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What is a Shunt Trip Breaker and How Does It Work?

Written by  Edwin Jones  / Fact checked by  Andrew Wright

what is a shunt trip breaker

What is a shunt trip breaker? Does it add protection to your electrical system?

The shunt trip breaker is a combination of the shunt trip accessory and the main circuit breaker. This installs on the main breaker to add protection to your electrical system. This adds security to your electrical system as it manually or automatically cuts the electric supply in your circuit.

This accessory can help prevent short circuits and avoid electrical damage should a disaster occur in your home.

Let me tell you more about the shunt trip breaker to help you decide if you need additional protection for your electrical system.

Table of Contents

What is Shunt Trip Breaker and How Does It Work

Where are shunt trip breakers most used, how to install a shunt trip accessory to the breaker.

shunt-trip-relay

You should know that shunt trip breakers are different from GFCI circuit breakers.

The GFCI circuit breaker contains one big white tail wire for neutral connections only. It cannot be connected to any control package because the GFCI circuit breaker is solely designed to detect a sudden electrical surge. It has no other purpose but to cut power in case of a short.

Meanwhile, the shunt trip breaker wiring comprises two wires. One connected to the ground, and another to a control system. The control system can be connected to a sensor or to a manual switch. When activated, the shunt trip accessory will cause the main breaker to trip.

For example, if you install a shunt trip with a smoke detector, it will activate and cut off the power should the smoke sensor trigger. It can also be installed with a remote switch , allowing you to trip your breaker manually.

It is crucial to know the difference between a regular circuit breaker and a circuit breaker installed with shunt trip accessories.

shunt-trip-definition

The shunt trip definition means that it is a way to cut off electrical power through other sensors, not just via thermal activation. Since this is an optional accessory for a circuit breaker, it is not required for a home electrical system.

However, it is recommended for added safety. This is especially true if you’re working with industrial machinery. Furthermore, you can use it as a manual emergency switch to shut down your main breaker.

Before installing a shunt trip, consider its cost and your existing system. You may need to change the breaker panel  and circuit breakers, especially if it is not compatible with shunt trips. You may also need a new line to connect the remote emergency switch to your breaker box.

Generally, most commercial kitchens, elevators, and offices have this shunt trip breaker because it is required. Commercial kitchens use this device in compliance with ANSI/ASME CSD-1, while elevators and escalators comply with ASME A17.1. These codes refer to the controls and safety standards provided by ASME’s.

This question is a topic of discussion among Reddit members as well. Join the conversation here:

Found at a dominos by u/Guilty_Sympathy_496 in electricians

Mostly, installing a shunt trip relay requires that the breaker and the shunt be from the same maker. Also, not all breaker models are compatible with this accessory.

Once you’re sure that your system can take a shunt trip accessory, installation is pretty much straightforward. You can watch this video by Aaron CBIONE for some tutorials.

Note: Every circuit breaker comes with different instructions. It would depend on the brand and model of the breaker .

However, the critical part of every installation is that you need to connect the shunt to your sensor. You may need a shunt trip breaker diagram as a reference to ensure correct installation.

Also, check the brand and model of your breaker before proceeding with the installation. Some makers only allow a factory install of the shunt trip and other accessories. DIY installation may void the warranty of your breakers. It’s best to read up on the manual or consult an electrical professional before making any changes.

What is a shunt trip breaker? The shunt trip is an optional accessory for a circuit breaker for added protection to your system. It is designed to connect to a secondary sensor. It will trip the breaker automatically if the sensor is triggered. It can also be activated via a remote switch that you can install.

Do you think that a circuit breaker is enough to protect your investment? Or do you want an additional layer of protection for your electrical circuit? If you’re not decided yet, reach out to me in the comments section below, and I will be happy to help you.

Andrew-Wright

I am Andrew Wright. With 8 years of experience designing, installing, and maintaining electrical power systems. I love my job, and I have always wanted to offer others the necessary help so they can take care of their houses.

shunt trip interlock

  • Horizontal terminal
  • Vertical terminal
  • Front terminal
  • Vertical terimnal adapter
  • Front terminal adapter
  • Integrated trip unit (DP3)
  • Modular trip unit
  • General use (WS)
  • Generator use (WM)
  • Special protection (WB)
  • Protective coordination (WF)
  • Ground fault (G1)
  • Earth leakage (E1)
  • 2nd Pre-alarm (AP)
  • Neutral 50% (N5)

100-240V AC/DC without alarm contact (P1)

24-60V DC without alarm contact (P2)

  • 100-240V AC/ 100-125V DC with alarm contact (P3)

24-60V DC with alarm contact (P4)

100-240V DC with alarm contact by Solid State Relay (P5)

