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Safari Valley is the first luxury Eco Park Resort sited in the Okere District in the Eastern Region of Ghana with accommodation and Recreation facilities that provide world class services to its guests.

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Amazing experience at the Lion & Safari Park

Our visit to the Lion & Safari Park was nothing short of extraordinary! The park offers an incredible mix of adventure and education. We were able to get up close with lions, cheetahs, and even hand fed giraffes, which was such a unique experience! The guided game drive was fantastic—our guide Alex was incredible, and he is also deeply passionate about conservation. We learned so much about the animals and their natural habitats while safely viewing them in their environment. What truly stood out was the care and attention given to the animals. The park’s efforts in conservation and rehabilitation are commendable. It’s clear that they prioritise the well-being of the wildlife, making it a guilt-free and enlightening experience for animal lovers. The facilities were excellent too—well-maintained, clean, and comfortable. There’s also a lovely restaurant with panoramic views where we enjoyed a delicious meal while watching zebras and antelope roam freely in the distance. Whether you’re a thrill-seeker, a family with kids, or simply someone who loves nature, the Lion & Safari Park is a must-visit destination. It’s not just a park, it’s an adventure you’ll cherish forever!

Date of experience : August 31, 2024

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The lands of the Primorsk Territory are a treasure trove of magnificent natural wonders. These are the lands of majestic ridges and graceful cliffs, ancient reefs and extinct volcanoes, karst caves and lotus lakes, mountain rivers with waterfalls and picturesque bays with cozy beaches. These are the lands of paradoxical symbioses where coniferous trees are intertwined with tropical vines, fresh water springs break out in the middle of the salty sea. It's the only place on the planet where no glacier ever made its way.

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Flora and fauna, the sikhote-alin range, mount pidan, the chandolaz ridge, the dragons’ park, the two brothers rocks and briner’s lighthouse, skiing and sports facilities, protected areas, picturesque islands, major cities, vladivostok.

Nestled on the coast of the Sea of Japan, the Primorye / Primorsk Territory aka Primorsky Krai occupies the south of the Far East, the southeastern edge of Russia. At various times, it belonged to various people. It was a part of the Bohai State, the Jin Empire, the Russian Empire, the Far Eastern Republic. In the beginning of the 13th century after Mongol invasions, there was a period when the local lands were deserted and forgotten until Russian pioneers appeared there. It was not until the 1800s that Russia began to actively develop the area. On October 20, 1938, Primorsky Krai was formed as a result of splitting the Far Eastern territories. The remarkable city of Vladivostok became its administrative centre.

The Primorye covers an area of 164,673 sq.km., it has a population of 1,877,844 people as of 2021, which is roughly the same as the population of Latvia or Kosovo in Europe. It stretches from north to south for almost 900 km. It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the south and east, by the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (aka North Korea) to the southwest, by the People's Republic of China to the west, and by the Khabarovsk Region to the north.

The Primorye is situated on the eastern part of the Eurasian continent and on the islands which seem to have been assembled into a single archipelago. The largest islands include: Bolshoy Pelis, Russky, Putyatin, Askold, Popov, Rikorda, and Reineke. The region is considered to be a mountainous country because only one fifth of its territory is made up of river valleys and intermountain basins. The rest of the land is occupied by the Sikhote-Alin Range which stretches from northeast to southwest, parallel to the coast of the Sea of Japan, and the Manchurian-Korean mountains.

The Sikhote-Alin Range is a set of eight parallel mountain ranges. Each chain is cut by deep river valleys. The slopes are mostly gentle and the peaks are rounded, which reminds you of a head. On the other hand, the mountain spurs on the eastern side of the ridge have steep slopes that are close to the sea. The highest mountains of the range are Tordoki-Yani (2,090 m), Mount Anik (1,933 m), Cloudy aka Oblachnaya (1,855 m) , High aka Visokaya (1,746 m), and Snowy aka Snezhnaya (1,684 m). Mind you, that name High aka Visokaya is rather frequent in the region and you can also see a peak with the same toponym in a different ridge.

The East Manchurian Range is located between the state border with China , Lake Khanka, the Razdolnaya River and the coast of the Sea of Japan. It is represented by low and medium-mountain ridges with some volcanic plateaus.

The Black Mountains rise in the south and it is on their crest that the state border passes. The highest points are Mount Vysokaya aka High (997 m), Mount Kedrovaya (964 m) and Mount Luna (921 m).

The coastline of the Primorsky Territory is rugged and quite strongly dissected by bays and coves. There are many islands close to the rocky sea shores. Those shores with many mind-blowing cliffs attract a lot of climbers here.

There are over 6,000 rivers in the Primorsky Territory; they are relatively short though. This is due to the close proximity of the watershed line to the Pacific coast. The main watershed in the southern part of the Far East is the Sikhote-Alin Range (translated from the Chinese as ‘ the range of the long Western rivers ’). Most of the rivers are rather turbulent in their upper reaches because they rush down the slopes and form many rapids and rifts. There are about 30 scenic waterfalls, of which the most picturesque are Amginskiye, Milogradovskiye, Benevskiye and Shkotovskiye. The biggest waterfall is the Primorye Star (24 m high).

In the middle and lower reaches, the rivers widen and flow more quietly, winding and bending along the way. The largest river in the region is the Ussuri, which has its headwaters on the slopes of Mount Snezhnaya . The rivers predominantly fed by rainfall are distinguished by abundant flooding during typhoons, usually in July-August. In the Ussuri River basin, they can become catastrophic.

There are about 3,000 lakes in the region, of which 2,800 are shallow. In the western Primorye lies Lake Khanka, the largest freshwater reservoir of the region. It forms a natural border with China with the 2/3 of the lake being located in Primorye. The lake and its surroundings belong to the Khanka Reserve. This is a fascinating and unique natural area in the Far East.

Wetlands in the region occupy about 4% of the territory.

Since ancient times, the nature of the Primorsky Territory has preserved a huge number of unique plant and animal species which are found nowhere else in the world. There are also many red-book-listed endemics.

The forest covers about 79% of the area. The mountains display a variety of hues due to the different composition of the forests that grow there: from spruce-fir, cedar-spruce, cedar-broadleaved forests to heat-loving black fir and broadleaved forests. On the other hand, the river valleys are filled with broad-leaved forests. There grow ashes, elms, Manchurian walnuts enlaced with vines.

There are 2,200 - 2,500 species of vascular plants, including about 250 species of trees, bushes and woody lianas, a huge variety of ferns, algae and fungi, mosses and lichens. There is an abundance of medicinal plants as well, such as eleutherococcus, Chinese lemongrass, and ginseng root.

Ginseng means " root of life ". According to traditional Chinese medicine, this perennial herb is supposed to prolong life. In China and Korea , by the way, its root is also used as a food.

True animal lovers will certainly appreciate the diversity of nature of the region: here live about 103 species of mammals (including 82 terrestrial), 18 species of reptiles, 483 species of birds, 9 amphibians, 377 freshwater and marine fish, over 22,000 insects, including the largest beetles, the butterflies and hornets.

The Primorye Territory is home to such an indescribably beautiful but dangerous predator as the Amur tiger. The Amur tiger hides from humans in the taiga, so it is unlikely that you will come across it by chance. You can read more about this mighty cat in our article devoted to The Call of the Tiger National Park.

Black, brown and Himalayan bears, on the other hand, may be encountered more than once, so it is best not to go too far into their habitats without a guide, and for safety reasons you should never stray off the trail.

The area is also home to spotted deer, the far-eastern leopard, squirrels, mice, hedgehogs and many others. It is worth mentioning that one of the most venomous snakes, the Ussuri copperhead snake (moccasin), has found a home here as well. It likes rocky places in the mountains. Therefore, it is important to be vigilant and careful when climbing the mountains. There are also men-brought species in the region: Canadian beaver, European hare and European mink, muskrat, termites, huntsman spider (heteropoda venatoria ).

