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More than most other countries, Australia seizes the imagination. For many visitors its name is synonymous with endless summers where the living is easy. This is where the adventures are as vast as the horizons and the jokes flow as freely as the beer – a country of can-do spirit and laidback friendliness. No wonder Australians call theirs the Lucky Country.

Interesting facts about Australia

Where to go in australia, best places to visit in australia, best time to travel to australia, australian life and culture, the outback, australia’s indigenous people, eccentric australia, gay and lesbian australia, travel ideas for australia, created by local experts.

12 days  / from 2900 USD

Explore Western Australia from Perth to Broome

Western Australia is the country's largest state, covering more than a third of Australia. This self drive itinerary allows you to explore sunny Perth, stunning national parks and waterfalls, the remote wild west outback, empty beaches and much more.

16 days  / from 3300 USD

Explore South Australia and the Northern Territory

Explore South Australia and the Northern Territory on this self-drive adventure. Start in Adelaide and make your way over the Ayers Rock, Kings Canyon, and Alice Springs to the Kakadu National Park and ultimately Darwin.

23 days  / from 4150 USD

Cross Western Australia to Darwin

Western Australia offers wonderfully remote outback experiences: from spectacular national parks to sandy deserts, pristine beaches to working cattle stations. This itinerary allows you to explore the way from Perth to Darwin in depth and at your own pace, in your own rental car.

• With an area of just over 7.5 million square kilometres, Australia is the sixth-largest country in the world.
• Australia’s population is estimated at just over 22 million, of whom some 85 percent live in urban areas. About 92 percent are of European origin, two percent Aboriginal, and around six percent Asian and Middle Eastern.
• Much of Australia is arid and flat. One-third is desert and another third steppe or semi-desert. Only six percent of the country rises above 600m in elevation, and its tallest peak , Mount Kosciuszko, is just 2228m high.
• Australia’s main exports are minerals, metals, fossil fuels, cotton, wool, wine and beef, and its most important trading partners are Japan, China and the USA.
• At 5614km the dingo fence is the longest in the world, stretching from Jimbour to the cliffs of the Nullarbor Plain. It’s around twice the length of the Great Wall of China.
• Australia ranks proudly ranks second in the Human Development Index , which measures a country’s progress by its life expectancy, education and income. Norway comes first.
• Around 22 percent of Australians are descended from convicts .

For visitors, deciding where to go can mean juggling distance, money and time. With an expanse of places to visit, Australia’s tourism means that you could spend months driving around the Outback , exploring the national parks, or hanging out at beaches; or you could take an all-in, two-week “Sydney, Reef and Rock” package, encompassing Australia’s outstanding trinity of must-sees. These are just some of the top places to go in Australia.

Both options provide thoroughly Australian experiences, but either will leave you with a feeling of having merely scraped the surface of this vast country. Visit Australia and experience the two big natural attractions: the 2000km-long Great Barrier Reef off the Queensland coast, with its complex of islands and underwater splendour, and the brooding monolith of Uluru (Ayers Rock), in the Northern Territory’s Red Centre.

Sydney is the jewel in Australia’s navel. Famous as one of the world’s great gay cities, it attracts LGBTQ visitors from around the world. Melbourne closely follows, but there are scenes in Brisbane and the Gold Coast, and to a lesser extent in Perth, Adelaide, Hobart and Darwin.

Away from the cities, things get more discreet, but a lot of country areas do have friendly local scenes – impossible to pinpoint, but easy to stumble across. However, Outback mainstays of mining and cattle ranching are not famed for their tolerance of homosexuality, so tread carefully in remote destinations.

Discover more places in Australia

• Outback Queensland Travel Guide
• South Australia Travel Guide
• Sydney Travel Guide
• Tasmania Travel Guide
• Victoria Travel Guide
• Western Australia

Blue Mountains (New South Wales)

World Heritage-listed, the Blue Mountains are a wonderland of ancient forests, deep valleys and lookouts from sheer cliffs, all just an hour or so from Sydney.

Travel advice for Australia

From travel safety to visa requirements, discover the best tips for traveling to Australia

• Eating and drinking in Australia
• Getting around Australia: Transportation Tips
• Travel Health Australia
• Sports and Outdoor activities in Australia
• How to get to Australia
• Travel Tips Australia for planning and on the go
• Travelling with children in Australia
• Best time to visit Australia

Tall Timber Country (Western Australia)

These primeval karri forests are one of WA’s greatest natural sights. Get a bird’s-eye view from the Tree Top Walk.

Wilpena Pound (Southern Australia)

There are some fantastic hikes in the Flinders Ranges National Park but few top the spectacular scenery at the elevated basin of Wilpena Pound.

Sport at the MCG (Victoria)

Taking in a game of cricket or, better still, Aussie Rules football at the venerable Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG) is a must for any sports fan.

Fraser Island (Queensland)

The giant dunes and freshwater lakes of the world’s largest sand island form the backdrop to popular 4WD safaris.

Sydney harbour (New South Wales)

Scale the bridge, take a harbour ferry to Manly or just marvel at the Opera House sails at the most iconic location in Sydney, a shorthand for Australia itself.

Atherton Tablelands

With its rainforest, crater lakes and abundant wildlife, you could spend days exploring the Atherton Tablelands.

You’ll find reliably warm summers at the coast with regular, but brief, heatwaves in excess of 40°C. Head inland, and the temperatures rise further. Winters, on the other hand, can be miserable, particularly in Victoria , where the short days add to the gloom. The best time to travel to Tasmania is year-round: while weather in the highlands is unpredictable at all times, summer is the best time of year to visit Tasmania to explore the island’s outdoor attractions.

Every aspect of Australian life and culture, whether its matey attitudes or its truly great outdoors, is a product of the country’s scale and population – or lack of it. Australia rivals the USA in size, but is home to only 24 million people, giving it one of the lowest population densities on earth. The energy of its contemporary culture is in contrast to a landscape that is ancient and often looks it: much of central and western Australia – the bulk of the country – is overwhelmingly arid and flat. In contrast, its cities, most founded as recently as the mid-nineteenth century, burst with a vibrant, youthful energy.

The most iconic scenery is the Outback, the vast fabled desert that spreads west of the Great Dividing Range into the country’s epic interior. Here, vivid blue skies, cinnamon-red earth, deserted gorges and geological features as bizarre as the wildlife comprise a unique ecology, one that has played host to the oldest surviving human culture for up to 70,000 years (just 10,000 years after Homo sapiens is thought to have emerged from Africa).

This harsh interior has forced modern Australia to become a coastal country. Most of the population lives within 20km of the ocean, the majority of these occupying a suburban, southeastern arc that extends from southern Queensland to Adelaide. Urban Australians celebrate the typical New World values of material self-improvement through hard work and hard play, with an easy-going vitality that visitors, especially Europeans, often find refreshingly hedonistic. A sunny climate also contributes to this exuberance, with an outdoor life in which a thriving beach culture and the congenial backyard “barbie” are central.

Although visitors might eventually find this low-key, suburban lifestyle rather prosaic, there are opportunities – particularly in the Northern Territory – to experience Australia’s indigenous peoples and their culture through visiting ancient art sites, taking tours and, less easily, making personal contact. Many Aboriginal people – especially in central Australia – have managed to maintain a traditional lifestyle (albeit with modern amenities), speaking their own languages and living by their own laws. Conversely, most Aboriginal people in cities and country towns are trapped in a destructive cycle of racism, poverty and lack of meaningful employment opportunities, often resulting in health problems and substance abuse. To give just one example, life expectancy rates for Aboriginal Australians are ten years lower than those of the rest of the population. There’s still a long way to go before black and white people in Australia can exist on genuinely equal terms.

Aboriginal art

Aboriginal art has grown into a million-dollar industry since the first canvas dot paintings of the central deserts emerged in the 1970s. Though seemingly abstract, early canvases are said to replicate ceremonial sand paintings – temporary “maps” fleetingly revealed to depict sacred knowledge. In the tropics, figurative bark and cave paintings are less enigmatic but much older, though until recently they were ceremonially repainted. The unusual X-ray style found in the Top End details the internal structure of animals. The Northern Territory – and Alice Springs, in particular – are the best places to look.

It could be part of the Australian psyche that celebrates renegades. Perhaps it is just the standard set by such utterly odd wildlife as the platypus. Whatever the cause, Australia enjoys eccentricity like few other first-world nations, even down to the playful rough-and-tumble of its slang, Strine. The further you go from the big cities, the quirkier Australia gets. You could base an entire visit around a tour of kitsch sights like the Big Banana at Coffs Harbour, the Big Pineapple at Nambour or the Big Prawn at Ballina; for more inspiration see wilmap.com.au/bigstuff. Country and especially Outback pubs are often reliable outposts of the weird and wonderful. Yet for true glorious weirdness head to small festivals like the World Cockroach Races staged in Brisbane every Australia Day, or Darwin’s riotous Beer Can Regatta in July, with boat races in craft made entirely from beer cans.

Australia is a fixture on the Queer map thanks to its great climate and laidback lifestyle. Sydney is Australia’s gay-friendly capital, especially in March when hundreds of thousands of people pour in for the Sydney Gay & Lesbian Mardi Gras. Despite its reputation as a macho culture, the country revels in a large and active scene: you’ll find an air of confidence and a sense of community that is often missing in other parts of the world.

Sydney is the jewel in Australia’s navel. Famous as one of the world’s great gay cities, it attracts lesbian and gay visitors from around the world. Melbourne closely follows, but there are scenes in Brisbane and the Gold Coast, and to a lesser extent Perth, Adelaide, Hobart and Darwin.

Gay and lesbian contacts

• Pinkboard pinkboard.com.au . Popular, long-running website with useful “Graffiti Walls” full of parties, personal ads and classifieds sections with everything from house-shares, party tickets for sale, employment, and a help and advice section. Posting ads is free.
• The Pink Directory thepinkdirectory.com.au . Online directory of gay and lesbian business and community information.
• DNA dnamagazine.com.au . The nation’s best-selling Queer title, an upmarket lifestyle magazine for gay men.

Tourist services and travel agents

• GALTA (Gay and Lesbian Tourism Australia) galta.com.au . An online resource and nonprofit organization that promotes the gay and lesbian tourism industry with good links.
• Gay Travel gaytravel.com . Online travel agent, concentrating mostly on accommodation.
• International Gay and Lesbian Travel Association iglta.org. Trade group with lists of gay-owned or gay-friendly travel businesses.

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written by Andy Turner

updated 26.04.2021

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• Where to stay
• Travel advice

• 1.1 Islands
• 3 Other destinations
• 4.1 History
• 4.2 Geography
• 4.3 Climate
• 4.4 Economy
• 4.5 Politics
• 4.6.1 Holidays
• 4.7 Peak holiday times
• 4.10 See also
• 4.11 Topics in Australia
• 4.12 Visitor information
• 6.1.1 Customs and quarantine
• 6.2.1 Private aviation
• 6.3 By boat
• 6.4 By overland transport
• 7.1 Quarantine
• 7.2.1 Car rental
• 7.2.2 Campervans
• 7.3 By taxi
• 7.4.1 Charters
• 7.5.1 Long distance train operators
• 7.5.2 Motorail service
• 7.5.3 Rail passes
• 7.5.4 Local public transport
• 7.7 By boat
• 7.8 By thumb
• 7.9 By bicycle
• 7.10 Hiking
• 8.1.1 Wildlife parks and zoos
• 8.1.2 In the wild
• 8.2 Convict sites
• 8.3 Landmarks
• 8.4 National parks
• 8.7 Itineraries
• 9.2 Bushwalking
• 9.7 Thrill activities
• 9.9 Royal shows
• 10.2 Currency exchange
• 10.3 Banking
• 10.5.1 Tourist Refund Scheme
• 10.6 Credit cards
• 10.7 Haggling
• 10.8 Tipping
• 10.9 Trading hours
• 11.1 Places to eat
• 11.2 Native foods
• 11.3 Beyond cuisine
• 11.4 Other cuisines
• 11.5 Modern Australian
• 11.6 Vegetarian
• 11.7 Religious diets
• 11.8 Allergies
• 11.9 Markets
• 12.3 Spirits
• 12.4 Legal aspects
• 12.5 A shout
• 12.6 Non-alcoholic
• 14.1 Hotels
• 14.3 Motels
• 14.4 Hostels and backpackers
• 14.5 Holiday parks
• 14.6 Camping
• 14.7 Farm stay
• 14.8 Holiday home
• 14.9 Bed and Breakfasts
• 14.10 Resorts
• 14.11 Serviced apartments
• 14.12 Houseboats
• 14.13 Station wagons and vans
• 15.1 Payment and taxes
• 15.2 Working holidaymaker scheme
• 15.3 Work visas
• 15.4 Immigration
• 15.5 Volunteering
• 16.1 Indigenous Australians
• 16.2 ANZAC Day
• 16.3 Religion
• 16.4 British legacy
• 17.1 Emergencies
• 17.2 Driving
• 17.3 Beaches
• 17.4.1 Cyclones
• 17.4.2.1 Flash floods
• 17.4.3 Water supply
• 17.4.4 Earthquakes
• 17.5.1 National parks and state forests
• 17.5.2 Travelling during active fires or during the fire season
• 17.5.3 Lighting fires
• 17.6.1 Snakes
• 17.6.2 Spiders
• 17.6.3 Jellyfish
• 17.6.4 Blue ring octopus
• 17.6.5 Crocodiles
• 17.6.6 Dangerous flora
• 17.7.1 Scams
• 17.8 Racism
• 17.9 Tobacco
• 17.10 Illegal drugs
• 17.11 Firearms
• 17.12 LGBT travellers
• 18.2 Food preparation
• 18.4 Vaccinations
• 18.5 Mosquitoes
• 18.6.1 Medical costs and travel insurance
• 19.1.1 Calling overseas from Australia
• 19.1.2 Dialling codes
• 19.1.3 Special numbers
• 19.1.4 Mobile phones
• 19.2 Satellite phones
• 19.3 Public phones
• 19.5 Radio and television

There is nowhere else quite like Australia , nicknamed the Land Down Under , the only country that has a whole continent to itself. With Indigenous cultures that go back over 65,000 years and truly global immigration in modern times, the country is famous for its natural wonders, wide open spaces, beaches, deserts, "the bush", and "the Outback ". However, it is also highly urbanised, with an array of cosmopolitan cities – the largest and most famous being Sydney , situated on one of the most famous harbours in the world.