  • Trip unit display (DP1)
  • Panel board display (DP2)
  • Extension module (EX1)
  • Making current release switch
  • Temperature alarm
  • Field test device (Y-2005)
  • Test jumper
  • CC-link interface unit
  • Modbus-RTU interface unit
  • Profibus-DP interface unit
  • Motor charging device
  • Closing coil
  • Shunt trip device
  • Under voltage trip device
  • Auxiliary switch
  • Cell switch
  • Shorting NC (b) contact
  • Interphase barrier
  • Safety shutters
  • Terminal cover
  • Mis-insertion preventer
  • Drawout interlock
  • Position lock
  • Push button cover
  • Cylinder lock
  • Castel lock
  • Door interlock
  • Mechanical interlock
  • Condenser trip device
  • Lifting hook
  • Load circuit conductors type
  • Transformer grounding wire type

shunt trip interlock

Product featurers

shunt trip interlock

  • Vertical terminal adapter

shunt trip interlock

100-240V AC/100-125V DC with alarm contact (P3)

shunt trip interlock

ZCT (Load circuit conductors type)

shunt trip interlock

ZCT (Transformer grounding wire type)

shunt trip interlock

  • "AE-SW" is the single series of Mitsubishi Electric's ACB for easy choice of quality products.
  • Rating from 630A to 6300A with three compact frames.
  • Frame1: AE630-SW to AE2000-SWA, Frame2: AE2000-SW to AE4000-SWA, Frame3: AE4000-SW to AE6300-SW
  • Fixed or Drawout mounted with 3 or 4 pole versions are available.
  • Compliance with IEC 60947-2, JIS C 8201-2-1. CCC certification for GB 14048.2.
  • With Third party IEC 60947-2 certification from KEMA for all range of ACB.
  • Various Marine standards Lloyd's Register of Shipping, Bureau Veritas, American Bureau of Shipping and etc.
  • Uniform accessories for every frame size of ACB.
  • Stable switching operation thanks to Double spring switching mechanism. movie
  • Modular trip unit with Protection and Metering based modules for easy upgradability.   movie
  • Color changing LCD backlight on trip unit for easy notification in the event of Pre-alarm and Fault. movie
  • Double multiplication setting on Rated current and Pre-alarm for more precise value setting.
  • Icu = Ics = Icw = Min. 65kA (1sec) / Icw = Min. 50 kA (3sec) for better discrimination with branch circuit breakers.
  • Communication through CC-link, Modbus-RTU and Profibus-DP available for remote control and energy monitoring.
  • Lower watt loss ACB contribute to reducing temperature rise inside panel and waste of energy flow.
  • Zero arc space provides more reliable and safety operation for AE630-SW to AE4000-SWA at 600V AC or less.
  • Reverse connection is available without any limitation.

Connections

shunt trip interlock

  • Various terminal connections are available based on panel board specifications.
  • The different types of terminal connections between line side and load side are also available. (For AE2000-SWA, AE4000-SWA, AE4000-SW, AE5000-SW and AE6300-SW models, only vertical terminal is available.)
  • Reverse connection is available without any limitation. movie
  • Various terminal connections are available based on panel specifications.

Electronic trip unit

shunt trip interlock

  • Integrated trip unit with monitoring display for current and harmonics along with Fault memory function.
  • Color changing LCD backlight on trip unit for easy notification in the event of Pre-alarm and Fault.
  • Current level (60/80/100% of rating), Pre-alarm, Overload and Trip cause are indicated with different color of LED.
  • Adjustable Pre-alarm (68%-100% of rated current) and Overload alarm (115% of rated current) as standard.
  • Self-diagnose and Error indication LED for Trip Unit as standard (Self-diagnose on Malfunction of Microprocessor and Hardware, Miswiring related to Trip unit and etc) movie

shunt trip interlock

  • Modular trip unit with Protection and Metering based modules for easy upgradability as well as communication.
  • Color changing LCD and optional protection units such as Ground fault, Earth leakage, 2nd Pre-alarm are modular.
  • Self-diagnose and Error indication LED for Trip Unit as standard. (Self-diagnose on Malfunction of Microprocessor and Hardware, Miswiring related to Trip unit and etc) movie

Main protection module

shunt trip interlock

  • Main protection modules are available for most common applications like transformers, cables, motors and generators protection. movie

Optional protection module

shunt trip interlock

  • Optional protection module for Ground fault, Earth leakage, 2nd Pre-alarm and Neutral pole 50% protection.
  • With these protection based modules, no need to change the whole Trip unit to change the specification. movie