In addition to fascinating animals, many of which are included in the Red Book of Russia, the underwater world of Primorye is also interesting. The waters of the Sea of Japan are teeming with fish. Many species of fish are commercially viable and swim close to the shores until the freeze-up. Unfortunately, deforestation of the taiga influences the fact that many rivers have become very shallow, which has an adverse effect on the ‘pedigree’ fish. However, predatory fish, such as sharks and rays, sometimes swim into the Sea of Japan.

The climate is temperate and monsoonal, with frequent typhoons and cyclones bringing heavy rainfalls. Decisive to the climate is the region’s location on the edge of a vast continent, which cools down considerably in winter and warms up in summer. Due to the sea monsoon winds that prevail on the coast, the region is usually divided into two parts with different climatic conditions.

Central Primorye is characterised by winters that last 4-5 months, with occasional thaws on the coast and the cold season lasting 3 months. Winters are mostly dry, cold, with a significant number of clear days and little snow cover. The average monthly temperature is -8 to -18°C (18 to 0F). Frosts can reach -50°C (-58F) during the coldest periods.

Spring in the continental part of the region is late and cold, with significant temperature variations. The first half of the summer is hot and dry on the mainland and quite cool, with fogs and drizzle on the coast. The second half of the summer is hot and humid, with an abundance of prolonged heavy rainfalls. Such rains are usually associated with typhoons and southern cyclones that pass over these parts of Primorye. The average monthly temperature in July is +18 to +26°C (18 to 79F), with a maximum absolute high of +40°C (104F).

Autumn is moderately warm and dry and in some areas the heat lingers for a long time. This is the best time of the year in Primorye, the so-called golden season.

Here the plains alternate with mountains, and the steppes intermingle with impenetrable taiga. Views from the mountain tops open up wide panoramas. Many of the local mountains are actually gigantic ancient reefs. The names also breath legends: Brother and Sister, Nephew, Large Hayrick (Zarod) and others. Many places are also of historical value, there are quite a bunch of archaeological excavations that allowed scientists and researchers to determine the origins and history of the entire Primorsky Territory.

The region's natural attractions include a large number of waterfalls, crystal-clear lakes and caves. Of the latter, the most noteworthy are such beautiful caves as: Spasskaya, Sleeping Beauty, the Cave of the Geographic Society, the Speleologist’s Dream.

The waters of the Sea of Japan are rich not only with representatives of the underwater world, they also contain numerous mineral springs and therapeutic muds. The best resorts in the region can be visited on the coast of the Peter the Great Gulf, as well as near the tributaries of the Ussuri River and on the volcanic field of the Sikhote-Alin Range.

In addition to natural attractions, the region has an abundance of historical monuments. Many of them are associated with the region's wartime past. These include the remains of the Voroshilov Battery on one of the islands, the legendary Vladivostok Fortress, a pre-revolutionary patrol ship museum, a submarine museum, and many others.

Situated not far from Shkotovo village, the Primorye Safari Park is the place where animals, including bears, wolves, lynxes, muskrats, deer, wild boars, badgers, wildcats, raccoon dogs, and various birds of prey live in free and comfortable conditions. And even Amur tigers can be watched here from platforms raised to a safe height.

The 250-km wide Sikhote-Alin Range stretches along the coast of the Sea of Japan for 1200 km. The average altitude is 800-1000 m, but the maximum altitude is Tordoki-Yani (2,090 m). Having emerged due to rampant volcanic activity in the Mesozoic period, this area consists of a number of mountain ranges, stone massifs and plateaus separated by deep valleys formed by numerous rivers. The Sikhote-Alin is located between the Sea of Japan and the valleys of the Ussuri River and the lower part of the Amur River.

The territory of the Sikhote-Alin mountain chain has several protected areas, including the Anyuisky National Park, the Sikhote-Alin Natural Biosphere Reserve Reserve, Lazovsky Nature Reserve , and Botchinsky Nature Reserve. Archaeologists have found traces of ancient people's camps on the floodplains, and in the Sikhote-Alin Mountains there are many remains of early man buildings: the remains of a very large stone structure resembling the remains of a Bohai palace, signal towers, and various fortifications. A single-track railway and a section of road have been built through the mountains.

Mount Pidan (1.332 m) which is officially known as Livadiyskayaa Mountain is part of the Livadisky Ridge in the Sikhote-Alin Range. It is one of the most mysterious and popular mountains in the Primorsky Territory. It is a place of power left over from the times of the ancient Kingdom of Bohai. The huge stones scattered across its slopes contributed to the choice of its name. In translation, Pidan means "stones heaped by God". The legend has it that in ancient times, a magic crystal was placed atop this sacred mountain, only the priests could approach it. Another legend tells of a man who once lived here and could fly.

Situated in the south of Primorye, the Chandolaz Ridge is actually a very ancient coral reef 7.5 km long rising from the ocean floor. Located in the middle of the taiga today, it is now a part of the bigger Lozovy Range. The old Chinese name Chandolaz aka Chindoliz aka Chindalaz means ‘ a big long mountain’ . The highest point of the Chandolaz Ridge and the Lozovy Range is Chertov Utes aka Devil’s Cliff (756 m). The ridge features a lot of karst pits. Currently, there are 30 explored caves. The deepest cave in Primorie - Solyanik - is located here. The Solyanik Cave is 125 m long and 425 m deep.

The local caves are shrouded in legends and mysteries. They are believed to contain the golden treasures of the Jurchen Empire, which was once destroyed by Genghis Khan's warriors. Yet, archeological findings have failed to recover the rumoured heaps of gold but there have been made some discoveries important for understanding the history of the region.

The cave which is definitely worth visiting while you are climbing Chandolaz is the Spelaeologist's Dream. The large arch of the cave entrance is visible from afar. The 38-meter-long cave has several underground galleries and corridors with well preserved ancient stalactites inside.

The local vegetation is of unusual colour: the oaks are bright red in autumn, while in spring the rosemary blossoms are violet. This phenomenon defies explanation.

White walnut and 'devil' trees can also be found here. By the way, the prickly trunks of the 'devil' trees are quite disliked by hikers. Clothes cling to them, they cut hands and feet with their sharp thorns. But not many people know that this plant is medicinal. Its scientific name is Manchurian Aralia . Aralia roots are used to treat a variety of ailments, including diabetes. Also, aralia tincture is used as a tonic. The effect of this natural energy drink is superior to that of ginseng or eleutherococcus extracts.

You can get here by car or by public transport. If you drive, take Vladivostok-Partizansk road to Ekaterinovka village. There is a railroad bridge right after the village, turn right and cross the railway tracks at the abandoned poultry farm. Then take the dirt road and every time you see crossroads, turn left. The road will take you to the foot of the Chandolaz Ridge.

If you opt for public transport, take a suburban train to Ekaterinovka Village or 152 km Station (Vladivostok-Partizansk or Vladivostok-Nakhodka routes). All the roads and paths from the railway platform will take you to the Chandolaz.

It is quite easy to climb Chandolaz. From the foot of the ridge upwards there is a fairly wide geological road. It will eventually turn into a rather rocky slope, but you can climb it without special equipment. It is also possible to walk along the local power line. There are two roads branching off from the upper power line. One leads straight ahead. The other climbs steeply upwards. You should walk in a straight line. After 5-10 minutes of walking, a small path branches off to the left from the road, leading to the cave Spelaeologist's Dream.

A bunch of bizarre rocks are strewn on an area of 36 sq. km. near Chistovodnoye Village in the Lazovsky District. These natural stones were named for their amazing shapes resembling huge prehistoric animals. According to the official version, the park was formed as a result of century-long weathering. However, the silhouettes of the boulders (dragons, dinosaurs, turtles, crocodiles, snake heads and even images of human faces) look so realistic that there are supporters of their man-made origin. Such fantastic theories suggest that the stones are the creation of an ancient human civilisation or have even perhaps been planted here by aliens. At the foot of the Dragons’ Park, travellers see two paths. One leads to the park itself and the other to a radon spring.

