black sea voyage

Black Sea Tours & Travel Packages 2024/2025

Our 70 most popular black sea trips. compare tour itineraries from 13 tour companies. 13 reviews. 5/5 avg rating., popular black sea tours.

Discover the allure of the Black Sea with our popular tours, offering a blend of cultural exploration, stunning landscapes, and historical landmarks. Experience the unique charm of this captivating region through carefully curated itineraries.

Along the river Danube, Budapest and the Balkan peninsula

• CRUISE HIGHLIGHTS A comprehensive cruise along the Danube, taking in its history, fascinating culture and sublime landscapes
• EXCURSIONSINCLUDED: Rich cultural and architectural heritage in the Serbian towns of Belgrade and Novi Sad
• Authentic Bulgaria with Veliko Tarnovo and the charming town of Ruse
• Bucharest, the surprising Romanian capital

• EXCURSIONSINCLUDED: Authentic Bulgaria with Veliko Tarnovo and the charming town of Ruse

From the Blue Danube to the Black Sea

• CRUISE HIGHLIGHTS Discover 6 countries and diverse cultures
• EXCURSIONS INCLUDED: The valley along the Rusenski Lom River and the fascinating rock-hewn churches of Ivanovo
• Ruse, one of the largest Bulgarian ports—a perfect blend of Bulgarian, Romanian, and Austrian cultures
• Constanta, a multi-cultural seaside city

Along the Danube, the Balkan peninsula and Budapest

• EXCURSIONSINCLUDED: Bucharest, the surprising Romanian capital

From the Black Sea to the Blue Danube

• Passage through the famous Iron Gates
• EXCURSIONS INCLUDED: Fantastic Bucharest, the Romanian capital
• Belgrade by coach or by bike

• Rich cultural and architectural heritage in the Serbian towns of Belgrade and Novi Sad

Grand European Cruise - Westbound 2025

• Travel like the royals of old on our grand eastern European river cruises combining Amsterdam to Budapest by Riverboat with Budapest to the Black Sea to create an unforgettable 25-day experience through the heart of Europe.This remarkable voyage virtually links the North Sea to the Black Sea via the Danube
• Main and Rhine rivers
• taking you through the Netherlands

Grand European Cruise - Westbound 2023

All Black Sea , expedition cruises, self guided adventures and vacation packages. Find the best guided and expert planned vacation and holiday packages. Read more about Black Sea

Best Black Sea Tours by Duration

Whether you have a few days or a couple of weeks, find the best Black Sea tours categorized by duration. Select a vacation package or cruise itinerary that fits your schedule and maximize your travel experience.

Tours, Cruises & Private Trips

Best Black Sea Tours by Price

Discover the best Black Sea tours that fit your budget. Compare different options based on price to find a tour that offers great value while providing an unforgettable travel experience.

Top Black Sea Attractions

• Exploring the ancient ruins of Nessebar in Bulgaria
• Strolling along the charming promenades of Batumi, Georgia
• Tasting local wines at a vineyard in Moldova
• Enjoying the vibrant nightlife in Constanta, Romania
• Visiting the stunning coastal cliffs of Sinemorets, Bulgaria
• Touring the historic port city of Odesa, Ukraine
• Relaxing on the sandy beaches of Sochi, Russia
• Discovering the medieval fortress of Akkerman in Ukraine
• Participating in the Kavarna Rock Fest in Bulgaria
• Cruising along the scenic Bosphorus Strait in Turkey
• Hiking through the lush landscapes of the Caucasus Mountains
• Exploring the Byzantine churches in Trabzon, Turkey
• Shopping for local crafts at the markets in Varna, Bulgaria
• Visiting the historic Batumi Botanical Garden in Georgia

Black Sea Tours & Travel

Black Sea Attractions & Landmarks Guide

Trip reviews.

This tour was great. Our tour Director has been doing this for years. He is a ge...

Incredible Trip

This was an incredible vacation, everything went perfecly, the hotels were excellent, the food delicious, the entire trip program was fantastic. Our tour director Fa...

amazed at what a great value

This was our first time with SmarTours and we were so pleased with everything about it, from Turkish Air, the hotels, food, excellent tours, and our fabulous guide, ...

Excellent Tour

My husband and I really loved this trip... it's an excellent itinerary and we had an absolutely fantastic guide named Ender. We saw and learned a lot, and everything...

The trip was fantastic with wonderful scenery throughout.

I just returned home last night from my Treasures of Turkey tour and I must say the entire trip program was a delight and very interesting. I did not know that Turke...

See all Black Sea reviews

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Black Sea Cruise Lines

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It’s not because the Black Sea doesn’t often make it on lists of the world’s top cruise destination that it’s not worth exploring. Rather the opposite, in fact. If you are looking for an off-the-beaten-cruise-route destination for your next cruise vacation, Black Sea cruises are well worth considering.

Located between eastern Europe and western Asia, connected to the Mediterranean Sea by the Bosporus and Dardanelles Straits, the Black Sea is surrounded by a number of different regions. From the beautiful Balkans in the west and the Turkish coast in the south, to the Caucasus region in the west, and Russia and the Ukraine in the north(east), this is a cruise destination that offers tons of variety.