Regions [ edit ]

Australia is composed of six states and nine territories. Visiting all at once would be nearly impossible, as the states in Australia are much much larger than the states in the United States and are more comparable in size to provinces in Canada – with almost 5,000 km (3,100 mi) separating Brisbane and Shark Bay, the country is vast, about the distance from Madrid to Murmansk, Cairo to Nairobi or Maine to California.

Islands [ edit ]

Tasmania is the largest island of Australia and a state in its own right. There are 8,222 islands in Australia, other main islands include:

• -31.55 159.083333 1 Lord Howe Island — a showcase for nature two hours flying time from Sydney, administered as part of the state of New South Wales.
• -29.033333 167.949722 2 Norfolk Island — halfway to New Zealand, with nature and beaches
• -10.49 105.6275 3 Christmas Island — famous for its red crab migration with flights from Perth.
• -12.1175 96.895 4 Cocos (Keeling) Islands — coral atolls, populated, accessible by flights from Perth.
• -9.880278 142.590556 5 Torres Strait Islands — Indigenous culture between Cape York and Papua New Guinea, and requires permission from the traditional owners to visit. Flights from Cairns .
• -35.833333 137.25 6 Kangaroo Island — the third-largest island in Australia containing wildlife, natural scenery, wineries and beaches.
• -32.005 115.515 7 Rottnest Island — a nature reserve with 63 beaches and 20 bays, located near Perth and home to the infamous Quokka
• -39.8725 143.985556 8 King Island — in the Bass Straight above Tasmania.
• -20.29827 148.92517 9 Whitsunday Islands — a famous tourist destination renowned for its white beaches

There are many uninhabited islands including the Coral Sea Islands , some islands of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands , the Ashmore and Cartier Islands as well as the remote Antarctic islands of Heard Island and McDonald Islands and Macquarie Island .

Cities [ edit ]

• -35.293056 149.126944 1 Canberra — the relatively small, purpose-built national capital of Australia is home to plenty of museums
• -34.9275 138.6 2 Adelaide — the "City of Churches", the relaxed South Australian capital is close to world-renowned wineries
• -27.467778 153.027778 3 Brisbane — capital of sun-drenched Queensland and gateway to beautiful sandy beaches
• -16.925556 145.775278 4 Cairns — gateway to the Great Barrier Reef, Port Douglas, Daintree National Park, and many beautiful beaches and resorts; a great place for people to get away and relax
• -12.438056 130.841111 5 Darwin — Australia's tropical northern capital, at the top end of the Northern Territory
• -42.883333 147.316667 6 Hobart — picturesque and quiet capital of Tasmania, the site of the second convict settlement in Australia
• -37.814167 144.963056 7 Melbourne — the country's capital of coffee, culture and sports, arguably Australia's most European city
• -31.955833 115.859722 8 Perth — the most remote continental city on Earth, on the south-western edge of Western Australia
• -33.867778 151.21 9 Sydney — Australia's oldest city, home to the Opera House and famous for its picturesque harbour, natural beauty and countless beaches

Other destinations [ edit ]

• -33.615 150.417778 1 Blue Mountains National Park — a mountainous national park in New South Wales, including the "Three Sisters" natural feature
• -41.830278 145.924167 2 Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park — most popular national park in Tasmania, home Australia's deepest lake and one of its most scenic mountains
• -16.2 145.4 3 Daintree Rainforest — the world's oldest living rainforest and a well preserved tropical rainforest, home to the largest groups of cassowaries.
• -19.266 148.587 4 Great Barrier Reef — see first hand this natural wonder, off the coast of Queensland and the world's largest coral reef system
• -38.733889 143.687222 5 Great Ocean Road — a spectacular coastal drive in Victoria past many scenic icons including the " Twelve Apostles " rocks standing in the ocean and the world's largest war memorial
• -13.005471 132.519512 6 Kakadu National Park — tropical adventure travel, Aboriginal culture and nature activities in the Northern Territory. Second largest national park in Australia about the size of Wales
• -31.4222 138.705 7 Ikara-Flinders Ranges National Park – South Australia's most iconic national park contains a naturally formed amphitheatre and many fossils dating back from the Ediacaran era
• -17.448789 128.546055 8 Purnululu National Park – includes the Bungle Bungle Range, a spectacularly incised landscape of sculptured rocks rising over 250 metres high
• -25.322076 130.985732 9 Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park — Uluṟu (also known as Ayers Rock ) and Kata Tjuta ( The Olgas ) are iconic rock formations in the "Red Centre" in the middle of the Australian outback

Understand [ edit ]

The sixth largest country in the world by area, Australia has a relatively small (but growing) population of 25 million. A G20 member, it has high quality of life and is constantly ranked among the world's most livable countries. It is a significant player in the economic and political spheres of the Indo-Pacific region.

History [ edit ]

Aboriginal people have been living in Australia for at least 65,000 years. They arrived in successive waves from South and Southeast Asia . With rising sea levels after the last Ice Age, Australia became largely isolated from the rest of the world and the Aboriginal groups developed a variety of cultures, based on a close spiritual relationship with the land and nature, and extended kinship. For thousands of years Australian Aboriginal people maintained a hunter-gatherer culture, or (in some areas) a semi-sedentary culture, in association with a complex artistic and cultural life, including a very rich tradition of story and song.

The modern impression of Australian Aboriginal people is largely built around an image of the "desert people" who have adapted to some of the harshest conditions on the planet (equivalent to the bushmen of the Kalahari), but many others lived in forested and well-watered regions. Australia provided a comfortable living for the bulk of the Aboriginal people among the bountiful flora and fauna on the Australian coast – until the arrival of Europeans.

Although a lucrative Chinese market for shells and bêche de mer (sea cucumber) had encouraged Indonesian fishermen to visit Northern Australia for centuries, it was unknown to Europeans until the 1600s, when Dutch traders to Asia began to "bump" into the northwestern coast. The Makassan contact from Sulawesi also brought many Indonesian cultural elements to the Indigenous people living in Northern Australia , making Islam the first foreign religion brought in – and quite a few rock artworks seen in Arnhem Land and the Kimberley depict many Islamic elements.

Early Dutch impressions of this extremely harsh, dry country were unfavourable, and Australia remained for them somewhat of a marker sign pointing north to the much richer (and more lucrative) East Indies (modern day Indonesia). Deliberate exploration of the Australian coast was then largely taken over by the French and the British. Consequently, place names of bays, headlands and rivers around the coastline reflect a range of Dutch, French, or English names, however many place names are also from Aboriginal languages with places that were previously having Dutch, French, or English names renamed to Indigenous names, or dual named.

In 1770, the expedition of the Endeavour under the command of Captain James Cook navigated and charted the east coast of Australia, making first landfall at Botany Bay on 29 April 1770. Cook continued northwards, and before going ashore on Possession Island in the Torres Strait off Cape York on 22 August 1770. Here he formally claimed the eastern coastline he had explored for the British Crown, naming it New South Wales. Given that Cook's so-called discoveries would lead to the first European settlement of Australia, he is often popularly conceived as its European discoverer, although he had been preceded by more than 160 years by the Dutch.

Following the exploration period, the first British settlement in Australia was founded in 1788 at what is today Sydney , led by Captain Arthur Philip who became the first governor of the colony of New South Wales. The process of colonisation led to conflict with indigenous Australians as well as diseases to which they had no immunity. Their populations declined throughout much (though not all) of the land, and they were displaced by British settlers. Originally comprising the eastern two-thirds of the continent, the colony of New South Wales was later split into several separate colonies. Tasmania (then known as Van Diemen's Land) became a separate colony in 1825, which was followed by South Australia in 1836, New Zealand in 1841, Victoria in 1851 and Queensland in 1859. The western third of the continent was not settled by Europeans until the British established a naval base in Albany , then known as King George Sound in 1826. The Swan River Colony was formally established in 1829 at what is today Perth . The Swan River Colony was renamed " Western Australia " in 1832.

While Australia began its modern history as a British penal colony, the most people who came to Australia after 1788 were free settlers, mainly from Britain and Ireland , and to a less extent other European countries such as France and what is now Germany. Convict settlements were mostly along the east coast, with scattered pockets of convict settlements in Western Australia. The state of South Australia, on the other hand, was settled entirely by free settlers. Many Asian and Eastern European people also came to Australia in the 1850s, during the Gold Rush that started Australia's first resource boom. Although such diverse immigration diminished greatly during the xenophobic years of the White Australia policy, from the Postwar Period Australia welcomed a successive series of immigration from continental Europe, the Mediterranean and later Asia and the rest of the world, becoming a highly diverse and multicultural society by the late 20th century.

The system of separate colonies federated to form the self-governing British dominion of Australia in 1901, each colony now becoming a state of Australia, with New Zealand opting out of the federation. The new country took advantage of its natural resources to rapidly develop its agricultural and manufacturing industries and despite its small population it made a notable contribution to the Allied war effort in World War I and World War II in Europe as part of the British Commonwealth forces. Australia was directly attacked in the Pacific War . Australian troops also made a valuable, if sometimes controversial, contribution to the Korean War , the Vietnam War , and the wars on Iraq and in Afghanistan around the turn of millennium. Australian Diggers retain a reputation as some of the hardest fighting troops along with a great social spirit.

Australia and Britain passed the Australia Act in 1986, ending any remnant power the British parliament may have had to pass laws for Australia. Similar to Canada, the British King remains as the head of state with an (Australian) appointed Governor-General as his representative in Australia.

During the second half of the 20th century, there was growth in Aboriginal activism, accompanied by a greater willingness by the general community to acknowledge both the Indigenous cultural heritage (particularly in the visual arts) and the darker side of colonial history. Significant areas of the country have been returned to Indigenous ownership as a result of the land rights movement. In 2008, then-prime minister Kevin Rudd delivered an official apology to the Aboriginal people in Parliament for the atrocities committed against them by the white majority. An Aboriginal ceremony has also been incorporated into Australia's State Opening of Parliament since 2008 as homage to its indigenous heritage.

Geography [ edit ]

The landmass of Australia is both the world's smallest continent and the world's largest island; making up most of Oceania 's land area.

The nation of Australia includes the Australian mainland, and some smaller islands (such as Tasmania ). It is the world's sixth largest country, with a land area of 7,682,300 km 2 (2,966,152 square miles). It is comparable in size to the 48 contiguous United States (which has an area of 7,663,941.7 km 2 ) although it has less than one tenth the population, with the distances between cities and towns easy to underestimate. Australia is bordered to the west by the Indian Ocean, to the south by the Southern Ocean, and to the east by the Pacific Ocean. The Tasman Sea lies to the southeast, separating it from New Zealand , while the Coral Sea lies to the northeast. Papua New Guinea , East Timor and Indonesia are Australia's northern neighbours, all much closer than New Zealand, and are separated from Australia by the Arafura Sea and the Timor Sea with Papua New Guinea only being 4 km (2.5 mi) away from Australia.

Australia is highly urbanised with most of the population heavily concentrated along the eastern and southeastern coasts. Most of the inland areas of the country are semi-arid. The most populous states are New South Wales , Victoria and Queensland , but the largest in terms of area is Western Australia .

Large parts of Australia have been deforested to make way for agriculture but many native forest areas survive in extensive national parks and other undeveloped areas. Long term environmental concerns in Australia include water management, salinity, pollution, threats to biodiversity from invasive species, and conserving coastal areas, especially the Great Barrier Reef.

