minor international travel without parent

Knowledge Article

Children traveling to another country without their parents

Minor children may be able to travel to another country without either one of their parents. C hildren must have their own passport, visa or other international entry documentation required of adults. In addition, certain countries require children leaving that country without both parents and a legal guardian to have a letter of consent, in some cases notarized. Check with the embassy or consulate in the United States of the destination country for its requirements. Airlines and travel agents are not responsible for making sure your child has the necessary international travel documents, but they can sometimes provide useful information.  A list of embassies and entry requirements can be obtained through the Department of State   website or by calling the embassy in question.

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International travel documents for children

See what documents a child needs to travel to or from the U.S. alone or with a parent or relative.

Children traveling to the U.S.

All children, including infants, must have their own travel documents such as a passport or document from a Trusted Traveler Program to enter the U.S. If you travel or are going to travel with a child, consider taking the following documents:

• If the child is traveling with only one of their custodial parents, they must have a letter of consent, preferably in English and notarized, from the other parent or signed by both parents. The letter should say "I acknowledge that my son/daughter is traveling outside the country with [the name of the adult] with my permission."
• If one parent has sole custody of the child, a copy of the custody document can take the place of the other parent's letter.
• Parents who frequently cross the border by land with a minor must always carry a letter of permission from the other parent.

U.S. citizen children traveling abroad

Ports of entry in many countries have security measures to prevent international child abduction . If you are traveling alone with your child, you may be required to present documentation proving you are the parent or legal guardian. You may also need a letter of permission from the other parent for your child to travel. 

If your child travels alone, depending on the country, they may be required to present a notarized letter from both parents or their legal guardian. If a minor is traveling abroad and is not accompanied by both parents or a legal guardian, contact the embassy or consulate of the country you will be visiting and ask about entry and exit requirements for that country.

LAST UPDATED: December 6, 2023

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Unaccompanied Minors | Rules, Fees, Policies, and Tips for International Travel

Home » Passports » How to Obtain a U.S. Passport

Traveling with kids can be an adventure. However, there may be a time where your child needs to travel without you. Whenever a child under the age of 18 is traveling alone, there are certain rules and procedures you need to follow. When an unaccompanied minor travels internationally, there are even more things to consider.

As a parent of young children and someone who traveled solo internationally as a child, myself, I can attest: planning is everything. Getting the details right can make the difference between a positive experience for your child and a nightmare.

This guide provides the most important details for supporting a child traveling abroad without an adult chaperone.

The Rules and Regulations for Unaccompanied Minor Travel Abroad

Your child needs a passport.

It all starts with a passport. Any American citizen traveling outside of the United States needs a valid U.S. Passport. It doesn't matter what the traveler's age is.

Getting a passport for a minor is not that different from getting a new passport for an adult . That said, if the person who needsa passport is under the age of 16, there are some additional steps that need to be followed. Most of these have to do with establishing parental and/or guardianship rights.

For more on this topic, our Passports for Minors FAQ covers some of the most common questions we have received on the topic over the past two decades.

Your Child Needs Additional Travel Documentation

In addition to a passport, having a notarized minor travel consent form is essential. This official document will ensure the airline and customs officials have access to critical information about your unaccompanied child.

• the legal identity of the child
• the legal parent(s) and/or guardian(s) of the child
• contact information for the child's parent(s) and/or guardian(s)
• where the child will be staying while abroad
• contact information for the child and caregivers while abroad

In the event of any confusion or travel itinerary mishap, this document could prove to be the key to keeping your child safe. It gives airline personnel and customs officials the information they need to get the child to whom and to where he or she is supposed to be.

Age Restrictions for Minors Traveling Unaccompanied

The U.S. Department of Transportation has some general guidelines for unaccompanied minors flying on planes. Airlines are free to interpret them as they wish, but most follow them pretty closely.

Some of the key guidelines include:

• Children younger than 5 years old cannot travel alone.
• Children age 5 through 7 can travel alone, but only on non-stop and through flights. This may not be permitted by all airlines.
• Children age 8 through 11 can travel alone on any flight where there is a flight attendant. In some cases, minors in this age group may be restricted from certain flights that involve connections.

Again, these policies may be stricter depending upon individual airline policies. Some airlines ban this outright. Others extend this age limit to 14 years of age.

Children age 12 through 17 may be subject to the same or fewer restrictions as the 8 to 11 age group. For domestic flights, most airlines will only provide unaccompanied minor accommodations for this age group upon request. However, international travelers under the age of 18 are usually required to pay an unaccompanied minor fee.

Some carriers will not permit minors of any age to fly abroad unaccompanied.

Follow the links below for the current unaccompanied minor policies for some of the most popular international airlines:

• Alaska Airlines
• American Airlines
• British Airways
• Delta Airlines
• Southwest Airlines

Medical Considerations for Unaccompanied Minor Travelers

As a rule, most governments and companies (including airlines) have strict policies about medication. If your child requires medication, be sure to do your due diligence about what documentation and storage rules apply for all the locations your child will be traveling through. Do the same for any of the transportation and accommodation services they will be using to do so.

You should also be sure your child has the proper amount of medication for their trip. Both access to pharmacies and the usefulness of a prescription from an American doctor may vary outside of the country.

You should also consider if your child is able to administer their own medication. It should not be assumed that a flight attendant, customs official, or other adult will be willing or able to do so for your child. If this is an issue, consider reaching out to your child's doctor for advice or potential alternatives.

Airline Accommodations for a Child Traveling Alone

As mentioned, for airlines that allow minors to fly solo internationally, there is almost always an unaccompanied minor fee. These can range from $50 to over $200 depending on the airline.

In exchange for this fee, airlines provide some extra assistance for their young travelers:

• Preferential seating - Many airlines will only seat unaccompanied children in specific seats. These are usually locations that are within easy access of flight attendants, restrooms, and boarding entrances and exits.
• Extra supervision - Flight attendants are assigned to keep eyes and ears on unaccompanied minors. While they are not full-on chaperones, these airline employees strive to make the experience safe and comfortable for kids flying alone.
• An escort on and off the plane - In most cases, airlines will assign an employee to receive an unaccompanied child from their caregiver at the boarding gate. An employee will also help the child gather their belongings and get from their plane to their waiting adult.
• Transfer assistance - For airlines that allow unaccompanied minors on multi-leg flights, there are usually employees tasked with helping children get to their connecting flights.
• Complementary comfort services - Some airlines include food, drinks, and/or entertainment packages specifically for unaccompanied minor flyers.
• A parental gate pass - With airport security being what it is, many airports and airlines require parents to get a special gate pass to allow them to escort a child to their flights. Some airlines flat out require this as part of the ticketing process for unaccompanied minors.

Additional Tips for Parents of Unaccompanied Minor Travelers

You may also be able to register your child's travel itinerary with an embassy for some extra peace of mind in case of a potential emergency.

• Invest in a GPS tracker. In today's world, you can never be too safe. If your child is outside of your care consider having them carrying a GPS tracker so that you always know where they are. Apple AirTags and the JioBit are two popular, reliable, and affordable choices that work internationally.

More Articles about Passports for Minors

Expedited Passport for Minors

Minor Passport FAQ

Children's Passport Issuance Alert Program

Minor Travel Consent Form

Minors' passports and child support issues

Documents for travel to Mexico with minor child

Passport when birth certificate lists only one parent

In a Hurry? Get Reliable Expedited Passport Courier Service: Expedite My U.S.Passport Now!

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1. How can you get a passport when you're in a hurry? 2. What exactly does a passport expediter do? 3. Are passport expediting services legitimate? 4. How can I identify a reliable passport expeditor? 5. Is expedited passport service worth it?

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Guide to Unaccompanied Minor Policies for U.S. Airlines [2023]

Chris Hassan

Social Media & Brand Manager

218 Published Articles

Countries Visited: 24 U.S. States Visited: 26

Jessica Merritt

Editor & Content Contributor

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Michael Y. Park

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Table of Contents

Unaccompanied minor basics, unaccompanied minor policies, tips for unaccompanied minor flights, final thoughts.

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Sending your child on a flight alone can be an exciting (and nerve-wracking) experience.

Whether they’ve been flying with you since babyhood or are just getting their travel legs now, you and your child need to be prepared for travel as an unaccompanied minor.

In the U.S., airlines have a wide array of rules and costs when it comes to young flyers traveling alone. Let’s look at each airline’s policy for exactly what you need to know before your big kid takes to the skies on their own.

For countless reasons, you may find that sending your child on a flight alone makes sense for you and your family.

Whether they are going to meet up with their other parent, grandparents, friends, family, school, or summer camp, being prepared will help ensure a safe and comfortable trip.

Although rules vary by airline, in most cases, an unaccompanied minor can be a child between the ages of 5 and 14. You can expect to pay up to $150 for an unaccompanied service from the airline to help with the travel logistics. 

Below is a chart to take a quick view of policies, followed by a more in-depth breakdown of each airline.

*Prices shown are for one-way flights and are in addition to the price of the ticket

Alaska Airlines

Alaska Airlines has Junior Jetsetters, an unaccompanied minor service for kids 5 to 17 on domestic and international flights.

When flying with Alaska, Junior Jetsetters receive a lanyard and a wristband so staff and crew can easily identify them. Kids will receive early boarding and a special safety briefing to make sure they are familiar with the emergency protocols.

Your child will be supervised for their entire journey for $50 on nonstop flights. Kids ages 8 to 17 can fly a more complex itinerary with connections for $75. 

Junior Jetsetters who have attained MVP, MVP Gold, Gold 75K, or Gold 100K Mileage Plan status have these fees waived.

Parents or guardians can escort the child all the way to the gate as long as they have obtained an escort pass at the ticket counter.

To book a ticket for an unaccompanied minor on Alaska Airlines, call 800-252-7522.

Hot Tip: Some Alaska Airlines routes may not allow unaccompanied minors, including for seasonal severe weather.

Allegiant Air

Allegiant Air does not allow unaccompanied minors.

The airline considers anyone 15 and older an adult. Anyone under 15 must be accompanied by an adult ticketed on the same reservation.

American Airlines

American Airlines provides an unaccompanied minor service for children ages 5 to 14. It’s optional for teens ages 15 to 17. The cost is $150, which covers the cost of siblings, as well. 

The AA unaccompanied minor service includes early boarding to get comfortable and meet the flight attendants, kids-only lounge access (in select cities), Kids’ Kits from Quaker with snacks and activities (for ages 5 to 10 in hub cities), and an escort for connecting and arriving flights.

If your child has a connecting flight, they will have access to an unaccompanied minor lounge in the following airports:

• Charlotte (CLT)
• Chicago (ORD)
• Dallas (DFW)
• Los Angeles (LAX)
• Miami (MIA)
• New York (JFK and LGA)
• Philadelphia (PHL)
• Phoenix (PHX)
• Washington, D.C. (DCA)

Rules vary by age and destination for international flights and can be found on AA.com .

To book a ticket for an unaccompanied minor on American Airlines,  call 800-433-7300.

Breeze Airways

Breeze Airways does not provide an unaccompanied minor service. The airline allows children 13 and older to fly by themselves without an accompanying adult on all nonstop flights. On multiple-segment flights (including BreezeThrus and connecting flights), an adult must accompany any guest younger than 18.

Children ages 13 to 17 must provide government documentation stating their age.

Delta Air Lines

Delta has an unaccompanied minor program for domestic and international travel for kids ages 5 to 14. It’s optional for teens from 15 to 17. The service costs $150 each way for up to 4 children. 

Only children 8 and older can travel on itineraries with connections. Younger children must be booked on nonstop flights.

Minors traveling with the unaccompanied minor program receive a trackable wristband, access to the Sky Zone lounge for kids, and a personal escort throughout their travel day.

Sky Zones are children-only areas where children who are flying alone can use the complimentary phones to call their parents, wait for connections, play with toys and video games, and have the support of Delta representatives.

Delta Sky Zones are available in the following airports:

• Atlanta (ATL)
• Cincinnati (CVG)
• Detroit (DTW)
• Memphis (MEM)
• Minneapolis-Saint Paul (MSP)
• New York (JFK)
• Salt Lake City (SLC)
• Seattle-Tacoma (SEA)

After check-in, a parent or designated accompanying adult must take the unaccompanied minor to the departure gate and remain until the flight has taken off. The person meeting the child at the other airport must be registered and provide an ID and signature.

To book a ticket for an unaccompanied minor on Delta Air Lines, you must call 800-325-8847.

Frontier Airlines

Frontier Airlines does not allow unaccompanied minors.

The airline allows anyone 15 and older to fly by themselves. Anyone under 15 must be accompanied by an adult ticketed on the same reservation.

Hawaiian Airlines

Hawaiian Airlines offers Unaccompanied Minor Service Assistance, but the requirements vary based on age and final destination. The service costs $35 per flight segment on flights between the Hawaiian islands and $100 per flight segment on flights between Hawaii and continental North America for up to 2 children from the same family. 

Children ages 5 to 11 are considered unaccompanied minors and must pay for the Unaccompanied Minor Service Assistance. The service is optional for kids 12 to 17. Unaccompanied minors are not allowed on international flights.

A child aged 5 to 11 can travel with a passenger 15 or older without Unaccompanied Minor Service Assistance.

At drop-off, the parent or responsible adult must submit a completed Request For Unaccompanied Minor form and inform the airline who will be picking up the child at the arrival airport. Pickup locations vary by airport and can be found on the Hawaiian Airlines website .

To book a ticket for an unaccompanied minor on Hawaiian Airlines, call 800-367-5320.

JetBlue allows for unaccompanied minors between the ages of 5 and 14 years old to travel on their own. Tickets can be booked online and carry a fee of $150 per person each way.