The Two Brothers Rocks are one of the most famous places in the Far East. They used to be featured on the Russian banknote until 1997. Two cliffs are 130 metres off the coast, they tower over the waters of the Sea of Japan in the Rudnaya Bay near the Briner’s Cape. Those tall rocks are thought to be about 60 million years old.

On top of the Briner’s Cape there is a lighthouse. This white stone tower was built in 1950 and now is featured on many photos of the region.

Nestled on the ridges and hills, Primorye offers ample opportunities for breathtaking rides down local ski slopes. There are only two skiing slopes in Vladivostok - Kometa and Lesnaya Polyana (Forest Glade). However, moving farther from the city, and you can find a ski resort for all tastes, because the choice is already much greater:

• Alekseevsky ski slope – Sergeevka village, 32 km from Partizansk
• Vostok ski base – 5 km from Arseniev
• Gribanovka or Gorny Dom ski slope – 30 km from Anisimovka village
• Blue Sopka – Artem village, 15 km from Vladivostok airport
• Ptichy Klyuch – within Partizansk

The nature here is unique, but it is also a tidbit for hunters, poachers and loggers. Because of this, large areas of Primorsky Territory are under protection. If you want to visit these places, you'll need to obtain a visitor's permit beforehand.

Six nature reserves are located here:

• the Ussuri Nature Reserve
• the Kedrovaya Gorge
• the Far Eastern Marine Reserve
• the Khankaisky Nature Reserve
• the Lazovsky Nature Reserve
• the Sikhote-Alin Nature Reserve featured the UNESCO World Heritage List

There are four national parks: the Call of the Tiger, the Udeghe Legend, the Land of the Leopard, the Bikin, the Khasansky National Nature Park. Also, Primorye hosts thirty wildlife sanctuaries.

Even though Primorsky Territory is not so rich in islands as the nearby Sakhalin Region, it can still boast of a few beauties.

Putyatin Island can be found in the Peter the Great Gulf. It is connected to the mainland by a ferry. It reveals to a lucky traveler its picturesque bays and sandy beaches, springs with drinking water, rocks with strange shapes, historical monuments. In the warm season, the Goose Lake allows you to enjoy the beautiful picture of the Red-Book lotuses blooming on it.

On the south of Russky Island, travelers can visit the Voroshilov Battery, built in the 1930s to defend the land against enemy naval attacks. Nestled in the lowlands between the hills, the two turrets with guns are camouflaged so that they cannot be seen from the sea. Under the turrets, there are multi-storeyed underground bunkers, designed to withstand very powerful bombs. The battery has now been decommissioned, and houses a museum.

Vladivostok is the capital of Primorye and the south-eastern extreme point of Russia. Today, the city is connected to Russia and other countries by rail, sea, road and air. Direct air links connect the city to China , Japan , the United States , Thailand , South Korea , Uzbekistan and many Russian cities.

It takes just a few hours by bus to get here from China , and a couple of hours by flight from Seoul, the capital of South Korea .

Planes arrive at the current airport Knevichi, which is located 40 km from Vladivostok. Buses, aeroexpress trains and, of course, taxis run between the airport and the Vladivostok city centre.

Vladivostok is the terminus of the Trans-Siberian Railway. Sometimes adventurous people choose to take a week-long train ride from Moscow to Primorye’s capital. The train arrives at the train station located in the centre of the city, near the main square.

Water transport is available from Popov Island, Slavyanka, and Peschany (Sandy) Peninsula. It is also possible to reach Vladivostok by ferry from Seoul, it will take just 1 day. In this case, the water transport will arrive at the sea terminal, also located in the city centre.

Vladivostok is situated on the coast of the Sea of Japan. You can see Peter the Great Bay from practically anywhere in the city. Due to this abundance of sea water, it is very humid here. This coupled with strong winds blowing almost constantly makes your walking adventures rather invigorating. You have to be prepared for the weather to be completely unpredictable.

Founded in 1860 as a fortress, Vladivostok is still a stronghold for the navy, and one of the largest ports in the Far East. In its time, it was the most fortified and protected fortress which included about 122 facilities.

The name " Vladivostok " combines two words - " to possess " and " east ". There is also an unofficial Chinese name which means " the sea cucumber bay " in translation. As to the Japanese language, in ancient times, the territory was dubbed "the Salt Bay ".

Vladivostok's original development, nature and culture attract many visitors from other countries. The city is spread over several hills, so it is worth having comfortable shoes for walking, let alone hiking in the city’s vicinity. Alternatively, you can take a leisurely sightseeing ride on Vladivostok's funicular. It is located on the slope of the Orlinaya (Eagle Nest) Hill. It is the only cable car in Russia that operates as public transport.

The city's trademarks are:

• Russky Island
• cable-stayed bridges
• Egerscheld Lighthouse
• Orlinaya (Eagle Nest) Hill

Russky Island is connected to Vladivostok by a modern cable-braced bridge. There are recreation camps, comfortable beaches, cultural and entertainment facilities situated on the island. The sea aquarium and dolphin aquarium are quite popular here. Around the sites, there's a park, a beach, and cafes. It is a very popular place for families who usually spend the whole day on the island.

One of the bays of the Sea of Japan hosts the oldest lighthouse in the region, the Egerscheld Lighthouse. It has been in operation for more than 200 years.

The highest point of the city is Orlinaya (Eagle Nest) Hill with a TV tower and an observation platform at the top.

There are parks and protected areas in the city and its suburbs:

• Lazovsky State Nature Reserve
• Victory Park and Pokrovsky Park
• Lazurny Family Recreation Park

Cultural sites include:

• the Triumphal Arch of Tsesarevich Nicholas
• monuments from the Soviet period
• historical monuments to famous people

There are historical, art and specialized museums in the city. The famous Mariinsky Theatre from Saint Petersburg opened a branch in Vladivostok. It is called Mariinsky Theatre Primorskaya Stage.

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Primorsky Krai, Russia

The capital city of Primorye krai: Vladivostok .

Primorsky Krai - Overview

Primorsky Krai (informally Primorye ) is a federal subject of Russia located in the south-eastern part of the country, in the south of the Far East, part of the Far Eastern Federal District. Vladivostok is the capital city of the region.

The population of Primorsky Krai is about 1,863,000 (2022), the area - 164,673 sq. km.

Primorye krai flag

Primorye krai coat of arms.

Primorye krai map, Russia

Primorye krai latest news and posts from our blog:.

20 September, 2017 / Vladivostok - the view from above .

23 July, 2015 / Gamov lighthouse - the easternmost lighthouse in Russia .

24 February, 2014 / Abandoned shelter-base for Soviet submarines .

11 September, 2012 / These tanks are not afraid to go under the water .

28 April, 2012 / First demonstration flights of new Russian combat helicopters .

More posts..

News, notes and thoughts:

18 August, 2011   / A shark attacked a 16-year-old youth in Russia's Primorye region, officials said, a day after a man lost his hands in a similar shark attack unprecedented for the region. What is wrong with the sharks all over the world?

9 January, 2011   / A bear apparently wounded by hunters broke into a school in the Primorye Territory in Russia's Far East, police said Sunday. Yeah, bears walking the streets of Russian cities.

History of Primorsky Krai

The first people settled in the region more than 30 thousand years ago. According to ancient legends, the coastal line was densely inhabited. In the Middle Ages, there were three empires on the territory of Primorye, which successively replaced each other: Bohai (698-926), Jin (1115-1234), Eastern Xia (1215-1233).

In the early 13th century, the territory of East Asia suffered the Mongol invasion. This led to the fall of the empire of Jin, but some provinces in the east preserved independence and formed an independent state known as Eastern Xia. In 1233, after another invasion this state ceased to exist too.