Climate [ edit ]

As a large country, Australia has a wide variety of climates. Most of the country receives more than 3,000 hours of sunshine a year. Generally, the north is hot and tropical, while the south tends to sub-tropical and temperate. Most rainfall is around the coast, and much of the centre is arid and semi-arid . The daytime maximum temperatures in the tropical city of Darwin rarely drop below 30°C (86°F) even in winter, while night temperatures in winter usually hover around 15–20°C (60–70°F). Australian winters tend to be milder than those at similar latitudes in the northern hemisphere, and snow never falls in most parts of the country. Temperatures in high-altitude areas of some southern regions can drop below freezing in winter (and sometimes even in the summer) and the Snowy Mountains in the southeast experience metres of winter snow. In the central and western mountainous parts of Tasmania , snowfall is very common.

As Australia is in the southern hemisphere, June–August is winter while December–February is summer. The dry season is in winter in the tropics and in summer in the south beyond the Great Dividing Range . Rainfall is more evenly distributed throughout the year in the southern parts of the East Coast.

If you are from the Northern Hemisphere, note the implications on cardinal directions: the sun (and stars) move anti-clockwise over here, and it's the northern slopes that get most sun. While this may be confusing any time, during hikes or off-piste activities your intuition may lead you to make critical mistakes. Double check how you are drawing your conclusions.

Economy [ edit ]

Australia has a prosperous Western-style capitalist economy, with a per capita GDP on par with other advanced economies.

The service industries, including tourism, education, and financial services, account for just over half of the Australian Gross Domestic Product – about 60%. Within the service sector, tourism is one of the most important industries in Australia, as it provides employment, contributes $73 billion to the economy each year and accounts for at least 11% of total exports.

Primary industry - mining and agriculture - has accounted for most of Australia's exports in the 20th and 21st centuries. Iron ore and coal are by far the largest exports, along with wheat, beef and wool. The mining sector is sensitive to global demand for iron ore, with events in the Chinese and Indian economies having direct impacts.

Australia has a comprehensive social security system, and the minimum wage is higher than the United States or the United Kingdom. Manual labourers and tradesmen are well-paid in Australia, often more so than white-collar professionals.

Politics [ edit ]

Australia has a federal system of government, with six state and two territory governments, as well as a national government. It also has several external territories in the surrounding oceans, which are given considerable autonomy, and often not fully integrated with the rest of Australia. Laws vary slightly from state to state, but are for the most part fairly uniform.

The national parliament is based on the British Westminster system, with some elements being drawn from the American congressional system. At the federal level it consists of a Senate and a House of Representatives. Each Member of the House of Representatives (colloquially known as a Member of Parliament (MP)) represents an electoral division, with more populous states having more electoral divisions and hence, more MPs. On the other hand, similar to the US Senate, each Australian state has an equal number of senators, with 12 senators being directly elected by the people in each state, and 2 senators each from the Northern Territory and Australian Capital Territory. The Prime Minister is head of the national government, and is the leader of the political party (or coalition of parties) which has the most Members in the House of Representatives.

King Charles III of the United Kingdom is also King of Australia and the head of state, and is represented in Australia at the federal level by the Governor-General. The roles of the King and Governor-General are largely ceremonial, and the Prime Minister wields the most authority in government. A referendum to change Australia to a republic was defeated in 1999, but it failed as the proposal allowed the president to be dismissible by the PM, even though there was general support for a republican Australia. Republicanism in Australia remains a regular conversation point, albeit low on the list of real priorities.

The Cabinet of Australia serves as the executive branch, and is headed by the Prime Minister, who appoints his ministers from among the members of both houses of Parliament. The judicial branch is topped by the High Court of Australia, which replaced the UK Privy Council as the highest court of appeal in 1986.

State and territory governments are organised similarly to the national government with a state parliament serving as the legislature, a Premier (Chief Minister in the territories) serving as the head of the state government, and its own judiciary. There is also a Governor for each state serving as the King's representative in a mostly ceremonial role.

The two major political parties in Australia are the Australian Labor Party (ALP or just "Labor") and the Liberal Party (Australian slang: The Libs ), which operates in coalition with the National Party (referred to as the "Coalition"). There are smaller parties such as the Greens and Teal Independents.

The centre-left Labor Party spells its name "Labor" instead of "Labour" because of the American labor movement. The Greens are considered further to the left than Labor and the two parties do not work closely together.

The Liberal Party is a centre-right conservative party, with the term "liberal" referring to a free market economy. As the word ‘Liberal’ in Australia is associated with the Liberal Party, ‘liberalism’ and ‘liberal politics’ are associated with right leaning politics unlike in other English-speaking countries. They coordinate closely with the National Party, who represent rural electorates and have a more conservative outlook whilst being largely against environmental protections. Since the late 2010s, the Liberal Party has been challenged by the Teal Independents, a loose grouping of MPs who represent mainly affluent urban areas, and who have been dissatisfied by the increasingly weak environmental position of the Liberals.

Culture [ edit ]

Australia has a multicultural population practising almost every religion and lifestyle. Over one-quarter of Australians were born outside Australia, and another quarter have at least one foreign-born parent. Virtually every large Australian city and town reflects the immigration from Europe, Asia, the Middle East, Africa and the Pacific that occurred after World War II and continued into the 1970s. In the half century after the war Australia's population boomed from roughly 7 million to just over 20 million people. The cities of Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane and Perth are culturally very diverse, and home to communities originating from all corners of the globe. Despite this diversity, there exists a strong sense of national identity and pride in the things that are uniquely Australian.

In all major cities, you will find a variety of quality of global foods available in many restaurants. Sydney mainly promotes itself as the urban nature capital, Melbourne especially promotes itself as a centre for the arts and culture, while Brisbane promotes itself through various, multicultural urban villages. Adelaide is known for being a centre for festivals, wine culture, and for German cultural influences, while Perth is known for its food and wine culture, pearls, gems and precious metals, and the international fringe arts festival and finally Hobart mainly promotes itself for the convict history. Smaller rural settlements generally still reflect a majority Anglo-Celtic culture often with a small indigenous population. Most rural centres still welcome visitors and generally have a history and local produce to share.

There are approximately one and a half a million Australians who identify as Aboriginal people who live throughout the country in cities and in rural Aboriginal communities, which is about three percent of the population. Although not particularly obvious to a new visitor, there are many opportunities and cultural activities for people wanting to explore Aboriginal culture.

Contrary to popular mythology, descendants from the original fleets of British convicts are a minority, and even during the years of transportation free settlers outnumbered convict migrants by at least five to one and some places like South Australia officially had zero convicts. Nevertheless, it is seen as a badge of honour for someone to be 'Australian Royalty' in having been descended from a convict, however tenuous that connection may be.

Australians can be more socially conservative than some European cultures, but tend to be relaxed in their religious observance. Modes of address are casual and familiar and most Australians will tend to address you by your first name from first contact, and will expect that you do the same to them.

Holidays [ edit ]

The national holidays in Australia are:

• 1 January : New Year's Day
• 26 January : Australia Day, marking the anniversary of the First Fleet's landing in Sydney Cove in 1788.
• Easter weekend (Good Friday through Easter Monday): a four-day long weekend in March or April set according to the Western Christian dates. Very few go to church, but instead many Australians travel on Easter weekend, so expect hotel rooms and airtickets to sell out months in advance.
• 25 April : ANZAC Day (Australia and New Zealand Army Corps), honouring military veterans
• Second Monday in June : King's birthday holiday (celebrated in Western Australia in September, with WA observing Western Australia Day a week earlier)
• 25 December : Christmas Day
• 26 December : Boxing Day

Many states observe Labour Day , but on different days. Most states have one or two additional statewide holidays, with Victoria and South Australia having a day off for a horse race (The Melbourne Cup and The Adelaide Cup). Western Australia has Western Australia Day typically the first Monday in June (recognising the founding of the state since 1829) but also celebrates the Queen's Birthday at a different date to the rest of the country, either at the end of September or early October, due to the usual June date is such close proximity to Western Australia Day. Victoria also has a day off for the AFL grand final Friday.

When a public holiday falls on a Saturday or Sunday, the following Monday (and Tuesday if necessary) are usually declared holidays in lieu, although the celebrations and the retail closures will occur on the day itself. Most tourist attractions are closed Christmas Day and Good Friday. Supermarkets and other stores may open for limited hours on some public holidays and on holidays in lieu but are almost always closed on Christmas Day (25 December), Good Friday, Easter Sunday and ANZAC Day morning.

Australia Day remains a national point of controversy and is termed 'invasion day' by many people of indigenous heritage as well as a growing number of progressives, who believe it is insensitive to celebrate the beginning of British invasion and occupation. Calls to change the date are marked by yearly protests. You will see plenty of Australia Day celebrations and barbecues as well, often hosted by local governments.

Other than official holidays, there are also days of national or regional cultural significance that might as well be holidays such as:

• AFL Grand Final : The championship game of the Australian Football League, and the most watched event perennially on the Australia sporting calendar, especially in Victoria. Expects all pubs to be packed full of people watching the game, while many people will hold big watching parties in their homes. Held on the last Saturday of September or first Saturday of October.
• NRL Grand Final : The championship game of the National Rugby League. Particularly popular in Queensland and New South Wales. Usually held on the last Sunday of September or first Sunday of October.

Peak holiday times [ edit ]

Most attractions in Australia remain open year-round, some operating at a reduced frequency or shorter hours during the off-peak season. Many attractions (but not all) are closed on Christmas and New Year's Day.

Summer school holidays start before Christmas and last the whole of January, and it is considered the busiest and most expensive time to visit (unless you're visiting Northern Australia ). Holiday homes on beaches are often booked out months in advance as well as charging a significant premium. The long Easter weekend can also be busy as parents take their kids out for a last time before Winter arrives.

Australian teenagers celebrate the end of school at the end of November and early December for the 3 weeks known as schoolies . The volume of teen revellers can completely change the nature of some of the cities and towns they choose to visit, especially coastal towns like Byron Bay in New South Wales, the Gold Coast in Queensland, Rottnest Island in Western Australia, Victor Harbor in South Australia and various localities along the Mornington Peninsula in Victoria.

Time [ edit ]

Australia can have up to seven different time zones during the daylight savings period, and five at other times. Time zone boundaries do not always follow state boundaries. For instance, the towns of Broken Hill and Silverton, although in New South Wales, follows South Australia time, Lord Howe Island has its own time zone despite being a part of New South Wales and a number of outback communities officially follow NT time.

In the east, Tasmania, New South Wales and Victoria always have the same time. Queensland doesn't observe daylight saving, so it is an hour behind the other eastern states during that period.

In the centre, Broken Hill and Silverton (NSW), South Australia and the Northern Territory are half an hour behind during the winter, but the Northern Territory doesn't observe daylight saving while South Australia, Broken Hill and Silverton do. During daylight saving South Australia remains half an hour behind New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania, but moves half an hour ahead of Queensland. The Northern Territory remains half an hour behind Queensland at all times of the year, but moves an hour and a half behind New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania during daylight savings.

In the west, Western Australia is two hours behind the eastern states in winter, and also doesn't observe daylight saving. It moves three hours behind the eastern states that observe daylight saving (remaining two hours behind Queensland), 2.5 hours behind South Australia, Broken Hill and Silverton while remaining 1.5 hours behind the Northern Territory.

There is also the unusual +8:45 time zone, also known as Australian Central West Standard Time (ACWST or CWST) followed in some towns near the South Australian/Western Australian border. While not an official time used, it's the de facto time zone. There are also highway signs telling you to change your clocks, and Apple has a separate region (which can be found under "Eucla"). What makes this case even more confusing, is that the only South Australian town in the CWST zone, Border Village, follows daylight savings, follows +9:45, one hour ahead of Eucla, and 45 minutes behind the rest of SA. On the contrary, the chances of being impacted on Border Village is next to zero given that all commercial activity is on the WA side in the town of Eucla which follows UTC+8:45.

Although the chances of a traveller going to the extremely remote Outback WA towns of Blackstone, Irrunytju, Warakurna, Wanarn, Kiwirrkurra, and Tjukurla are very low, whilst all of these towns are in WA, they follow ACST (NT time), 1.5 hours ahead of the rest of WA, and since the NT does not follow DST, these remote towns also don't follow DST.

There are no official abbreviations or names for Australian time zones, and you may see a few variations used. EST, CST, WST along with EDT, CDT are sometimes used. Sometimes AEST, etc., with the 'A' prefix distinguishing them from the North American time zones with the same names.

In those states which observe daylight saving, it commences on the first Sunday in October and ends on the first Sunday in April.

Power [ edit ]

The mains supply voltage standard is 230 V with a type I plug (angled live/neutral pins with a straight earth). Popularly referred to as a "two-forty volt socket". Hotel bathrooms will often have a type C and A socket marked "for shavers only" that will down-convert to 110 V for a North American style socket for shavers. Voltage is compatible with Europe and you'll just need a conversion plug that can be obtained from supermarkets and convenience stores (as well as the airport). From North America or other 110 V countries, check your appliance for voltage tolerances before using a conversion plug.

