• King G. F. (2004). The wonderful world of spiders: Preface to the special toxicon issue on spider venoms . Toxicon 43 , 471–475. 10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.02.001 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• King G. F. (2011). Venoms as a platform for human drugs: Translating toxins into therapeutics . Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. 11 , 1469–1484. 10.1517/14712598.2011.621940 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Kono N., Nakamura H., Ohtoshi R., Moran D. a. P., Shinohara A., Yoshida Y., et al. (2019). Orb-weaving spider Araneus ventricosus genome elucidates the spidroin gene catalogue . Sci. Rep. 9 , 8380. 10.1038/s41598-019-44775-2 [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Kushmerick C., Kalapothakis E., Beirao P. S., Penaforte C. L., Prado V. F., Cruz J. S., et al. (1999). Phoneutria nigriventer toxin Tx3-1 blocks A-type K + currents controlling Ca 2+ oscillation frequency in GH3 cells . J. Neurochem. 72 , 1472–1481. 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.721472.x [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Martin-Moutot N., Mansuelle P., Alcaraz G., Dos Santos R. G., Cordeiro M. N., De Lima M. E., et al. (2006). Phoneutria nigriventer toxin 1: A novel, state-dependent inhibitor of neuronal sodium channels that interacts with micro conotoxin binding sites . Mol. Pharmacol. 69 , 1931–1937. 10.1124/mol.105.021147 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Nunes Da Silva C., Nunes K. P., De Marco Almeida F., Silva Costa F. L., Borges P. V., Lacativa P., et al. (2019). PnPP-19 peptide restores erectile function in hypertensive and diabetic animals through intravenous and topical administration . J. Sex. Med. 16 , 365–374. 10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.01.004 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Paiva A. L., Matavel A., Peigneur S., Cordeiro M. N., Tytgat J., Diniz M. R., et al. (2016). Differential effects of the recombinant toxin PnTx4(5-5) from the spider Phoneutria nigriventer on mammalian and insect sodium channels . Biochimie 121 , 326–335. 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.12.019 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Pedron C., Antunes F. T. T., Rebelo I. N., Campos M. M., Correa A. P., Klein C. P., et al. (2021). Phoneutria nigriventer Tx3-3 peptide toxin reduces fibromyalgia symptoms in mice . Neuropeptides 85 , 102094. 10.1016/j.npep.2020.102094 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Peigneur S., De Lima M. E., Tytgat J. (2018). Phoneutria nigriventer venom: A pharmacological treasure . Toxicon 151 , 96–110. 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.07.008 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Pipkorn R., Boenke C., Gehrke M., Hoffmann R. (2002). High-throughput peptide synthesis and peptide purification strategy at the low micromol-scale using the 96-well format . J. Pept. Res. 59 , 105–114. 10.1034/j.1399-3011.2002.01958.x [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Pymol (2023). The PyMOL molecular graphics system, version 2.0 schrödinger, LLC . [ Google Scholar ]
• Raposo C., Bjorklund U., Kalapothakis E., Biber B., Alice Da Cruz-Hofling M., Hansson E. (2016). Neuropharmacological effects of Phoneutria nigriventer venom on astrocytes . Neurochem. Int. 96 , 13–23. 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.04.005 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Richardson M., Pimenta A. M. C., Bemquerer M. P., Santoro M. M., Beirao P. S. L., Lima M. E., et al. (2006). Comparison of the partial proteomes of the venoms of Brazilian spiders of the genus Phoneutria . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol. 142 , 173–187. 10.1016/j.cbpc.2005.09.010 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Smith J. J., Herzig V., King G. F., Alewood P. F. (2013). The insecticidal potential of venom peptides . Cell Mol. Life Sci. 70 , 3665–3693. 10.1007/s00018-013-1315-3 [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Smith J. J., Lau C. H. Y., Herzig V., Ikonomopoulou M. P., Rash L. D., King G. F. (2015). “ Therapeutic applications of spider-venom peptides ,” in Venoms to drugs: Venom as a source for the development of human therapeutics (London, United Kingdom: The Royal Society of Chemistry; ), 221–244. [ Google Scholar ]
• Turchetto J., Sequeira A. F., Ramond L., Peysson F., Bras J. L., Saez N. J., et al. (2017). High-throughput expression of animal venom toxins in Escherichia coli to generate a large library of oxidized disulphide-reticulated peptides for drug discovery . Microb. Cell Fact. 16 , 6. 10.1186/s12934-016-0617-1 [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Vieira L. B., Kushmerick C., Hildebrand M. E., Garcia E., Stea A., Cordeiro M. N., et al. (2005). Inhibition of high voltage-activated calcium channels by spider toxin PnTx3-6 . J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 314 , 1370–1377. 10.1124/jpet.105.087023 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Von Reumont B. M., Anderluh G., Antunes A., Ayvazyan N., Beis D., Caliskan F., et al. (2022). Modern venomics-Current insights, novel methods, and future perspectives in biological and applied animal venom research , 11 . Gigascience [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Wisedchaisri G., Tonggu L., Gamal El-Din T. M., Mccord E., Zheng N., Catterall W. A. (2021). Structural basis for high-affinity trapping of the Na V 1.7 channel in its resting state by tarantula toxin . Mol. Cell 81 , 38–48.e4. 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.10.039 [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Yonamine C. M., Troncone L. R., Camillo M. A. (2004). Blockade of neuronal nitric oxide synthase abolishes the toxic effects of Tx2-5, a lethal Phoneutria nigriventer spider toxin . Toxicon 44 , 169–172. 10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.05.016 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Zhang Y., Chen J., Tang X., Wang F., Jiang L., Xiong X., et al. (2010). Transcriptome analysis of the venom glands of the Chinese wolf spider Lycosa singoriensis . Zool. (Jena) 113 , 10–18. 10.1016/j.zool.2009.04.001 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]