Power supply module

shunt trip interlock

  • Power supply module is required for the LED indication on Trip unit, Metering and Communication function.
  • Power supply without alarm contact or with 6 alarm contacts are available based on rated voltage.
  • 6 alarm contacts include LTD, STD/INST, Ground fault/Earth leakage/Additional Pre-alarm, Pre-alarm, Temperature alarm, Error on Trip unit. movie

shunt trip interlock

  • Color changing LCD backlight for Modular trip unit is available.
  • Record 10 trip history inclusive the types of protection cause (LSIGE, Under voltage, Temperature alarm).
  • At the time of trip and alarming, the backlight color automatically change for easy notification. movie

shunt trip interlock

  • Color changing LCD backlight for Panel board mounted type is also available.

shunt trip interlock

  • Expansion module is required for metering and display function. movie

shunt trip interlock

  • VT unit is required to measure voltages, powers, energy, harmonics current. movie

shunt trip interlock

  • This switch makes Instantaneous operation (INST) ineffective once after the breaker is closed.
  • This is used for expanding the selective combination with branch circuit breakers. movie

shunt trip interlock

  • Temperature alarm is available to identify the abnormal heat with main contacts of the breaker.
  • The alarm is indicated by LED on Trip unit and it can also output signal in case Power supply module with alarm contacts (P3/P4/P5) is used.
  • It makes it easy to notify the time of maintenance or replacement of the breaker. movie

Test equipment

shunt trip interlock

  • The operation of Electronic trip unit can be tested with this Field test device (Y-2005). movie

shunt trip interlock

  • While the breaker taken out of its cradle, the Test jumper enables the breaker to be electrically open and closed.
  • The operating sequence of the breaker also can be checked. movie

Communication

shunt trip interlock

  • For intelligent energy management, the communication modules connect the breaker to higher level of remote control and energy monitoring in the combination with Mitsubishi Electric products.
  • The communication available with CC-Link, Modbus-RTU or Profibus-DP. movie

shunt trip interlock

  • For remote control of the breaker via communication system, this Input and output unit is required. With this, it become possible to control the breaker remotely, like open and close operation or Spring charging.
  • This makes it easy to enhance communication for local applications. movie

Remote control

shunt trip interlock

  • The breaker is remotely charged by the Motor charging device.
  • When the breaker is closed, the double springs inside the breaker are charged automatically. movie

shunt trip interlock

  • The breaker is remotely closed by the Closing coil.
  • It is one-pulse driven to prevent pumping and burnout of coil as standard. movie

shunt trip interlock

  • The Shunt trip device turns the breaker opened immediately when the operational voltage is applied.
  • A cut off switch is equipped as standard to prevent burnout of coil as standard. movie

shunt trip interlock

  • This device automatically open the breaker if the operational voltage is not applied or drops below specific value.
  • This protect electrical equipments against voltage fluctuation and also can be used for remote control of the breaker.
  • There are three types of operating time. Instantaneous (0.2 sec), 0.5 sec and 3.0 sec. movie

Indication contact

shunt trip interlock

  • OCR alarm is provided with Electrical trip unit as standard.
  • Automatic reset type and Manual reset type are available.
  • For Automatic reset type, alarm is 1 NO contact of short-time operation (30ms), being output when the breaker trip. movie

shunt trip interlock

  • Auxiliary switches make a signal for the switching (open/closed) status of the breaker. movie

shunt trip interlock

  • This switches (NO/NC contact) indicate the drawout position (CONNECTED, TEST, and DISCONNECTED) of the breaker.
  • The arbitrary combination up to 4 pieces is available. movie

shunt trip interlock

  • When drawout ACB from "CONNECT" to "TEST" position, this contact is used to short the auxiliary switch (NC contact). Thus, maintaining the correct sequence of operation of the external control circuit. movie

Safety device

shunt trip interlock

  • This barrier enhance the interphase insulation between the terminal portions of the breaker, and prevents short-circuit due to conductive inclusion or dust. movie

shunt trip interlock

  • The Safety shutters cover the cradle side of conductors and prevent contact with them when ACB is drawn out.
  • The shutter lock is also available as an option. movie

shunt trip interlock

  • The Terminal cover prevents from careless touching to the live part of control terminals.
  • Protection degree is IP20. movie

shunt trip interlock

  • Mis-insertion preventer allow only specified circuit breakers can be inserted into the cradle.
  • Five patterns of Mis-insertion preventers are available. (Not available for AE4000-SW~AE6300-SW.) movie