There is a limit of 3 unaccompanied minors per flight, and they cannot occupy Mint or Even More Space seats. Seats A, B, and C in the plane’s last row are reserved for unaccompanied minors so that the crew can easily assist if needed.

Only nonstop flights can be booked for unaccompanied minors , with some international flights included. Service for the U.K. and Europe is not available at the moment. Unaccompanied minors, even on Blue Basic Fares, can bring a carry-on at no extra charge.

A photo ID and 3 copies of a completed Unaccompanied Minor Form are required at drop-off. Gate passes may be available at the discretion of the TSA.

At pick-up, the guardian listed on the Unaccompanied Minor Form must be at least 18 years old and present an ID.

To book a ticket for an unaccompanied minor on JetBlue, go to jetblue.com or call 800-538-2583.

Southwest Airlines

Southwest allows Unaccompanied Minors ages 5 to 11 to travel independently on domestic flights. There is a $100 fee each way. 

Children 12 and over can use the Young Travelers service for no fee.

Parents cannot accompany their child all the way to the gate.

Unaccompanied minors can only fly on nonstop or direct flights in the U.S., and parents or guardians must provide proper identification during drop-off and pickup.

To book a ticket for an unaccompanied minor on Southwest, you can go to southwest.com , book at the ticket counter, or call 800-435-9792

Spirit Airlines

Spirit Airlines allows unaccompanied minors ages 5 to 14 on select flights for a fee of $150 each way. 

Flights must be domestic, nonstop flights. Unaccompanied minors receive a lanyard with their information on it and a snack, and drinks during their travels.

The drop-off parent or guardian must provide a valid ID and escort the child all the way to the gate (with a gate pass) and wait for 15 minutes after the flight takes off. The child will be preboarded and introduced to the flight crew.

The pick-up parent or guardian should request a gate pass at the ticket counter with a valid ID and be waiting at the arrival gate so that the flight attendant can release the child to the adult listed on their Unaccompanied Minor form.

To book a ticket for an unaccompanied minor on Spirit Airlines, you can go to spirit.com or call 855-728-3555.

Sun Country

Sun Country does not have an unaccompanied minor service and, therefore, doesn’t allow children under 14 to travel alone.

On domestic flights, kids ages 15 to 17 can accompany 1 child between the ages of 5 to 14. Children under 5 must be accompanied by an adult ticketed on the same reservation.

United Airlines

United Airlines has an unaccompanied minor service for children ages 5 to 14. There is a fee of $150 each way for every 2 children using the service. 

Unaccompanied minors can travel on both domestic and international flights, as long as they are nonstop on United or United Express. Teens ages 15 to 17 can travel alone on any United or United Express flight or opt into the unaccompanied minor service.

The young flyers receive a wristband, special bag tags, and an envelope with their unaccompanied minor forms. They also receive early boarding to get settled and a free snack after takeoff.

The drop-off parent or guardian can accompany the child to the gate if the airport allows it.

The pick-up parent or guardian can wait by the arrival gate if gate passes are available. A United representative will meet the child at the plane and bring them to the designated pick-up person.

To book a ticket for an unaccompanied minor on United Airlines, use united.com or call 800-864-8331.

You’ve made the decision to send your little one on their first big adventure by themselves and confirmed that the airline will assist them, but there are still some things you can do to help set them up for a successful journey.

Here are tips from fellow parents and directly from the airlines to help your child fly as an unaccompanied minor.

Explain the Process

You are likely nervous. Your child probably is, too. Making sure that they are emotionally and mentally prepared will be extremely important.

Going over exactly what the trip will entail, what is expected of them, who they can rely on, and what to do in an emergency can be calming and helpful.

Remind them that the flight crew is there to help them and that someone will be waiting for them at the other end of the flight.

Charge the Gadgets

For kids, nothing is worse than their favorite piece of technology running out of battery.

Let them indulge in screen time and ensure their phones, tablets, and other devices are all charged up for the trip. And don’t forget the chargers!

This will also ensure they can stay in touch with you if needed.

Use an AirTag

Apple AirTags have exploded in popularity to keep track of checked luggage.

Well, there is no more precious cargo than your child. Toss an AirTag in their backpack (Apple sells a  single AirTag for $29 , or a pack of  4 AirTags for $99 ), or, better yet, use an AirTag bracelet .

With an AirTag, you can see almost exactly where they are, which can be handy during pick-up.

Write Down Emergency Contacts

Yes, there will be cell phones and proper documentation from the airline, but you never know.

It can’t hurt to have a list of emergency contacts and phone numbers on a piece of paper, if needed.

Pack Snacks

We all function better when we aren’t hungry, right?

Even though some unaccompanied minor services offer snacks, it’s a good idea to make sure your kid is well-fed before their flight and has a bag full of snacks to munch on during their journey.

You’ve packed snacks, and the airline will likely provide some as well, but it’s a good idea to give your kid some spending money just in case of a long delay.

Whether they’re waiting to board or on the plane for longer than planned, having a little cash or a credit card can come in handy if they need to buy something.

Minimize Carry-Ons

This goes for all travelers, but the less you board with, the less likely it will get left behind.

A backpack is probably the easiest for smaller travelers, so they don’t have to deal with reaching into overhead bins.

Track the Flight

Being able to track the flight will help calm a parent or guardian’s nerves and keep the person picking up the unaccompanied minor informed if there are any delays.

Whether using the airline’s app or a third-party app such as FlightAware , a little bit of technology in your pocket is nice.

Sending your little one on a flight by themselves is a huge moment filled with a plethora of feelings with everything from excitement to fear. But with the right preparation, your unaccompanied minor could make their first successful trip of many to come.

Many airlines will make sure that your child has a safe and enjoyable flight, and if they are flying Alaska Airlines and have elite status, they won’t even charge you!

Many factors go into whether or not you and your family are comfortable enough with this type of travel. Hopefully, the information you found here will help with your decision.

Safe travels!

Frequently Asked Questions

Can i board the aircraft with my child.

No, but in some cases, the parent or guardian can get a gate pass and stay with the child until they have boarded at the gate.

Can unaccompanied minors travel internationally?

Depending on the airline and destination, yes. You will need to check directly with your carrier.

How much does it cost for my child to fly alone?

Prices vary depending on the airline and itinerary, often around $50 to $150 each way. This is in addition to the cost of the ticket.

Can my 13-year-old fly alone?

On many U.S. airlines, yes. You will likely need to pay an unaccompanied minor fee, as well.

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About Chris Hassan

Chris holds a B.S. in Hospitality and Tourism Management and managed social media for all Marriott properties in South America, making him a perfect fit for UP and its social media channels. He has a passion for making content catered toward family travelers.

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Required Documents for International Travel With Minors

Traveling with kids outside your home country? In general, each adult in your party will need a passport , and minor children will need either passports or original birth certificates.

Documentation requirements become more complicated when one parent or guardian is traveling alone with a minor. In general, besides your passport, you should bring written consent from the child’s biological parent(s) along with the child’s birth certificate. Many countries require that the consent document be witnessed and notarized. Several websites let you download or print  free parental consent forms .

Country-Specific Rules

Be aware that specific rules about documentation can differ substantially from country to country. You should check the US State Department International Travel website for information about requirements for your destination country. Find your destination country, then the tab for "Entry, Exit, & Visa Requirements," then scroll down to "Travel with Minors."

These excerpts regarding Canada, Mexico and the Bahamas (a popular port of call on Caribbean cruises) are good points of reference and demonstrate how varied the rules can be:

“If you plan to travel to Canada with a minor who is not your own child or for whom you do not have full legal custody, CBSA may require you to present a notarized affidavit of consent from the minor’s parents. Please refer to the CBSA website for more details. There is no specific form for this document, but it should include dates of travel, parents’ names, and photocopies of their state-issued IDs.”

“Effective January 2, 2014, under Mexican law travel by minors (under 18 years of age) must show proof of parental/guardian permission to exit Mexico. This regulation applies if the minor is traveling by air or sea; traveling alone or with a third party of legal age (grandparent, uncle/aunt, school group, etc.); and using Mexican documents (birth certificate, passport, temporary or permanent Mexican residency).

"The minor is required to present a notarized document showing the consent to travel from both parents (or those with parental authority or legal guardianship), in addition to a passport, in order to leave Mexico. The document should be in Spanish; an English version must be accompanied by a Spanish translation. The document must be notarized or apostilled. The minor should carry the original letter (not a facsimile or scanned copy) as well as proof of the parent/child relationship (birth certificate or court document such as a custody decree, plus photocopies of both parents’ government-issued identification).

"According to INM, this regulation does NOT apply to a minor traveling with one parent or legal guardian, i.e., a consent letter from the missing parent is NOT required. In addition, the regulation is not intended to apply to dual national minors (Mexican plus another nationality) if the minor is departing Mexico using the passport of the other nationality. However, if the minor is departing Mexico using the Mexican passport, the regulation does apply. The Embassy nevertheless recommends that dual nationals travel prepared with a consent letter from both parents.

"The U.S. Embassy in Mexico City has received numerous reports of U.S. citizens being required to provide notarized consent forms for circumstances falling outside of the categories listed above, and/or being asked for such permission at land border crossings. Therefore,  the Embassy recommends all minors traveling without both parents carry a notarized consent letter at all times in the event airline or Mexican immigration representatives request one.

"Travelers should contact the Mexican Embassy, the nearest Mexican consulate, or INM for more information.”

The Bahamas

“Minors traveling unaccompanied or accompanied by a guardian or chaperone: What is required to enter The Bahamas may vary greatly from what is required to re-enter the country of origin. In general, a child under 16 years of age may travel into the Bahamas merely with proof of citizenship. Proof of citizenship can be a raised seal birth certificate and preferably a government-issued photo ID if on a closed-loop cruise or a U.S. passport if entering by air or private vessel. 

"The Bahamas requires compliance with regulations to divert child abduction. Any child traveling without one of the parents listed upon the birth certificate must have a letter from the absent parent granting permission for the child to travel. This should be sworn before a notary public and signed by the absent parent(s). If the parent is deceased, a certified death certificate may be necessary.

"It is advisable to have the minor carry a written notarized consent letter from both parents (if both are listed on the child’s certificate of birth) before sending your child to travel as a minor with a guardian or chaperone.”

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• Special assistance

Unaccompanied minors

Children traveling alone.

We want your child to have a safe and positive trip. For safety, we require children age 5 – 14 traveling alone to use our unaccompanied minor service. This service is optional for children age 15 – 17, but if requested, then the fee applies.

The unaccompanied minor fee is $150 each way, plus applicable taxes*, in addition to the ticket price. This fee covers additional siblings on the same flight.

* Flights within the U.S. are subject to a 7% tax.

Flights departing Canada

Find out how much you'll pay for children traveling alone and other fees on roundtrip and one-way flights departing Canada, displayed in CAD.

Children traveling alone and other fees - Canada

Unaccompanied minor service

Our service includes:

• Early boarding to allow extra time to get settled and meet the flight attendants
• Kids-only lounges in our hub cities for flight connections
• Complimentary Kids' Kits from Quaker with snacks and activities (for ages 5 – 10, in hub cities)
• An airport escort to help your child to the gate for flight connections
• Escorting the child to the authorized adult picking them up when they land

Keep in mind, our flight attendants will be busy with onboard duties and can’t continuously monitor your child during their flight. Let your child know to ring the call button if they need anything.

Age and flight restrictions for children traveling alone:

We don’t allow children to travel alone when their trips include:

• Flights on another airline including codeshare and one world® partners
• Ground or co-terminal connections where the child must transfer from one local airport to another
• The last flight of the day from the final connection city (unless it’s the only flight)
• Overnight connecting flights

Note: Children ages 2 – 14 can travel as an 'accompanied minor' with someone 16 or older.

Complimentary Kids' Kits by Quaker

Children between 5-10 years old can stay entertained during their journey with our complimentary Kids’ Kits* presented by Quaker. Included are puzzles, activities and 2 complimentary snacks to enjoy at the airport or in flight. Kits are available for children departing from:

• Charlotte, NC (CLT)
• Washington Reagan, D.C. (DCA)
• Dallas-Fort Worth, TX (DFW)
• New York, NY (JFK and LGA)
• Los Angeles, CA (LAX)
• Miami, FL (MIA)
• Chicago, IL (ORD)
• Philadelphia, PA (PHL)
• Phoenix, AZ (PHX)

*Subject to availability

Booking your child's trip

Unaccompanied minors need to be booked by phone.

Contact Reservations

Preparing for travel

Whether your child has traveled alone or this is their first time, we recommend talking with them about the trip and what to expect. Assure them our team is there to help keep them safe.

Some helpful tips to prepare:

• Point out our team uniforms at the airport. Remind your child to ask for help only from a uniformed team member.
• Write down phone numbers for your child.
• Pack games, books and money in one small carry-on.
• Food and drink service is limited, so we recommend packing snacks for your child to enjoy during their flight.
• Attach an ID card and contact information to your child’s carry-on bag or jacket.
• Fully charge any electronic devices, and don’t forget to pack chargers and headphones.
• Be sure your child knows to wait for a team member to walk them off the plane when they land (this includes older children using our service).

Note: We don’t hold or give personal medication to an unaccompanied child.

At the airport

Check-in and required documents.

Arrive at least 2 hours before the scheduled departure time of your child’s flight and speak with a ticket counter agent. Children traveling alone can’t check in online or at the kiosk.

You’ll need to fill out an unaccompanied minor form and any necessary Customs and Immigration documents for the day of departure. This form must remain with your child during their journey. At check-in, parents / guardians will also need to provide:

• A birth certificate or passport as proof of the child’s age
• The adult’s government-issued photo ID with their current address
• Your phone number so we can contact you
• The name, address and phone number of the adult meeting your child at their destination

Once your child is checked in, the ticket agent will give you a security pass from the airport ticket counter so you can take your child to the gate.