Brazilian Wandering Spider Bite

Published: May 16, 2024

• Facebook 109
• Pinterest 2

Are you aware that the Brazilian wandering spider is among the most venomous spiders globally? In this article, we will go into further detail about the Brazilian Wandering Spider Bite.

This innocuous-looking arachnid has a bite that can cause intense pain and other serious symptoms, such as paralysis, difficulty breathing, and even death. 

Despite its reputation, however, with prompt medical treatment, most bites from this species are rarely life-threatening. 

Let’s explore what causes a Brazilian wandering spider bite and how you can treat one if unfortunate enough to experience it.

Want to jump ahead? Click below

What Is A Brazilian Wandering Spider, And Why Is It Dangerous

Due to its potent venom the Brazilian Wandering Spider, also called the Armed Spider or Banana Spider , is widely acknowledged as one of the world’s most dangerous spiders. This spider can be found in several South American countries and is known for wandering into areas inhabited by humans. It can climb walls and hide in clothes, shoes and beds. 

In addition the toxin can cause long-lasting painful erections if not treated promptly, which makes it especially dangerous to male victims. The spider’s venom is incredibly powerful, and even one bite can be fatal to a human within a few hours. 

In the event of encountering a Brazilian Wandering Spider in its natural habitat or within your residence, it is advisable to seek assistance from a trained expert at the earliest convenience.

Symptoms Of A Brazilian Wandering Spider Bite

The size of the spider, the quantity of venom injected, the victim’s age and health and other variables can all affect how severe the symptoms of the Brazilian Wandering Spider’s venom are.

Below are some common symptoms of a Brazilian Wandering Spider bite:

• Pain At The Bite Site

Brazilian Wandering Spider bites can cause pain and a burning or stinging sensation where they are located. There may be redness and swelling along with the pain that travels to other areas of the body.

• Neurological Symptoms

A Brazilian Wandering Spider’s venom comprises a neurotoxin capable of influencing the nervous system and brain. Victims may experience muscle weakness, tremors, convulsions and difficulty speaking or breathing.

In critical situations, the venom can induce paralysis, which may result in respiratory failure and fatality.

• Sexual Dysfunction

The venom of a Brazilian Wandering Spider can cause priapism, a prolonged and painful erection in males.

If left untreated, priapism can cause irreversible damage to the penis and may persist for several hours. Female victims may experience swelling and inflammation in the genital area.

• Gastrointestinal Symptoms

Brazilian Wandering Spider bites can cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Victims may experience abdominal pain and cramping.

• Cardiovascular Symptoms

In addition to neurological symptoms, the venom of a Brazilian Wandering Spider can affect the heart and cardiovascular system. Victims may experience an irregular heartbeat, high blood pressure, and chest pain.

Prompt medical attention is crucial and should be sought without delay if you suspect a Brazilian Wandering Spider has bitten you – the venom can be deadly. Treatment may include antivenom, pain medication and oxygen therapy.

Prompt Remedies For A Bite By A Brazilian Wandering Spider

The Brazilian Wandering Spider is one of the deadliest spiders in the world and its venom can cause severe muscle paralysis and respiratory failure – ultimately leading to death. Endiently, it is vital to promptly seek medical assistance if a Brazilian Wandering Spider has bitten you. 

Before seeking medical assistance, there are some measures you can take to alleviate the venom’s impact.