No fewer than six countries have a border on the Black Sea coast: Bulgaria, Romania, the Ukraine, Russia, Georgia and Turkey.

Cruising the Black Sea

While its name might seem dark and perhaps even ominous—some theories say that it goes back to the Ancient Greeks who called it the “Inhospitable Sea”; others mention the sea’s dark algae or deep waters—the Black Sea is actually not dangerous or dreary at all.

Its shores are lined with vibrant coastal towns and cities, while national parks and UNESCO World Heritage Site attract outdoorspeople and history buffs alike. Black Sea cruises allow you to explore this under-the-radar destination in depth, visit its amazing historical attractions, enjoy its stunning scenery and immerse yourself in one of Europe’s least visited regions.

That said, however, there still are numerous fantastic port cities to visit and explore on a cruise in the Black Sea.

Popular Black Sea Cruise Destinations

• Istanbul, Turkey
• Amasra, Turkey
• Bosporus and Dardanelles Straits, Turkey
• Trabzon, Turkey
• Batumi, Georgia
• Sochi, Russia
• Odessa, Ukraine
• Constanta, Romania
• Varna, Bulgaria
• Burgas, Bulgaria
• Nessebar, Bulgaria

Cruise Lines That Offer Black Sea Cruises

Below, we’ve listed the cruise lines that offer Black Sea cruises. Nearly all cruises in the Black Sea depart from Mediterranean ports like Athens (Piraeus), Istanbul or even Venice. Some of them might also sail (part of) the Black Sea on longer itineraries in the Mediterranean Sea.

Thanks to their large number of Black Sea cruise itineraries, Azamara is one of the leading cruise lines in the Black Sea. Starting from either Istanbul or Athens (Piraeus), these epic luxury voyages are about 11 or 12 days long and offer amazing experiences and sightseeing opportunities in the top destinations in the western Black Sea, including Odessa, Burgas, Varna and Constanta. Depending on the itinerary you choose, the route will also include stops at iconic places in Greece, Turkey or both.

Another major cruise line offering a Black Sea cruise option is Oceania Cruises. On sailings between Istanbul and Athens (Piraeus), you will visit famous cities like Odessa with its striking Parisian-style architecture in the Ukraine, the ancient Romanian city of Constanta, and UNESCO World Heritage-listed Nessebar in Bulgaria. Black Sea cruises with Oceania also include a crossing of the Bosporus, as well as stops at world-renowned attractions like Ephesus, Santorini and/or Bodrum.

Regent Seven Seas

Offering all-inclusive luxury cruises all over the world, Regent Seven Seas Cruises also has a couple of Black Sea cruises available. This particular cruise line is a great choice if you’d like to visit some more remote or smaller cruise ports on your holiday. They generally also provide several immersive on-shore excursions.

Their Black Sea cruise itineraries take in the western part of the sea, including Odessa, Constanta and Nessebar, as well as Istanbul and the Bosporus and Dardanelles Straits. Additionally, since these Regent Seven Seas cruises depart from ports in the Mediterranean, you’ll also have the opportunity to visit places like Crete, Split, Bari, Ephesus, Bodrum, Mykonos and/or Santorini before or after your Black Sea exploration.

Silversea Cruises offers myriad options to explore the Black Sea on a cruise. On their (Eastern) Mediterranean cruises, you get to visit beautiful Black Sea destinations such as Odessa, Constanta, Sochi, Batumi, Trabzon and Burgas. All Silversea Black Sea cruises include a memorable crossing of the Bosporus, too. Departure ports for cruises to the Black Sea are either Venice or Athens (Piraeus), with a variety of roundtrip or one-way options. Cruises typically last 15 to 24 days.

Known for their high-end river and yacht cruises, Emerald Cruises is a wonderful choice for Black Sea cruises in style and luxury. On board their superyacht, the Emerald Azzurra, you’ll spend two weeks exploring and experiencing the best of the Black Sea.

Sailing from Athens (Piraeus) to Istanbul, the cruise circuits around the Black Sea, with stops at not-to-miss destinations like Trabzon, Batumi, Sochi, Odessa, Sulina, Varna, Nessebar and more. You can also explore the iconic white houses of Mykonos, Greece and see the historic battle sites at Çanakkale, Turkey.

Last but not least, Scenic Luxury Cruises allows you to immerse yourself in the Black Sea region on a river cruise. Embark on a voyage down the iconic Danube River, one of Europe’s longest rivers, from Budapest to Bucharest.

Meander past fantastic highlights such as Kalocsa in Hungary, the Serbian capital of Belgrade and the spectacular Iron Gates gorge between the Balkan and Carpathian Mountains, as you cruise toward to the Danube River delta on the shores of the Black Sea at Silistra. This extraordinary week-long river cruise to the Black Sea is a superb alternative to the longer ocean cruises in the Black Sea above.

The Black Sea has not emerged as a popular cruise destination (yet), but as you can see, there’s a great deal of potential there. Black Sea cruises continue to offer amazing bang for your buck, sailing to awesome and affordable places in Europe’s far east, the aquatic crossroads of East and West.

As always, we recommend taking a closer look at specific itineraries offered by the Black Sea cruise lines above. You can reach out to us for more information or a quote .