See also [ edit ]

Visitor information [ edit ].

• Travel Australia website

Talk [ edit ]

The English language is universally spoken and understood in Australia. Australian English as generally spoken is distinctive in accent and idiom. It mostly developed from the speech of the United Kingdom and Ireland in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, however, the 20th century brought a lot of American influence, giving Australia its own unique variety of English.

Nevertheless, as Australia is a global melting pot, particularly in the major cities, you will encounter cultures and hear languages from all around the world, and you will often find areas and suburbs that predominately reflect the language of their respective immigrant communities. Foreign languages are taught at school, but students rarely progress past the basics.

Australia follows mostly British spelling and an eclectic mix of American and British terminology, such as eggplant (not aubergine), boot (not trunk), toll-free (not freephone), take-away (not takeout) and truck (not lorry). American terminology is understood everywhere, while British terminology isn't well understood apart from South Australia and the elderly. In all that, some terminology is uniquely Australian, and is unlikely to be heard anywhere else, except maybe in neighbouring New Zealand.

A few words also have different meanings in Australia. For example, "thongs" in Australia would refer to flip-flops, not underwear. "Chips" can, confusingly, refer to both US "fries" and UK "crisps"; you can usually work it out from context, or say "hot chips" if you mean freshly deep fried potatoes. "Fries" is understood as well though, and is not uncommon particularly for American-style shoestring fries.

People in rural areas may have a broader accent, using some of the slang words that have become outmoded in metropolitan areas, while highly educated urban dwellers sometimes use a cultivated accent similar to that of their British equivalents. Try to resist the temptation to use Australian slang yourself: it's easy to get it wrong and sound patronizing.

There is little regional variation in Australian English, although accents tend to be broader outside of the large cities, and the pronunciation of certain words like "dance" and "renaissance" varies between regions. Most regional differences come down to word usage. For example, swimming clothes are known as cossies or swimmers in New South Wales, togs in Queensland, and bathers elsewhere. Many indigenous communities around Australia and the Torres Strait Islands speak English as a second language.

It is rare to find signs in a second language, except in urban areas with a high population of Asian immigrants and students, where signs and restaurant menus in Vietnamese and Chinese are a common sight; and also around Cairns and the Gold Coast in Queensland where some signs (but not road signs) are written in Japanese or Chinese, due to the large number of tourists. Some warning signs at beaches are written in several foreign languages.

Visitors who do not speak basic English will find communicating with Australians difficult, and should do some advance planning. Some tour companies specialise in offering package deals for Australian tours complete with language guides, but mostly in Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, German, Italian, French, Indonesian and Korean. Some tours also give tours in Spanish, Malay and Portuguese, although this isn't as common. Only a very small minority of tours give tours in Hindi, Arabic and Swahili, and finding one of these is once in a blue moon.

Indigenous languages play an important part in recognising Australia's long Indigenous heritage, but common usage is sadly low, with only 46 left spoken day to day by 42,300 people. You are most likely to encounter these languages in rural outback communities and in the Torres Strait Islands. Although there are initiatives to revive the Indigenous languages, it has proven to be a challenge because of the sheer number of languages that are widely spread out and not mutually intelligible. Learning an Indigenous language will be useful only in specific local areas. Almost all Indigenous Australians speak English as well, although residents of some remote communities may not be fluent in the language. On top of the Indigenous languages spoken, various creole-based languages are spoken such as Australian Kriol or Torres Strait Creole .

The standard sign language is Auslan (standing for Australian Sign Language). When a sign interpreter is present for a public event, he or she will use Auslan. Users of British and New Zealand Sign Languages will be able to understand much, though not all, of the language. Auslan and NZSL are largely derived from BSL, and all three languages use the same two-handed manual alphabet. Users of sign languages that have different origins (such as the French Sign Language family, which also includes American and Irish Sign Languages) will not be able to understand Auslan.

Get in [ edit ]

Entry requirements [ edit ].

Everybody (except New Zealanders) requires a visa in advance of travel.

If you are visiting for a holiday of less than 90 days, there are three types of visas you may apply for, depending on your nationality.

• Electronic Travel Authority (ETA) subclass 601 is available to nationals of many countries, and you must apply using the Australian ETA app with a service fee of $20.
• eVisitor (subclass 651) is for citizens of the European Union , Norway , Iceland , Switzerland , the United Kingdom and a few European microstates . These visas are free, but otherwise effectively identical to the ETA. You must apply online.
• Visitor Visa (subclass 600) . Citizens of most other countries can make an application online by creating an ImmiAccount ; some may need to visit an embassy or visa processing centre as part of the process.

In most cases, ETAs and eVisitors are approved instantly and the visa will be issued and available for use immediately. If further enquiries are needed you may be asked to return to the application system later to see if you've been approved. Over 90% are processed the same day. In the worst-case scenario your application can be diverted for manual checks that can take months. if you have a complex national history, or any criminal record (including minor offences) you should allow plenty of time for the application.

If you are visiting Australia to work, study or for medical treatment, check to make sure you have the right kind of visa, as a tourist visa may not be sufficient. Breaching the conditions or planning to breach the conditions of your visa will result in visa cancellation, deportation, and/or a period of exclusion.

For all tourist visa classes you must be able to demonstrate your ability to support yourself financially for the time you intend to spend in Australia and meet character requirements. If you have a criminal conviction, contact an Australian Embassy or visa processing centre before applying or making travel arrangements.

New Zealand citizens may travel to Australia without a pre-arranged visa. When they arrive, they will be automatically granted a Special Category New Zealand Citizen visa (subclass 444) if they have no criminal conviction or tuberculosis. This visa allows them to travel, live, work and study in Australia for as long as they like. New Zealand citizens with criminal convictions or tuberculosis may be denied this visa and should seek advice from an Australian diplomatic mission before travel. Non-citizen permanent residents of New Zealand are not eligible for this visa and should apply for a visa based on the passport they hold.

Holders for a valid APEC Business Travel Card (ABTC) except those issued by the United States and Canada may visit for up to 90 days without a visa provided they do not seek employment in Australia.

If you are transiting through Australia, remain airside for a maximum of 8 hours, have a confirmed onward booking, have the correct entry documentation for the onward destination and are a citizen of New Zealand, the European Union , Andorra , Argentina , Brunei , Canada , Cyprus , the Federated States of Micronesia , Fiji , Iceland , Indonesia , Japan , Kiribati , Liechtenstein , Malaysia , Mexico , Monaco , Nauru , Norway , Palau , Papua New Guinea , Philippines , South Africa , the Republic of Marshall Islands , Samoa , San Marino , Singapore , Slovakia , Slovenia , Solomon Islands , South Korea (ROK), Switzerland , Taiwan , Thailand , Tonga , Tuvalu , United Arab Emirates , United Kingdom (regardless of nationality status), the United States , Vanuatu or Vatican City , you do not need to apply for any advance visa. All other passengers who transit through Australia must apply for a free-of-charge Transit Visa (subclass 771) before travel.

At all major airports, visitors who are citizens of an ever-growing list of countries (including US, UK and most of the EU) can use SmartGate automated immigration clearance when entering Australia. These are much faster than the manual counters, but being able to use SmartGate does not exempt you from visa requirements.

Australia no longer stamps passports or issues visa stickers for most visitors; all visas, entries and exits are recorded electronically. You may request a passport stamp from the immigration officer, though you might have to be directed to a separate counter to get one.

Customs and quarantine [ edit ]

Australia has strict quarantine requirements regarding importing animal and plant derived products (any food, wooden products, seeds, etc.) You must declare all such material , even if the items are permitted. Baggage is frequently scanned and may be examined by dogs. You may be fined up to $2664 on-the-spot if you accidentally fail to declare, or even prosecuted in serious cases. Declared material will be examined and, depending on the circumstances, may be retained, disposed of, returned to you, or treated by quarantine at your expense. (You may have to pick the item up at a later time.) Processed and sealed chocolates and other confectionery are usually permitted after being declared and examined, as are reasonable quantities of infant formula with an accompanying infant. Different rules apply depending on the origin country of foods, and the state in which you are entering Australia. Check with the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources for more details.

Travellers who are 18 years old or older are allowed to bring up to 2.25 litres of alcoholic beverages and up to 25 cigarettes, 25 grams of other tobacco products (including cigars), 2 vapes (reusable or disposable) and up to 200 mL vape liquid into Australia duty-free. These items may not be imported by anybody under the age of 18, and travellers who exceed their duty free allowance are liable to tax on all goods of that category, not just the amount in excess of the limit.

Some shells, coral and items made from a protected species are also prohibited to discourage the trade in items that may originate from a threatened ecosystem or species.

While there are no restrictions on the amount of money that can be brought in or out, Australian customs also requires you to declare if you are travelling with $10,000 or more (AUD or its equivalent in foreign currency) and you will be asked to complete some paperwork. Not declaring may expose you to a fine, possible seizure of the cash, or in the worst case even arrest.

By plane [ edit ]

Australia is a long way from anywhere else in the world, so for most visitors the only practical way of getting into Australia is by air.

Australia's major points of entry, in decreasing order of importance, are the airports in Sydney ( SYD  IATA ), Melbourne ( MEL  IATA ), Brisbane ( BNE  IATA ) and Perth ( PER  IATA ). There are also limited international services into Adelaide, Cairns, Darwin and the Gold Coast.

Sydney is a 3-hour flight from Auckland , New Zealand, a 7-11 hour flight from many countries in Asia, a 14-hour flight from the west of the United States and Canada, a 14-hour flight from Johannesburg , a 13-16 hour flight from South America , and up to a 24-hour flight from western Europe (including a stopover). On account of long journey times from some destinations, most travellers from Europe must have a stop-over, commonly in Singapore , Hong Kong , Dubai , Doha , Bangkok or Kuala Lumpur . Since March 2018, Qantas operates a non-stop flight from London Heathrow to Perth taking "only" 17 hours — the first ever regular non-stop route between Europe and Australia. Qantas also has plans to introduce more ambitious non-stop routes from Sydney to London and New York later.

If you have to change to a domestic flight in a gateway city, Sydney, Brisbane and Perth all have separate domestic terminals, requiring some time and complexity to transit: check the guides. Melbourne, Adelaide, Darwin, Cairns and the Gold Coast all have gates in the one terminal building or within easy walking distance of each other.

Australia's largest airline is flag carrier Qantas , which together with its low-cost subsidiary Jetstar operate many flights into Australia. Virgin Australia flies several routes from south-east Asia and the Pacific islands into Australia. For those coming from Europe, Singapore Airlines and Hong Kong's Cathay Pacific make good alternatives to Qantas, British Airways or the Gulf airlines for flights into Australia. Some routes into Australia are operated by discount airlines such as AirAsia X, AirAsia Indonesia, Scoot and Jetstar Airways . As of 2022, several additional airlines in partnership with Australian carriers have started operating services to Australia. These include Air Canada and United Airlines .

Private aviation [ edit ]

Private aviation companies such as Australia Jet Charter and JetCorpAustralia offer direct private flights year-round using a variety of aircraft. Popular airports for charter jets include Sydney Bankstown Airport, Gold Coast Airport , and Melbourne Essendon Airport.

If you are flying your own personal aircraft to or from Australia, you will need to submit an International Flight Request no less than 72 hours and up to 7 days before departure . If the airport you plan to land at or depart from is not an international airport, you will also have to apply for approval to use the airport from the National Passenger Processing Committee (NPPC) through their Air and Sea Approval Portal at least 10 business days before your arrival (if travelling to Australia) or departure (if leaving Australia).

By boat [ edit ]

Cruise ships are available mostly in the November to February cruising season, and there are usually about 10 ships that arrive in Australia from other countries during this time. You can cruise to Australia, and then fly home. Holland America Line, Princess Cruises and Royal Caribbean all offer cruises to Australia across the Pacific.

You may sail to Australia in your own yacht, just make sure you submit the right paperwork to Border Force, and arrive at an approved port of entry .

There are no international ferry services operating.

By overland transport [ edit ]

There was a time when a couple of tour operators offered overland trips from London to Sydney, with only a short hop by air from Southeast Asia to Northwestern Australia while the bus went by barge. The only such tour operator is Madventure which runs 4 different routes: 26 weeks through Iran, Pakistan, and India; 26 weeks through the Caucasus & Central Asia; 64 weeks around Africa, the Middle East, & South Asia; and 64 weeks through Africa, the Middle East, the Caucasus, & Central Asia.

For those determined to travel overland as much as possible from Europe, you can travel independently to Singapore from Europe by train and/or bus on scheduled services, and fly from there to Perth (3,500 flight kilometres). For the truly determined overland traveller, you can get a ferry from Singapore to Indonesia and make your way across to Bali, where you can fly to Darwin (2,000 flight kilometres). For the intrepid, ferries to West Timor, a bus to Dili and a flight to Darwin will mean only 700 km in the air.