After that, the region was in ruins and attracted people persecuted in surrounding countries (bandits, adventurers, political dissidents). The first documented Russian presence in the region dates back to the summer of 1655, when the northern Primorye was visited by Russian Cossacks under the command of Onuphrius Stepanov.

In the middle of the 19th century, the Russian Empire began to strengthen its position in the north-west coast of the Pacific Ocean. In 1856, Primorskaya oblast was formed from the coastal parts of Eastern Siberia and Kamchatka. The territory of present Primorye was incorporated into the Russian state on the basis of Aigun (1858) and Beijing (1860) peace treaties that legalized the border between Russia and China.

More historical facts…

Since then, the southern part of Primorye took its current shape. In 1860, Vladivostok was founded as a military post. Russian migration in the region began. In 1899, the Oriental Institute was opened in Vladivostok - the first higher educational institution in Eastern Siberia and the Far East, and one of the oldest in East Asia.

Further strengthening of Russian positions in the Far East was limited by the small size of the Russian population and remoteness from populated parts of the empire. Regular communication between St. Petersburg and Vladivostok was established after the completion of the Trans-Siberian Railway in 1903.

From 1861 to 1917, about 250,000 peasants arrived in Primorye and founded 342 settlements. In 1917, the population of Primorye amounted to 307,000 people. By the mid-1920s, the local population reached 600,000 people. In the 1930s, forced industrialization and collectivization began which led to another wave of migration. The migration was both voluntary and forced (prisoners).

In 1937-1938, about 200,000 people of Korean and Chinese nationalities were forcibly deported from the region. Until the end of the 1980s, as a result of ethnic deportations, the Chinese and Koreans disappeared from the national composition of the population of Primorye.

In the summer of 1938, on the southern boundary of Primorye, in the area of Lake Khasan, there were military clashes between Manchukuo (a puppet state under Japanese control) and the Soviet Union. After two weeks of fighting, the USSR was able to repel the aggression. On October 20, 1938, Primorsky Krai with the capital in Vladivostok was formed.

After the end of the Second World War, Primorsky Krai continued to develop as a major industrial and agricultural region of the Far East also specializing in the extraction of natural resources. Rail and sea transport played a significant role in the local economy. Migration from the European part of Russia and Siberia continued, which led to an increase of population of the region from 1,381,000 people in 1959 to 1,978,000 in 1979.

With the collapse of the Soviet Union, the region’s economy went into decline, reverse migration in the European part of Russia began. At the beginning of the 21st century, the social and economic situation in Primorsky Krai improved.

Beautiful nature of Primorsky Krai

On the coast in Primorsky Krai

Author: Andrej Serbskij

Hilly landscape of Primorsky Krai

Author: Kazakov Igor

Primorye scenery

Author: Viktor Koblov

Primorsky Krai - Features

Primorsky Krai is located in the south of the Far East, in the south-eastern part of the Russian Federation. It is bordered by Khabarovsk Krai in the north, China in the west, North Korea in the south-west, and is washed by the Japan Sea in the south and east. The largest cities are Vladivostok (601,300), Ussuriysk (172,000), Nakhodka (140,200), Artyom (104,500).

The maximum length of Primorsky Krai (from the mouth of the Tumannaya River to the source of the Samarga River) is about 900 km, the maximum width (from the valley of the Ussuri River to the coast of the Sea of Japan) - about 280 km. The highest peak is Mount Anik (1,933 meters) located in the north-easton of the region, near the border with Khabarovsk krai.

The climate of Primorye is temperate monsoon. Winters are dry and cold with sunny weather; springs are long, cool, with frequent changes of temperature; summers are warm and humid; autumns as a rule are warm and dry.

The main peculiarity - lots of precipitation and fog in summer. Summer is the period of typhoons. The average temperature in July is about plus 17-21 degrees Celsius, in January - minus 8-23 degrees Celsius.

Primorsky Krai - Economy

A number of large and unique deposits of various minerals have been discovered in Primorye. This region has the most powerful mining industry in the Far East of Russia. There are about 100 coal deposits (2.4 billion tons), 30 deposits of tin, 15 deposits of complex ores containing zinc, lead, copper, and silver. Gold deposits are located both in the south of the region and in the north.

The largest in Russia deposit of boron is located near the town of Dalnegorsk. Several phosphorite deposits are discovered on the shelf of the Sea of Japan. There are also several small oil fields, large deposits of germanium. Mountain rivers have significant hydropower potential. Diverse forests cover about 80% of the territory.

Primorsky Krai is the most developed region in the Russian Far East due to its favorable geographic location and abundance of various natural resources. The local economy is based on such industries as mining, timber, fisheries, trade, shipbuilding and repairing.

Primorye has a relatively well-developed transportation network. The main traffic artery is the eastern section of the Trans-Siberian Railway. Due to its proximity to Japan and the Republic of Korea (imports of relatively cheap used cars), Primorsky Krai occupies the first place in Russia in the number of vehicles in the population.

The seaports of Primorsky Krai play an important role in the economy of Russia. The largest container terminals in the Russian Far East are located here. Regional and international air flights are carried out from Vladivostok International Airport.

Attractions of Primorsky Krai

Primorsky Krai is known for its rich flora and fauna, the variety of landscapes, the warm sea in the south, springs with healing water. All this creates favorable conditions for tourism development.

In Primorye, there are more than 500 unique natural sites (lakes, waterfalls, ancient extinct volcanoes, caves, bays). There are six nature reserves and three national parks:

• Far East Marine Reserve in the Gulf of Peter the Great,
• “Kedrovaya Pad” Reserve,
• Lazovsky Reserve,
• Sikhote-Alin Reserve included in the UNESCO World Heritage List,
• Ussuri Nature Reserve,
• Khanka Reserve,
• “The Call of the Tiger”,
• “Udege Legend”,
• “The Land of the Leopard”.

The following places of interest are also noteworthy:

• The Rope Park in Andreevka - a sports-tourist trail that includes elements of sports tourism and mountaineering,
• Shanduyskie lakes - mountain lakes located in the north of Primorye,
• “Black Sand” beach located near the village of Zarubino in Aleut Bay - an interesting beach with volcanic black sand, which is considered to be curative,
• The lighthouse on the southern tip of Gamov Peninsula. Gamov Peninsula is the pearl of Primorye and the Far East.

Primorye krai of Russia photos

Landscapes of primorsky krai.

On the shore of the Sea of Japan in Primorsky Krai

Author: Konstantin Tkachenko

Primorsky Krai scenery

Small river in Primorye

Author: Melnitsky Stanislav

Primorsky Krai views

Forest in Primorsky Krai

Primorye landscape

Village in Primorsky Krai

Author: Roman Mikulchik

The comments of our visitors

So has the problem of Customs and Border controls been sorted out. The Area has a good future if red tape does not stifle the economics of trade (and survival). Francis

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Dining options include Casablanca's with an elaborate breakfast buffet and a la carte menu. Dinners are a special event with a unique menu that hints of the African wilds but tamed by our creative culinary staff. All day dining is available in the Outpost Deli. Starting with a fresh assortment of pastries and other delectable items for breakfast to delicious sandwiches and salads for lunch, the Outpost also offers snacks throughout the day. ZanZibar Watering Hole will become your favorite place to unwind after a wild day in the parks. Enjoy your favorite cocktail surrounded by exotic artifacts and homespun hospitality.

Spacious guestrooms with pool or city views, one bedroom Safari suites, and one bedroom Deluxe suites. All are comfortably appointed and tastefully decorated with a flair for the African adventure. Guests can indulge in a relaxing swim in our outdoor, heated pool. The more adventurous can take a plunge down the 79 foot Python waterslide. And the little ones have their own wading pool.

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Guest service & market.

Once you’re through the impressive entrance, you can drive directly to your accommodation. Do you have any questions or is something not quite clear? Feel free to make a stop at the Guest Service & Market. This is where the resort's Guest Service Centre is located, and where you can get a taste of a genuine market.