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Born and raised in Belgium, Bram is currently based in the Pacific Northwest where he spends his days blogging, hiking, indulging in freshly roasted coffee and sipping craft beers. An experienced traveler, his… More about Bram R

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Home Cruise Destinations Black Sea Cruises

Black Sea Cruises

Book one of our Black Sea cruises and get ready to immerse yourself in a destination brimming with vibrant cities, ancient monuments and colourful histories.

Still something of a hidden treasure where cruising is concerned, the Black Sea is growing in popularity amongst those who are looking to explore several of the world’s most captivating places in one trip. Bordering six countries – Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russia, Turkey and Ukraine – The Black Sea’s rich history and culture makes it the ideal destination if you’re looking for something more than just relaxation on your cruise holiday.

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Black Sea Cruise Itineraries

Black Sea cruise itineraries depart from Istanbul and Athens, with itineraries lasting between 11 and 14 nights. Black Sea cruises will generally form part of a cruise line’s Mediterranean season and often feature a segment of the Greek Isles at the beginning or end of the itinerary, depending on where you board the ship.

The most frequently visited port of call on a Black Sea cruise is Odessa in Ukraine. Home to stunning beaches and incredible 19th-century architecture, most itineraries will include an overnight stay so that you can make the most of your time in the city. Constanta in Romania is another popular stop. Here, you can enjoy trips to famous monuments, such as the famous Tropaeum Traiani Monument; an eye-catching symbol of the Roman Empires’ victories.

Depending on which cruise line you choose for your Black Sea cruise, your itinerary may also feature some of the region’s smaller gems. Batumi in Georgia is a great place to visit on a cruise and is home to a fascinating Old Town district and beautiful botanic gardens in the northern part of the city. Similarly, the town of Nessebur in Bulgaria will delight with its cobbled streets and Byzantine-era ruins.

The best time for Black Sea cruises

The majority of Black Sea cruises operate between late April and October. However, the summer months are perhaps the best time to visit the region, with the long hot days and warm evenings creating the perfect environment for relaxation and exploration. If you would prefer to visit the Black Sea when the temperatures are slightly cooler, then late September and October are recommended, with the added benefit of less cruise traffic during this time of year.

Cruise lines that visit the Black Sea

Due to the size of the ports and the restrictions on cruise traffic, most cruise lines that visit the Black Sea are on the smaller side of the spectrum. Regent Seven Seas and Azamara both offer Black Sea cruises from Istanbul and Athens, while operators including Saga Cruises and Fred Olsen Cruise Lines visit the region as part of longer, no-fly itineraries in the Mediterranean. The Black Sea is also a top-rated destination for river cruise lines, with AmaWaterways , Scenic and Emerald Waterways offering an array of itineraries from Budapest.

Book Black Sea cruises with us

For more information regarding Black Sea cruises or to receive a quote for a future voyage, please call us on 0800 008 6677 . Alternatively, please make an online enquiry for one of the itineraries featured below.

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ESSENTIAL BLACK SEA & ASIA MINOR

This is your chance to explore four distinct countries that touch the Black Sea — Turkey, Bulgaria, Romania and Ukraine — as well as the cradle of civilization in Greece, in one enlightening journey. Explore the exotic sights and sounds of their diverse cultures, while you climb seemingly impossible monuments and see true ancient wonders.

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HEART OF THE BLACK SEA

Experience a one-of-a-kind journey around the Black Sea, with experiences in some of the region’s most esoteric and unforgettable destinations. Start in Odessa, Ukraine, then discover inscrutable Russia, a melting pot of cultures in Turkey, and first-century Roman ruins in Georgia.

Black Sea Turkey

• 3 Other destinations
• 4.1 Climate
• 6 Get around
• 11 Stay safe

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Black Sea Turkey (Turkish: Karadeniz Bölgesi ) in northern Turkey , is a humid and verdant region renowned for its natural beauty thanks to the high precipitation levels distributed evenly throughout the year. The region is very mountainous and is heavily forested, while the highest parts of the mountains are covered with alpine meadows, glacier lakes, and glaciers.

The region covers much of the country's northern coast, but the western stretch of the Black Sea coast is a part of the Marmara Region .

• 40.65 35.833333 1 Amasya — a historic city with riverside Ottoman mansions and ancient rock-cut tombs watching them from above
• 41.746389 32.386389 2 Amasra — a beautiful seaside resort town with a nice beach, pleasant vistas, and great fish restaurants
• 40.9 38.416667 3 Giresun — a city standing out with its relatively lively nightlife; trips to a nearby island can be arranged from here
• 41.024825 40.519914 4 Rize — the heart of Turkey's tea growing region; not a real tourist attraction, but a good base for exploring the northeast
• 41.286667 36.33 6 Samsun — the largest city on the Turkish Black Sea coast with big city attractions: such as opera and museums. Also many sports, including wakeboarding in summer.
• 42.026667 35.151111 7 Sinop — an ancient fortified port city jutting out on a peninsula that is Turkey's northernmost tip
• 41.005 39.7225 8 Trabzon — the main city of the northeast has a lot to offer a visitor, and is the place to stay when traveling to the stunning Sümela Monastery
• 41.45 31.783333 9 Zonguldak — a bleak industrial city with coal mining heritage