Travel to Darwin by cargo ship/ barge by ANL and Swire (the only two routine cargo haulers between Dili and Darwin) is not permitted (June 2016). For determined travellers, you may be able to obtain passage from Singapore by freighter vessel, organized through a travel agent.

Get around [ edit ]

Australia is huge but sparsely populated over much of its area and is larger than the contiguous U.S. You can sometimes travel many hours before finding the next trace of civilization, especially once you leave the south-eastern coastal fringe.

Quarantine [ edit ]

There are restrictions on carrying fruit and vegetables (including honey) between states, and special agricultural quarantine zones within states that have additional restrictions. If you are driving over 100-150 km outside large metropolitan areas or interstate, or flying between states, don't stock up on fruit and vegetables. Check the Australian Interstate Quarantine website for details.

By car [ edit ]

Australia has a generally well-maintained system of roads and highways, and cars are a commonly used method of transport. While public transportation is fairly reliable in Sydney, Melbourne, Perth, and SE Queensland, having a car is preferable, or in some cases essential, to get around anywhere else. All the mainland state capitals are linked to each other by good undivided highways. Some parts are divided highways but many sections are one lane each way with occasional overtaking lanes around every 5-20 km depending on the state. Roads linking minor centres (or what can look like short-cuts on the map) can be narrow or gravel roads and are generally slower. Australia's low population density and large size makes for long driving times between major centres.

In general, unlike Europe, South Africa or the U.S., there are no freeways connecting major centres. Divided dual carriageways that link major centres don't go for very long, and you could get roundabouts or traffic lights at random areas with only 1 km notice. While Sydney to Melbourne can be fully achieved on divided dual carriageways, particularly in the NSW section, there are plenty of flat junctions. Sydney to Brisbane can also be achieved on 99% divided dual carriageways/motorways, with plans to build the remaining one percent as a freeway (expected to be completed by 2027), but the remaining section traverses through the busy centres of Heatherbrae and Coffs Harbour. Other routes like Melbourne to Adelaide are only partial divided freeways (approximately 250 km/750 km – about a third of the route), but yet there's still towns to be bypassed, and there is only a very short freeway/dual carriageway section in South Australia.

Drives like Sydney to Perth or Adelaide to Darwin would be much better off achieved by a plane, and journeying here often takes around half a week, and these are routes that Australians themselves only do about once or twice in their lifetime. Distances are huge, and if you put it onto a European perspective: is the distance between Madrid and Moscow, and on a North American perspective, the distance from Miami to Los Angeles.

Major hazards on Australian roads are wildlife and large trucks. Be sure to take extra care when driving at dusk or in the dark, as the risk of animal collisions increases significantly. Major regional areas have paved (sealed) dual-lane roads, but isolated areas may have poorly maintained dirt roads or even tracks. Distances and speeds are specified in kilometres and fuel is sold by the litre. There are no tolls on roads or bridges outside of the urban areas of Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane or Toowoomba.

Australia drives on the left. Overseas visitors who are used to driving on the right should take care when they first drive, and again when they are driving on country roads with little traffic.

Generally, overseas licenses are valid for driving in Australia for three months after arrival. If the licence is not in English, an International Driving Permit (IDP) is required in addition to your licence. Licensing regulations and road rules vary slightly from state to state.

The default speed limit in most of Australia is 50 km/h in built-up areas, and 100 km/h on rural roads, unless signed otherwise except in the NT where urban defaults are 60 km/h, and in WA and the NT, rural defaults are 110 km/h. Many major rural roads have a posted speed limit of 110 km/h especially in the Outback. Average speed is seldom above 80 km/h due to the poor road conditions and limited overtaking opportunities. On some national highways that traverse mountain ranges and travel through small towns, even averaging 60 km/h can be a challenge. Speed limits are strictly enforced in Australia, and even creeping ever so slightly above the speed limit could earn you a ticket with a hefty fine.

While major highways are well serviced, anyone leaving well-maintained roads in inland Australia should take advice from local authorities, check weather and road conditions, and carry sufficient spare fuel, spare parts, spare tyres, matches, food and water. Some remote roads might see one car per month or less.

Cellular coverage is non-existent outside of national highways and towns and you should take some precautions in case of emergency.

Heat and dehydration at any time of year can kill. If stranded, stay with your vehicle and do what you can to improve your visibility from the air. Do not take this advice lightly; every year locals and tourists die from dehydration after their car breaks down in a remote area. If you do have to abandon your car (say you break down and then get a lift), call the local police station, to avoid a search being started for you.

Car rental [ edit ]

Major cities around Australia have multiple outlets providing a wide range of rental vehicles from major international rental companies. Major international providers include Enterprise , Alamo , National , Avis, Budget, Hertz, Thrifty, Sixt and Europcar. Most car rental companies prohibit you from taking their cars onto ferries, or across the borders with the Northern Territory and Western Australia, unless you have made special arrangements in advance.

In smaller towns car rental can be difficult to find. One-way fees often apply from smaller regional outlets.

Australia also hosts many national brands including Redspot , East Coast, Jucy & Nobirds. Smaller cars may be manual (stick-shift), whereas anything larger will mostly be automatic.

If you do not hold an Australian driving licence, some rental vehicle companies will require you to take a free driver knowledge test , aimed at tourists, that covers the basic road rules, or will take you on a short drive to assess whether you are competent behind the wheel.

Campervans [ edit ]

A campervan is a vehicle, usually a minivan, converted into a motorhome (recreational vehicle), most often catering to the vast number of young European and American backpackers traversing the country. The East Coast from Sydney to Cairns is especially abundant with these vehicles. Driving in Australia has more information on renting or buying a campervan.

It is sometimes possible to book a campervan needing relocation from one town to another for a nominal fee of as low as $1 per day. Sometimes, $100 for petrol may be included as well. Websites to search for these deals include Coseats , DriveNow , TransferCar and imoova .

By taxi [ edit ]

Larger towns and cities have taxi services and can be hailed on the street in most CBDs. Uber and Didi are available in major cities. There are several smartphone taxi booking applications such as myDriver , GoCatch that make finding a licensed taxi simple.

Outside of cities, towns may have a limited taxi service, with smaller or remote towns sometimes having no service at all.

Due to the large distances involved, flying is a well-patronised form of travel in Australia. Services along the main business travel corridor (Melbourne-Sydney-Brisbane) are run almost like a bus service, with flights leaving every 15 minutes during the day.

The best fares are almost always available on the most competitive routes, whereas routes to remote destinations with fewer flights tend to be more expensive. Qantas actually do often offer competitive prices, so don't ignore that option just because they are a full-service carrier. There are only a handful of main airlines in Australia, so it won't take long to compare their prices on domestic routes:

• Qantas , the full-service national carrier, flying to all major cities and some larger regional towns (see QantasLink);
• Virgin Australia , a nationwide full-service airline, flying to major cities and a few larger regional towns;
• Jetstar , Qantas's discount arm with limited service and assigned seating.

Several airlines service regional destinations. Expect higher fares and fewer discounts.

• Qantaslink , the regional arm of Qantas;
• Regional Express , covering larger towns and cities on the eastern seaboard and in country South Australia;
• Airnorth , covering the Northern Territory and East Timor ;
• Skytrans Airlines , covering regional Queensland;
• Sharp Airlines , covering several regional towns in Victoria and South Australia.
• Bonza , low cost airline focusing on under-utilised and unserved routes between regional and domestic cities

Charters [ edit ]

Scheduled aviation only flies to a handful of the thousands of airports around Australia. There are numerous options to charter aircraft that may take you direct to smaller country towns or even offshore islands. The costs can be comparable to scheduled airlines if there are 3 or more people flying in a group. The Australian Private Pilots Licence permits private pilots to carry passengers and to recover the cost of the plane hire and fuel from passengers, but not to advertise for passengers or fly commercially. That said, if you check the web pages of local flying clubs, there are always private pilots willing to fly on a fine weekend if someone is willing to put in for the cost of the plane and fuel.

By train [ edit ]

Trains are rarely a practical means of long-distance transport in Australia: they tend to be slower than driving, more expensive than flying and run less frequently than buses. A historical lack of cooperation between the states, combined with sheer distances and a relatively small population to service, have left Australia with a national rail network that is relatively slow and used mainly for freight. Nevertheless, train travel between cities can be very scenic and present opportunities to see new aspects of the country. It can also be a cost-effective way to get to regional towns and cities, which tend to have more expensive flights than those between the state capitals.

Most long-distance rail services that exist link the regional townships with the state capital, such as Bendigo to Melbourne, or Cairns to Brisbane. Both transcontinental routes (Adelaide-Darwin and Sydney-Perth) are luxury services that are primarily aimed at tourists who have a lot of time and money on their hands, so unless you are a rail travel enthusiast, you should consider other options such as flying or driving, as it will usually be cheaper and faster.

Tasmania has no passenger rail services. The Northern Territory has the rail line linking Darwin to Adelaide through Alice Springs only, and the Australian Capital Territory has a single railway station close to the centre of Canberra. Rail service in South Australia is mainly limited to the Adelaide suburban network, though the Overland makes stops in some South Australian country towns on its way to and from Victoria.

Long distance train operators [ edit ]

Long-distance passenger trains in Australia are operated by a mix of one private operator and four state government operators. There is no centralised ticketing service covering all the long-distance railway operators in Australia, and you will need to buy separate tickets from each operator if your journey involves multiple operators.

• Journey Beyond - A private train operator running luxury tourist train services; The Ghan between Adelaide and Darwin via Alice Springs (only between March and November), The Indian Pacific between Sydney and Perth via Adelaide, and The Overland between Adelaide and Melbourne .
• NSW Trainlink Regional - Links Sydney to Melbourne, Brisbane and Canberra, and regional trains radiating out of Sydney to New South Wales country towns, including Dubbo , Coffs Harbour , and Griffith . Also runs coach services to some towns not served by the railway, and combination rail and coach tickets to these towns can be bought on their website.
• V/Line - Train services in Victoria radiating out of Melbourne to regional centres. Also operates coach services to some towns that are not served by the railway. Combined train and coach services are available between Melbourne and Adelaide, as well as Melbourne and Canberra.
• Queensland Rail - Long-distance passenger train services in Queensland, mostly radiating out of Brisbane, including its flagship Spirit of Queensland service between Brisbane and Cairns , but also runs the Inlander from Townsville to Mount Isa .
• Transwa - State government run, operating train services from Perth to Kalgoorlie and Bunbury . Transwa also operates coach services to much of the state where rail services operated in the past, especially the southwest of the state.

Motorail service [ edit ]

Australia had a tradition of motorail, allowing you to take your car with you on special carriages attached to the back of the train. This service is now only available on Journey Beyond between Adelaide and Perth or Darwin. You cannot remove your car at any of the intermediate stations.

Rail passes [ edit ]

No rail pass includes all train travel throughout Australia. However, if you are a train buff that intends travelling extensively by rail, there are some passes that may save you money. Plan your trip carefully before investing in a rail pass. Country train services are infrequent and can arrive at regional destinations at unsociable hours.

• Discovery Pass . Use any NSW Trainlink services (trains and coaches). Get anywhere in NSW, and north to Brisbane and south to Melbourne.
• Queensland Rail Coastal Pass and Queensland Rail Explorer Pass.

Local public transport [ edit ]

Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, Adelaide, Wollongong and Newcastle have suburban rail and bus services integrated into the city public transport, with trams also running in Melbourne, Adelaide, Sydney, Newcastle, Canberra, and the Gold Coast, and ferries in Sydney, Brisbane and Perth. Sydney is home to Australia's sole Metro line. The remaining capital cities have bus services only. See those city guides articles for public transport details.

By bus [ edit ]

Bus travel in Australia is cheap and convenient, although the distances involved for interstate connections are daunting. Greyhound has the largest bus route network. There are no bus services from the other capital cities to Perth.

• Firefly Express , ☏ 1300 730 740 (local rate), +61 3 8318 0318 (international callers) , [email protected] . Firefly Express has services connecting Adelaide, Melbourne and Sydney.  
• Greyhound , ☏ 1300 473 946 (local rate) , [email protected] . Greyhound travels daily to over 1100 destinations in Australia. It has a variety of ticketing including all-you-can-ride passes (called "Whimit Passes") that allow you to hop on and off as many times as you like within 15-120 days nationally, or 7-30 days between Melbourne and Cairns ("East Coast Whimit") ( updated May 2023 )
• Murrays , ☏ +61 13 22 51 , [email protected] . Murrays has services connecting Canberra with Sydney, the NSW South Coast and snowfields .  
• Premier Motor Services . Premier runs buses all along the east cost, from Eden in southern NSW, to Cairns in Far North Queensland. Despite having fewer destinations than Greyhound, their buses are comparable and their fares are around 10% cheaper than Greyhound. ( updated May 2023 )

Sydney, Brisbane, and Perth have ferries as part of their public transport system. Some smaller roads in the regional areas still have punts to carry cars across rivers and canals. The islands of the Barrier Reef have some scheduled services, and there are a few cruises that cross the top of Australia as well.