Locking device

shunt trip interlock

  • When the breaker is ON, the drawout handle cannot be inserted into the breaker.
  • The insertion and drawout operation of the breaker cannot be done unless the OFF button is pressed. movie

shunt trip interlock

  • During insertion and drawout operation, the drawout mechanism of the breaker is automatically locked at "TEST" and "Connect" position as standard.
  • Once the lock plate is pushed in, the lock is released and the operation can be continued. movie

shunt trip interlock

  • The Push button cover prevents unintentional manual switching operation by the push button.
  • The Push button cover can be locked by the padlock. movie

shunt trip interlock

  • The breaker can be locked in the open position with the Cylinder lock.
  • It provide reliable protection for personal during maintenance activities. Also, it can be used for interlocking two or more breakers which only allows the key to be removed when the breaker is in the open position. movie

shunt trip interlock

  • The breaker can be locked in the open position with the Castel lock.
  • In this lock, only the key lock set-up for Castel lock is available and the key must be supplied by the customers. movie

shunt trip interlock

  • With Door interlock, the panel door cannot be opened unless the breaker is in open position.
  • A wire type mechanical interlock allows flexibility of the circuit breakers' position inside the panel. movie

shunt trip interlock

  • Mechanical interlock is the device to prevent parallel closing operation of 2 or 3 units of breakers.
  • It assure the interlock mechanically between the breakers. movie

Other accessories

shunt trip interlock

  • The Door frame improves the appearance. It is installed after cutting out the panel door. movie

shunt trip interlock

  • Dust cover prevents the dust or water entering into the panel board when ACB is used with the front cut panel.
  • Protection degree is IP54. movie

shunt trip interlock

  • The open/close operations of the breaker can be recorded by a 5 digit counter. movie

shunt trip interlock

  • Even if the power supply fails, the breaker can be electrically opened in the combination with the Condenser trip device and the Shunt trip device within a definite time. movie

shunt trip interlock

  • Lifting hook is the metal fitting to suspend the breaker main body when it is removed from the cradle. movie

shunt trip interlock

  • For 3 pole circuit breakers used in 3 phase 4 wire systems, the Neutral CT is used for ground fault protection and over current protection of Neutral phase. movie

shunt trip interlock

  • ZCT is used to detect earth leakage current in the combination with earth leakage protection module (E1).
  • ZCT of ACB's load circuit conductors type or Transformer grounding wire type are available. movie
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Masterpact Shunt Close (XF), Shunt Trip (MX) and Undervoltage Release (MN) Accessories

Masterpact shunt close (xf), masterpact shunt trip (mx), masterpact undervoltage release (mn), masterpact communicating internal isolation module, masterpact electrical closing pushbutton (bpfe), masterpact ready-to-close contact (pf), masterpact spring charging motor (mch), masterpact electrical remote reset (res), masterpact erms switch module (esm), masterpact grounding kit (kmt), masterpact mechanical operation counter (cdm), masterpact ulp port module, masterpact embedded ethernet interface (eife), masterpact ethernet interface (ife) for one circuit breaker, masterpact ethernet switchboard server (ife), masterpact ifm modbus-sl (rtu) interface for one circuit breaker, masterpact io input/output application module.

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  • Device Cannot be Controlled from Ecoreach Software Connected to a Mini USB Port
  • Device Cannot be Controlled from Ecoreach Software Connected by IFE, EIFE, or IFM Interface
  • Device Cannot be Controlled from IFE or EIFE Webpages
  • Device Cannot be Controlled with a Remote Controller Connected from IFE, EIFE, or IFM Interface
  • Device Cannot be Controlled from the FDM128 Display
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Masterpact MTZ2/MTZ3 Operating Accessories

The shunt close (XF), shunt trip (MX), and undervoltage release (MN) are optional accessories mounted inside the device. They can be of standard type or diagnostic and communicating type (standard or with diagnostic function for the undervoltage release [MN]).

The standard XF, MX, and MN accessories can have either impulse-type or maintained actions, depending on the incoming commands.

shunt trip interlock

The Masterpact shunt close (XF) is available as standard or with the diagnostic and communicating function.

The shunt close closes the circuit breaker instantaneously when powered if the spring mechanism is charged. The minimum duration of the pulse operating order must be 200 ms.

For information on installation, consult the instruction sheet on the Schneider Electric website:

Standard shunt close (XF): NVE40749

Diagnostic and communicating shunt close (XF diag&com): NVE40766

The Masterpact shunt trip (MX) is available as standard or with the diagnostic and communicating function.

The shunt trip opens the circuit breaker instantaneously when powered. The minimum duration of the pulse operating order must be 200 ms. The MX standard trip locks the circuit breaker in OFF position if the command is maintained.

Standard shunt trip (MX): NVE40749

Diagnostic and communicating shunt trip (MX diag&com): NVE40766

The Masterpact undervoltage release (MN) is available as standard or with the diagnostic and communicating function.

The undervoltage release instantaneously opens the circuit breaker when its supply voltage drops to a value between 35% and 70% of its rated voltage. If there is no supply to the release, it is impossible to close the circuit breaker, either manually or electrically. Any attempt to close the circuit breaker has no effect on the main contacts. Circuit breaker closing is enabled again when the supply voltage of the release returns to 85% of its rated value.