Other destinations

• 40.60545 31.28033 1 Abant — a resort around a mountain lake of the same name; fairly popular among the locals due to its easily accessible location near the Istanbul–Ankara motorway
• 40.95252 41.102051 2 Ayder — a village up in the lush Kaçkar Mountains/Pontic Alps
• 40.021111 34.609722 3 Hattusa — the ruins of the Hittite capital
• 41.073333 33.806944 4 Ilgaz National Park — a ski resort amidst beautiful fir forests

The climate is oceanic on the coasts; warm, showery summers (averaging around 25-27°C during the day, 10-15 days of rain a month), mild transitional seasons, and cool, wet winters (averaging around 6-10°C during the day, 15-20 days of precipitation a month). Snow is occasional in winter, and melts quickly. One important rule of thumb is that east-facing cities, such as Samsun and Sinop, are often better protected from storms than their west-facing counterparts, such as Zonguldak or Rize.

Mountainous regions have a colder and much snowier variant of the coastal climate; while lowlands far from the coasts are continental, with very warm, somewhat dry summers, and cold, snowy winters.

The 350 km road from Amasra to Sinop is beautiful and breathtaking as it winds its way along the rugged coast. If you are depending on public transport, however, it is likely to take two days. Expect to spend a night in one of the small towns along the coast, such as Inebolu , as bus service is town-to-town, and you are likely to arrive at some town after the last dolmus has left. While the towns along the way are unspoilt and unpretentious, they are a bit run down. If you have your own car or motorcycle, you can do the journey in one day (start early).

As the Black Sea Region spreads over most of northern Turkey elongatedly, getting out of the region involves heading for destinations hugely different in character:

• To the west, the Marmara Region has some of the country's greatest cities, packed full of historical sights.
• To the south, you have two inland options depending on where you pass through the coastal mountain range: the wide open steppes of Central Anatolia or the mountainous territory of Eastern Anatolia .
• To the east, Georgia is as lush as Black Sea Turkey, and has a great culinary tradition.

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Black Sea Voyage Highlights

by pdare pics

Despite the name that was given for the trip, we were never in the Black Sea. We started our trip by the Black Sea with a visit to Istanbul, Turkey. Then we motored to Bulgaria with an overnight at Plodiv and continued on through the country stopping on route to visit Veliko Tarnovo before going to Rousse. After boarding the AlmaPrima Cruise Ship that was docked there along the Danube River, we had made a short journey down and across the river to Giurgiu, Romania, to go on a tour of Bucharest. For the remainder of the tour, we had cruised back up the Danube River making port calls along the way at Vidin, Bulgaria; Belgrade, Serbia; Novi Sad and Vukovar, Serbia; Mohacs and Pecs, Croatia; before reaching our final stop at Budapest, Hungary. Leaving the ship, and following a tour of Budapest, we proceeded on to Vienna, Austria as part of the optional trip extension. We returned to Sunnyvale by air via Munich, Germany, at which time we were able to fit in a brief tour during the layover. All in all, it was a wonderful trip that had lasted fourteen days as we passed through various countries as part of the trip itinerary. The first picture shows a map with the different stopping points along the trip. The number designations, on each stop, correlate with the dates in August when we were there. The ensuing pictures are also sequenced in a similar manner, and they depict members of our group, as we enjoyed our time together, and some of the trip highlights that we had seen along the way. Pictures from the start of our trip, in Sunnyvale, on July 31st have been included with those of August 1st..Views were limited on August 7th & 8th, during which time we had been quarantined to our cabin.

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Caravanistan

The Silk Road Travel Guide

Black Sea Ferries

5 countries border the Black Sea: Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey, Georgia, Russia and Ukraine. The frequency and destinations of ferry services on the Black Sea change often. Geopolitical pressures and changing economic tides make for a volatile shipping market.

Table of Contents

Shipping companies

The following shipping companies are currently operating international ferry lines on the Black Sea.

• Stena Sea Line
• Olympia Line

Ferry lines

The following ferry lines are currently operating. We try to keep this page up to date but things can change quickly. Contact the ferry company to ask for more details if you are unsure, and let us know if you find out about changes or are in need of more details.

If we haven’t linked to a detailed article about the trip of your choice yet, we suggest to browse the shipping company websites for more info and booking.

Departing from Ukraine

The port of Odessa is 20 km outside of the city and is now called Chornomorsk in an effort to remove communist names from the map. Until 2015, it was called Illichivsk (Ilyich was Lenin’s patronym).

Departing from Bulgaria

The port of Varna is Beloslav, 25 km inland from Varna.

Departing from Turkey

Ferries used to depart from Istanbul, they now go from Karasu in Sakarya province.

The following lines are currently not in service

• Istanbul – Sevastopol
• Samsun – Odessa
• Samsun – Batumi / Poti
• Derince – Odessa / Poti

Departing from Georgia

Departing from russia.

A local ferry service between Sochi, Novorossiysk, Anapa and Gelendzhik is operated by Siflait (yes, Seaflight). There is also a short ferry connecting Russia to Crimea across the Kerch strait, operated by Gosparom .

Departing from Romania

No ferries currently departing from Constanța.

Good to know

Schedules are dependent on port berth availability and weather. This means taking the ferry is not for those in a hurry. Although the ferry can run on time, it is usually late. So make sure you schedule some buffer days in your travel plan.