However, large inter city ferry services are not common.

• The Spirit of Tasmania . Australia's only long-distance ferry connects Devonport in Tasmania to Geelong , Victoria and carries cars and passengers on the route across Bass Strait daily. Day and night sailings are available. It is usually more expensive than flying but worth it if you want to take your own vehicle.
• Sealink connects Kangaroo Island , Australia's second largest southern island to Cape Jervis in mainland South Australia with regular car ferries.
• Spencer Gulf Searoad (SeaSA) offers a short cut across the Spencer Gulf between Wallaroo on the Yorke Peninsula and Lucky Bay near Cowell or Franklin Harbor on the Eyre Peninsula . The service has been suspended frequently, but is operating as of October 2022.

By thumb [ edit ]

It is legal to hitchhike in some states in Australia, so long as certain guidelines are followed. However, it is less common than in neighbouring New Zealand. In Australia hitchhiking is often frowned upon by locals and police, especially in metropolitan areas.

Hitchhiking is illegal in Victoria and Queensland. It is also illegal to stand on the verge or walk along freeways in all states (effectively making hitchhiking illegal in many practical places, in all states).

If forced to hitchhike due to an emergency you may find a motorist willing to take you to the nearest town to obtain help. (Many major inter-city highways and freeways have emergency telephones to request help.)

It is common to see people hitching in rural areas. The best time to hitchhike is early morning. The best location is near, but not on, the main exit from the town you are in.

By bicycle [ edit ]

Cycling the long distances between towns in Australia is not common, and most long-distance highways in Australia have poorly developed facilities for cyclists. for example, to cycle between Sydney and Brisbane you would have to allow 2–3 weeks with around 80–100 km per day.

Intrepid travellers do manage to cover the longer distances by bicycle, and have a different experience of Australia. Long distance cyclists can be encountered on the Nullarbor and other isolated highways.

In some states, former railway lines have been changed into rail trails. Rail Trail Australia website has good material of routes off the main highways, with the Murray to the Mountains Train being the best quality trail with the most to see and do along the route. In Western Australia long-distance cycle trails have been developed for mountain bikers. The Munda Biddi trail is many days through bushland, with huts provided for camping along the route.

Wherever you cycle - if you leave the urban sprawl of the capital cities, plan carefully and carry supplies.

See Cycling in New South Wales for details specific to New South Wales.

Hiking [ edit ]

Walking through some parts of Australia is the only way to experience some particular landscapes. In Tasmania the Central Highland Overland Track and the South Coast Track are good examples of walking/hiking holiday to do items. The Bicentennial National Trail is one of the longest trails in the world, stretching from Cooktown in Northern Queensland, to Healesville in Victoria .

See [ edit ]

Wildlife [ edit ].

Australian flora and fauna is unique to the island continent, the result of having been isolated from the rest of the world for millions of years. Amongst Australian animals are a large group of marsupials (mammals with a pouch) and monotremes (mammals that lay eggs). Just some of the animal icons of Australia are the kangaroo (national symbol) and the koala. A visit to Australia would not be complete without taking the chance to see some of these animals in their natural environment.

Wildlife parks and zoos [ edit ]

• Wildlife parks and zoos are in every state capital city, but also check out the animal parks if you are passing through smaller towns, like Mildura or Mogo , or staying on Hamilton Island . See the Warrawong Fauna Sanctuary if you are in South Australia, or visit the koalas with best view in the world, at Taronga Zoo in Sydney.

In the wild [ edit ]

• Kangaroos and wallabies are in national parks all around Australia. You won't see any kangaroos hopping down the street in Central Sydney , but they're common on the outskirts of most urban areas.
• Wombats and echidnas are also common, but harder to find due to their camouflage and tunnelling. See lots of echidnas on Kangaroo Island.
• Koalas are present in forests around Australia, but are notoriously very hard to spot, and walking around looking upwards into the boughs of trees will usually send you sprawling over a tree root. Best seen during the day, there is a thriving and friendly population on Raymond Island near Paynesville in Victoria. You have a good chance on Otway Coast, on the Great Ocean Road , or even in the National Park walk near Noosa on the Sunshine Coast.
• Emus are more common in central Australia. You will certainly see some if you venture into the outback national park at Currawinya
• Cassowaries are found mainly in the tropical rainforests of North Queensland , but as they are critically endangered, you would be very lucky to spot one.
• Platypus are found in reedy, flowing creeks with soft river banks in Victoria, Southern New South Wales, and the very southern region of Queensland - seen at dusk and dawn - you have to have a bit of luck to see one. Try the platypus reserves in Bombala or Delegate in New South Wales, or in Emu Creek at Skipton just out of Ballarat .

Convict sites [ edit ]

Much of Australia's modern history was as a penal colony for convicts from the United Kingdom, and there are many historical sites that still stand as a reminder of the days of convict transportation. Perhaps the most famous of these sites are Port Arthur in Tasmania and Fremantle Prison in Fremantle , located near Perth , Western Australia . There are also many other sites scattered throughout the country.

Landmarks [ edit ]

Australia has many landmarks, famous the world over. From Uluṟu in the Red Centre, to the Sydney Harbour Bridge and Opera House in Sydney.

Small Australian towns have a tradition of making big sculptures as landmarks. See Big things in Australia .

Australia has thousands of heritage-registered sites, with 20 UNESCO World Heritage Sites .

Australia may not be a very religious country, but there are some churches that are well-known architectural landmarks. Some examples include St. Mary's Cathedral in Sydney and St. Peter's Cathedral in Adelaide .

National parks [ edit ]

Perhaps the best of what can be found in the natural side of Australia is best found in its national parks. Australia has more than 500 or so national parks, which makes Australia the country having the most national parks in the world. Although that number can make it somewhat hard to pick, there are some particular national parks in particular that stand out to travellers more than others. Some national parks (including Australia's largest ) are located in very remote areas with no roads leading there, and the only way to access them is off-road driving in a four-wheel drive; be sure to make ample preparations and stock up on food, water and fuel before you attempt to visit one of these, and it is highly recommended that you rent a satellite phone despite the high cost in case of emergencies. Queensland, Western Australia and South Australia are also home to conservation parks , which are also protected areas of outstanding natural beauty, but not considered to be of enough national significance to be declared national parks.

In New South Wales, a trip is never complete without going to Blue Mountains National Park , just west of Sydney and a UNESCO World Heritage Site , home to several indigenous sacred sites, along with several lookouts, mountains and plateaus. Other national parks in New South Wales that are popular include Royal National Park , a popular beachside spot and the world's second oldest national park just south of Sydney, Kosciuszko National Park for being home to Australia's tallest mountain on the mainland, Dorrigo National Park or New England National Park for its Gondwana Rainforests, or a more isolated Mungo National Park home to the unusual but yet great "Walls of China" formation.

In the Northern Territory, the two most famous parks by far are Kakadu National Park and Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park , two icons of Australia which are both pretty self explanatory. Other popular national parks include Litchfield National Park home to several waterfalls, Nitmiluk for the Katherine Gorge, Tjoritja / West MacDonnell National Park and Watarrka National Park for their gorges and canyons.

In Queensland, similar to the Northern Territory, the two most famous and internationally recognized parks are the Daintree Rainforest and the Great Barrier Reef , one for being the world's oldest living rainforest while the latter for being the world's largest reef system. Other popular national parks include Lamington National Park for its Gondwana Rainforests or Great Sandy National Park for being the world's largest sand island and the only place in the world where forest grows on sand or the Whitsunday Islands , home to some of the world's whitest beaches. Other important but relatively unknown national parks include Boodjamulla National Park , a world heritage site for its fossils or Carnarvon National Park for its landscape and rock art.

In South Australia, national parks tend to be of different quality, and by far the most recognised one is Ikara-Flinders Ranges National Park , what first comes in mind for many who think about South Australia. Others include Naracoorte Caves National Park , a world heritage site for its fossils, or the Coorong , the world's longest beach and an important Aboriginal cultural site.

Tasmania has by far the most wilderness, and with almost a little less than 50% of its national parks as world heritage sites, it can be hard to decide which ones to visit. Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park is by far its most iconic national park, while Southwest National Park is the largest in the state. For those interesting in mountains that are easily accessible, Hartz Mountains National Park or Mount Field National Park is generally the national park to go, with the latter along with Ben Lomond National Park known for skiing and snowsports. For the parks of other kinds, Freycinet National Park is known for its beaches while Tasman National Park has some of the world's highest ocean cliffs.

Victoria, despite being the smallest mainland state has quite a lot more to offer than you might think. Its most iconic one is Port Campbell National Park , and although the name of the park is not well known, one of its main features – the 12 Apostles – is what brings so much visitors to it. Others include Wilsons Promontory , home to the southernmost point of the Australian mainland, or Murray Sunset National Park , home to a pink lake.

Western Australia, being the world's second largest jurisdictions has plenty to offer. In particular, the one that's most known is Nambung National Park for its Pinnacles Desert, but others include Kalbarri National Park or Karijini National Park both home to several unique geological formations, or Murujuga National Park for being home to some of the world's densest collections of rock art. Purnululu National Park or Shark Bay both tend to be a bit far from Perth , but both are UNESCO World Heritage Sites, both offering something unique in sight. And if you thought that everything that's scenic has to be on land – you could be hardly ever more wrong. The Ningaloo Marine Park (and Exmouth and Coral Bay ) have a lot to offer, especially for those keen in marine life.

Space [ edit ]

The vast open outback in Australia makes Australia a prime destination for space-enthusiasts. However, unlike the Northern Hemisphere, the constellations here are very different, owing to the fact that Australia is in the southern hemisphere. There are plenty of astrotourism sites, ranging from a cities, to as far deep in the outback as you can go.

Sports [ edit ]

Sport is an integral part of the Australian culture from the capital cities to country towns. As a testament to this, Australia has a track record of being one of the best performing teams at the Olympics despite its relatively small population. The majority of games are played over the weekend period (from Friday night to Monday night). Australian sports fans are generally well behaved, and it is not uncommon for fans of two opposing teams to sit together during a match, even if the teams are bitter rivals. While the cheering can get really passionate, actual crowd violence is extremely rare.

• In the winter in Victoria Australian rules football (Aussie Rules, or in some areas just "footy") is more than just a sport, it is a way of life. Catch a game at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. Although originating from and most popular in the state of Victoria, the premier national competition, known as the Australian Football League (AFL) , has teams from Sydney, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth, and the Gold Coast as well. The AFL Grand Final , held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground either in late September or early October each year, is the most watched event on the Australian sporting calendar. The AFL now runs a women's league, known as AFL Women's , during the summer. While obviously not as popular as the men's game, it still enjoys a decent following. The next women's season in 2020 will feature 14 teams from all of the current men's AFL markets.
• In summer, international cricket is played between Australia and at least two touring sides. The games rotate around all the capital cities. To experience the traditional game catch the New Year's test match at the Sydney Cricket Ground played for 5 days starting from the 2nd of January, or the Boxing Day Test match at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. Or for a more lively entertaining form, that only takes a few hours, try a twenty-twenty match. The final form is "One Day" Cricket, international matches generally start at 1PM and finish at 10PM or 11PM (a "Day-Nighter"), with most domestic and occasional international matches played from 11AM to 6PM. The Australia Day One Day International is held in Adelaide every 26 January. The Ashes is a series of five test matches played between the Australian and English national teams. It is held in Australia every three or four years, and is one of the highlights of the cricket calendar. Whenever Australia hosts the series, the five matches are held in the five largest cities of Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide.
• The Australian Open , one of the tennis Grand Slams, is played annually at Melbourne Park , including the main stadium of Rod Laver Arena , near the Melbourne city centre. Or the Medibank International in Sydney Olympic Park in January.