Boarding and takeoff

For a smooth departure:

• An adult must take the child to the departure gate and stay until the flight is airborne.
• When you get to the gate, tell the gate agent you have an unaccompanied minor traveling on the flight.
• We’ll board your child early so they can meet the flight crew and learn about the plane’s safety features.
• The gate agent will let you know when the flight is airborne and you can leave the airport.
• Please contact the adult picking up your child to let them know they’re on their way.

During the flight

Our flight attendants will check on your child as duties allow, but they can’t continuously monitor your child throughout the flight.

Please remind your child to:

• Tell a flight attendant if he or she needs assistance or feels discomfort.
• Follow plane safety instructions, like wearing their seatbelt.
• Wait for a uniformed team member to escort them off the airplane once it arrives at the gate.

Unaccompanied minor lounges

If your child has a connection, we have lounges for unaccompanied minors in these airports:

• Dallas Fort Worth, TX (DFW)

While there, your child can wait for their connection and play games while supervised by American business partner personnel. These staff members will take your child outside the lounge to buy food and drinks, but they won’t be allowed to walk around outside alone.

Arrival and pick-up

For a seamless pick-up, don’t forget your government-issued photo ID. You’ll need to show it to get a security pass and meet the child at the gate (in the U.S.). You’ll also need to show it before we release the child to you.

We suggest arriving at least 2 hours before the child’s scheduled arrival so you have enough time.

Flight status and notifications

Stay connected with your child’s journey with flight notifications and remind the adult picking up your child from the airport to do the same. Be sure to get alerts for all flights in their trip.

Flight status

Flight delays and cancellations

We’ll call the contacts on the unaccompanied minor form and arrange an alternate flight if your child is unable to make a connecting flight due to delays or cancellations.

In the rare case that your child needs to stay overnight because of a missed connection, we’ll arrange for overnight accommodations, meals and supervision. We’ll call if this occurs.

Young adults (15 – 17 years of age)

If your young adult isn’t using the unaccompanied minor service and their flight is delayed or canceled, they will be accommodated as an adult customer. Keep in mind, many hotels won’t allow young people to check-in unless they are accompanied by an adult. Please remind them not to leave the airport for any reason unless they:

• Are accompanied by a uniformed team member or police officer
• Have spoken with a parent or designated adult

Please tell your young adult to speak to a team member if they have questions or need help.

Children traveling outside the U.S.

You may not be able to escort your child through security in some airports. If this is the case, a team member will take your child to the gate and stay with them until the flight departs.

Children under 18 may need a Letter of Consent to travel internationally without both parents.

Country-specific regulations

Some countries have additional restrictions for children traveling with guardians or as an unaccompanied minor.

If your child is traveling unaccompanied or with only one parent, you’ll need:

• The child's birth certificate
• Notarized travel authorization from both parents

The Brazilian Embassy or Consulate must issue, authenticate or legalize this travel authorization.

Contact the consulate in the child’s country of residence or check the National Council of Justice site for more information.

Brazilian National Council of Justice (CNJ) guidelines Opens another site in a new window that may not meet accessibility guidelines

Italian citizens younger than 14 traveling internationally must have their Individual Passport and Dichiarazione di Accompagno (Declaration of Temporary Guardianship for Travel Abroad). The document must include:

• The signature of a parent or legal guardian
• Authentication by local Police Headquarters
• The name of the airline the child will use

For children with a document proving another nationality (not Italian), check with the local Italian embassy or consulate in their residence country or the embassy or consulate of their destination country for requirements.

Children younger than 18 (at time of travel) and traveling alone to or from Mexico must have a travel authorization letter. This letter must be:

• Signed by at least one parent or legal guardian

All children should present their own passport and meet the requirements of their destination.

Spanish authorities require that all Spanish children traveling alone, with only one parent or with a third party have a travel permit requested by the parents or legal guardians. This permit must be issued by one of these: Police, Civil Guard, Notary’s Office or Town Hall.

For children with a document proving another nationality (not Spanish) and living in Spain, go to the consulate to complete the necessary paperwork.

Flying on a partner airline?

Find helpful information if your trip includes 1 or more flights with our partner airlines.

• British Airways
• Japan Airlines
• Qatar Airways

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Legal Templates

Home Personal & Family Child Travel Consent

Minor (Child) Travel Consent Form

Use our child travel consent form to prove that a child can travel without their parents or guardians.

Updated January 4, 2024 Written by Sara Hostelley | Reviewed by Brooke Davis

A minor (child) travel consent form is typically necessary when a child travels domestically or internationally with a relative, family friend, or another adult who isn’t their legal guardian or parent. It grants permission for a minor to travel alone or with someone other than their legal guardian or parent.

The form aims to ensure the child’s safety and well-being by providing evidence of parental or guardian consent for the trip.

What Is a Child Travel Consent Form?

When to use a child travel consent form.

• What If I'm Divorced or Separated?

What If I Have Sole Custody or Decision-Making Authority?

What if a minor travels without their parents, how to write a child travel consent form, considerations when traveling with children, child travel consent form sample.

A child travel consent form is a legal document providing written permission for a minor to travel without a parent or legal guardian. The form is primarily for when a child travels with a club/group, school, or an adult, like a family friend or relative.

Domestic vs. International Travel

A child travel consent form may allow the child to travel domestically (within the U.S.) or internationally (outside the U.S.).

Countries may have different rules for admitting children traveling without their parents. It’s important to check each country’s travel guidelines before having the child and accompanying person embark on their trip.

It can be beneficial to use it when a child under the age of 18 is traveling:

• With a group, such as a religious, musical, sports, or school group.
• With only one guardian or parent (instead of their entire family unit).
• In the care of a family friend or relative.
• By themselves.

It’s important to have a minor travel consent form in multiple scenarios. For example, suppose you and your spouse left the country together with your child. If only one parent later returns to the country with their child due to another commitment by the second parent, the parent with the child should have a consent form showing the other parent has agreed to this arrangement.

Child travel consent forms promote children’s safety and prevent international child abduction. They can also prevent a parent from taking a child due to an unfavorable custody dispute.

What If I’m Divorced or Separated?

If you’re divorced or separated, you can review your custody agreement to determine if there are any child travel restrictions or requirements . For example, the custody agreement may limit international travel . It may also demand the traveling parent to provide a certain amount of notice to the other party.

Even if both parents have joint custody, it’s good practice to notify and seek the consent of the parent who won’t be traveling with the child.

If one lawful custodial parent needs to travel with the child, the traveling guardian should obtain written consent from the other custodial parent [1] .

If you have sole decision-making authority or custody of your child, the other parent may still have visitation (access) rights. However, the parent without full custody won’t have to provide a consent letter. Instead, the parent with full custody can carry a copy of the court custody document when they travel alone with the child [2] .

If you’re the sole parent because your spouse is deceased, you can carry a copy of their death certificate. This way, you can show authorities you’re the only parent responsible for your child.

If parents have a child who needs to travel with another relative, family friend, or group, they should both sign a travel consent form.

Similarly, if minors need to travel alone, they should carry a consent form with their parents’ signatures .

Review a summary of how to write a child travel consent form:

Step 1: Provide your child’s basic information, including their name, birthdate, birthplace, passport details, and birth certificate details.

Step 2: Write your information as the parent or guardian, including your address, phone number, and address. Input the information of both parents and guardians, if applicable.

Step 3: Include the name of the person traveling with the child, including their name, relationship to the child, and passport information.

Step 4: Provide the trip details. Clarify the accompanying person, travel destination, travel dates, travel purpose, and address at the destination.

Step 5: Explain if the accompanying person has the right to seek medical attention or make medical decisions for your child. You may complete a separate child medical consent form to be more thorough.

Step 6: Provide an emergency contact person’s information, including their name, phone number, and email. Consider electing a second emergency contact person.

Step 7: Include your child’s medical insurance and health information so the accompanying person can seek medical attention and make informed decisions if you give them the authority.

Here are some considerations when traveling with children:

Check With the Embassy

Check with the U.S. embassy for the country of your child’s destination to determine the travel requirements. Some countries won’t allow children to travel unaccompanied.

If the child travels with one custodial parent or a trusted adult who isn’t a legal guardian, the country may have certain notarization requirements for the travel consent form. Ensure you know all regulations before allowing the child to travel.

Confirm Airlines’s Requirements

For domestic travel, some airlines may have specific requirements for children traveling without both custodial parents. Children may need to present a notarized letter or other documentation to avoid being seen as unaccompanied minors.

Ensure You Bring Supporting Documentation

Traveling with children can be more seamless when you bring adequate supporting documentation.

When writing your child’s travel consent form, remember that U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) requires a passport for any U.S. citizen re-entering the country by air. The CBP highly recommends children traveling without their parents or legal guardians carry a copy of their birth certificate to help ease travel through customs [3] .

If you can’t provide a copy of the child’s birth certificate, you can have them carry a driver’s license if they’re of driving age.

Parents with multiple children traveling must create separate minor travel consent forms and obtain all necessary documentation for each child.

Legal Templates uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial guidelines to learn more about how we keep our content accurate, reliable and trustworthy.

• USA.gov. International travel documents for children. https://www.usa.gov/travel-documents-children
• Department of Homeland Security. Travel Overseas. https://www.dhs.gov/travel-overseas
• U.S. Customs and Border Control. Documents You Will Need Before Your Trip. https://www.cbp.gov/travel/us-citizens/know-before-you-go/your-trip
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• For Travelers

Travel Overseas

This section provides information for international travelers about planning for your trip, returning home, navigating passenger processing. You can also find brochures about traveling overseas.

Travel Alerts

Travel Alerts are issued when short-term conditions that pose risks to the security of U.S. citizens.

Travel Warnings

Travel Warnings are issued when long-term conditions make a country dangerous or unstable and U.S. citizens should avoid or consider the risk of traveling to that country.

Preparing for your Trip

A passport is required for overseas travel. It is recommended to make a copy of your passport and put it in a separate place. Carry your passport - do not pack it in your checked luggage. You must present it to the Customs and Border Protection officer upon arrival in the United States.

Find out if you need to get a visa. United States citizens don’t need a U.S. visa for travel, but when planning travel abroad may need a visa issued by the embassy of the country they wish to visit. If you have a visa, we recommend you make a copy and put it in a separate place. Carry your visa with you — do not pack it in your checked luggage.

Trusted Traveler Programs (TTP ) provide modified screening for pre-approved members, improve security by being more efficient during screenings at ports of entry.

Learn about the types of identification that are required for travel in the Western Hemisphere (Canada, Mexico, Caribbean, Central and South America). There are six types of acceptable documents for crossing US borders.

All children, including infants, must have their own passport or Trusted Traveler Program document for U.S. entry. Carry documents for traveling with minor children.

• If you are escorting a minor child without the parents, have a letter from both parents indicating that you have permission to travel with the minor.
• If the child is accompanied by only one parent, the parent should have a note from the child's other parent. For example, "I acknowledge that my wife/ husband is traveling out of the country with my son/ daughter. He/She/ has my permission to do so."
• If a single parent has sole custody, a copy of the court custody document can replace a letter from the other parent.

If bringing a dog, have a health certificate and proof of rabies vaccinations from a veterinarian in your country of residence. Prior to your trip, check with your airline for its rules on transporting animals – many airlines require a health certificate.

Returning Home

Find out what is prohibited or restricted before you pack for your trip. Products that would harm community health, public safety and domestic plant and animal life are restricted from entering the United States and are subject to seizure by the U.S. Customs and Border Protection Agency .

Other considerations for packing:

• Carry only medication needed for the trip in its original container. Do not pack it.
• Carry only the jewelry needed for the trip. Do not pack it.

Navigating Passenger Processing

When planning connecting flights to or from the United States, allow at least two hours between flights. Allow time for CBP processing that must be completed at your first port of entry.

If entering the United States by air or sea, you will receive en route a CBP Declaration Form 6059B and, if you are not from a Visa Waiver Program country, a CBP Form I-94 Arrival/Departure Record . Complete all sections of the forms.

Review the CBP Inspection Process before your travel. Listed below are general steps for the inspection process.

• On your U.S. arrival, go to the primary CBP passport control area. The CBP officer will ask to see all of your travel documents and the completed CBP forms. The officer may refer you for a secondary screening.
• Proceed to baggage claim to pick up luggage.
• Go to the CBP customs inspection checkpoint and show your declaration to the CBP officer, who may examine your bags and refer you for a secondary inspection.
• Pay duty, if applicable.

Traveling Overseas Resources

These resources can help navigate traveling overseas. 

• Know Before You Go – Regulations for International Travel
• International Travel Tips – Online resources for common questions about international travel
• Welcome to the United States – A Guide for International Visitors
• Import/Export Forms – Travel documents and forms
• Ports of Entry (Air, Land, Sea) – Locate the ports of entry into the United States
• How Do I - For Travelers

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• 3 Reasons We Want Dual Citizenship
• What is Turo? A Review
• 11 Crucial Tips To Keep Your Home Safe While You Are Away
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• Travel Consultant: Why You Need One
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• 5 Disaster-Preventing Road Trip Essentials
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• Traveling Without a Passport
• Demystifying Preclearance: All You Need to Know
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• 5 Essential Route Planning Apps
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• 3 Important Considerations for Shabbos in an RV
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Thinking of sending your child abroad? You may be wondering: can a minor travel internationally without parents? Short answer: YES! Long answer: Yes, but… This…

Thinking of sending your child abroad? You may be wondering: can a minor travel internationally without parents? Short answer: YES! Long answer: Yes, but…

This post may contain affiliate links, which means i’ll receive a commission if you purchase through my link, at no extra cost to you., this post is not intended as legal advice..