The ferry boats are not cheap, but cabins are generally clean and comfortable. You should be served 3 meals a day. The fare is local cuisine from the country of the shipping company. If you are a vegetarian, they can leave the meat off the plate and pile it high with whatever else is on offer.

Other Silk Road ferries

You may also have an interest in Caspian Sea ferries and Persian Gulf ferries .

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Danube River Cruises to the Black Sea

Our Danube to Black Sea river cruises explore the heart of Eastern Europe, visiting fascinating capitals including Belgrade and Bucharest.

Cruises along the Lower Danube also take in the dramatic Iron Gates which form a natural border between the Carpathian and Balkan mountains. Some cruiselines offer exciting excursions to the UNESCO-listed Danube Delta, a haven for wildlife including coromorants.

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About Danube to the Black Sea Cruises

Danube to black sea highlights, danube to black sea river ports, cruise collection 2024/ 2025/ 2026.

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From the Hungarian capital of Budapest, the River Danube flows south through the Hungarian plains, and then turns east through Serbia and Belgrade. A cruise along the Lower Danube continues through the spectacular Iron Gates, a dramatic gorge separating the Carpathian and Balkan mountains, before reaching Bulgaria, Romania and finally the Black Sea.

During a River Danube to the Black Sea cruise through Eastern Europe, discover outstanding natural beauty and intriguing cities, rich in history. On some cruises, it is possible to visit the vast Hungarian Puszta and witness a traditional horse show, as well as explore the UNESCO-listed Danube Delta, renowned for its wildlife.

Here are a few highlights of a cruise along the Danube to the Black Sea:

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7 Ships and Navigational Tools Used in the Age of Exploration

By: Becky Little

Updated: August 24, 2023 | Original: August 22, 2023

The Age of Exploration was a period from about the 15th to the 17th centuries in which European powers traveled to and colonized territories around the globe. Portugal and Spain were the dominant seafaring and colonizing powers in the beginning of this period. By the end of the Age of Exploration, the principal European colonizers were Britain, France and the Netherlands.

European powers invented new types of ships, weapons and navigational tools during the Age of Exploration to aid their sea voyages and colonial campaigns.

In the 15th century, Portugal started producing a new kind of ship called the caravel . These medium-sized ships had two or three masts with triangular sails and only required a small crew. They became one of the key types of ships that Portuguese and Spanish sailors used to traverse unfamiliar routes during the Age of Exploration.

Caravels were faster and easier to maneuver than large ships, but their smaller size meant they had less cargo space. The Niña and Pinta ships that Columbus sailed to the Bahamas in 1492 on behalf of Spain were both caravels. However, the Santa María ship on that voyage was a larger type of vessel: the carrack.

The carrack ships that Portugal produced during the 15th century were larger than caravels and had three or four masts with square and triangular sails. Carracks were slower and less maneuverable than caravels, but they were sturdier in rough waters. Because they had much more storage space than caravels, Portuguese and Spanish crews used them for longer trips to Asian spice markets.

One of the most famous carrack ships from the Age of Exploration is the Victoria , the first known ship to circumnavigate the globe . The Portuguese sailor Ferdinand Magellan led this journey from 1519 until his death in 1521 (he died while trying to attack an island in the Philippines). The ship continued its journey without him and completed its circumnavigation in 1522.

In the 16th century, large galleon ships began to replace carracks. Galleons could carry cargo as well as heavy cannons, yet were faster and easier for crews to maneuver than the smaller carracks. An even larger version of the galleon, the Spanish galleon , could hold up to 60 cannons.

European sailors used galleon ships to transport stolen goods from colonized lands and to fight in battles. The use of galleons in battle declined after the Age of Exploration as newer, sleeker warships emerged. However, European sailors continued to use galleons as cargo ships into the 19th century.

4. Falconet

The falconet was one of the many types of cannons that European ships carried during the Age of Exploration. The falconet was a light cannon on wheels that sailors could use at sea or on land.

Another cannon on these ships was the culverin , a medieval field cannon that sailors started using at sea during the Age of Exploration. There was also the lombard cannon, which the crew on Columbus’ 1492 voyage reportedly fired to alert the ships that a lookout had spotted land.

5. Traverse Board

One of the tools that European seafarers used to navigate while sailing their caravels, carracks and galleons was the traverse board . Crew members used these boards to keep track of a ship’s speed and direction.

The top half of the board had a compass rose design with slots for wooden pegs. Every half hour, the sailor keeping watch with the traverse board would look at a compass to determine what direction the ship was going in, and then mark that direction on the board using a wooden peg. On the bottom half of the board, the sailor on watch would also mark the ship’s speed with wooden pegs.

6. Backstaff

The backstaff was another important navigational tool for seafarers. Sailors used the backstaff to measure altitude by looking at the shadow of the sun. It was an improvement compared to previous tools for measuring altitude like the quadrant and the cross-staff, which required the user to stare into the sun.

The English sailor John Davis invented one of the most well-known versions of the backstaff in 1594 while searching for a Northwest Passage through the Arctic. Because of this, the backstaff is also known as the “Davis quadrant.”