Standard undervoltage release (MN): NVE40749

Diagnostic undervoltage release (MN diag): NVE40766

shunt trip interlock

The internal isolation module for Micrologic X control units provides double isolation in compliance with IEC 60664-1 (up to 12 kV). It also provides isolation between the diagnostic and communicating shunt close (XF diag&com), diagnostic and communicating shunt trip (MX diag&com), diagnostic undervoltage release (MN diag), and the electrical closing pushbutton (BPFE).

For information on accessory installation, consult instruction sheet NVE40748 on the Schneider Electric website.

shunt trip interlock

The electrical closing pushbutton (BPFE) carries out electrical closing of the circuit breaker. It takes into account the internal closing conditions of the device and the external conditions that are part of the control and monitoring system of the installation. It connects to the standard shunt closes (XF) or the communicating shunt close (XF diag&com).

If the BPFE is being used, it is recommended to lock access to the closing pushbutton using the VBP accessory because the closing pushbutton does not take into account internal and external conditions.

This optional accessory is mounted on the front cover of the device.

For information on accessory installation, consult instruction sheet NVE40773 on the Schneider Electric website.

shunt trip interlock

The ready-to-close contact (PF) indicates remotely that the circuit breaker is ready to close..

It indicates that the circuit breaker is ready to close when:

The circuit breaker is in the open position.

The spring mechanism is charged.

There is no maintained opening order.

This optional accessory is mounted inside the device.

For information on accessory installation, consult instruction sheet NVE35466 on the Schneider Electric website.

shunt trip interlock

The spring charging motor (MCH) automatically charges the spring mechanism when the circuit breaker is closed, allowing instantaneous closing of the circuit breaker following opening.

For information on accessory installation, consult instruction sheet NVE35483 on the Schneider Electric website.

shunt trip interlock

Following tripping, this function resets the overcurrent trip switch (SDE) and the mechanical indicator to enable circuit breaker closing.

The use of a shunt close (XF) is required with this option.

The additional overcurrent trip switch (SDE2) is not compatible with RES.

For information on accessory installation, consult instruction sheet NVE35503 on the Schneider Electric website.

The ERMS switch module (ESM) is an optional accessory mounted inside of the device.

It is used to engage ERMS protection settings with an external selector switch. The ESM module works in conjunction with the ERMS Digital Module, which must also be installed.

shunt trip interlock

The ERMS switch module (ESM) is not compatible with M2C programmable contacts because they are installed in the same physical place.

shunt trip interlock

The grounding kit (KMT) allows the circuit breaker mechanism to be grounded when the front cover is removed. The grounding is made through the cradle for the drawout version and through the mounting side plate for the fixed version.

For information on accessory installation, consult instruction sheet NVE35480 on the Schneider Electric website.

shunt trip interlock

The mechanical operation counter (CDM) counts the number of operating cycles and is visible on the front panel. It is compatible with manual and electrical control functions.

This accessory is required for all source-changeover systems.

For information on accessory installation, consult instruction sheet NVE35485 on the Schneider Electric website.

shunt trip interlock

The ULP port module:

Supplies 24 Vdc power to the Micrologic X control unit.

Integrates the ULP termination with the Micrologic X control unit.

Allows the connection of the Micrologic X control unit to external ULP modules, such as the embedded Ethernet interface (EIFE)) or the Ethernet interface (IFE).

The ULP port module is optional on the fixed device and standard on the drawout device. It is mounted with the terminal blocks of the device.

For information on accessory installation, consult the instruction sheet on the Schneider Electric website:

ULP port module for fixed Masterpact MTZ2/MTZ3: NVE40791 .

ULP port module for drawout Masterpact MTZ2/MTZ3: NVE40797

shunt trip interlock

The embedded Ethernet interface (EIFE) enables drawout Masterpact MTZ circuit breakers to be connected to an Ethernet network. It provides digital access to all the data delivered by the Micrologic X control unit.

In addition, it monitors the position of the device in the cradle: connected, test, and disconnected.

This optional accessory is mounted on the cradle of the drawout device.

For information on accessory installation, consult instruction sheet NVE23550 on the Schneider Electric website.

For information on accessory usage, refer to user Enerlin’X EIFE Embedded Ethernet Interface for One Masterpact MTZ Drawout Circuit Breaker - User Guide (DOCA0106EN) , available on the Schneider Electric website.

shunt trip interlock

The Ethernet interface (IFE) provides an Ethernet access to a single device. The device is connected to the IFE interface through the ULP port module and a prefabricated ULP cord.

For information on accessory installation, consult instruction sheet HRB49218 on the Schneider Electric website.

For information on accessory usage, refer to Enerlin’X IFE Ethernet Interface for One Circuit Breaker - User Guide (DOCA0084EN) , available on the Schneider Electric website.