As summer approaches and international travel re-opens, you may be thinking of sending your child abroad. Whether to camp, to visit relatives, or for some other reason, he may be going alone. Whether or not this is a simple or complex endeavor will depend on a number of factors. Read on to learn what to take into consideration for a minor to travel internationally without parents.

• Country of Origin
• Destination Country
• Custody Status

With almost 200 countries in the world, I can not provide information about them all. Furthermore, protocols are always changing. I will try to provide current information about some of the most common countries applicable for my readership.

Consideration #1: Country of Origin

The world in which we are raising our children is very different from the world in which we grew up. I am not sure if there really is an uptick in child trafficking and child abductions due to custody disputes or if the international community is just more inclined to [try to] do something about it. Either way, traveling internationally with children–even our own–has become more complicated.

For a child to travel internationally without parents, the necessary documentation is dependent on the country of origin.

When I was a child, we travelled abroad multiple times with only my mother. The only time I remember anyone asking for any type of documentation from my father was on a trip to Mexico (by air). And even now, Mexico seems the most strict. Again, from the US Department of State , “A parent or legal guardian departing Mexico with minor children should carry a notarized consent letter from the other parent if traveling separately.” However, if the child is traveling without either parent, then at least one parent must fill out the Formato de Salida de Menores (aka SAM; Minor Exit Form) and have originals and multiple copies of several documents. This only applies to Mexican citizens or legal residents. And, according to the Mexican Consular Services , it is pretty extensive.

On the other hand, according to the US Department of State , “The United States does not have exit controls or require two-parent consent for a minor to leave the country.” So, it seems that the greater concern for a minor to travel alone will be the entry requirements of the destination country.

Furthermore, the US Department of State explains that “ Israel does not require minors (defined as under the age of 18) traveling with one parent or with someone who is not a parent or legal guardian to have written consent from the other parent or parents to either enter or depart Israel. Nonetheless, it is recommended that the accompanying adult have a signed, dated, and notarized letter from the non-traveling parent (or, in the case of a child traveling with neither parent, a letter signed by both parents) stating “I acknowledge that my wife/husband/etc. is traveling out of the country with my son/daughter/group. He/She/They has/have my/our permission to do so.”

Similarly, Canada recommends, but does not require, a consent letter for all minors departing Canada without both parents. According to the Canada Border Services Agency , “A consent letter is not a legal requirement in Canada, but it can simplify travel for Canadian children, as it may be requested by immigration authorities when entering or leaving a foreign country or by Canadian officials when re-entering Canada. The letter demonstrates that Canadian children have permission to travel abroad from parents or guardians who are not accompanying them.”

The European Union is the most vague, since each country still maintains its own autonomy in some ways. “each EU country decides if it requires the child to have an official authorisation from their parent(s) or guardian”. This seems the most interesting to me since there really is no border control when crossing between member countries. For example, driving over the border between France and Belgium is like driving over the border between California and Arizona. Nonetheless, departure by air is still different and you should consult with each specific country even if your child will just be transiting through.

Consideration #2: Destination Country

So, you have determined that your child can leave home. But, will he or she be allowed in at their destination?

As mentioned above, Israel does not require consent to enter.

The US Department of State reminds travelers that “if you plan to travel to Canada with a minor who is not your own child or for whom you do not have full legal custody, CBSA may require you to present a notarized affidavit of consent from the minor’s parents.” The Canada Border Service Agency “recommend[s] that the letter be signed by every non-accompanying person or organization with the legal right to make major decisions for the child”. There is an interactive form on the CBSA website that you can customize for your particular situation.

Considering how strict the Mexican policy is towards its own citizens, it seems very lax towards foreigners. Peculiarly, according to the Mexican Consulate , “Foreign minors (under 18 years of age) travelling to Mexico alone or with a third part of legal age (grandparent, aunt/uncle, etc.) as visitors (tourists or with a short study stay of up to 180 days), do not require authorization or a letter of consent from their parents or guardians. Mexican migratory authorities will allow these minors to leave Mexico upon presentation of a valid passport.”

As each European Union country has its own rules for entering (and transiting), you should consult with the embassy or consulate of the country in question.

–> Only making a brief stop? Check out 11 Time Saving Tips to Make the Most of Your Layover <–

Traveling to the United Kingdom will require consent as well as proof of finances and accommodations. The type of consent and documents needed depends on the purpose of the, the age of the child, and type of accommodations, amongst other things. Refer to the Visit UK government site for more details.

According the the US Customs and Border Protection , when arriving in the United States , “unless the child is accompanied by both parents, the child should have a notarized letter from the other parent or signed by both parents stating, ‘I acknowledge that my son/daughter is traveling outside the country with [the name of the adult] with my permission.'” Notice that it says “should” not “must”. While it is not a requirement, the child could be detained in order to ensure his/her safety (i.e. that they are traveling of their own free will, etc.).

Being called aside is never fun. For a child alone, it can be scary.

For all other countries to which your child plans to travel internationally without parents, consult their embassy for specific requirements.

Consideration #3 : Custody Status

With more and more kids growing up in “non-traditional” households, an important consideration is custody status. If your child will be travelling abroad with only one custodial parent or legal guardian, in most cases a notarized letter from all other legal guardians granting permission is recommended. If the child is going alone, documentation will need to be provided by all parties (as mentioned above).

In a situation where there is only one custodial parent/guardian, things will be a bit different. This will be true whether or not the child will travel with the parent. If the child is traveling with the parent, they may still need to present documents confirming that this parent has sole custody–and therefore does not need permission form someone else. This is anything from a court ordered custody document to a birth/adoption certificate only listing the one parent to a death certificate of the deceased parent. the documentation varies based on circumstances.

If the child will be traveling without the parent, the abovementioned custody documents will still need to be provided in order to justify why only one parent is providing a consent letter.

Sound Advice to Travel Internationally Without Parents (or even with)

All this being said, most countries are signatories to the Hague Convention designed to prevent child abduction. Therefore, it is prudent in this day and age to travel with certain documents at all times. At the very least, you won’t be detained if you are ever asked for proof. The first is obviously a passport, regardless. Second is a travel consent letter (and custody documents if applicable), as we have been discussing. According the the CBP , it should include the basic who, what, when, where, why, and contact information for the parent(s). You may also want to include medical consent, an expiration date, and have it notarized.

The third document may seem strange, but it is a sad statement of society that it even needs mentioning. You may want to consider traveling with a document proving your relationship to your child–regardless if you have the same last name. This could be a birth certificate or a court document like adoption papers. Having this with you could save you unnecessary aggravation (and trauma) if you are ever detained for such verification.

Quick Story:

I wonder in this day and age how many eyebrows would raise if I had my 14 year-old attempt the same solo flight that I did at her age (without a cell phone, GPS, Uber, etc.). I flew by myself from Israel to Iowa. And if you guessed that there was no direct flight, you would be right!

I flew from Tel Aviv to Orly airport in Paris. In Paris I had to gather my suitcases (remember 2 free checked bags?), go through customs, and change money. Then, I had to buy a ticket and find the bus that would take me to Charles de Gualle Airport an hour away. And, I don’t speak French. Once at de Gualle, I had to check in for my flight to Boston. Remember no smartphones or online check-in. Once arriving in Boston, I had to once again gather my luggage and clear US customs. Then I had to take a shuttle to a different terminal to check-in for my domestic flight. At least I speak English. I then flew to St. Louis where I only had to change gates to catch the final leg of my flight to Des Moines!

Putting a child on a plane on his own can be daunting. Be prepared with these three essential pieces of information and documentation.

At what point would you feel comfortable allowing your child to travel internationally without parents? Let me know .

Want less hassle for you child when travelling alone? Get 5% off when you ship your suitcase with Luggage Forward .

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Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

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Preventing International Child Abduction

International parental child abduction (ipca).

Federal law prohibits a parent from removing a child from the United States or retaining a child in another country with intent to obstruct another parent´s custodial rights ( 18 U.S.C. § 1204 ). As required by Title III of the International Child Abduction Prevention and Return Act (ICAPRA), U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), in coordination with the U.S. Department of State and other federal agencies, has established a program that seeks to prevent the departure of a child from the United States when presented with a valid, enforceable court order which prohibits the child’s removal from the United States ( 6 U.S.C. § 241 ).

If you are concerned that your child is at risk of being abducted internationally by a parent, legal guardian, or someone acting on their behalf

• Obtain a valid, enforceable U.S. court order that includes prevention provisions, such as restrictions on removing the child from the U.S.
• Phone: 1-888-407-4747 (U.S. or Canada) or +1-202-501-4444 (International)
• Email:   [email protected]

If you believe that your child is in the process of being abducted internationally by a parent, legal guardian, or someone acting on their behalf

• Immediately notify local or airport police and provide them with copies of court orders
• Request that they enter your child and the possible abductor(s), if known, into the National Crime Information Center (NCIC) database
• Phone:  1-888-407-4747 (U.S. or Canada) or +1-202-501-4444 (International)
• Email:    [email protected]

If your child has already been abducted internationally by a parent, legal guardian, or someone acting on their behalf

PREVENT ABDUCTION PROGRAM

U.S. Customs and Border Protection’s (CBP) Prevent Abduction program can assist in the prevention of IPCA ( 6 U.S.C § 241 )

CBP coordinates with DOS Office of Children’s Issues on IPCA cases 

• IPCA cases must include a valid, enforceable U.S. court order indicating the child is prohibited from being removed from the U.S.
• CBP continuously monitors Advance Passenger Information System (APIS) data in real-time on passengers traveling to and from the U.S. using commercial carriers and vets that information against the travel alerts
• If a child at risk of IPCA or potential abductor(s) attempts travel aboard a commercial carrier their travel alert data will match against their APIS data, and CBP will be notified automatically.
• Once travel is identified, CBP officers working the Prevent Abduction Program notify DOS Office of Children’s Issues and coordinates with the CBP officers at the airport, seaport, or land border Ports-of-Entry (POE) on intercepting the child before departure.
• CBP at the airport, seaport, or land border POEs further coordinates with local law enforcement on enforcing the valid court order.

Contact us whenever you need it!

+1 855 997 0206

Contact Hours: Sun-Sat 8am - 10pm ET

What Documents Does a Minor Traveling Without Parents Need?

• LawDistrict ❯

If you have a child, you know that traveling can be stressful whether visiting out-of-state relatives or taking part in family vacations.

There may be moments when your child should travel alone, and you may be worried, but with the correct legal documents and planning you and your child shouldn’t have a problem.

In fact, around 7 million minors travel alone in the United States, each year.

For their safety, there are limits and requirements for children traveling with guardians or unaccompanied.

Minors under 18 may be required to provide supplementary documentation if they leave their home country. Likewise, in cases of separated parents , both parents may have to give authorization.

The paperwork and requirements that you must meet will differ depending on:

• If your child is traveling alone in the United States
• If your child travels unaccompanied internationally

You may need to provide special consent if they are traveling internationally or use an airline’s unaccompanied minor program.

The tight regulation makes children less vulnerable to kidnappings and international custody disputes.

Keep reading to find out exactly what documents you should use to ensure you and your child have as little to worry about when they’re traveling alone.

• Travel Documents for a Child in the U.S.

Whether the child is traveling with their parents, another adult, or a group, bringing the birth certificate with you is a good idea .

To confirm that the child is not a kidnapping victim or in a custody dispute, border officers will also need copies of adoption certificates or legal guardianship paperwork.

All passengers, even newborns , must have a current passport while flying internationally .

Security screenings at airports are conducted by the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) for passengers under 18, and children under 18 are not required to carry identification on domestic travel.

However, older minors who appear to be 18 may be stopped to show their TSA travel consent form to show identification. For this reason, ensure that your child who has just turned 18 always has a valid photo I.D. , such as a driver's license or school I.D.

Minor Travel Consent Form

A child travel consent form , often known as a letter of permission to travel as required by law, enables a minor child to travel without being accompanied by both parents or other legal guardians.

You should use this document when:

• Your child travels alone
• Your child travels alone or with only one parent or guardian, out of the country

Foster children leave the country

A notarized letter for a minor to travel is useful for divorced parents , as permission from the other parent is also required if you plan to travel outside the country with them.

Foster children must also obtain consent from their caseworker or social worker before leaving the country.

A child travel consent form is strongly advised, even if it is not legally necessary. You or your child may be refused entry or exit from the country without the required documentation. There may be rules limiting the child's capacity to travel without the consent of one or both parents if the courts are involved in the child's life.

Start your Free Child Travel Consent Form

What Is on a Child's Travel Consent Form?

To create a child travel consent form to allow your child to go from one place to another without supervision, familiarize yourself with the information that must be added to the document.

• Personal information : Name, birthplace, and passport information of the child
• Permission from the parent or guardian who isn't going, along with their contact information
• Information of the traveling parent or guardian , such as name, custody details, and passport information
• Information about the journey , such as the destination and the start and end dates
• The child's allergies and specific requirements
• The signature of the non-traveling parent authorizing the child's journey

The likelihood that travel authorities will question the legitimacy of your child's travel consent is reduced if it is witnessed or notarized. The particulars of the signing will depend on the nation you are visiting and the airline with which you are flying. Particularly when taking a minor out of the country, double-check their policies before signing.

• Letter Of Consent For Child To Travel With Grandparents

Grandparents could usea letter of authorization if they want to take their grandchildren on a trip without their parents. It is not against the law for grandparents to travel with their grandchildren without a letter of authorization.