A warm welcome

Before you arrive, you will receive a unique code that gives you access to the park and your accommodations. This means you won’t have to pass by the Guest Service & Market to check in upon arrival, although you are of course more than welcome to do so.

For answers to all your questions, you can go to Karibu Town, the central building, where you will find the Guest Service & Market. This is the resort's Guest Service Centre and a store in one. Don’t forget to take a walk around the market, where you can find fresh sandwiches, souvenirs and groceries.

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• Guest Services

February 1, 2018

How Can We Help?

Enchanted Forest Water Safari is committed to providing high quality service to ensure each and every guest has a memorable experience. If you have any questions while at the park or need assistance, any of our staff would be happy to help you.

Our Main Office is located up the stairs adjacent to the Paul Bunyan Gift Store in the front of the park.

Our Guest Services is located right next to the Paul Bunyan statue.

Admission and Re-entry Into Our Water Park

Enchanted Forest Water Safari offers a pay-one-price single day admission rate and a season pass rate. Arrive after 3:00pm (2:00pm on days we close at 5:30pm or earlier) and pay admission, you will receive a Siesta Pass valid for re-admission any one day during the current operating season. Offer not valid when redeeming a Siesta Pass.

Entry and exit points:

• You may enter and exit the park during the day.
• You must exit through the Paul Bunyan Gift Store, get your hand stamped, and re-enter through the admission gate.
• You may also exit and enter the park through the gate by Calypso's Cove after 11am when Calypso's Cove is open.

Are You Missing Something?

If you have lost an item check the locations below depending on the value of the item lost. If the item has not been found, you may fill out a lost form and if the item is located, we will contact you. Please ask any of our team members for assistance.

Where to look:

• Shirts, towels, shoes, sunglasses etc. are returned to Lost and Found located at Locker Keys in the front of the park.
• Jewelry, wallets, money, purses, and prescription glasses are returned to the main office.

ATM, Checks, Splash Cash & Credit Cards

CASH/CREDIT CARDS – Cash is Only Accepted at the following locations: Admissions, Guest Services, Rentals, and all Retail Locations: Paul Bunyan Gift Shop, Tiki Tim’s, Candy Store, Woodcenter. Load Cash onto Splash Cash Cards or Waterproof wristbands to use at any Point-of-Sale location.

Credit Cards are accepted at ALL point-of-sale locations in the park. We accept Mastercard, Discover, Visa, American Express, Apple Pay & Google Pay.

Enchanted Forest Water Safari does not accept personal checks.

ATM locations:

• Inside the Paul Bunyan gift store in the front of the park
• Main lodge at the Old Forge Camping Resort
• Calypso's Cove
• Water's Edge Inn

Catching Up With Your Party

We recommend that your party choose a time and place to meet before you leave the park for the day or should you become separated. We do not offer personal paging.

Popular Meeting Place:

• Paul Bunyan, located in the front of the park just inside the entrance/exit

Outside food and beverages are not permitted in the park unless you are a Season Pass holder (see more below).

Picnic areas are available at Calypso's Cove for Guests to enjoy their food safely or they are welcome to “tailgate” from their vehicles.   Guests may enter and exit on the same day by receiving a stamp to return.  Guests may bring in an empty water bottle and can fill it with water for free inside the park are our Coca-Cola refillable soda stations.  We now offer Coca-Cola refillable tumblers with Free Refills on day of purchase. In addition, we are actively improving our Food and Beverage options based on Guest feedback and needs.

Exceptions include Guests with severe food allergies.  The food they bring must be limited to the individual with the allergy and may contain: two sealable sandwich bags (7x8 inches) and one snack to accommodate their visit (such as a piece of fruit or small snack that fits into a sandwich bag).  One small soft-sided cooler may be brought in to carry these items.  Please see a team member at our entrance screening area to receive approval.

Guests with infants who need to bring breastmilk or formula are permitted to bring in one small soft-sided cooler.   NO GLASS CONTAINERS.

Guests who reserve a Cabana are not permitted to bring in a cooler or outside food/beverages unless they are a Season Pass holder (see more below).

Season Pass Holders :

Season Pass Holders are permitted to bring in ONE, up to 60-quart cooler, per family.   No alcoholic beverages are permitted and NO GLASS CONTAINERS.

School, Youth, and Homeschool Groups :

Organized Youth Groups, Official School, or Homeschool Groups reserved through Group Sales can bring one 60-quart cooler per 50 guests with sandwiches, preferably packed in sealable baggies, and unopened bottled water.  The cooler must go through our screening process prior to entering the park. Please bring lunch only, not a plethora of additional food items. Empty water bottles can be refilled at no charge at our Coca-Cola refillable soda stations.

Currency Exchange At The Park

Funds are exchanged at the current rate.

Accepted currency:

Entertainment.

Two family circus shows take place daily at Noon & 4PM (11AM & 2PM days we’re open 10AM-4PM). Follow the red brick path to the Circus area at the rear of the Park. “Rocky & the Ramblin’ Rascals” performs continuously throughout the day in Klondike Kate’s. During inclement weather, some shows may be cancelled for the safety & comfort of our performers & guests.

If The Weather Acts Up

For the safety of our guests and team members, Enchanted Forest Water Safari will close certain rides and attractions during inclement weather. All the rides run in the rain. In the event of thunder and lightning we will temporarily shut down the rides until the storm passes. We will reopen rides as soon as safely possible. Sorry, we do not offer refunds or rain checks.

Rides will close during:

• Intense rain

Keep Your Belongings In One Place With Our Handy Lockers

A limited number of lockers are available. Lockers are available for unlimited use all day for a fee. They are on a first-come first-served basis. Changing facilities, accessible restrooms, and baby changing stations are available in all of our locker rooms.

Locker locations

Secure daily locker rentals are available next door to Tiki Tim’s Surf Shop and in the rear of the park behind Whistlepunk Café.

Parking, Handicap Parking & Restrooms

Parking is always FREE at the Enchanted Forest Water Safari! Handicap parking is available directly in front of the admission gates. All of our restrooms are handicap accessible.

Trained Service Animals are welcome. Animals who do not meet the definition of a Service Animal will not be permitted in the park. Service animals must be harnessed, leashed, or tethered, unless these devices interfere with the Service Animal’s work or the individual’s disability prevents using these devices. In that case, the individual must maintain control of the animal through voice, signal or other effective controls.

Helpful Hint: Leave your pet at home and never leave your pet in the car. Call Bed, Bark & Beyond at (315) 390-4427 to arrange a special day of fun for your furry family member at a caring facility!

Enchanted Forest Water Safari offers day-use lockers, VIP double tubes, strollers & wheelchair rentals for the convenience of our guests.

Locker Rentals: We offer lockers that are available to rent by the day.

Single & Double Stroller Rentals: We offer single & double strollers that are available to rent by the day. Stroller rentals are available from Rentals . Strollers must stay inside the park at all times.

VIP Double Tube Rentals: We have a limited supply of VIP Double Tubes that are available to rent by the day from Rentals in the upper level above Tiki Tim's Surf Shop and during peak season at Rentals in the Adirondack Expedition. You do not have to rent a tube to enjoy the water rides; tubes are provided at all rides that require tubes. The advantage of a VIP Double Tube Rental is that you'll will be able to bypass the tube line at the bottom of the ride. Double tubes are permitted on all tube rides with the exception of Raging Rapids. Tubes are not permitted in any pools.

Wagon Rentals: Wagon Rentals are available for daily rental at Rentals in the upper level above Tiki Tim's Surf Shop.

Wheelchair Rentals: We offer a limited supply of wheelchairs that are available to rent at Rentals in the upper level above Tiki Tim's Surf Shop.