The Ethernet switchboard server (IFE) provides Ethernet access to one or several circuit breakers. It allows the following communication architectures:

One single circuit breaker connected to the IFE server through the ULP port module.

Up to 20 circuit breakers, including up to 12 Compact NSX devices, through the IFM Modbus-SL (RTU) interface for one circuit breaker stacked to the IFE server.

For information on accessory installation, consult instruction sheet HRB49218 , available at the Schneider Electric website.

For information on accessory usage, refer to Enerlin’X IFE Ethernet Interface for One Circuit Breaker - User Guide (DOCA0084EN) on the Schneider Electric website.

The IFM Modbus-SL (RTU) interface provides access from a single device to a Modbus serial line communication network. The device is connected to the IFM interface through the ULP port module and a prefabricated ULP cord.

shunt trip interlock

For information on installation, consult the instruction sheet on the Schneider Electric website: https://www.schneider-electric.us/en/download/document/NVE85393/.

shunt trip interlock

The IO input/output application module for one circuit breaker is one component of the ULP architecture.

The IO input/output application module uses built-in applications to enhance control and monitoring functions. Its resources are:

Six self-powered digital inputs for either NO and NC dry contact or pulse counters.

Three digital outputs that are bistable relay (5 A maximum).

One analog input for a Pt100 temperature sensor.

For information on accessory installation, consult instruction sheet HRB49217 on the Schneider Electric website.

For information on accessory usage, refer to Enerlin’X IO Input/Output Application Module for One Circuit Breaker - User Guide (0613IB1317) on the Schneider Electric website.

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The Unique Burial of a Child of Early Scythian Time at the Cemetery of Saryg-Bulun (Tuva)

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Pages:  379-406

In 1988, the Tuvan Archaeological Expedition (led by M. E. Kilunovskaya and V. A. Semenov) discovered a unique burial of the early Iron Age at Saryg-Bulun in Central Tuva. There are two burial mounds of the Aldy-Bel culture dated by 7th century BC. Within the barrows, which adjoined one another, forming a figure-of-eight, there were discovered 7 burials, from which a representative collection of artifacts was recovered. Burial 5 was the most unique, it was found in a coffin made of a larch trunk, with a tightly closed lid. Due to the preservative properties of larch and lack of air access, the coffin contained a well-preserved mummy of a child with an accompanying set of grave goods. The interred individual retained the skin on his face and had a leather headdress painted with red pigment and a coat, sewn from jerboa fur. The coat was belted with a leather belt with bronze ornaments and buckles. Besides that, a leather quiver with arrows with the shafts decorated with painted ornaments, fully preserved battle pick and a bow were buried in the coffin. Unexpectedly, the full-genomic analysis, showed that the individual was female. This fact opens a new aspect in the study of the social history of the Scythian society and perhaps brings us back to the myth of the Amazons, discussed by Herodotus. Of course, this discovery is unique in its preservation for the Scythian culture of Tuva and requires careful study and conservation.

Keywords: Tuva, Early Iron Age, early Scythian period, Aldy-Bel culture, barrow, burial in the coffin, mummy, full genome sequencing, aDNA

Information about authors: Marina Kilunovskaya (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Candidate of Historical Sciences. Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Vladimir Semenov (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Candidate of Historical Sciences. Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Varvara Busova  (Moscow, Russian Federation).  (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences.  Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected] Kharis Mustafin  (Moscow, Russian Federation). Candidate of Technical Sciences. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.  Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected] Irina Alborova  (Moscow, Russian Federation). Candidate of Biological Sciences. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.  Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected] Alina Matzvai  (Moscow, Russian Federation). Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.  Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected]

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635th Anti-Aircraft Missile Regiment

635-й зенитно-ракетный полк

Military Unit: 86646

Activated 1953 in Stepanshchino, Moscow Oblast - initially as the 1945th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment for Special Use and from 1955 as the 635th Anti-Aircraft Missile Regiment for Special Use.

1953 to 1984 equipped with 60 S-25 (SA-1) launchers:

  • Launch area: 55 15 43N, 38 32 13E (US designation: Moscow SAM site E14-1)
  • Support area: 55 16 50N, 38 32 28E
  • Guidance area: 55 16 31N, 38 30 38E

1984 converted to the S-300PT (SA-10) with three independent battalions:

  • 1st independent Anti-Aircraft Missile Battalion (Bessonovo, Moscow Oblast) - 55 09 34N, 38 22 26E
  • 2nd independent Anti-Aircraft Missile Battalion and HQ (Stepanshchino, Moscow Oblast) - 55 15 31N, 38 32 23E
  • 3rd independent Anti-Aircraft Missile Battalion (Shcherbovo, Moscow Oblast) - 55 22 32N, 38 43 33E

Disbanded 1.5.98.