But a travel letter for minors may come in handy if an emergency arises or if you need to interact with law enforcement authorities.

• Unaccompanied Minors

Most American airlines allow minors who have turned five to fly alone. When flying alone, children between the ages of 5 and 11 must follow a strict " unaccompanied minor " protocol. For unaccompanied adolescents, the process will vary depending on the carrier.

Child Medical Consent Form For Travel

A child medical consent form gives the adult traveling with your child permission to make healthcare decisions for them if you are not there . This gives you the power to approve your child's medical care while they are on the trip. In a medical emergency, the chaperone is given a temporary power of attorney by the form.

A thorough child medical permission form can provide parents peace of mind that their child will be cared for in an emergency. A delay in giving the child the required medical attention can result from leaving out a crucial element.

A general consent to travel and a medical release form are occasionally combined. You may want to mention whether the accompanying adult can consent to elective procedures, such as plastic surgery, even though it is not required.

• Items Included in the Document
• Minor's name and place of birth
• Licensed medical procedures
• Information concerning the child's health
• The identity of the person entrusted with the responsibility
• Details about health insurance
• Insurance for Travel

A family travel insurance policy is a wise investment. It is less expensive than you might think if you're prepaying for a significant vacation with flights, hotels, cruises, or any other non-refundable fees, or if you're simply concerned about a "what if" scenario when traveling with a child.

Planning ahead can significantly reduce stress when traveling . Gather details about any papers your child will require to travel with in advance.

Making sure you have the required documentation will help you and your family feel more at ease on your trip , allowing you to enjoy your trip with a child and worry less about it.

Read more : Guardianship vs custody

• What Is on a Child's Travel Consent Form?

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Unaccompanied Minor Program

Program details, unaccompanied minor travel journey.

If your child is traveling alone as an unaccompanied minor, an adult (18 years old or older) must accompany the minor through the check-in process and pick up the child at their destination. Review the process to help your unaccompanied minor prepare for their flight.

How to Book

To determine eligibility and book a reservation for an unaccompanied minor, you must contact Reservations at 800-325-8847 to ensure that the travel is permitted and correctly documented. When you book, the adult making the reservation will provide a 4-digit PIN configuration that will be required to make any changes to the itinerary.

Getting Ready to Fly

When it’s time to travel, we recommend talking with your child about the journey, reminding them only to speak to Delta Air Lines representatives if they need anything. Remind them not to leave the gate area at any time and notify Delta if your child has any special needs. When packing, we recommend bringing:

• Snacks, games, books or other entertainment
• A single, small carry-on like a backpack, so nothing’s left behind
• A checked suitcase for larger items, which your child and accompanying adult can pick up after their flight
• An ID card contact information attached to your child’s carry-on bag or jacket

Required Check-In Documents

When you arrive at the airport, please see a Delta Airport Customer Service Agent for information regarding drop-off and pick-up for unaccompanied minor travel. You will receive a  wristband for your child to wear in-flight and create a package of boarding documents and ID for your child to use as they travel. At check-in, the accompanying adult must provide the following:

• Photo ID (license, passport, etc.)
• Address (as shown on ID)
• Contact phone number
• Name, address and phone number of the adult meeting the unaccompanied minor at their destination

Unaccompanied Minor Boarding & Takeoff

A parent or designated accompanying adult must take the unaccompanied minor to the departure gate and remain until the flight has left the ground. 

If the minor is connecting though another city, the child will be assisted by a Delta or business partner employee.

• Delta recommends that children be seated in the rear of the aircraft to be near a flight attendant for safety
• For questions or concerns, please contact Delta Air Lines at 800-325-8847 (U.S./Canada/Guam/Puerto Rico/U.S. Virgin Islands) or find numbers for all other locations

Delta Sky Zone

If your child has a connecting flight through Atlanta, Cincinnati, Detroit, New York (JFK), Los Angeles, Memphis, Minneapolis, Salt Lake City or Seattle, we offer Delta Sky Zones for their entertainment. In these children-only areas, children flying alone can wait for connections, use complimentary phones to call parents/guardians and take advantage of activities like books, toys and video games. Staffed by Delta representatives, your child will find staff members always there to help them feel secure and comfortable.

Unaccompanied Minor Pick-Up

A valid ID must be presented and signature captured of the person meeting the child. Delta will not release to anyone other than the person named. A parent or accompanying adult should report to the destination airport two hours before scheduled arrival to obtain a gate pass. Please note:

• If the pickup person at the destination changes, the accompanying adult must call Delta at 800-325-8847 to provide the new information.
• Upon arrival, if someone other than the person named at check-in is at the destination to pick up the child, a Delta representative will contact the original accompanying adult to verify the identification of the pickup person at the destination.
• The pickup person at the destination will typically be issued a gate pass to pick up the unaccompanied minor at the gate. In some locations, the pickup person will be directed to the local Delta Baggage Service Office for pickup.
• At the point of departure, the accompanying adult must remain at the gate until the flight is off the ground.

Unaccompanied Minor Program Fees & Rules

The Unaccompanied Minor Program requires a fee of $150 USD/CAD/EUR each way, with CAD and EUR used when departing Canada or Europe. This fee applies to travel within the United States and International on both nonstop and connecting flights, in addition to the ticketed adult fare.

• The $150 fee is mandatory for children ages 5-14, and for 15-17-year-olds if a parent chooses to enroll in the unaccompanied minor program
• The fee covers up to 4 children if multiple children, such as siblings, are traveling together
• The fee can be paid one-way or round-trip at the time of check in or in advance by calling
• Unaccompanied Minors must be ticketed on an adult fare
• Travel is permitted on Delta and Delta Connection
• Travel is permitted on Domestic and International itineraries
• Unaccompanied Minors can only connect to other Delta, Delta Connection, Air France, KLM and Aeromexico flights
• Travel is not permitted on the last connecting flight of the day, except in markets with only one flight per day.
• International flights
• Connecting to/from international flights
• Connecting to markets with only one flight per day

Unaccompanied Minor Frequently Asked Questions

A Delta Air Lines employee will take your child on board before general boarding begins. This allows time to:

• Introduce your child to the flight attendants
• Introduce your child to the cockpit crew, time permitting
• Take your child to his or her seat and assist with carry-on items
• Familiarize your child with the safety features of the aircraft
• Advise your child of lavatory locations
• Inform your child if assistance is required to contact a flight attendant and to remain in their seat upon landing as a flight attendant will get them when it is time to deplane

No. You will be asked to say goodbye in the terminal area because access is restricted to ticketed passengers only. We do ask, however, that you stay in the gate area until the child's plane takes off in the event the flight returns to the gate.

A badged employee will meet your child's arriving flight. If your child's connection time is short, the unaccompanied minor escort will take your child directly to the connecting departure and will escort him or her on board.

If your child's layover is longer, the employee will take him or her to the Delta Sky Zone or other secure location, and turn the ticket and the Unaccompanied Minor over to the next Delta Air Lines representatives in the room (the employee keeps your child's documentation until it is time to go to the connecting flight). Another representative will escort your child onto the connecting flight at the appropriate time and introduce him or her to the flight attendants.

If we have any indication that your child’s flight may not operate as scheduled, we'll advise you and suggest that you book travel for another day. If the delay or cancellation occurs en route, Delta employees will:

• Rebook your child on the next available departure to their destination
• Stay with your child until they can be boarded on an alternate flight
• Contact the person at the destination who is designated to pick up the child and/or the person listed as the emergency contact. We will continue to attempt contact until contact is made

Under very rare circumstances, an overnight may be required (e.g. a major snowstorm). In these situations, we will provide overnight and meal accommodations for your child. And a Delta employee(s) will provide supervision to ensure your child's safety during an overnight stay. You will be contacted with pertinent information if this unusual circumstance occurs.

Enrollment in the Delta Air Lines Unaccompanied Minor program is mandatory for children 5 to 14. If you prefer that your 15 to 17-year-old travel without supervision, please advise the agent at the time of the reservation and it will be noted. Your child will be expected to handle boarding and deplaning as well as transfers to connecting gates on their own.

• Remind your teenager never to leave the airport for any reason unless accompanied by a badged Delta employee or uniformed police officer until they have reached their destination city
• She or he should never seek help from or leave the airport with strangers
• Provide your teenager with instructions, phone contacts and a small amount of money for food in the unlikely event their flight is missed, delayed, canceled or rerouted
• Remind your teenager that they can seek the assistance of any Delta employee if they have questions, concerns or need reassurance
• Remember most hotels will not accept young people who are not accompanied by an adult

Yes. If you are dropping off or picking up your minor but opted out of the Unaccompanied Minor program, we will issue you a pass to accompany your child to the gate. Please check with an airport agent at the time of check-in to have the gate pass issued.

Due to safety concerns, gate passes are not issued for the person picking up the minor (15-17) unless they are enrolled in the Unaccompanied Minor program.

Yes. International UMNR travel resumed April 1, 2021. However, there are some restrictions on travel based on individual country requirements or travel on other airlines. Contact Reservations at 800-325-8847 for more detail related to international travel for UMNRs.

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Is your kid's friend coming on vacation with you? Get written consent from their parents first.

Years ago, while we were guardians of her niece, my wife and I found that traveling with two kids is easier than traveling with one. Whether cousins or friends, two kids keep each other engaged and let adults have a little more vacation on their spring break , winter getaway  or summer vacation . That’s why we often invited one of our niece’s friends to accompany us when we took a family cruise or visited our favorite family vacation spots .

But traveling with someone else’s child should include a series of extra pre-travel steps to make it wholly clear to authorities that you have permission from the child’s parents. This is when a letter of permission to travel or a child travel consent form is vital. 

The reason authorities may request it is important: A permission letter for a child to travel with a friend is a simple way for authorities to make sure you aren’t illegally trying to avoid some custody order, parentage or guardianship issue, or worse. 

FIND A DEAL: 16 best airfare booking sites for cheap airfares

Who needs a child travel consent form?

If you’re flying or traveling outside the U.S., your airline or destination country might ask for some identification to prove a child has permission to travel with you. The need for ID can also crop up on a domestic road trip . Even if a government official doesn’t ask to see it, you might still need it for a local tourist attraction or excursion requiring a consent form. 

Learn more: Best travel insurance

It’s a good idea to have some kind of letter of permission to travel in a variety of cases (and not just with young kids, but also when vacationing with teenagers ). If your family is hosting a child’s friend on vacation it’s always good, especially if it involves flying with kids or international travel, to make sure you get a permission letter for a child to travel with a friend. Be sure to arrive at the airport early in situations where a child consent form is required. 

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It’s also smart to have some kind of documentation if you’re in a situation in which your child is traveling with one parent internationally, if a child is traveling with grandparents internationally or with another family member, or if a child is traveling with one divorced parent.

How do you get a child travel consent form?

The need for child consent forms feels vague right up until the moment an authority asks to see it. There’s no definitive version of the form, but that doesn’t mean they’re not important to have.

Since there aren’t any official child travel consent forms, you’ll have to make up your own.

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A letter of permission to travel doesn’t have to be long. It simply needs to state that the child’s parents or guardians acknowledge and give consent for their child to travel with a specific individual. It should include:

• The child’s name, birthplace, birth date, home address, phone number and, in the case of international travel, their passport number. 
• The names and contact information for the non-traveling parent(s). 
• Who the child has permission to travel with (name and passport information), the dates of the travel window (to clearly show that consent is temporary) and the destinations that will be visited.

The U.S. Customs and Border Control says, “Unless the child is accompanied by both parents, the child must have a notarized letter from the other parent or signed by both parents stating, ‘I acknowledge that my son/daughter is traveling outside the country with [the name of the adult] with my permission.’” 

If you’re not up for creating one, you can find and print out child travel consent form PDFs online. Just be sure the one you choose matches your situation. The site eForms has a free customizable template that’s simple to complete and LawDepot has a travel consent form that’s specific to a child traveling with one parent.

KIDS ON PLANES: What you should know before booking a flight for unaccompanied minors

Some countries require that child travel consent forms be notarized, so it’s a good idea to take the extra step and sign the minor travel permission letter in front of a notary. It’s a few extra dollars, but, for international travel in particular, it can be important. 

Is a child travel consent form really required?

While you might not ever have to produce any such paperwork, many countries (including the U.S.) require you to have a child travel consent form on hand if asked while traveling with someone else’s child, or even your own child if all parents or guardians are not present. A letter of travel permission may feel like an added chore in a long list of trip preparations, but you don’t want to risk not having it when you need it.

TRAVELING WITH FOOD ALLERGIES:   How to plan, pack and enjoy your vacation

Allowing kids to bring friends on vacation keeps them happy and engaged and gives grown-ups the chance to relax, since they won’t be their child’s only playmate on vacation. Traveling with a child consent form can ensure a smoother journey and add peace of mind for all parties. 

More from FamilyVacationist: 

• 10 best hotel booking sites for cheap prices
• Travel insurance: Do you need it? How to find the right policy
• 12 best national park lodges in the U.S.

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Children and travel

Children and travel outside Canada, letters of consent for children to travel without a parent, adopting a child from a foreign country and how a child born outside Canada can obtain Canadian citizenship. 

Services and information

Children born outside canada.

How to confirm the citizenship of your child born abroad

International child abduction and parenting or custody issues  

An international child abduction occurs when a child’s parent or legal guardian wrongfully takes the child from Canada or keeps them in another country

Travel documents for children

Documents needed by children travelling outside Canada, including the consent letter for children travelling without both parents

International adoption

Information on the international adoption process and related health issues

Recommended consent letter for children travelling abroad

A consent letter will facilitate entry into a foreign country and re-entry into Canada for children travelling without both parents

Air travel with children

Travelling on a plane with children under 2 years of age, child seats and children travelling alone

Forced marriage

It is a crime to take anyone who is under 16 out of Canada for the purpose of a marriage in another country, even if the person wants to get married

Tips for healthy travel with children

How to protect your children and help them have a safe and healthy trip abroad

Search Smartraveller

Travelling with children.