Restroom locations:

• Front locker rooms
• Next to the Candy Store in the middle of the park
• Adjacent to the Tidal Wave Pool
• At the Museum (Single stall family restroom)
• At the Adirondack Expedition locker rooms
• Next to the Woodcenter gift store

Safari Snapshots

Our park photographers are available throughout the park all day to capture your memorable moments! Visit the Safari Snapshots Booth to view your pictures & grab a fun photo souvenir! Located directly outside of the Paul Bunyan Gift Shop in the front of the park.

Sun Protection While At Our Water Park

It is very important to protect your skin by reapplying sunscreen frequently throughout the day and especially after getting out of the water. Even on cloudy days you can get sunburned. Remember to drink plenty of fluids and to seek shade periodically.

Forget sunscreen?

• Sunscreen can be purchased in most of our gift stores.

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Rainbow Springs State Park

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Distance from Tampa

1 Hour 53 Minutes

Distance from Orlando

1 Hour and 37 Minutes

An Other-Worldly Adventure

The best part about paddling the Rainbow River is the crystal-clear waters that allow for amazing views of the wildlife that lies beneath the surface. If you have been following @rainbowspringsadventures on Instagram, you have seen posts of clear water and visitors having a blast floating and enjoying the water while engulfed by the beautiful scenery.

Something greatly appreciated in this park is guests’ ability to swim in the headsprings here. Get some laps in, or just soak up the perfect water!

Kayaking, Canoeing, Tubing, and Paddleboarding

To really kick back and relax, Guests rent an inner tube and take a cool, lazy float on the soothing natural river. You can also rent a canoe or a kayak and journey out onto the gorgeous waters of one of the top recreational water sports destinations in Florida.

Garden and Nature Hikes

If you thought the headsprings were a sight to see, just wait! The nature trail hikes consist of shady gardens laced with azaleas, oaks, and magnolias, and they pass by three man-made waterfalls and a native plant garden. One trail winds back behind the gardens through the natural oak hammock and sandhill communities.

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Coast and islands

The krai's coastline is fairly straight, except for the southernmost section around Vladivostok which contains the Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula . There are numerous islands in this area, the main ones being Lisy Island , Askold Island, Putyatin Island , Skrebtsov island , Sibiryakov Island , the Eugénie Archipelago (the largest island of which being Russky Island ), the Rimsky-Korsakov Archipelago and Furugelm Island . [16]

Flora and fauna

The geographic location of Primorye accounts for the variety of its flora . The territory of Primorye has not been subjected to the ice cover in the past in contrast to the rest of Siberia during the ice ages. The specifics of the geographic situation and the specific features of climate determine the unique diversity of the plant world at species and genetic levels and the richness of plant resources. In the flora of Primorye, there are more than two thousand species of higher plants, of which are about 250 species of trees, bushes, and ligneous lianas. Flora of mosses and lichens are very diverse. As part of the coastal flora, there are many valuable medicinal, technical and food plants, many relict and endemic species. About 200 species are listed in the IUCN Red List as rare and threatened extermination.

There are mountainous tundra areas, conifers and coniferous-deciduous forests, and forest-steppe, which is sometimes called the Far Eastern Prairie, where many ancient plant species have been preserved, including ferns , lotus , and the willow Salix arbutifolia (syn. Chosenia arbutifolia ). The flora of the territory contains such plants as Taxus cuspidata , Juniperus rigida , Phellodendron amurense , Kalopanax , Aralia elata , Maackia amurensis , Alnus japonica , Actinidia kolomikta , Schisandra chinensis , Celastrus orbiculatus , Thladiantha dubia , Weigela , Eleutherococcus , Flueggea suffruticosa , Deutzia , Nelumbo nucifera , Betula schmidtii , Carpinus cordata , Acer mandshuricum , Parthenocissus tricuspidata , Vitis amurensis , Panax ginseng and many others. [17]

The fauna of Primorye is also diverse. The following animals are found in the Krai : Ussuri black bear ( Ursus thibetanus ), Amur tiger , Amur leopard ( Panthera pardus orientalis ), Eurasian lynx ( Lynx lynx ), wild boar ( Sus scrofa ), Manchurian deer ( Cervus elaphus xanthopygos ), Siberian roe deer ( Capreolus pygargus ), musk deer ( Moschus moschiferus ), long-tailed goral ( Naemorhedus caudatus ), sika deer ( Cervus nippon ), sable ( Martes zibellina ), Blakiston's fish owl ( Bubo blakistoni ), mandarinka duck ( Aix galericulata ), black stork ( Ciconia nigra ), scaly goosander ( Mergus squamatus ), chestnut-cheeked starling ( Sturnia philippensis ), black griffon ( Aegypius monachus ), large-winged cuckoo (family Cuculidae ), and others. Among 690 species of birds inhabiting the territory of the former USSR , 350 are found in Primorye. Rich fisheries of salmon , Hucho taimen , lenok and marine fisheries of crab, pollock and other species make the aquatic and maritime environment a valuable resource for the region. However, the rich diversity of wildlife in Primorye is threatened by poaching and the illegal wildlife trade . Wildlife Conservation Society , World Wildlife Fund , Wild Salmon Center , and Russian NGOs including Phoenix Fund are active in the region's wildlife and habitat conservation.

• Primorsky Krai is dominated by a four-season humid continental climate . [18]
• Average annual temperature   — near +1   °C (34   °F) in the north of the krai; +5.5   °C (41.9   °F) on the southern coast. [ citation needed ] [ vague ]
• Average annual precipitation   — 600–850   mm (23.6–33.5   in) . [ citation needed ] [ vague ]

The area was settled by several Tungusic and Mongolic tribes, such as the Sushen , the proto-Mongol Shiwei and the Mohe . The Udege people are said to have traditionally settled in territories along the Bikin River long ago, however, they are possibly of Jianzhou Jurchen origin. [19]

During the Balhae Kingdom , most of the krai was within the boundaries of the provinces of Dingli, Anbian and Anyuan. After Balhae was conquered by the Khitans, the territory became part of Liao dynasty 's Eastern Circuit and Jin dynasty 's Supin Circuit. It then came under Mongol and Manchu rule.

The acquisition of Siberia by the Tsardom of Russia and the subsequent Russian expansion to the Far East brought the Russians into direct contact with China . The Nerchinsk Treaty of 1689 demarcating the borders of the two states gave all lands lying south of the Stanovoy Mountains , including Primorye, to the Qing Empire. However, with the weakening of the Qing Empire [ further explanation needed ] in the second half of the 19th century, Russia began its expansion into the area. In 1858, the towns of Khabarovsk and Blagoveshchensk were founded. In 1858, Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky signed the Aigun Treaty with China, followed by the Beijing Treaty two years later. As a result of the two treaties, the Sino–Russian border shifted south in the Amur Annexation to the Amur and Ussuri Rivers , granting Russia full control of Primorye.

Primorskaya Oblast was established as the easternmost division of the Russian Empire in 1856. It included the territory of modern Primorsky Krai as well as the territories of modern Khabarovsk Krai and Magadan Oblast , stretching from Vladivostok to the Chukchi Peninsula in the far north.

In the period from 1859 to 1882, ninety-five settlements were established in the Primorye region, including Vladivostok, Ussuriysk , Razdolnoye, Vladimiro-Aleksandrovskoye, Shkotovo , Pokrovka , Tury Rog, and Kamen-Rybolov . Russians began migrating to these regions. The population was primarily engaged in hunting, fishing and cultivation. More than two-thirds of the territory's inhabitants followed these occupations.

During the latter part of the 19th century, there was a significant resource, industrial and resulting economic development in Primorye. Coal mining became a prominent industry, as did the export of sea-kale , velvet antlers , timber , crab , dried fish , and trepangs . The rapid economic expansion of Primorye was financed in large measure by Russian and foreign capital investment.