Keeping calm and avoiding panicking if a Brazilian Wandering Spider has bitten you is vital. Panicking can cause an increased heart rate, which can then spread toxins throughout your body at a faster pace.

Elevate The Affected Area & Apply Cold Compress

Elevating the affected area above the level of your heart can help slow down the spread of venom in your bloodstream. Generally administering a cold compress to the site of the bite can also aid in relieving pain and diminishing inflammation.

Clean The Bite Wound Immediately

As soon as possible, thoroughly clean the bite wound with sterile saline or clean water. It will lessen the chance of infection and aid in clearing the wound of any remaining venom.

Avoid applying suction to the bite wound, as this can worsen the venom’s spread within your body.

Without Any Delay, Obtain Medical Attention  

Promptly seeking medical attention is critical. A neurotoxin present in the venom of the Brazilian Wandering Spider can cause muscle paralysis, which may result in respiratory failure and fatality after being bitten by a wandering Brazilian spider. 

The sole effective treatment for this type of spider bite is antivenom therapy. Seek medical assistance immediately if you experience dizziness, shortness of breath, difficulty swallowing, or muscle paralysis.

The Brazilian Wandering Spider’s venom is lethal, and the best course of action if you encounter this spider is to leave it alone and seek professional help immediately. 

Follow the immediate treatment recommendations listed above to help mitigate the effects of venom, but always seek medical care as soon as possible.

Check out The world’s most dangerous spiders .

Long-Term Effects Of A Brazilian Wandering Spider Bite

The Brazilian Wandering Spider, also recognized as the Banana Spider, is among the most venomous spiders globally. The gravity of the envenomation can have considerable, long-lasting implications on an individual’s health. Typical indications of a wandering spider bite include intense pain, swelling, sweating, and muscle spasms. 

However the venom can also affect the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, leading to difficulty breathing, high blood pressure and even heart failure. In rare cases neurological disorders such as paralysis may also occur. 

Due to these potentially life-threatening long-term effects, it is crucial to seek immediate medical attention if you suspect a wandering spider has bitten you.

Prevention Tips To Avoid Encountering A Brazilian Wandering Spider

One of the deadliest spiders in the world is the Brazilian Wandering Spider , commonly referred to as the banana spider. Usually found in South and Central America, these spiders are infamous for their deadly bites. Evidently it is imperative to implement proactive strategies.

To avoid encountering this dangerous spider be cautious when unpacking boxes or clothes that have been stored for a long time, as these are common hiding spots for spiders. 

Generally it’s important to regularly clean and dust your home, as clutter can attract these spiders. Lastly, shake any clothes or shoes before wearing them, especially if left on the ground. 

Following these simple tips can greatly reduce the risk of encountering a Brazilian Wandering Spider and protect yourself from its harmful bite.

Pest Control Solutions In The Event Of An Infestation

Dealing with a pest infestation is no easy task, especially when it comes to a spider known for its deadly venom – the Brazilian wandering spider. 

These spiders are found in Central and South America and can cause serious harm if they bite. If you suspect an infestation it is essential to seek professional pest control solutions immediately. 

Professionals with experience in pest control can identify the source of the infestation and treat you and your family with safe and efficient methods. It is imperative that you handle this risk with caution. Generally leave the work to the professionals to protect you and your loved ones.

Check out Brazilian Wandering Spider Control: How To Get Rid of Brazilian Wandering Spiders .

Wrapping Up with Brazilian Wandering Spider Bite

In conclusion the Brazilian wandering spider is a real danger to be aware of when you are out and about, whether in your own country or traveling abroad. Even though its bite can be deadly, with prompt and appropriate medical treatment most bites rarely result in lasting harm. Evidently, to prevent these bites from occurring in the first place, it helps to educate yourself on what they look like and how to identify them. 

We can all stay safe outdoors by learning more about this species and taking necessary precautions to visit safely. If ever bitten by one of these arachnids, seek medical help right away. Inform your healthcare provider so they can provide a proper antidote or treatment. 

Keeping informed and aware of what lurks around us is better than being fooled by their innocent appearance!

Thanks for following along with me! I hope you enjoyed reading about these two entertaining animals . Next is Understanding The Inland Taipan Bite , Venomous Deathstalker Scorpion Sting , and Surviving A Gaboon Viper Bite .

• Latest Posts

• Watch Rare Dolphin Airbender At Work - September 8, 2024
• Increase Your Dogs Lifespan With These New And Improved Top Tested Tips - September 8, 2024
• Watch Rare Encounter Of Olive Thrush Mating Dance - September 8, 2024