• Catch a rugby union Super Rugby game, with teams playing from Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Argentina and Japan in Brisbane, Canberra, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney during late Summer/Autumn. The Australian national team, the Wallabies, also host international teams during winter, including New Zealand, South Africa and Argentina for The Rugby Championship (formerly the Tri Nations tournament).
• Rugby League is a winter game played mainly in New South Wales and Queensland, with the National Rugby League (NRL) competition being the premier competition. Teams include Melbourne in Victoria, Brisbane, North Queensland and the Gold Coast in Queensland, a team from New Zealand, with the rest of the teams coming from suburban areas in Sydney, and some in regional areas of New South Wales such as Newcastle and Canberra. The competition culminates in the NRL Grand Final , which is held every year in the Stadium Australia in Sydney. The biggest event in the rugby league calendar of Australia is the State of Origin series between teams representing the states of New South Wales and Queensland, which consists of an annual series of three matches of which two are played in Sydney and Brisbane, and the third is played in either of those cities or sometimes, Melbourne or Perth. Many fans consider the level of play in the State of Origin series to be even higher than that in the Rugby League World Cup.
• Netball is Australia's largest female sport, and there are weekly games in the domestic Super Netball league (which replaced a previous transnational league that also included New Zealand sides). The Australian national team is arguably the strongest in the world, with England, New Zealand and Jamaica usually posing the biggest challenge to Australian dominance.
• Soccer is a growing sport that is aspiring to reach European levels and is very popular at amateur stages. Many immigrants and second-generation Australians hail from European countries where passion for the sport is very high. The Australia national team (the Socceroos) won the Asia Cup for the first time in 2015 and have raised the sport's profile significantly. There is a national A-League, which is a fully professional league involving teams from Australia and one from New Zealand, with games played weekly during the summer. Most cities have a semi-professional "state league" played during winter, with most clubs being built around a specific ethnic/migrant community, for example a Newcastle league side Broadmeadow Magic, which was built around the cities' Macedonian population. While women's soccer is less popular as a spectator sport, it enjoys a decent following, with the national team (the Matildas) regularly participating in the World Cup. The women's counterpart to the A-League is the W-League.
• F1 Grand Prix The Melbourne Grand Prix in March takes place on a street circuit around Albert Park Lake, only a few kilometres south of central Melbourne. It is used annually as a racetrack for the Australian Grand Prix and associated support races.
• The Supercars Championship is a popular form of motor racing unique to Australia involving powerful cars, comparable to NASCAR racing in the United States—though unlike NASCAR, which races almost exclusively on oval tracks, the Supercars series uses road courses and street circuits. Events are held all over the country between March and early December. The famous Bathurst 1000 is traditionally held in October.
• Horse racing is Australia's third most popular spectator sport after Australian rules football and rugby league, and races are held regularly in all of Australia's state capitals. The premier event in Australia's horse racing calendar is the annual Melbourne Cup , which also ranks among the most prestigious races in the world. The day of the Melbourne Cup is a public holiday in the state of Victoria , and people throughout Australia who do not usually follow horse racing will tune in just for this day.

Itineraries [ edit ]

• Anne Beadell Highway
• Gibb River Road
• Grand Pacific Drive
• Great Ocean Road
• Gunbarrel Highway
• Oodnadatta Track
• Stuart Highway : crossing Australia north-south
• Tourist Drive 33
• Waterfall Way
• Military museums and sites in Australia

Do [ edit ]

Swim [ edit ]

• in the surf . Australia has seemingly endless sandy beaches. Follow the crowds to the world-famous Bondi Beach in Sydney, or Surfers Paradise on the Gold Coast. Or find a stretch all for yourself (but beware of dangerous rips on beaches, it is considerably safer to find a patrolled beach). The surf is smaller and warmer in the Tropical North, where the reef breaks the swell, and larger and colder in the south with waves rolling in from the Southern Ocean. (And yes, in the middle it is just right ).
• in calm tropical oceans . Cable Beach in Broome is swept pristine daily by the tide, has perfect sand, and warm water - go in winter.
• in thermal pools . South of Darwin there are many natural thermal pools such as Berry Springs & Mataranka, surrounded by palms and tropical foliage. The most expensive resort in the world couldn't dream of making a pool this good.
• in freshwater lakes . Inland Australia tends to be dry, but there are freshwater lakes where you would least expect them. Explore inland of Cairns at the Atherton Tablelands, or head outback to the Currawinya National Park . Watch out for crocodiles.
• in rivers . If its hot, and there is water, there will be a place to swim. Wherever you are, just ask around for the favourite swimming spot, with a waterhole and rope to swing on. Watch out for crocodiles.
• in man-made pools . The local swimming pool is often the hub of community life on a summer Sunday in the country towns of New South Wales and Victoria. Many of the beachside suburbs of Sydney and Newcastle have man made rock/concrete pools called 'baths' where you can swim beside the ocean beaches.
• on the beach ! Find your spot by the water, and get out the towel. Tropical north in the winter, down south in the summer. As always when in Australia, protect yourself from the sun.

Bushwalking [ edit ]

Bushwalking is a popular Australian activity. You can go bushwalking in the many national parks and rainforests. Some areas also have guided bush walks by the local Aboriginal people, and these are an excellent opportunity to learn about the culture of the local Aboriginal ethnic group.

Diving [ edit ]

• Snorkelling take a trip out to the Great Barrier Reef on the Queensland coast, or the Ningaloo Reef off the coast of Western Australia. Or take a trip out to Julian rocks off Byron Bay , or just dive in off the beach to see the tropical fish in Bundaberg .
• Scuba Diving
• Rock Climbing
• Mountain Biking . Try the trails in the Snowy Mountains or black mountain in Canberra, or cycle for days along the Munda Biddi Mountain Bike trail in Western Australia.
• Horse Riding . The horse has a rich tradition in the settlement of Australia since the arrival of the first European settlers. Relying on the horse to travel the vast distances and harsh environments of Australia was the foundation of a strong and lasting relationship between Australians and their horses. Today horse riding in Australia includes many recreational and occupational activities from cattle musters on vast stations, to the multimillion-dollar racing industry. On the outskirts of towns and cities and out in the rural landscape, you will see the many pony paddocks and much loved horses that are a testament to the ongoing passion and commitment Australian horse owners have to their horses and the enjoyment they bring.

Ski [ edit ]

Australia is not a premier worldwide destination for skiing, and its relatively low mountains mean that snow can be unpredictable. Nevertheless, if you there during (southern) winter months then New South Wales and Victoria have well developed ski facilities. Tasmania can also have skiing for a few months of the year, given the right weather.

See Winter sports in Australia

Surf [ edit ]

If you think Australia is the most unpopulated and most remote place on earth where you can go to escape any trace of human contact, just find a good surf break in the most remote corner of Australia and you will be guaranteed to find someone surfing it. Australians love to surf and wherever there is surf there are Aussie surfers, any time and under any conditions. Virtually every coastline, except along the top end from Cairns across to Karatha has surf and surfers there to ride it.

Thrill activities [ edit ]

• Sky Diving , all around Australia
• Hot Air Ballooning , in Canberra, Brisbane or in the Red Centre .
• Kitesurfing and windsurfing in and around Geraldton, Western Australia and at Coronation Beach , the windsurfing and kitesurfing capital of Australia
• Whitewater rafting in Tasmania or Far North Queensland .

Gamble [ edit ]

It has been said that if there are two flies crawling up a wall, then you just need to look around to find the Aussie who will be running a book.

• Casinos . Crown Casino in Melbourne is Australia's largest, located at Southbank, but there are others in every capital city and in Cairns, Launceston , Alice Springs, the Gold Coast and Townsville .
• Day at the races . All capital cities have horse racing every weekend, with on-track and off-track betting available. They are usually family occasions, and fashion and being seen are part of the event. Just about every pub in New South Wales will have a tab, where you can place a bet without leaving your chair at the bar. Greyhound racing and trotting happens in the evenings, usually with smaller crowds, more beer, and less fashion. Smaller country towns have race meetings every few months or even annually. These are real events for the local communities, and see the smaller towns come to life. Head outback to the Birdsville races, or if you find the streets deserted it is probably ten past three on the first Tuesday in November (the running of the Melbourne cup).
• The unusual . Lizard races, cane toad races, camel races, crab races. Betting on these races is totally illegal and you'll find the TIB (Totally Illegal Betting) around the back of the shed.
• Two up . If you are around for Anzac Day (25 April), then betting on coins thrown into the air will be happening at your local RSL club, wherever you are.
• Australia has almost a quarter of all the slot machines (locally known as "pokies" or "poker machines") in the world, and more than half of these are in New South Wales, where most pubs and clubs have gaming rooms (labelled "VIP lounges" for legal reasons) where one can "have a slap" and go for the feature. Just don't get addicted.
• If none of this appeals, and you just have too much money in your pocket, every town and suburb in Australia has a TAB (Totalisator Agency Board – betting shop), though these are usually sad, dim affairs filled with old men. Pick your sport, pick a winner, and hand over your money at the counter.

Gambling is illegal for under-18's. This can often restrict entry to parts of pubs, clubs, and casinos for children.

Royal shows [ edit ]

Each of Australia's states and mainland territories is home to a royal show , which are agricultural fairs that also feature amusement rides and other forms of entertainment, and serve as Australia's equivalent of state fairs in the United States. These shows are held in the respective state and territory capitals, usually during the spring or autumn months.

Buy [ edit ]

Money [ edit ]

The Australian currency is known as the dollar , denoted by the symbol " $ " or " A$ " (ISO code: AUD ). It is divided into 100 cents (c) . In this guide, the "$" sign denotes Australian dollars unless otherwise noted.

Coins come in denominations of 5¢, 10¢, 20¢, the 12-sided 50¢, $1 and the tiny $2. Notes come in denominations of $5 (mauve), $10 (blue), $20 (red), $50 (yellow) and $100 (green). $100 notes are rare and sometimes hard to use in shops. Modern Australian notes are printed on plastic polymer rather than paper. Older paper notes may not be accepted by many merchants, but they can be exchanged for newer polymer notes at most banks for free. If the total of a transaction is not a multiple of 5 cents the amount will be rounded to the nearest five cents if you are paying in cash. The exact amount will be charged if paying by card.

The dollar is not pegged to any other currency, and is highly traded on world foreign exchange markets, particularly by currency speculators. Its exchange value to other currencies can be quite volatile, and 1-2% changes in a day are reasonably regular occurrences.

Currency exchange [ edit ]

You won't need much cash in Australia, as almost all businesses accept credit and debit cards. Cash is still handy to have, especially since some cafes, pubs and restaurants add a fee for card payments (usually 1-2%, which must be on a sign at the register).

As the Australian dollar is considered to be a major world currency, it is widely available at money changers and banks throughout the world.

Money changers in Australia operate in a free market, and charge a range of flat commissions, percentage fees, undisclosed fees built into the exchange rate, or a combination of all three. You can avoid rip-off rates by using banks in major centres, and staying clear of airports and tourist centres. However, both the best and worst rates come from the small private sellers, and you can certainly save money over the banks by shopping around. Always get a quote before changing money. You'll usually need to have photo identification with you, although you may be exempt if only changing a small amount.

Dedicated currency exchange outlets are widely available in major cities, and banks can also exchange most non-restricted currencies. These exchange outlets — especially the ones at the airport — usually give terrible rates, usually around 10% from current exchange midpoint. Australian banks usually offer an exchange rate around 2.5% from the current exchange midpoint. A flat commission of $5–8 can be charged on top. Some outlets advertise commission free exchange, usually accompanied by a worse rate of exchange. Don't assume every bank will offer the same exchange rate. There are vouchers for commission free exchange at American Express available in the tourist brochure at Sydney Airport.

International airport terminals will have teller machines that can dispense Australian currency with Cirrus, Maestro, MasterCard or Visa cards.

Banking [ edit ]

Opening an Australian bank account is fairly straightforward if you have a residential address in Australia. You will need to provide evidence of your identity, such as a passport, to the bank in order for your application to be processed. The largest retail banks in Australia are National Australia Bank (NAB) , Australia and New Zealand Banking Group (ANZ) , Commonwealth Bank and Westpac .

Cash dispensing Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs) are available in almost every Australian town. Australian ATMs are deregulated and may impose a surcharge over what is charged by your bank or card issuer. The fees can vary between institutions and between locations, but are usually around $2. The ATM will display the charges and you will have the option to stop the transaction before you are charged. Check with your bank as to what additional fees they apply to withdrawals in Australia.

Costs [ edit ]

Australia is generally an expensive place to visit, with some surveys having ranked Australia as the third most expensive country in the world in terms of consumer prices, only behind Norway and Switzerland.

Dorm accommodation in a capital city is around $30, but can run as low as $15 in Cairns or cheaper backpacker centres. A basic motel in the country or in the capital city suburbs would cost upwards of $100 for a double. City Centre hotel accommodation in capital cities can be obtained for around $200 upwards for a double. Formule 1/Motel 6 style hotels (which are not common) can be around $100 for a double.

Car hire (rental) will cost around $65 a day. Public transport day passes from $9–20 per day depending on the city.

A cafe meal costs around $15-20, and a main course in a restaurant goes from around $25 upwards.

A basic takeaway meal - a burger, sandwich, or couple of slices of pizza costs $10, a Big Mac costs $7.90, and you can usually grab a pie or sausage roll from $5.

A middy/pot (285mL) of house beer will cost you around $8, and a glass of house wine around $10 in a low end pub. To take away, a case of 24 cans of beer will cost around $45, or a bottle of wine from $10.

An airfare between neighbouring eastern capitals is around $150 each way but can get as low as $60 if you book at the right time, or around $350 to cross the country assuming that you are flexible with dates and book in advance. A train trip on the state run trains will usually cost slightly less. A bus trip, a little less again. A train trip on the private trains will be the most expensive way to travel.

There is usually no admission charge to beaches or city parks. Some popular National Parks charge between $6 and $20 per day (per car, or per person depending on the state) while more out of the way National Parks are free. Art Galleries and some attractions are free. Museums generally charge around $10 per admission. Theme parks charge around $70 per person.