This page is for Australian parents and children travelling overseas.

Read this page to learn about:

• what to do before you travel
• children travelling without one or both parents
• child custody
• international child abduction

What to do before you travel

• Read the  travel advice for your destinations  and  subscribe for updates . Also read about your transit locations.
• Buy  travel insurance  that covers your whole family. Read the fine print and know what it covers.
• Look online for tips on travelling with kids in the country you're going to.
• Leave an itinerary with someone at home. Plan to keep in contact.

Local laws and culture

Research the local laws and culture where you're going. They may differ from what you're used to in Australia.

• Check the safety standards of any equipment you'll use. This includes pools, balconies, car seats, cots and play equipment.
• Find out local attitudes towards breastfeeding in public.
• Learn the laws around disciplining children. In some countries, physical punishment is illegal, including smacking.

Research any childcare you plan to use overseas. Standards in other countries may vary.

• the accreditation of providers
• the provider's child abuse prevention plans
• how they screen their staff, including police checks and qualifications
• the ratio of staff to children
• staff training, including first aid and emergency processes
• security on the premises
• their injury liability insurance.

Staying healthy

Take your children to a doctor or travel clinic at least 8 weeks before you leave.

• Get a basic health check-up.
• Ask if your travel plans may affect their health.
• Plan any  vaccinations  they need.
• Find out if there are common health risks for kids where you'll travel.

Check if your child's medicine is legal where you're going. For example, some countries control or ban ADHD medicines.

Some over-the-counter medicines are also banned overseas.

• Check the 'health' section of  your destination's travel advice .
• Talk to the  embassy or consulate of that country .

See our advice on  taking care of your health . And read  more about travelling with medication .

Children travelling without one or both parents

There are laws around children travelling without both parents. Airlines also have rules you must follow.

Travelling with only one parent

You may need extra documents if only one parent is travelling. Particularly if you don't have the same surname as your child.

For example, you may need:

• proof of the other parent or guardian's consent for the child to travel
• proof of any custody agreements
• proof of guardianship
• adoption papers
• a certified copy of their birth certificate. Particularly if it doesn't list the travelling parent.

Travelling without parents

Most airlines have rules for children under 15 who travel alone. You may need to fill out a permission form. Contact your airline for details, including in-flight protocols for kids travelling alone.

The country your child travels to may also have forms you must complete. Contact the  embassy or consulate of the country they're going to . Find out if there are entry rules for children before they travel.

Child travel consent

Your child may need a consent letter if they travel:

• with someone who isn't their parent or guardian, such as a school group or grandparent.

The letter usually states:

• the child's name, gender and place and date of birth
• who the child is with
• where the child is going
• the child's passport information.

The letter should be signed by the parents and  witnessed by a public official .

Child custody

Before taking your child overseas, you must get consent from anyone with parental responsibility for them. Or get a court order to let them travel. You may be breaking the law if you don't.

Many countries recognise Australian parenting orders. Some will not.

Read  more about international family law and children  (Attorney-General's Department).

Child support payments

Your child support payments must be up-to-date before you can leave Australia. Services Australia can stop you from leaving if they aren't. If you have overdue child support and haven't made a payment plan:

• call 131 272 to discuss your options
• visit  the Services Australia website .

Dual nationality and child custody

Some countries don't recognise  dual nationality . This can affect how local authorities make custody decisions.

Get legal advice before travelling with children who may be dual nationals.

Stop orders on women and children

In some countries, husbands or relatives can place a 'stop order' on women and children. A stop order can stop a person from leaving the country, regardless of nationality.

Contact the nearest Australian embassy or consulate if you or your child are being stopped from returning to Australia.

International child abduction

If you think someone may try to take your child out of Australia without your consent, report it. Get legal advice, they can help you:

• get a court order to register your children on the Australian Federal Police's  Family Law Watchlist
• submit a Child Alert Request with the  Australian Passport Office .

Learn more about  international child abduction  (Attorney-General's Department).

Help from the Attorney-General's Department

The Attorney-General's Department may be able to help if someone has taken your child overseas without your consent.

Contact the International Family Law Section:

• 1800 100 480 (within Australia)
• +61 2 6141 3100 (from overseas)
• [email protected]  

The help they can give you depends on where your child is taken.

Help from the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade

If someone has taken your child while you're overseas, contact the  Consular Emergency Centre .

DFAT can give:

• a list of local lawyers
• information on local child welfare agencies or organisations
• consular help to the parent who is left behind.

You may also find a lawyer overseas through:

• International Academy of Family Lawyers
• Find out more about buying travel insurance .
• Check which vaccinations you should get .
• See our advice for  pregnancy ,  adoption  and  surrogacy  overseas.
• Carry-on luggage restrictions  (Department of Home Affairs)
• Separated parents  (Services Australia)

Related content

In many countries age, gender and sexual preferences can pose challenges. Understanding the culture and laws in your destination will help things go smoothly.

Read more about the legislative protections designed to prevent child sex offences abroad.

If you're pregnant and planning to travel overseas, research your destination before you go. Being informed about the risks will help you manage them.

How to secure a travel clearance for minors traveling alone abroad?

Are you a minor or below 18 years old who is planning to go abroad without your parents or guardian?

All you have to do is secure a travel clearance from the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD).

A travel clearance is a document issued by the DSWD Field Offices or its attached agency, National Authority for Child Care (NACC), to a minor travelling abroad unaccompanied by any of the parent or those persons having parental authority and legal custody over the child. 

Who needs to secure a Travel Clearance?

• Filipino minor who is travelling alone using the Philippine passport only for their travel outside the Philippines;
• Filipino minor travelling with prospective adoptive parent/s for purpose of inter-country adoption;
• Filipino minor travelling with a person other than his/her parent/s, legal guardian or person exercising parental authority/ legal custody over him/her;
• Filipino minor who is illegitimate and is travelling with his/her biological father;
• For married minors, the same requirement applies to that of unmarried minors travelling abroad.

First time applicants need to prepare the following:

• Duly accomplished application form
• Birth certificate of minor issued by Philippine Statistics Authority (original and photocopy)
• As appropriate, PSA issued Marriage Certificate of the parents if legitimate child (original and photocopy).
• If unmarried parents, PSA issued Certificate of No Marriage (CENOMAR) of the mother issued by Philippine Statistics Authority (original and photocopy).
• Certificate of No Marriage from the Local Civil Registry if fictitious marriage
• In case of deceased parent, PSA issued Death Certificate (original and photocopy).
• Notarized affidavit of consent signed by both parents, or the person exercising parental authority or legal custody over the minor
• Valid ID of parents with specimen signatures. If parents are working abroad, include copy of their valid passport and visa. If seafarer, copy of the seafarer’s book.
• Two (2) pieces colored, and latest passport size pictures of minor (white background)
• Valid passport of the minor’s travelling companion. Notarized affidavit of undertaking if travelling companion is a non-relative of minor.
• Notarized affidavit of support and certified true copy of any evidence to show financial capability of sponsor.

The DSWD said the application must be submitted/filed manually by the parent/s or legal guardian or a duly authorized representative at DSWD Field Office that has jurisdiction over the residence of minor. It is open from Monday to Friday, 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. (except holidays). 

The Travel Clearance may be issued within three (3) working days upon submission of the required documents.

Applicants must pay P300 per child with one year validity and P600 per child with two (2) years validity. 

In case of loss of the issued travel clearance, new set of requirements should be submitted to the Field Office and will be issued a new travel clearance. This should not be taken as a renewal of travel clearance but a new application, the DSWD said.

Meanwhile, those who are exempted to secure travel clearance are minors accompanied by the following:

• Either or both of the minor’s parents, if legitimate minor;
• The minor’s biological mother, if illegitimate minor;
• The minor’s father who has been granted sole parental authority or custody by the proper court, if the minor is illegitimate;
• The minor’s legal guardian;
• The person, including one of the minor’s parents, who was granted sole parental authority or legal custody by the proper court
• Minor’s adoptive parents if the minor granted with adoption decree and certificate of finality.

DSWD noted that minors under special circumstances travelling unaccompanied or alone must have the following documents: 

• Unaccompanied minor certificate from the airlines
• Waiver from the parents releasing DSWD-NCR from any liability/responsibility in case of untoward incident during the travel of the child.
• If minor will be visiting a relative abroad, include letter of invitation/support and guarantee from the inviter/sponsor with attached copy of his/her passport and visa.

"No minor below 13 years of age shall be allowed to travel alone," DSWD noted. —AOL, GMA Integrated News

This article How to secure a travel clearance for minors traveling alone abroad? was originally published in GMA News Online .

State Laws on Minor Consent for Routine Medical Care

This document includes 35 states, and the District of Columbia, with laws allowing minors who are living on their own, including unaccompanied minors experiencing homelessness, to consent for routine health care, which should include vaccinations unless explicitly exempted.

Download the Document

This document includes 35 states, and the District of Columbia, with laws allowing minors who are living on their own, including unaccompanied minors experiencing homelessness, to consent for routine health care, which should include vaccinations unless explicitly exempted. It also includes states with laws allowing minors to consent for diagnosis and treatment of infectious, contagious, or reportable diseases, which would include COVID-19 testing. Awareness and full implementation of these laws are particularly critical during the COVID-19 pandemic.

If a state is not listed, we did not find any law allowing minors living on their own to consent for routine health care or diagnosis/treatment of infectious diseases , which means it is unlikely that unaccompanied homeless minors in that state will be able to receive such care or a vaccine without a parent or legal guardian.

This document  does not  address state laws that empower minors to consent to other kinds of treatment, such as for substance abuse, mental health, sexually transmitted diseases, or reproductive health. We recognize that multiple states have enacted, or are considering, reproductive health legislation that might impact minors and will update the document to reflect those changes where appropriate. The document also does not include all laws specific to minors who are married, pregnant, or in the military to consent, or states with court cases subscribing to the “mature minor doctrine” (which typically is not applied in practice by most health care providers). Please contact  Rodd Monts  with questions or to share information about other state laws allowing minors to consent for routine health care.

SchoolHouse Connection, June 2023. This document is not legal advice and should not be used as a substitute for obtaining professional legal advice.

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10 Tips for Successful Summer Travel with Kids

Get ready for your next vacation with these kid-friendly travel tips, perfect for traveling across country or even globetrotting around the world.

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The summer season is just around the corner, which means that memory-making adventures are on the horizon. After all, the biggest gift we can give our kids is time: time creating, time discovering, and time together. When planning a vacation, whether you’ll be traveling internationally , road-tripping across the country , or romping around in nature at a nearby forest preserve, there’s much to consider. 

As a seasoned travel writer and a mother of three, I’ve been all over the globe with my brood, exploring not only far-flung destinations like Peru, Japan, and India but also closer-to-home outdoorsy locales like our national and state parks. Let me tell you, I’ve learned some helpful tips along the way. Additionally, I’ve reached out to other parents and caregivers, including a pediatric doctor, to get their tips for successful summer travel with kids. 

Take a Deep Breath

Traveling with kiddos for the first time? Akanksha Shrivastava Hanna, MD , pediatrician in Park Ridge, Illinois, says that you should start by taking a deep breath. 

“Parents want to make sure we plan for everyone and everything to create the best trip possible,” says Hanna. “A great step to take is to acknowledge we won’t see or do everything, and that’s fine. Set reasonable goals, [have] a flexible itinerary, be as prepared as you can, and be ready to pivot since travel is not always a smooth process. Making lists is helpful and think of your child's needs for an entire day, including meals, toiletries, car travel, and safe sleep equipment.”

Find a Playground or Outdoor Space

Playing outside is a great way to burn off energy and have a healthy reset. Go on a hike , stop at a local playground, or take the dogs to a fenced-in park. Your little ones will thank you. 

Janette Thompson is currently enjoying a gap year with her family in tow as they travel across Asia. “While traveling we usually research the surrounding areas for playgrounds, parks, and other child-friendly activities,” Thompson says.

If you can swing it, pack everything you need in carry-on luggage . The last thing you want to do on vacation is constantly worry about managing and schlepping everyone’s large suitcases. Rather than checking luggage, waiting for it on the other end at the baggage carousel, or trying to figure out what to do if it gets lost or misplaced, if you carry on what you need, you can fly through the airport much faster. Plus, light luggage makes it easier when switching hotels and locales. 

“Moving large luggage multiple times on a trip is exhausting and logistically challenging,” says Thompson. 

Don’t Stuff Too Much into the Itinerary

I have a confession to make. As a curious traveler, I often operate with FOMO: fear of missing out. When I’m traveling by myself, I like a full itinerary with lots of activities and very little downtime. I want to make the most of my experience, especially if I’m visiting a country I’ve never been to before. But here’s the thing: kids need breaks. Lots of breaks. If you plan too much and don’t leave enough space for their needs or interests, you might find that moods shift and sour. 

Producer, TV host, photographer, and writer, Rachel Rudwall , travels with her family somewhere warm at least once per year. “Take, for example, our journey to Sardinia, Italy from Portland, Oregon. Not a single person would argue that this trip is logistically simple,” Rudwall says. “We would, however, argue that this journey was both doable and   worth the haul—even with our then 14-month-old in tow .”