Subordination:

  • 1st Special Air Defence Corps , 1953 - 1.6.88
  • 86th Air Defence Division , 1.6.88 - 1.10.94
  • 86th Air Defence Brigade , 1.10.94 - 1.10.95
  • 86th Air Defence Division , 1.10.95 - 1.5.98

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Gagarin Cup Preview: Atlant vs. Salavat Yulaev

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Gagarin cup (khl) finals:  atlant moscow oblast vs. salavat yulaev ufa.

Much like the Elitserien Finals, we have a bit of an offense vs. defense match-up in this league Final.  While Ufa let their star top line of Alexander Radulov, Patrick Thoresen and Igor Grigorenko loose on the KHL's Western Conference, Mytischi played a more conservative style, relying on veterans such as former NHLers Jan Bulis, Oleg Petrov, and Jaroslav Obsut.  Just reaching the Finals is a testament to Atlant's disciplined style of play, as they had to knock off much more high profile teams from Yaroslavl and St. Petersburg to do so.  But while they did finish 8th in the league in points, they haven't seen the likes of Ufa, who finished 2nd. 

This series will be a challenge for the underdog, because unlike some of the other KHL teams, Ufa's top players are generally younger and in their prime.  Only Proshkin amongst regular blueliners is over 30, with the work being shared by Kirill Koltsov (28), Andrei Kuteikin (26), Miroslav Blatak (28), Maxim Kondratiev (28) and Dmitri Kalinin (30).  Oleg Tverdovsky hasn't played a lot in the playoffs to date.  Up front, while led by a fairly young top line (24-27), Ufa does have a lot of veterans in support roles:  Vyacheslav Kozlov , Viktor Kozlov , Vladimir Antipov, Sergei Zinovyev and Petr Schastlivy are all over 30.  In fact, the names of all their forwards are familiar to international and NHL fans:  Robert Nilsson , Alexander Svitov, Oleg Saprykin and Jakub Klepis round out the group, all former NHL players.

For Atlant, their veteran roster, with only one of their top six D under the age of 30 (and no top forwards under 30, either), this might be their one shot at a championship.  The team has never won either a Russian Superleague title or the Gagarin Cup, and for players like former NHLer Oleg Petrov, this is probably the last shot at the KHL's top prize.  The team got three extra days rest by winning their Conference Final in six games, and they probably needed to use it.  Atlant does have younger regulars on their roster, but they generally only play a few shifts per game, if that. 

The low event style of game for Atlant probably suits them well, but I don't know how they can manage to keep up against Ufa's speed, skill, and depth.  There is no advantage to be seen in goal, with Erik Ersberg and Konstantin Barulin posting almost identical numbers, and even in terms of recent playoff experience Ufa has them beat.  Luckily for Atlant, Ufa isn't that far away from the Moscow region, so travel shouldn't play a major role. 

I'm predicting that Ufa, winners of the last Superleague title back in 2008, will become the second team to win the Gagarin Cup, and will prevail in five games.  They have a seriously well built team that would honestly compete in the NHL.  They represent the potential of the league, while Atlant represents closer to the reality, as a team full of players who played themselves out of the NHL. 

  • Atlant @ Ufa, Friday Apr 8 (3:00 PM CET/10:00 PM EST)
  • Atlant @ Ufa, Sunday Apr 10 (1:00 PM CET/8:00 AM EST)
  • Ufa @ Atlant, Tuesday Apr 12 (5:30 PM CET/12:30 PM EST)
  • Ufa @ Atlant, Thursday Apr 14 (5:30 PM CET/12:30 PM EST)

Games 5-7 are as yet unscheduled, but every second day is the KHL standard, so expect Game 5 to be on Saturday, like an early start. 

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Out of the Centre

Savvino-storozhevsky monastery and museum.

Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery and Museum

Zvenigorod's most famous sight is the Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery, which was founded in 1398 by the monk Savva from the Troitse-Sergieva Lavra, at the invitation and with the support of Prince Yury Dmitrievich of Zvenigorod. Savva was later canonised as St Sabbas (Savva) of Storozhev. The monastery late flourished under the reign of Tsar Alexis, who chose the monastery as his family church and often went on pilgrimage there and made lots of donations to it. Most of the monastery’s buildings date from this time. The monastery is heavily fortified with thick walls and six towers, the most impressive of which is the Krasny Tower which also serves as the eastern entrance. The monastery was closed in 1918 and only reopened in 1995. In 1998 Patriarch Alexius II took part in a service to return the relics of St Sabbas to the monastery. Today the monastery has the status of a stauropegic monastery, which is second in status to a lavra. In addition to being a working monastery, it also holds the Zvenigorod Historical, Architectural and Art Museum.