7. Astrolabe

Another navigational tool sailors used during the Age of Exploration was the astrolabe. Like the backstaff, the astrolabe was a form of celestial navigation, so-called because these tools used celestial bodies in the sky to take measurements and determine a ship’s position.

Sailors used astrolabes to measure the angle between the horizon and a celestial body in the sky, such as the sun, the moon or a star. They used these measurements to determine the ship’s longitude and latitude .

HISTORY Vault: Columbus the Lost Voyage

Ten years after his 1492 voyage, Columbus, awaiting the gallows on criminal charges in a Caribbean prison, plotted a treacherous final voyage to restore his reputation.

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Explore the Origins and Forced Relocations of Enslaved Africans Across the Atlantic World

The SlaveVoyages website is a collaborative digital initiative that compiles and makes publicly accessible records of the largest slave trades in history. Search these records to learn about the broad origins and forced relocations of more than 12 million African people who were sent across the Atlantic in slave ships, and hundreds of thousands more who were trafficked within the Americas. Explore where they were taken, the numerous rebellions that occurred, the horrific loss of life during the voyages, the identities and nationalities of the perpetrators, and much more.

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Trans-atlantic, slave trade database.

This database compiles information about more than 36,000 voyages that forcibly transported enslaved Africans across the Atlantic between 1514 and 1866. Search and analyze the database for information on the broad origins of enslaved people, the tortuous Middle Passage, and the destinations of Africans in the Americas.

Intra-American

This database contains information on more than 11,000 maritime voyages trafficking enslaved people within the Americas. These slave trades operated within colonial empires, across imperial boundaries, and inside the borders of nations such as the United States and Brazil. Explore the forced removals, which not only dispersed African survivors of the Atlantic crossing but also displaced enslaved people born in the Americas.

People of the Atlantic Slave Trade

People of the Atlantic Slave Trade allows users to search three distinct databases. Two document enslaved people; one concerns enslavers. The African Origins dataset includes personal details of 95,153 Africans taken from slave ships mostly captured by anti-slave trade patrols or from African trading sites between 1808-1862. Users can view the personal details of Africans liberated from slave vessels, hear their names pronounced, and contribute to the project by suggesting the likely language origins of the names in the records. The Oceans of Kinfolk dataset includes the personal details of 63,562 people transported to New Orleans, and in many cases records on the people who transported, bought, and sold them there. Users can analyze the name, age, gender, origin, places of embarkation and disembarkation of these individuals, and some of their linkages to enslavers. The Enslavers database lists nearly 60,000 individuals or commercial companies involved in the enslavement of Africans or people of African descent, lists the number of captives they enslaved, and provides links to the slave voyages in which they participated.

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Explore images of the people, places, vessels, and documents linked to the Trans-Atlantic and Intra-American slave trades. Where available, each image contains a link to a corresponding slave voyage in the databases and a reference to the original source.

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Robin Lee Graham, pictured sailing in 1968 in Durban, South Africa, circumnavigated the world solo and wrote about it for National Geographic. His memoir Dove details his epic journey.

Set sail with these 10 books about epic ocean voyages

From solo trips around the world to family sojourns in the Pacific Northwest, these tales of high-seas adventures will inspire you.

Fifty years ago, Robin Lee Graham cruised into the Los Angeles harbor and made history, becoming at the time the youngest person to sail solo around the world.

The mariner was only 16 years old when he set forth nearly five years earlier, on July 27, 1965. His vessel: a 24-foot sloop called Dove. During his 1,739 days at sea traversing 30,600 nautical miles, Graham faced hurricanes, broken masts, crushing loneliness, a near collision with a freighter, and tedious weeks wallowing in the doldrums. But there were also moments of unparalleled beauty and long sojourns exploring fascinating destinations. He attended a memorial for a queen in Tonga, dived for shells in Fiji , safaried in South Africa’s Kruger National Park , hiked on lunar-like Ascension Island, ate piranhas in Suriname, and roamed the islands of the Galápagos .

Graham detailed his adventures in three National Geographic articles published between 1968 and 1970. “We sleigh-ride down into the deep trough of a trade-wind sea. Then Dove labors up the following crest, and down we plunge again, day after day, my boat and I,” he wrote in his first article. The teen’s quest captured hearts and imaginations, and readers avidly followed his journey and the challenges he experienced.

( Related: Discover stunning sailing adventures around the world . )

The most dramatic event was his second dismasting in the Indian Ocean. Only 18 hours out of the Cocos Islands , a roaring storm caused Dove’ s mast to buckle. Graham almost fell overboard—without his safety harness on—in the attempt to haul the trailing mast and sails back aboard. He sailed under a makeshift rig an astonishing 2,300 miles to Mauritius , off the coast of Africa . “Could I do it? I had no choice,” he wrote. “I had to; turning back against the trade winds was impossible.”

Published in 1972, Graham’s best-selling memoir, Dove (co-written with Derek L.T. Gill), expands on his articles and chronicles his love story with his wife, Patti, whom he met and married along the way. The book not only inspired countless mariners’ dreams but, as Graham also wrote, created “memories [at] landfalls where foreigners seldom set foot.”

“Dynamic, chaotic, brilliant. Both infinite and finite at once.” The seafarer pictured here might relate to how author Liz Clark describes the power of nature in Swell, her sailing memoir.