After the Russian Revolution and the victory of the communists, the new government renamed Primorskaya Oblast as the Zemstvo of Maritime Territory . It was defined as the Far-Eastern Republic (1920–1922). Within the Russian SFSR , this became Far-Eastern Oblast (1922–1926) and then Far-Eastern Krai (1926–1938).

The area became a battleground for allied and Bolshevik troops during the Siberian Intervention . In 1922, shortly before the end of the Civil War , Primorye came under Bolshevik control. The new government directed the economic, scientific, and cultural development of the territory. The Soviet Government spent the following ten years combating "bourgeois ideology" in many areas of life and culture. As a result, the music, theater, literature, and the fine arts of Primorye were censored.

Primorsky was the center of the ethnic Korean minority of Russia. The Pos'et Korean National Raion was created under the policy of Korenizatsiya . The Krai had 105 both fully and mixed Korean towns where residents used the Korean language as an official language. Nearly 200,000 ethnic Koreans were living in the Krai by the time of their deportation in 1938 . [20] The Soviet Union had earlier deported ethnic Chinese from western Siberia.

During this period, the Soviet government emphasized centralized planning of the economy. As in the rest of the Soviet Union, priority was given to heavy industry, with a special emphasis on mining and commercial fishing. There was a widespread investment in the construction of rail and sea transit, and new port facilities were constructed.

Primorsky Krai was formed by further subdivision of Far-Eastern Krai in 1938, as part of the Stalin-era policy of "unbundling". Primorsky Krai, as defined in 1938, corresponds to the northeastern part of the historical region of Russian Manchuria .

On April 18, 1942, the region became accidentally involved in World War II , which the United States had entered after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in December 1941. Primorsky Krai was the location where one of 16 United States Army Air Corps B-25 Mitchell medium bombers landed. The group had been launched from USS Hornet to carry out the Doolittle Raid on Japan. Japan and the Soviet Union were not then at war. The landing occurred 40 miles (65   km) west of Vladivostok; the bomber's crew could not return to their base, the aircraft carrier Hornet, by the mission plan. [21] The crew later returned home via Iran.

During the 1970s, the Soviet Union expanded scientific institutions in Primorye, especially in the city of Vladivostok . Several large research institutions are located here, such as the Institute of Biology and Agriculture, the Pacific Institute of Bio-organic Chemistry, the Institute of Marine Biology, the Pacific Institute of Geography, the Pacific Oceanological Institute, as well as several Institutes affiliated with the Far Eastern Division of the Russian Academy of Science .

By the early 1990s, once-small enterprises in the city had developed into large companies. Some of the most prominent include the DVMP (FESCO) shipping company, the Dalmoreprodukt fishing company, Progress Arsenyev Aircraft Works, and Vostok Mining. Commercial fishing plays an important part in the economy of the Primorye and includes firms like Vladivostok Trawling and Refrigerating Fleet (VBTRF), the Active Marine Fisheries Base of Nakhodka , and the Fishing and Marine Transport Fleet of Primorye. Numerous enterprises of the Russian military-industrial complex were also established in Primorye.

The Udege people , led by Pavel Sulyandziga , are trying to gain control over their traditional territories along the Bikin River and in particular a Territory of Traditional Natural Resource Use of federal status. [19]

During the Soviet period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Primorsky CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). After 1991, the head of the Oblast administration and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament .

The Charter of Primorsky Krai is the fundamental law of the region. The Legislative Assembly of Primorsky Krai is the province's regional standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as the guarantor of the observance of the krai Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia .

Primorsky Krai's economy, the most balanced in the Russian Far East, [ citation needed ] is also the largest in absolute terms. Food production is the most important sector, represented mainly by fish processing . Annual catch exceeds two million tonnes , or one half of the Russian Far East total. Second is machine building , where half of the output is geared toward the fishing industry and shipyards . Defense is another important sector, producing naval vessels and military aircraft . The construction materials industry here provides for the whole Russian Far East. Lead smelting is conducted in Rudnaya Pristan on the coast.

The timber industry, though in recession , [ when? ] is still second only to Khabarovsk Krai 's with an annual yield of about 3 million cubic meters of timber . Primorsky Krai is the largest coal producer in the Russian Far East and generates more electricity than any other Russian Far East administrative division, but power shortages are common. Agriculture is also important; the krai produces rice, milk, eggs, and vegetables.

The krai's proximity to Pacific Rim markets gives it an edge over most other Russian Far East administrative divisions in developing foreign trade . Major trade items are seafood products, timber products, and ferrous metals. Major trading partners are Japan, China, and South Korea.

The economy will be further diversified with the addition of as many as 8 government sanctioned casinos to be built in the Primorye Gambling Zone, which encompasses the entire Primorsky Krai. [22] Primorsky Entertainment Resort City, under development by NagaCorp Ltd . of Phnom Penh, Kingdom of Cambodia, will be the largest. The development is expected to cost in the region of RUB11.6 billion (approximately HK$2.7 billion, US$350 million) and have a total footprint of 214.89 hectares. [23]

Primorsky Krai's compact territory is well endowed with infrastructure . Its railway density is twice the Russian average. [ citation needed ] Railroads connect it with China and North Korea. Vladivostok, the eastern terminus of the Trans-Siberian Railway , was surpassed as a port by the nearby Nakhodka - Vostochny Port container, coal and timber terminals. Primorsky Krai-based shipping companies provide 80% of marine shipping services in the Russian Far East . All the krai's significant ports are now open to international shipping.

The largest companies in the region include Far-Eastern Energy Company, NNK-Bunker, Mazda Sollers, and Vostochny Port . [24]

More than 100 deposits of coal are known in Primorsky Krai. The commercial deposits of coal are connected to the Partizansky and Razdolnensky coal basins, the Podgorodnensky deposit, the Uglovsky basin, and the Shkotovsky, Pavlovsky, Bikinsky, Rettikhovsky, and Suputinsky deposits.

Partizansky Basin : The city of Partizansk is located in the southern part of the basin. The total area of the basin is 6,000   km 2 (2,300   sq   mi) . The basin has been known since the 19th century and has been explored since 1902. Five regions—Staropartizansky, Melnikovsky, Belopadinsky, Molchanovsky, and Sergeyevsky —are within the limits of the basin. The coal is anthracite coal . By the output of volatile substances and caking ability, rich coals prevail. The reserves of coal in the basin total 193.6 million tonnes . The deposits are maintained by the mines of the Partizanskugol Association. A coal-mining factory also operates in this area.

Razdolnensky Basin : The total area of this basin is about 4,500   km 2 (1,700   sq   mi) . The basin is located to the north and the west of the city of Ussuriysk . The basin includes the following deposits: Ussuriysky, Lipovetsky, Verkhne-Razdolnensky, Konstantinovsky, and Alekseye-Nikolsky. The deposits were prospected as early as 1868. The mining of coal has been conducted since 1909. By the output of volatile substances and coking ability, long-flame coals prevail. The reserves of coal in the basin total of 66.7 million tons. The deposits are maintained by the mines and the open-pit coal mines of the Lipovetskoye Mine Administration.

Uglovsky Basin : Located 30   km (19   mi) northeast of Vladivostok , the basin's band extends about 40   km (25   mi) to the northeast of Amursky Bay and ranges from 6 to 14   km (3.7 to 8.7   mi) in width. Coals in the basin have been known since 1859. The mining of coal has been executed since 1867 in the Tavrichansky deposit, and since 1911 in the Artyomovsky deposit. The coal is brown coal , which is used as a power fuel. In the long years of operation, the stocks of coal in the basin have been considerably depleted. The reserves of coal in the basin total 233.7 million tons. The mines of the Tavrichansky Mine Administration and the Artyomugol Association operate on the basis of the deposits.

Podgrodnensko-Surazhevsky : This coal-bearing region is located close to Vladivostok . The stocks of the Podgrodnensky deposit are estimated to be a total of 19.6 million tons. The coal is anthracite coal . By the output of volatile substances and caking ability, the coal is hard (non-bituminous). The deposits are maintained by the Podgorodenka mine of the Artyomugol Association.