Sardinia was where her toddler took his first steps, creating an indelible memory not soon forgotten. While the beach time and Italian food were expected highlights, the multi-hour flight itinerary from the U.S. to Sardinia was less than desirable. Rudwall thought ahead and arranged for a two-night stopover in Amsterdam, creating space to deal with jet lag. “This layover allowed us a soft spot to land between our flights, plus a beautiful couple days noshing on pastries and enjoying leisurely strolls in another wonderful European destination,” Rudwall says. “If I were to offer one piece of advice it would be this: wherever you go with your kids, build in buffers. These bonus windows of time will offer you the space to breathe, top up on snacks, and better navigate logistical challenges. Plus, they just might inspire some of your favorite moments of the journey.”

Bring a Travel Medical Kit

While we all hope that nothing goes wrong on a trip, you’ll want to be prepared and plan accordingly. Put together a travel medical kit that includes over-the-counter medicines and supplies. 

“This can include fever-reducing/pain medications, antihistamines, antibacterial ointment, band-aids, tweezers, and Vaseline,” says Hanna. “Make note of your child’s weight for dosing certain medications and make sure you have a supply of prescription medicines ahead of time. Discuss with your medical team if your child has medical conditions.”

“In warmer climates remember to pack reef-safe sunscreens (and reapply), bug sprays, and protective clothing (hats, sunglasses, UV-protected clothing),” Hanna says. “If heading outdoors, be sure to keep most skin covered and check bodies and hair for ticks daily. Before traveling internationally, consider notifying your child’s pediatrician if any additional recommended immunizations can be given. I guide parents to  CDC.GOV/travel  which breaks down pertinent information by country of travel.”

Research the Hotel and Destination Ahead of Time

While it’s advisable to leave plenty of open space on the itinerary, it’s important to research where you’re going and to know what activities and cultural experiences are available. What is the area known for and what are the highlights that everyone should know about? You’ll also want to know what the hotel amenities are so you can plan accordingly. Is there a swimming pool at the hotel? On-site laundry? Does the resort have a concierge that can arrange tours? Finding a property that is fun for both the parents and the kids is key. 

Let the Kids Be Part of the Planning 

If children are part of the planning process, they’ll be more invested in the trip. Let them decide which restaurant your family eats at or what activity everyone participates in. Teach kids how to navigate and read maps. Bring journals and encourage them to write about their daily adventures.  

“Parents can get caught up in the things they want to do on vacation since kids don't exactly plan these things out, but we've made it a priority to make sure that the kids think of it as their vacation too, so if we pass by something that interests them, we want to make those things happen as much as possible,” says Thompson. 

Keep the Ages of Kids in Mind When Planning and Packing

Whether you’re traveling with toddlers or teens, you’ll want to consider your children’s ages when structuring an itinerary or thinking about safety issues. 

“With younger children we want them to be comfortable and safe, so keep some soothing items from home such as blankets, pacifiers, a few toys, or a stuffy,” says Hanna. “Older kids can enjoy music, books, card games or using their electronic device[s]—remember, parents get to decide how much screen time their child consumes, and don't forget the chargers!”

Of course, safety should always be top of mind. Depending on your children’s ages, have discussions with them to go over the rules. “In new environments, review the safety plans regarding water play (never leave a child unattended near water) and review parent phone numbers—consider putting them inside their pockets,” says Hanna. “Trusting our older kids with more responsibility comes with varying comfort levels, but in a semi-controlled environment, this can be a good opportunity for them to demonstrate it, i.e., reading the map, guiding you through the airport, having them order their meals or pay for souvenirs. Learning how to budget on a trip with spending money is a nice exercise.”

Bring a Bag O’ Fun

For every car trip I’ve ever planned, I’ve always brought a “bag o’ fun”. This could be a deck of cards, snacks, new books, or mini-Lego sets. The idea is to bring along little surprises or fun things to do that will brighten up the moment.

Anastasia Gonzalez and her husband Gilbert take their grandchildren to South Padre Island every summer for fishing and exploring. One year they rented an RV to travel from Illinois to Texas. “It was the most beautiful experience,” Gonzalez says. “The driving, the board games, camping out, taking showers at the campsites, sleeping in the RV, and cuddling with those two boys was wonderful and cozy.”

Her advice for grandparents? “Allow your grandchildren to be themselves with you on your trip,” Gonzalez says. “Go with the idea of having fun. Break some rules. Ask what they want but have a plan. Make meals interesting and make one night a special meal night.”

Attitudes, Good or Bad, are Contagious

Most parents who travel with their kids will tell you that if one person has a bad attitude, that same mood can transfer to siblings or even adults. Staying positive is key, especially if you’re on a long vacation away from the comforts of home. 

“Kids love time with their family, but they are humans, and we all get moody sometimes,” says Hanna. “Our kids learn by our example, so parents take the lead with many deep breaths, exercise when possible, be mindful about handling stressful situations, and take lots of pictures. Parental well-being trickles down into children's well-being.”

Related Articles

• Open access
• Published: 26 May 2024

State paid family leave policies and breastfeeding duration: cross-sectional analysis of 2021 national immunization survey-child

• Julia Rosenberg 1 ,
• Deanna Nardella 1 , 2 &
• Veronika Shabanova 1 , 3  

International Breastfeeding Journal volume  19 , Article number:  37 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

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Paid parental leave policies may promote breastfeeding, which can have short- and long-term health benefits for both members of the birthing person-infant dyad. In the United States, where 56% of the workforce qualifies for unpaid federal medical leave, certain states have recently enacted paid parental and family leave policies. We aimed to assess the extent to which living in states with versus without paid family leave was associated with feeding regimens that included breastfeeding.

In this cross-sectional analysis of the 2021 National Immunization Survey-Child, we assessed feeding outcomes: (1) exclusively breastfed (only fed breastmilk—never infant formula—both before and after six months of age), (2) late mixed breastfeeding (formula after six months), (3) early mixed breastfeeding (breastfed, formula before six months), and (4) never breastfed. We conducted Pearson χ 2 to compare social-demographic characteristics and multivariable nominal regression to assess extent to paid family leave was associated with breastfeeding regimens, compared with never breastfeeding.

Of the 35,995 respondents, 5,806 (25% of weighted respondents) were from states with paid family leave policies. Compared with never breastfeeding, all feeding that incorporated breastfeeding—exclusive breastfeeding, late mixed feeding (breastfed, formula introduced after six months), and early mixed feeding (breastfed, formula introduced before six months)—were more prevalent in states with paid family leave policies. The adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) and differences in adjusted prevalence compared with never breastfeeding in states with versus without paid family leave policies were: aPR 1.41 (95% CI 1.15, 1.73), 5.36% difference for exclusive breastfeeding; aPR 1.25 (95% CI 1.01, 1.53), 3.19% difference for late mixed feeding, aPR 1.32 (95% CI 1.32, 1.97), 5.42% difference for early mixed feeding.

States with paid family leave policies have higher rates of any breastfeeding and of exclusive breastfeeding than states without such policies. Because all feeding types that incorporate breastfeeding were higher in states with paid family leave policies, expansion of paid family leave may improve breastfeeding rates.

The short- and long-term benefits of breastfeeding for both members of the birthing person-infant dyad have been well-established. The American Academy of Pediatrics, the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and the World Health Organization promote exclusive breastfeeding for six months followed by continued breastfeeding until one to two years of age [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. For newborns, sustained breastfeeding is associated with decreased adverse health consequences including lower rates of infant mortality and lower incidence of sudden infant death syndrome; respiratory, ear, and gastrointestinal infections; asthma; eczema; autoimmune conditions; and diabetes [ 2 ]. While exclusive breastfeeding without infant formula introduction is recommended to maximize benefits, data suggest protective effects of any breastfeeding against gastrointestinal illnesses, ear infections, asthma, and obesity [ 4 , 5 , 6 ]. For birthing people, breastfeeding is associated with decreased rates of hypertension, diabetes, and certain types of cancer [ 1 , 2 ]. In addition to the individual benefits, breastfeeding promotes dyadic health with opportunities for bonding and benefits for mental and physical health [ 7 ]. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) breastfeeding report card, in 2019, only 25% of infants born in the United States (US) exclusively breastfed until six months of age and about 36% were breastfeeding at one year [ 8 ], falling short of the US Healthy People 2030 targets of 42.4% and 54.1%, respectively [ 9 ].

A major barrier to sustained breastfeeding can be caregivers returning to work. Globally, longer maternity leave is associated with higher rates of breastfeeding [ 10 ]. In the US, exclusive breastfeeding decreases by approximately 25% within the first week of life, nearly 50% by three months, and 70% by six months, correlating with return to work for many parents [ 8 ].

With nearly two-thirds of females participating in the US workforce having a child under three years of age [ 11 ], the need to establish and evaluate policies that protect breastfeeding for working lactating persons has been underscored in formal recommendations, including through the Surgeon General’s Calls to Action to Support Breastfeeding and to Improve Maternal Health and the 2022 White House National Strategy on Hunger, Nutrition and Health [ 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Despite these recommendations, the US is the only country in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) to not offer a paid federal family leave policy [ 15 , 16 ].

Federal US Legislation supporting unpaid leave and lactation includes the 1993 Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA), the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, and the 2021 Providing Urgent Maternal Protections for Nursing Mothers (PUMP) Act [ 17 ]. Federal FMLA stipulates 12 weeks of unpaid, job-protective leave for care of a child [ 18 ]. A growing number of states and regions have enacted paid family leave policies. As of 2024, 17 US states and Washington, DC have active paid family leave policies, with five states’ legislation to be enacted in future years (Fig.  1 ) [ 19 ].

Primary exposure of interest: paid family leave policy status by US state

In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to assess the relationship of paid family leave with a spectrum of breastfeeding outcomes, including metrics of breastfeeding duration and exclusivity, at the population level. We hypothesized that residence in US states with paid family leave policies is associated with higher rates of both exclusive and any breastfeeding.

Data source

This cross-sectional, secondary dataset analysis was conducted using data from the 2021 National Immunization Survey-Child (NIS-C), which included the fifty US states and Washington, DC. The National Immunization Surveys (NIS), which includes NIS-C, are telephone surveys administered via random digit dialing to a stratified representative US sample, conducted by the CDC’s National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease. The NIS-C incorporates data from parent/guardian interviews and from questionnaires sent to medical providers to evaluate multiple domains of health, including immunization, breastfeeding, and usage of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program. The 2021 NIS-C target population included US families of children who were 19–35 months old during calendar year 2021. The survey was translated into English and Spanish, and other languages were queried using telephonic interpretation [ 20 , 21 ].

The NIS-C is a publicly available, de-identified dataset. Its use is not considered Human Subjects Research, and we did not obtain a determination of this status from the Institutional Review Board. We followed the STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines for cross-sectional observational data (Additional File 1 ) [ 22 ].

Study variable terminology

When analyzing and presenting data, we used terminology as reported in the NIS-C dataset, which includes terms such as breastfeeding and mother, rather than gender-inclusive terms such as chest feeding and birthing person [ 23 , 24 ].

States with and without paid family leave policies

The locations with paid family leave policies at the time of the 2021 NIS-C included California, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, Washington, and Washington, DC (Fig.  1 ). All other states without active paid family leave policies were grouped together, and Puerto Rico was excluded. Three locations—Washington DC, Massachusetts, and Washington—had aspects of their policies enacted in 2020, so some of the surveyed families may have given birth before full enactment. Thus, post-hoc sensitivity analyses were also conducted with these locations removed from analyses.

Primary outcome

The primary outcome was a composite variable reflecting breastmilk and infant formula feeding. To construct this variable, we accounted for three NIS-C variables that assessed if the child ever was fed breastmilk, duration of breastfeeding, and the date of first formula introduction. The finalized infant feeding primary outcome is summarized in Fig.  2 and includes four categories: (1) exclusively breastfed for the duration captured by data (without formula introduction), (2) late mixed breastfeeding (breastfed exclusively until six months, introduced formula after 6 months), and (3) early mixed breastfeeding (breastfed, introduced formula either before six months of age or at unknown time), and (4) never breastfed. “Exclusively breastfed” refers to receiving breastmilk and never infant formula as source of nutrition but may include supplementary, non-infant formula foods. Because the primary outcome centered around breastfeeding, the 141 respondents with unknown breastfeeding data were excluded from the analysis (see Additional File 2 for characteristics of excluded respondents, who could be considered as non-respondents generally due to high rates of missingness for other variables).

Total days of breastfeeding duration and first day of formula by primary outcome of infant feeding category. Legend: “Exclusively breastfed” refers to receiving breastmilk and never infant formula as source of nutrition but may include supplementary, non-infant formula foods. Figure includes maximum (upper whisker) but not minimum values, as some respondents who reported exclusive breastfeeding had very few days of breastfeeding reported, which we assumed to be errors in reporting. Box indicates upper and lower quartiles. Line indicates median. Adjusted n’s: Exclusively Breastfed n  = 6,579.82, Late Mixed Feeding n  = 5,899.27, Early Mixed Feeding n  = 16,312.40, Never Breastfed n  = 5,9343.9

Covariate selection

Based on prior studies of breastfeeding outcomes and available data in the NIS-C, selected covariates included: maternal age, infant age, infant sex, infant race and ethnicity (as reported by the NIS-C dataset), household size, children in the home, maternal education, marital status, language of interviews, poverty level, and WIC enrollment [ 2 ]. In order to control for policies that may affect breastfeeding outcomes at the state level, we also developed a covariate to account for workplace lactation protection policies; thirty states and the District of Columbia have such protections in place [ 25 ].

Statistical analyses

Since the data were collected using stratified random sampling, survey responses have been weighted by the weights provided by the NIS-C, to reflect strata and non-response. Simple descriptive statistics (count, percent) and Pearson χ 2 tests were used to describe and compare the social and demographic characteristics of children and mothers from states that did and did not have active paid family leave policies in 2021 (Table  1 ).