Graham is not the only seafarer with an extraordinary story. Here are 10 additional books—the latest installment in our ongoing Around the World in Books series—about adventurous sailors who test their mettle on the high seas.

Sailing Alone Around the World , by Joshua Slocum, 1900. Slocum’s iconic account of his solo trip around the globe—the first person to accomplish such a feat—can be found on almost every sailor’s bookshelf and was a prime inspiration to Graham. Setting off from Boston in 1895 in his 36-foot wooden sloop, Spray, Slocum sailed some 46,000 miles over three years. His wonderfully entertaining tale features close calls with pirates off Gibraltar, breakfasting on flying fish in the Pacific, and visiting with explorer Henry Stanley in South Africa .

Black Jacks: African American Seamen in the Age of Sail , by W. Jeffrey Bolster, 1997. Black seafaring wasn’t limited to the horrific Middle Passage . During the 18th and 19th centuries, thousands of Black sailors went to sea aboard whalers, warships, and clippers in pursuit of liberty and economic opportunity. They played a pivotal role in creating a new African-American identity, carrying news and information to Black communities ashore and even helping smuggle enslaved people to freedom—such as Frederick Douglass , who escaped from slavery disguised as a sailor.

The Boat Who Wouldn’t Float , by Farley Mowat, 1969. “The five hundred and fifty mile voyage across the center of Newfoundland was a prolonged exercise in masochism,” the Canadian author and naturalist writes in his hilarious account of his travails aboard the Happy Adventure . Beset by constant leaks, a cantankerous engine, and repeated sinkings, Mowat and his ornery wooden sailboat had a riotous time roaming the foggy shores of Newfoundland and the Maritimes in the 1960s.

( Related: 10 books that will take you on real-life adventures .)

The Curve of Time , by M. Wylie Blanchet, 1961. After being widowed, Blanchet turned to the sea, cruising with her five children on long summer sojourns in the 1920s and ’30s along the coast of British Columbia . A pioneer of family travel , Blanchet recalls in lyrical writing the beauty of the unspoiled Pacific Northwest and teaching her children the wonders of the natural world.

Maiden Voyage , by Tania Aebi, 1989. In 1985, Aebi’s father offered the 18-year-old a choice: go to college or sail a 26-foot boat around the world. She chose the boat. From surviving a terrifying collision with a tanker in the Mediterranean to braving a lightning storm off the coast of Gibraltar, her compelling memoir charts her two-and-half-year journey on Varuna as a young woman braving the sea alone with only her cat as companion.

The Last Grain Race , by Eric Newby, 1956. Windjammers once raced to carry grain from Australia to Europe the fastest, and Newby apprenticed aboard Moshulu during the final contest in 1939. Recounting his circumnavigation between Ireland and Australia, Newby captures the last era of big sailing ships.

Swell: Sailing the Pacific in Search of Surf and Self , by Liz Clark, 2018. Reading Aebi’s Maiden Voyage sparked Clark’s own dream to sail the world. Nominated for National Geographic Adventurer of the Year in 2015, Clark has captained her 40-foot sailboat throughout the Pacific for more than a decade. Her memoir weaves together life at sea, her love of the Earth, and her eternal quest for great surf.

Adrift: 76 Days Lost at Sea , by Steven Callahan, 1986. In 1982, several months after starting his voyage off the coast of Rhode Island, Callahan faced every sailor’s worst nightmare: His boat abruptly took on water and sank, leaving him stranded on a five-foot inflatable raft in the middle of the Atlantic. For the next 76 days, Callahan survived terrifying storms, shark attacks, and lack of food and fresh water while drifting 1,800 miles to the Caribbean .

The Cruise of the Snark , by Jack London, 1911. After reading Slocum’s book, The Call of the Wild author was determined to make his own grand voyage. London designed his dream boat, a 55-foot wooden ketch, and departed San Francisco in 1907 with his wife, Charmian, and a woefully inexperienced crew. On their travels through the South Pacific, London taught himself celestial navigation and learned how to surf in Hawaii before ending his trip in the Solomon Islands.

Taking on the World , by Ellen MacArthur, 2002. British sailor MacArthur holds the record for the fastest solo sail by a woman across the Atlantic and has circled the planet in record-breaking time. Her autobiography describes her extraordinary second-place finish (at the age of 24) in the world’s hardest single-handed yacht race, the Vendée Globe, where she faced frigid wind conditions, mountainous waves, and leaden skies in the Atlantic and Southern Oceans.

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Navigating perilous waters: routes and hazards of the voyages to Black Sea in the nineteenth century

2020, Maria Christina Chatziioannou and Apostolos Delis (eds), Linkages of the Black Sea with the West. Navigation, Trade and Immigration, Black Sea History Working Papers, volume 7, Rethymnon 2020, published in www.blacksea.gr.