Belfry and Neighbouring Churches

shunt trip interlock

Located near the main entrance is the monastery's belfry which is perhaps the calling card of the monastery due to its uniqueness. It was built in the 1650s and the St Sergius of Radonezh’s Church was opened on the middle tier in the mid-17th century, although it was originally dedicated to the Trinity. The belfry's 35-tonne Great Bladgovestny Bell fell in 1941 and was only restored and returned in 2003. Attached to the belfry is a large refectory and the Transfiguration Church, both of which were built on the orders of Tsar Alexis in the 1650s.  

shunt trip interlock

To the left of the belfry is another, smaller, refectory which is attached to the Trinity Gate-Church, which was also constructed in the 1650s on the orders of Tsar Alexis who made it his own family church. The church is elaborately decorated with colourful trims and underneath the archway is a beautiful 19th century fresco.

Nativity of Virgin Mary Cathedral

shunt trip interlock

The Nativity of Virgin Mary Cathedral is the oldest building in the monastery and among the oldest buildings in the Moscow Region. It was built between 1404 and 1405 during the lifetime of St Sabbas and using the funds of Prince Yury of Zvenigorod. The white-stone cathedral is a standard four-pillar design with a single golden dome. After the death of St Sabbas he was interred in the cathedral and a new altar dedicated to him was added.

shunt trip interlock

Under the reign of Tsar Alexis the cathedral was decorated with frescoes by Stepan Ryazanets, some of which remain today. Tsar Alexis also presented the cathedral with a five-tier iconostasis, the top row of icons have been preserved.

Tsaritsa's Chambers

shunt trip interlock

The Nativity of Virgin Mary Cathedral is located between the Tsaritsa's Chambers of the left and the Palace of Tsar Alexis on the right. The Tsaritsa's Chambers were built in the mid-17th century for the wife of Tsar Alexey - Tsaritsa Maria Ilinichna Miloskavskaya. The design of the building is influenced by the ancient Russian architectural style. Is prettier than the Tsar's chambers opposite, being red in colour with elaborately decorated window frames and entrance.

shunt trip interlock

At present the Tsaritsa's Chambers houses the Zvenigorod Historical, Architectural and Art Museum. Among its displays is an accurate recreation of the interior of a noble lady's chambers including furniture, decorations and a decorated tiled oven, and an exhibition on the history of Zvenigorod and the monastery.

Palace of Tsar Alexis

shunt trip interlock

The Palace of Tsar Alexis was built in the 1650s and is now one of the best surviving examples of non-religious architecture of that era. It was built especially for Tsar Alexis who often visited the monastery on religious pilgrimages. Its most striking feature is its pretty row of nine chimney spouts which resemble towers.

shunt trip interlock

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  17. Masterpact MTZ2/MTZ3 Operating Accessories

    The Masterpact shunt trip (MX) is available as standard or with the diagnostic and communicating function. The shunt trip opens the circuit breaker instantaneously when powered. The minimum duration of the pulse operating order must be 200 ms. The MX standard trip locks the circuit breaker in OFF position if the command is maintained.

  18. The Unique Burial of a Child of Early Scythian Time at the Cemetery of

    Burial 5 was the most unique, it was found in a coffin made of a larch trunk, with a tightly closed lid. Due to the preservative properties of larch and lack of air access, the coffin contained a well-preserved mummy of a child with an accompanying set of grave goods. The interred individual retained the skin on his face and had a leather ...

  19. 635th Anti-Aircraft Missile Regiment

    635th Anti-Aircraft Missile Regiment. 635-й зенитно-ракетный полк. Military Unit: 86646. Activated 1953 in Stepanshchino, Moscow Oblast - initially as the 1945th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment for Special Use and from 1955 as the 635th Anti-Aircraft Missile Regiment for Special Use. 1953 to 1984 equipped with 60 S-25 (SA-1 ...

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  21. Gagarin Cup Preview: Atlant vs. Salavat Yulaev

    Much like the Elitserien Finals, we have a bit of an offense vs. defense match-up in this league Final. While Ufa let their star top line of Alexander Radulov, Patrick Thoresen and Igor Grigorenko loose on the KHL's Western Conference, Mytischi played a more conservative style, relying on veterans such as former NHLers Jan Bulis, Oleg Petrov, and Jaroslav Obsut.

  22. Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery and Museum

    Zvenigorod's most famous sight is the Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery, which was founded in 1398 by the monk Savva from the Troitse-Sergieva Lavra, at the invitation and with the support of Prince Yury Dmitrievich of Zvenigorod. Savva was later canonised as St Sabbas (Savva) of Storozhev. The monastery late flourished under the reign of Tsar ...

  23. PDF Fusible Shunt Trip Switch

    Mersen's fusible shunt trip switch is a UL Listed industrial control panel offering remote load-break disconnection capability to emergency circuits. An array of available options allows for maximum functionality to be built into a single compact panel. Panels built for elevator applications feature control transformers (fusing both