We used multivariable nominal regression to examine the extent to which the primary exposure variable of residence in states with and without paid family leave policies in 2021 was associated with the primary outcome of any infant feeding regimen that included breastfeeding, compared with never breastfeeding. In this multivariable regression, we controlled for a priori chosen covariates, all of which were retained in the adjusted model and are displayed in Tables  1 and 2 . Results are reported as adjusted estimates of prevalence of each feeding regimen (as percentages within each outcome level); differences between adjusted prevalence of breastfeeding outcomes (exclusive, late mixed, early mixed) and adjusted prevalence of never breastfeed; and unadjusted and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR, aPR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), which were obtained postestimation via linear combinations of relevant parameters and use of marginal mean statement [ 26 ]. As noted in the description of the independent variable (states with and without family leave policies), we also conducted post-hoc sensitivity analyses without states where implementation of policies occurred during the study period. Because we were interested in the effect of paid family leave on a spectrum of breastfeeding outcomes that corresponded to independent hypotheses, we did not adjust for multiple comparisons [ 27 , 28 ].

Given the predetermined sample size by the NIS-C, our conclusions are based on the magnitude of the PR and surrounding 95% CI, rather than the p-values [ 29 , 30 ]. We further defined a meaningful magnitude of difference in the prevalence of breastfeeding at the 1% point, which reflects the change noted in the prior three years of exclusive breastfeeding in the United States, per Healthy People 2030 [ 9 ].

We completed analyses in Stata Version 15 (StataCorp College Station, Texas).

Sociodemographic characteristics by state paid family leave policy

As shown in Table  1 , of the 34,722 NIS-C unweighted survey respondents from 2021, 5,806 were from states with paid family leave policies, and they accounted for 25% of weighted survey respondents. We did not observe a meaningful difference between states with and without paid family leave policies in terms of infant sex, infant age, or household size. Differences were noted when assessing breastfeeding workplace policies, maternal age, number of children in the home, parental education, marital status, language of the interview, poverty level, and WIC enrollment (Table  1 ). Families in states with paid parental leave policies were more likely to reside in states that had workplace breastfeeding protections, report that the mother was over 29 years old, the infant was of Hispanic/Latino ethnicity, there were fewer children in the home, the mother graduated college, the mother was married, and that the income was above poverty and above $75,000. They were less likely to report being enrolled in WIC (Table  1 ).

Infant feeding patterns by state paid family leave policy

Exclusive breastfeeding was more prevalent in states with paid family leave policies than in states without such policies: 20.36% (95% CI 18.46%, 22.26%) in states with policies vs. 18.48% (95% CI 17.74%, 19.22%) in states without policies. Late mixed breastfeeding was similar in states with vs. without paid family leave: 16.78% (95% CI 14.97%, 18.60%) vs. 17.09% (95% CI 16.30%, 17.88%). Early mixed breastfeeding was more prevalent in states with vs. without paid family leave: 48.48% (95% CI 46.00%, 50.97%) vs. 46.55% (95% CI 45.47%, 47.64%). Fewer reported never breastfeeding in states with paid family leave: 14.38% (95% CI 12.52%, 16.23%) vs. 17.87% (95% CI 16.98%, 18.76%) (Fig.  3 ).

Adjusted prevalence of breastfeeding outcomes by US state paid family leave policies, National Immunization Survey-Child, 2021. Legend: Reported values are estimated prevalence of each feeding type. Error bars correspond to 95% confidence intervals

As shown in Table  2 ; Fig.  4 , compared with never breastfeeding, the adjusted prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding was higher by 5.36% (aPR = 1.41) in states with paid family leave vs. in states without paid family leave. Similarly, the adjusted prevalence of late mixed breastfeeding was higher by 3.19% (aPR = 1.25), and early mixed breastfeeding was higher by 5.42% (aPR = 1.32).

Difference in adjusted prevalence of breastfeeding outcomes and prevalence of never breastfeeding by US state paid family leave policies, National Immunization Survey-Child, 2021. Legend: Reported values are estimated differences in adjusted prevalence of each feeding type. Error bars correspond to 95% confidence intervals

A sensitivity analysis which excluded states that enacted family leave policies during the study period (Washington DC, Washington, and Massachusetts) found similar results across all feeding types (Additional File 3 ).

Covariates associated with breastfeeding

As shown in Table  2 , several covariates remained associated with breastfeeding outcomes in the adjusted model.

Workplace breastfeeding policies were positively associated with all types of breastfeeding.

Women with income below poverty had lower aPR of late mixed breastfeeding. Women who were married had greater aPR of all breastfeeding outcomes. Respondents who reported the race/ethnicity of their child as non-Hispanic/Latino Black had lower aPR of exclusively breastfeeding compared with non-Hispanic/Latino White children. Respondents who identified their children as Hispanic/Latino had higher aPR of late mixed feeding compared with non-Hispanic/Latino White children. Compared with English-speaking respondents, Spanish-speaking respondents had higher aPR of all breastfeeding types. Respondents with lower education levels had lower aPR of all breastfeeding outcomes. WIC enrollees also had lower aPR of all types of breastfeeding.

In this secondary dataset analysis using a US representative sample, we found that, after adjusting for covariates, all feeding types that incorporate breastfeeding (exclusive breastfeeding, late mixed feeding, and/or early mixed feeding) were higher in states with paid family leave compared with states without paid family leave policies. These findings offer novel insight into various feeding approaches indicative of real-world infant feeding practices among breastfeeding persons in the labor force. Even after controlling for state-level workplace breastfeeding policies, paid family leave policies are associated with exclusive breastfeeding and with a spectrum of feeding types that incorporate breastfeeding. These results demonstrate that the paid family leave policies are positively associated with breastfeeding, and thus may reflect health benefits for the parent/baby dyad that accompany any degree of breastfeeding [ 2 , 4 , 5 , 6 ].

Paid family leave policies have previously been associated with improvements in breastfeeding duration and with health and economic benefits [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ]. After California was the first US state to provide eight weeks of partial paid family leave in 2004, Huang et al. utilized the CDC Infant Feeding Practices Study and found contemporaneous increases in the rates of breastfeeding in California compared with other US states, with difference-in-differences of 15.8%, 17.4%, and 18.4% in the rates of any breastfeeding at three, six, and nine months, respectively [ 37 , 38 ]. Globally, parental leave after childbirth has been associated with reduced maternal and infant morbidity and mortality [ 15 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 ]. In high-income countries, paid parental leave has been associated with increases in exclusive breastfeeding, downstream earning potential, workforce retention, and infant vaccination rates and with reductions in maternal medical and mental health morbidity [ 16 , 43 ]. Data suggest higher degrees of benefit with increasingly generous leave, including longer breastfeeding duration and higher maternal pay [ 44 ].

Just over half (56%) of the US workforce qualifies for federal FMLA, which is unpaid [ 45 ]. There are also limited opportunities for paid leave in the United States, which results in suboptimal breastfeeding initiation and duration [ 41 ]. Cross-sectional US studies have found that 59% of women did not receive paid leave, and, even when it was received, paid leave averaged about three weeks, with reduced salary [ 46 ]. Current FMLA policies and qualifications tend to support families who can afford unpaid time off work and have stable employment from large employers [ 18 ]. Women facing social and structural barriers to breastfeeding, such as low income, lower educational attainment, and membership in minority racial and ethnic groups, disproportionately do not benefit from federal FMLA policies. In this multivariable analysis, we found disparities in breastfeeding was associated with multiple factors that are also related to disparities in medical leave policies.

When evaluating income, we found that, in the adjusted model, women below the poverty level were less likely to exclusively breastfeed for the first six months before introducing infant formula. Families with lower incomes have previously been shown to have less paid and unpaid leave. One 2014 cross-sectional study found that only 20% of families making under $35,000 per year received paid leave, averaging 1.5 weeks in duration, compared with a respective 55% and 4.5 weeks for families making over $75,000 per year [ 46 ]. The 2018 US Department of Labor FMLA surveys demonstrated that low-wage workers making $15 per hour or less were least likely to take needed medical leave, citing the inability to afford unpaid time off from work and fear of job loss [ 45 ].

Similar to other studies, we found that marital status was positively associated with breastfeeding [ 47 ]. The US Department of Labor reports that approximately 95% of fathers with children under three years of age are working, highlighting the potential importance of parental leave for all caregivers in the workforce [ 11 ].

Our findings also reflected known racial and ethnic disparities in breastfeeding stemming from complex policies and histories related to structural and ongoing racism [ 8 , 48 , 49 ]. After adjusting for covariates, we found that, compared with respondents who identified their children as non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black respondents were less likely to exclusively breastfeed. Racial and ethnic disparities extend to FMLA eligibility; studies have found that more Black and Hispanic/Latino workforce members (60.2% and 66.9%, respectively) reported being ineligible for or unable to afford unpaid leave than White workers (55.3%) [ 39 ]. Because Black women experience higher rates of pregnancy complications and preterm delivery compared to other races, current federal FMLA policies, which count time from pregnancy complications as part of leave, may further exacerbate racial inequities [ 50 , 51 , 52 ]. We also found that Hispanic/Latino respondents had higher rates of late mixed feeding but lower rates of exclusive breastfeeding compared with non-Hispanic White women. A 2021 study examining feeding goals found that despite Hispanic/Latina women having higher intentions to breastfeeding compared with non-Hispanic/Latina White women, they had lower odds of meeting their goals [ 53 ]. Inequitable access to FMLA policies may be contributing to this gap, as Hispanic/Latina women are less likely to qualify for both paid and unpaid leave, which may be related to part-time work status or working for small employers [ 39 , 54 , 55 ].

Employment and education have also previously been associated with breastfeeding outcomes and may be related to access to FMLA [ 47 ]. While NIS-C does not include employment data, in the unadjusted and adjusted analyses, we found that women with lower education levels, which are associated with employment opportunities, were less likely to breastfeed. Return to work is among the top reasons for interrupted breastfeeding [ 33 , 56 ], and women who take six months or more of leave from work have a 30% higher likelihood of any breastfeeding at six months [ 57 ].

We also found that women enrolled in WIC were less likely to report breastfeeding across all adjusted and unadjusted analyses. For breastfeeding individuals, WIC distributes breast pumps, offers nutritional support, and supports breastfeeding peer counselor programs [ 58 ]. WIC also subsidizes formula purchases, which can result in sales benefits for formula manufactures [ 59 ]. Multi-level strategies have been found to enhance breastfeeding for WIC participants, including supporting early WIC enrollment, assessing breastfeeding intentions, and funding peer counseling [ 60 ]. However, formula provision may be an incentive for WIC enrollment for some income-eligible individuals, and prior studies have found that some enrollees perceive WIC as a formula provider and appreciate the financial support for formula supplementation [ 61 ]. These findings underscore the need to further enrich the lactation-supporting capacity of WIC while considering financial implications and regulations for formula provision.

Limitations of this cross-sectional, secondary dataset analysis included baseline differences between the states with and without paid family leave policies. Respondents in states with paid family leave policies were more likely to report older age, Hispanic/Latina ethnicity, smaller household size, college degree, married status, higher income levels, and lower WIC enrollment. While we adjusted for these characteristics and for workplace breastfeeding policies, there were potentially other unmeasured confounding factors that may have differed between states with and without paid family leave policies, including maternal employment status. Although more generous leave has been found to be associated with greater benefits for breastfeeding-related outcomes, this study did not account for state-by-state variation in leave policies [ 44 ]. Several states had policies that went into effect during the survey lookback period, but sensitivity analyses showed similar outcomes regardless of inclusion or exclusion of these states in analyses. Additionally, there were limited data for families who prefer languages other than English or Spanish, and birthing people with varying gender identities may have been excluded.

Despite the limitations of the cross-sectional analysis, it is important to assess differences in breastfeeding outcomes, including mixed breast and formula feeding, as more states enact paid family leave policies. Future prospective studies can evaluate changes in breastfeeding after policy enactment and can assess breastfeeding prevalence in the workforce.

Conclusions

In the United States, all feeding types that incorporate breastfeeding were higher in states with paid family leave compared with states without paid family leave policies. Although multilevel interventions are needed to support breastfeeding, expansion of policies that grant working families and caregivers paid time to raise children can positively affect breastfeeding, which in turn could improve preventative health and economic benefits for individuals and society.

Data availability

The datasets analyzed during the current study are available in the repository which is available from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention at: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/imz-managers/nis/datasets.html.

Abbreviations

Adjusted prevalence ratio

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Confidence Interval

• Family Medical Leave Act

National Immunization Surveys

National Immunization Survey-Child

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

Prevalence Ratio

Providing Urgent Maternal Protections for Nursing Mothers Act

STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology

United States

Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children

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Support for Dr. Rosenberg was made possible by CTSA Grant Number KL2 TR001862 from the National Center for Advancing Translational Science (NCATS), components of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and NIH roadmap for Medical Research. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official view of NIH.

Support for Dr. Nardella was made possible by the Yale National Clinician Scholars Program and by CTSA Grant Number TL1 TR001864 from the National Center for Advancing Translational Science (NCATS), a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official view of NIH.

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JR: conceptualization, methodology, validation, formal analysis, investigation, resources, data curation, writing – original draft, review, editing, visualization, project administration, funding acquisition. DN: validation, investigation, resources, writing – original draft, review, and editing. VS: conceptualization, methodology, validation, formal analysis, writing – review and editing, supervision. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Rosenberg, J., Nardella, D. & Shabanova, V. State paid family leave policies and breastfeeding duration: cross-sectional analysis of 2021 national immunization survey-child. Int Breastfeed J 19 , 37 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-024-00646-9

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