Crossing the Dardanelles, Sea of Marmara and Bosporus and navigating the waters of the Black Sea in the nineteenth century presented many difficulties and dangers. The particularities of this enclosed sea were of diverse nature: the shallowness of the waters in the Sea of Azov, the unhospitable coasts of Crimea, the rough and stormy prevailed north winds and the frozen ports of the northern shores during the winter were among the main factors that dictated the rhythms and the practices of maritime trade in the region. They also caused numerous nautical disasters, ruinous commercials ventures and innumerable practical difficulties for the ships, the seamen and those commercially engaged who depended from the efficiency of the maritime transport. Based mainly on primary sources the paper will analyze a) the sea routes ships followed along with the special characteristics and the factors that affected navigation in the Black Sea, b) the duration of the voyage from the ports of Black Sea and c) the rate of danger to navigate Black Sea was based on evidence from marine insurance market.

Related Papers

LINKAGES OF THE BLACK SEA WITH THE WEST. NAVIGATION, TRADE AND IMMIGRATION Black Sea History Working Papers, vol. 7

Apostolos Delis

Constantin Ardeleanu

The paper presents the development of the Black Sea trade after the peace of Küçük Kaynarca (1774), when the Ottomans were forced to allow the trade of Russian flagged ships beyond the Straits of Bosporus and the dardanelles. during the next two decades, in a strained international context, Russia gradually developed a string of trading centres along the northern coast of the Euxine and encouraged foreign merchants to make full use of this new commercial route. European powers were quick in trying to take advantage of the rich agro-pastoral resources of the Black Sea area, but fruitful exchanges were often interrupted by military issues or the Porte&#39;s reluctance to completely open the Black Sea to international trade and shipping. during a second phase, between the beginnings of the French revolutionary wars and the Peace of Adrianople (1829), Black Sea trade faced similar discontinuities and hindrances and was often interrupted by political and diplomatic problems. But the quas...

Nilgün İSMAİL

Abstract: The papers in my hands contain a memorandum written by William Linsday, Secretary of Legation at St.Petersburg, 1788-1791 first published by Jeremy Black in Archives, London, XXII (1996), no.95 (Oct.) and by Paul Cernovodeanu in Revista de Istorie, t.7, no.7-8, July-Aug., Bucharest, 1996. The memorandum describes for the first time the coasts of the Black Sea, trade and commercial opportunities in the Black Sea after the treaty of Küçük Kaynarca in 1774.In this paper I underline the new details and aspects regarding the Southern coast of the Black Sea and emphasize the Turkish names of ports and settlements on the Southern coast of the Black Sea. Key words: Black Sea, memorandum, southern costs, Turkish names

FULYA DÜVENCİ KARAKOÇ

In the second half of the 19th century, Russia made its presence felt in economic and cultural areas in the Ottoman Middle East. For example, there were 70 Russian schools in Beirut and its vicinity. There were Russian representatives in Beirut Trade Court, too. Russian ships carried 45.112 tons of load from Beirut ports (1894). Ships setting sail from Odessa sailed to the ports of Istanbul, Izmir, Thessaloniki, Chios, Rhodes, Sidon, Sur, Acre, Haifa, Jaffa, Tripoli, Beirut, Alexandria. After the opening of the Suez Canal (1869), we see that Russian ships passed to Persian Gulf and even Vladivostok (records dated 1884, 1893). The Russian ship running to Isle of Aynaroz (Thessaloniki) carried goods and passengers to the Russian monastery there. There were also Russian ships carrying Caucasian immigrants to the Eastern Mediterranean ports. The Ottoman central administration and the Russian consuls in the Ottoman port cities monitored problems related to this marine transportation. Although political problems existed and even war periods were lived between the Ottoman State and the Russian Tsardom in this period, it is observed that ethical ruled were obeyed in marine transportation. In 1882, Vasil Bulkof , the captain of the Russian ship called Azof, was given a decoration "on the grounds that he helped an Ottoman ship having lost its way due to fog”. Medals were given to "those rescuing the pilgrims from Bukhara in the Russian ship having come into collision with the Mecca ship in the Bosphorus between the Rumelian Fortress and the Anatolia Fortress” (1906). The Russian flagship drifting in Black Sea to the Ottoman shores was given food aid with the permission of the administration (1894). According to the list existing in the Ottoman archives, it is eye-catching that together with various food stuff, 9 barleys of beer, 24 big bottles of champagne and 80 bottles of Bordeaux wine were given to the mentioned ship. In this study of ours, we will get benefited from Ottoman Provincial Salnames, Ottoman archive documents and relevant literature. We will try to clarify the ports which “Russian ships” stopped by, the amounts of cargo they carried and the dimensions of this marine transportation.

Journal of marine technology and environment

CRISTINA MIHAILOVICI

The Black Sea constitutes a unique link between Asia and Europe and has a very important role in world trade because of the fact that the Black Sea European Commission (BSEC) Countries generate 1/5 of the world trade. With a strategic importance to the West, and to Europe in particular, the BSEC is bound to substantially increase in the coming years. Given the region’s geostrategic position as a natural link between Europe and Asia, and between Central Asia and the Middle East, the BSEC constitutes a vital trade link as well as an important area of transit.

Michel Balard

Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Studi sulle Societá del Mediterraneo (ISSM), Istituzioni e traffici tra età antica e crescita moderna, Napoli 2009, p. 77-90.

Rura Sifnaiou

14th SGEM GeoConference on WATER RESOURCES. FOREST, MARINE AND OCEAN ECOSYSTEMS

New Europe College. Ştefan Odobleja Program Yearbook 2012-2013

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