The Paleogene-Neogene deposits of Primorsky Krai are the Bikinsky, Pavlovsky, Shkotovsky, Rettikhovsky, Rakovsky, and Khasansky deposits. The deposits are the major sources of fuel for the largest heat and power stations of Primorye: Luchegorskaya and Vladivostokskaya. The coal is brown coal .

The Bikinsky Deposit is the largest brown coal deposit in Primorsky Krai. Its total area is 260   km 2 (100   sq   mi) . The reserves total 1,113.9 million tons. The coal-bearing thickness is 1,800   m (5,900   ft) . The Luchegorsky Open-Pit Coal Mine maintains the mine and provides fuel to the largest power station in the krai, the Luchegorsky Hydro-Electric Power Station.

Pavlovsky Deposit : The total area is 400   km 2 (150   sq   mi) . The reserves total 400 million tons. The coal-bearing thickness is up to 400   m (1,300   ft) . The mining is maintained by the Pavlovsky-1 and Pavlovsky-2 Open-Pit Coal Mines. Coal is used as fuel for the Vladivostok Heat and Power Plant-2.

Skotovsky Deposit : The total area is 150   km 2 (58   sq   mi) . The reserves total 251.6 million tons. The coal-bearing thickness ranges from 800 to 950   m (2,620 to 3,120   ft) . Maintenance is by the open-pit mine of the Artyomugol Association.

The coal of the Pavlovsky, Skotovsky, and Bikinsky deposits contains germanium and non-ferrous metals .

The major areas of occurrence of commercial tin stocks are Kavalerovsky , Krasnoarmeysky , and Dalnegorsky Districts. There are more than 30 deposits of tin in Primorsky Krai. The extraction of tin ore is maintained by Khrustalnenskaya Tin Extracting Company, Dalpolimetal Stock Company, and Vostok Mining Company. All tin-extracting enterprises of the krai have a 30-year supply of ore.

There are four major commercial deposits of tungsten in Krasnoarmeysky and Pozharsky Districts. The mining of only two of them is currently maintained, at Vostok-2 and Lermontovskoye by the Primorsky Mining Group and Lermontovskoye Mining Company. The enterprises have a 10-year reserve supply. The ores are complex, containing copper , gold , silver , bismuth , and other metals besides tungsten.

Lead and zinc

There are more than 10 commercial deposits of lead and zinc in the territories of Dalnegorsky , Kavalerovsky , and Krasnoarmeysky Districts. The mining of the deposits of lead and zinc is maintained by Dalpolimetal Stock Company. The enterprise has a 40-year supply of ore.

Among the deposits of precious metals in Primorsky Krai, silver and gold-silver deposits predominate. Ten deposits of silver are found in the Krai. The majority of silver-polymetal ore deposits are located in Dalnegorsky District and are maintained by Dalpolimetal Stock Company. Silver is extracted simultaneously with tungsten from tungsten ores deposits in Krasnoarmeysky and Pozharsky Districts.

More than 60 deposits of gold are found in the territory of the krai. Most of them are placer deposits. The southern part of the krai is the richest in placer deposits. Significant gold placer sites are at Kommisarovsky (the Pogranichnaya river), Fadeyevsky (the Fadeyevka river), Krinichny (the Bolshaya Rudnevka river), Nakhodkinsky (the Korobkovka river), and Soboliny (the Sobolinaya river). Okean Artel and Primorsky Mine are engaged in gold extraction. Gold is also extracted from complex deposits of tungsten ores.

The Voznesenovsky and Pogranichny deposits of rare-metal- fluorspar ore are located in Khorolsky District . The Voznesenovskoye deposit was prospected in 1948. It is maintained by the Yaroslavsky Mining Group Stock Company and there is a 20-year supply of ore. The ore is a complex ore. Fluorspar totals 10 percent of the mineral content of the ore. The ore contains such rare metals as beryllium , lithium , tantalum , and niobium . The Usuglinskoye mine is one of the largest fluorite mines in Russia, having estimated reserves of 2.9 million tonnes of ore.

Russia's largest deposit of boron -containing ore (boron silicates) is located in Dalnegorsky District . The deposit is operated by Bor Stock Company . The enterprise has 50 years' supply of borosilicates stocks.

There are more than 100 large deposits of various construction materials.

The Spasskaya group includes the Spasskoye and Dlinnogorskoye limestone deposits. The stocks total more than 100 million tons and are maintained by Spassktsement Stock Company.

The Suchanskaya group includes the Novitskoye and Chandolazskoye limestone deposits, which are located in Partizansky District . These deposits are suitable for the production of Portland cement of 400 and 500 types. The stocks total approximately more than 1 billion tons.

The Maikhinskaya group includes the Maikhinskoye and Glubinnogorskoye deposits located in Shkotovsky District . The estimated stocks of limestone in both deposits total about 60 million tons.

Ashlar stones

There are numerous deposits of granites , porphyrites, and marbles which, when polished, acquire a smooth surface of beautiful color. These deposits are located in Lesozavodsky, Khorolsky , Khasansky , Spassky , Chernigovsky , Partizansky , and other districts.

The Ambinskoye deposit of marble is located in Khasanky District. This marble is highly decorative and is easily polished. The estimated stocks total more than 2 million m 3 (70.6 million ft 3 ).

The Knorringskoye deposit of ashlar stones is located in Chernigovsky District . The estimated stocks total about 10 million m 3 (35.3 million ft 3 ). They are similar in color to the famous American ashlar stones.

There are more than 100 deposits of fusible clay which is used in brick production in the krai. Fusible clay deposits are found almost everywhere in the krai, except its northeastern parts. The Uglovskaya, Ussuriyskaya, and Spasskaya group of fusible clay deposits are noteworthy in this area.

The krai's largest stocks, a total of more than fifteen million tons, is the Uglovskaya group of deposits located in Uglovoye settlement. The deposits provide raw material to the brick factories in Vladivostok and Artyom .

There are more than twenty deposits of refractory clay and fireclay . The clay is suitable for the manufacture of bricks and ceramics . The largest deposits are located in Oktyabrsky and Chernigovsky District , and in Artyom .

The Lipovetskoye Deposit of refractory clay is located in Oktyabrsky District. The estimated stocks total about 1.5 million tons and are maintained by the Lipovetsky Brick Factory.

The Ozernovskoye deposit of fireclay is located in Uglovoye settlement. The estimated stocks total about 2 million tons and have been used for the manufacture of bricks since 1964.

Porcelain stones

Primorsky krai's best-known Gusevskoye deposit of porcelain stone is located in Khasansky District . The material is used by the Vladivostok and Artyom Porcelain Factories. The estimated stocks total about 3 million tons.

Feldspar rhyolites

The Sergeyevskoye deposit of ceramic rhyolites is located in Partizansky District . It may be used for the manufacture of porcelain .

Demographics in the past

Several Tungusic and Paleosiberian peoples lived here before Russian colonization: Udege , Nanai , Nivkh , Orochs , Ulchs , Oroks , and Manchus . [ citation needed ]

Contemporary demographics

Population : According to the 2021 Census , [11] the population of the krai was 1,845,165, down from 1,956,497 recorded in the 2010 Census , [25] and further down from   2,258,391 recorded in the 1989 Census . [26] Due to its geographical location, the krai boasts a mixture of not only ethnic Russians, but also Ukrainians , Koreans , Volga Germans , Buryats , Nanai , Japanese , Chinese and Orochs . The Udege and their sub-minority, the Taz , are the region's aboriginals.

Vital statistics for 2022: [27] [28]

• Births: 16,150 (8.7 per 1,000)
• Deaths: 27,690 (14.9 per 1,000)

Total fertility rate (2022): [29] 1.43 children per woman

Life expectancy (2021): [30] Total — 68.61 years (male   — 63.98, female   — 73.45)

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