Tax [ edit ]

Australia has a 10% Goods and Services Tax (GST) that applies to all goods and services except unprocessed foods, education and medical services. GST is always included in the displayed price of any consumer purchases. Receipts (tax invoices) will contain the GST amount.

Tourist Refund Scheme [ edit ]

If you buy goods worth more than $300 at one place, over one or multiple invoices, you can obtain a refund of the GST (plus WET for wine) if you take the items out of Australia within 60 days. Unlike in many other countries, this applies to both Australian citizens and foreigners. Make sure you get a tax invoice from the supplier (which will have the goods itemised, the GST paid, and the ABN of the supplier). If possible, pre-fill the refund form online for faster processing. You may discard the packaging and start using the goods while still in Australia. Pack the items in hand luggage, and present the item(s) and the receipt at the TRS, after immigration and security when leaving Australia. If any of the items have to be checked in for whatever reason, make sure that you locate the customs office and let customs officers sight the goods before checking-in your bags. Also allow at least an extra 30 minutes before departure. The refund payment can be made by either cheque, credit to an Australian bank account, or payment to a credit card. There is no refund available for GST on services. Remember the goods are now considered duty-free, so they will now count against your duty-free allowance should you bring them back to Australia in the future, and you will need to pay GST on them should your duty free allowance be exceeded.

Credit cards [ edit ]

Credit cards are widely accepted in Australia. Visa and MasterCard are the most accepted cards. American Express and Diners Club are accepted at major supermarket and department store chains. Any card showing the Cirrus or Maestro logos can be used at any terminal displaying those logos. Australian debit cards can also be used via a system known as EFTPOS. UnionPay, AliPay and WeChat Pay are becoming more common in tourist shops and restaurants due to the rising number of Chinese visitors. It is difficult to use them in other businesses however.

Apple Pay , Google Pay and contactless credit cards are accepted. You will only need to enter a PIN if the purchase is over $200.

Australian credit cards are issued with a PIN. If you have an overseas card without a PIN you can still sign for purchases, however shopkeepers unused to dealing with overseas cards may not be aware of this. Try to have a PIN on your card if your bank allows it. If not, you may have to explain that you have an overseas card and wait while the shopkeeper finds a pen.

Credit card surcharges are imposed at all car rental agencies, travel agents, airlines, and at some discount retailers (such as Aldi) and service stations. They are increasingly common in cafes, bars and restaurants. Surcharges are far more common and higher for American Express and Diners Club (typically 2%-4%) than they are for Visa and MasterCard (typically 1.5%).

Haggling [ edit ]

Bargaining is uncommon in Australian stores, though vendors are usually willing to meet or beat a quote or advertised price from a competing retailer. It's also worth asking for a "best price" for high-value goods or purchases involving several items. For example, it would not be unusual to get 10% off an item of jewellery that was not already reduced in price. The person you are dealing with may have limited authority to sell items at anything other than the marked price. Attempting to haggle without a reason will most likely be perceived as rude in Australia and will be unsuccessful.

Tipping [ edit ]

Tipping is not customary in Australia, although tips are accepted if you freely choose to give one.

Restaurants are required to include the cost of service and taxes in posted prices. You may, however, choose to leave a small tip if the service was exemplary. When paying by credit card, some restaurants give the option of adding a tip to your payment, although it is completely optional. Other places provide a coin jar or bowl by the cashier labelled "Tips", but the vast majority of Australian diners do not leave one. Bartenders are rarely tipped.

Other types of service personnel, including hotel staff, porters, tour guides, food delivery drivers and hairdressers do not expect to receive tips.

Tipping is also not expected in taxis, and drivers will typically return your change to the last 5 cents, unless you indicate that they should round the fare to the nearest dollar. It is not unusual for passengers to instruct the driver to round up to the next whole dollar.

Casinos in Australia generally prohibit tipping of gaming staff, as it is considered bribery. Similarly, offering to tip government officials will usually be interpreted as bribery and can potentially be treated as a criminal offence.

Trading hours [ edit ]

Australia's base trading hours are Monday to Friday 9AM-5PM. Shops usually have a single night of late night trading, staying open until 9PM on Fridays in most cities and on Thursdays in Brisbane, Melbourne and Sydney. Sunday trading is common in the main cities but does not exist in all rural areas. Opening hours beyond these base hours vary by the type of store, by location, and by state. See our localised guides for more local information.

Major supermarket chains in main centres are generally open at least until 9PM on weekdays (and often until midnight), but generally have reduced hours on weekends. Convenience stores such as 7/11 are open 24 hours in major centres.

Fast food restaurant chains are commonly open 24 hours or at least very late. Many food courts in city centres typically close by 4PM and completely close on weekends if targeting office workers, but other eateries and food courts in shopping centres have longer hours.

Fuel/service stations are open 24 hours in major centres, but often close at 6pm and on Sundays in country towns.

Australia's weekend is on Saturday and Sunday of each week. Retail trading is now almost universal in larger cities on weekends, although with slightly reduced hours. Again, Western Australia is an exception with restrictions on large stores opening on Sundays. In smaller country towns shops are closed on Sundays and often also on Saturday afternoons. Businesses in towns with heavy tourist visitation will often be open on Saturday and Sunday as a means of serving weekend visitors, but will take their weekends on Monday and Tuesday instead, so expect reduced service in some towns on those days.

Tourist-oriented towns and shops may stay open longer hours. Tourist areas within cities, such as Darling Harbour in Sydney have longer trading hours every night.

Australian banks are open Monday-Friday 9AM-4PM only, often closing at 5PM on Fridays. Cash is available through Automatic Teller Machines (ATM) 24 hours, and currency exchange outlets have extended hours and are open on weekends.

Eat [ edit ]

Australian cuisine was mainly influenced by its British and Irish colonial heritage until the 1960s and 70s, but with a history of immigration from other parts of Europe like Germany, Italy, Greece and Poland, the influence of these cultures has become more evident in Australian cuisine than its British and Irish beginnings. The large influx of Asian migrants has also left its mark on Australian cuisine, with many Australian chefs incorporating Asian influences in nominally Western dishes.

The various Aboriginal ethnic groups have their own distinctive cuisines, though due to the fact that they make extensive use of exotic ingredients, these have for the most part not become a part of mainstream Australian cuisine.

Generally speaking, table manners in Australia conform to European norms.

Places to eat [ edit ]

There is no shortage of places to eat out in the cities and towns. In addition to good restaurants offering cuisine from around the world, there are also the following:

• Pubs usually offer a lunch and dinner menu, consisting of hearty Aussie staples like steaks, burgers, fish and chips, and chicken parmigiana. Meals may be served at a bistro or restaurant area separate from the main counter.
• Clubs such as bowling clubs, leagues clubs, RSLs are in many towns and cities. They are most common in the states of Queensland and New South Wales. Most allow visitors, and sometimes offer good value meals. A quick, free registration process is often required to comply with gambling laws.
• Cafes , most towns and suburbs have a cafe or coffee shop, serving breakfast and light meals and cakes from early morning to afternoon. The vast majority close by 4PM.
• Bakeries , usually a good place to buy bread rolls, a pie or a sausage roll.
• Fast food restaurants , McDonald's (or Macca's ), Subway and KFC are common. Burger King is rebranded as Hungry Jack's. Red Rooster is an Australian chain, offering barbecued chicken and other mostly chicken-based items and Oporto is an Australian version of Nando's.
• Take-away , milk bars, sushi stores and other take-away stores usually sell sushi, pies, barbecued (rotisserie) chicken, hamburgers, fish and chips, gyros, and kebabs.
• Food courts , most shopping centres have a food court, even in country towns.
• Picnic , the Australian climate is usually amenable to getting whatever food you can, and heading to the nearest park, river, lake or beach.
• Barbecue is a popular Australian pastime and many parks in Australia provide free barbecues for public use. Contrary to the stereotype, Australians rarely "throw a shrimp on the barbie" (also, in Australia a shrimp is referred to as a prawn). Steaks, chops, sausages, chicken fillets, fish, and kebabs are popularly barbecued.
• Wineries , many of Australia's wineries have restaurants serving modern Australian cuisine that overlook their vineyards, where you can also purchase their wines to go with your meal. Typically only open for lunch, although some upmarket places offer elaborate multicourse degustation dinners as well.

Native foods [ edit ]

It may come as a disappointment that native foods are not actually available that much in Australian restaurants, nor consumed by Australians much themselves. They are available in supermarkets and in some of the remoter parts of the country. Traditional Aboriginal diets can include endangered species, the consumption of which is strictly restricted to specific communities and unlikely to be available to you.

• Kangaroo , if you fancy some, it is available from many supermarkets and butchers. Barbecue it until medium rare, but best not to overcook as it may become quite tough . This red meat tastes much like beef and occasionally makes it onto the menu in restaurants, mostly in tourist areas. Kangaroos are abundant (over 50 million in the country), do far less damage to the sensitive native environment than hoofed animals, and produce far fewer carbon emissions as well. It makes a great environmental statement to make whilst barbecuing.
• Crocodile , meat from farms in the Northern Territory and Queensland is widely available around the top end, and occasionally elsewhere. At Rockhampton, the beef capital of Australia, you can see the ancient reptile on a farm while munching on a croc burger. This white meat tastes much like chicken.
• Emu , yes, you can eat the other half of the Australian Coat of Arms as well. Emu is a red meat that is low in fat and available from specialty butchers. Try the Coat of Arms in a pie in Maleny or on a pizza in The Rocks .
• Possum , mostly eaten in Tasmania (especially on Bruny Island).
• Bush tucker , many tours may give you an opportunity to try some bush tucker, the berries, nuts, roots, ants, and grubs from Australia's native bush. Macadamia nuts are the only native plant to Australia that is grown for food commercially. Some of the other bush foods can be an acquired taste, though native seasonings are certainly worth trying, and are increasingly being featured in Australian fine dining restaurants. Bush tucker ice cream can sometimes be found at farmers' markets and outdoor festivals.

Beyond cuisine [ edit ]

Australia has a good deal of British-inspired food that is not well known internationally. Definitely worth a try.

Vegemite , a salty yeast-based spread, best spread thinly on toast. If you aren't up for buying a jar, any coffee shop will serve vegemite on toast at breakfast time. It may not even be on the menu, but the vegemite will be out the back in the jar next to the marmalade. If you do buy a jar, the secret is it to spread it very thin , and don't forget the butter as well. It tastes similar to Marmite in the UK or Cenovis in Switzerland. Australians are quite used to the taste, and may spread the Vegemite very thick; but this is not recommended for first-timers.

The Tim-Tam is a chocolate fudge-filled sandwich of two chocolate biscuits, all dipped in chocolate. You can buy them from any supermarket or convenience store. Tim-Tams are required to perform the Tim-Tam Slam manoeuvre. This requires biting a corner off both ends of the Tim-Tam, then using it as a straw to drink a cup of tea or coffee. This melts the centre and creates an experience hard to describe. Finesse is needed to suck the whole biscuit into your mouth in the microseconds between being fully saturated and dissolving. Tim-Tams are sold in packs of 11, so be sure to agree on the sharing arrangements before buying a packet with your travel partner, or onward travel arrangements may be disrupted. During summer Tim-Tams are often stored in the freezer and eaten ice cold. Not as good are the Indonesian-made Tim-Tams sometimes found in discount grocery stores. These can be differentiated by being thinner and often individually-wrapped.

The lamington is a cube of sponge cake covered in chocolate icing and dipped in desiccated coconut. It's named after Lord Lamington, who served as Governor of Queensland from 1896 to 1901. The home-baked form can be found at a local Saturday morning market, or your local bakery. The plastic-wrapped varieties sold in supermarkets are not as good.

The pavlova is a meringue cake with a cream topping usually decorated with fresh fruit. Served on special occasions, or after a lunchtime barbecue. Often the source of dispute with New Zealand over the original source of the recipe.

ANZAC biscuits are a mix of coconut, oats, flour, sugar and golden syrup. They were reputedly sent by wives and care organisations to world war I soldiers in care packages, but the story is likely apocryphal. They are available from bakeries, cafes and supermarkets, and are popular in the lead up to ANZAC day (25 April).

Damper is a traditional soda bread that was baked by drovers and stockmen. It has basic ingredients (flour, water and perhaps salt) and usually cooked in the embers of a fire. It is not available in bakeries and only commonly served to tourists on organised tours. Best eaten with butter and jam or golden syrup as it is dry and bland.

A Chiko roll is a deep-fried snack inspired by the egg roll or the spring roll. Despite the name, it contains no chicken. Its filling is boned mutton, vegetables, rice, barley, and seasoning. Its shell is thicker than an egg roll, meant to survive handling at football matches. Available anywhere fish and chips are sold.

The Australian Meat Pie is considered to be the national dish by many. A variation is the pie floater from Adelaide which is a pie inverted in a bowl of thick mushy pea soup.

Other cuisines [ edit ]

Cuisines widely available in Australia, often prepared by members of the relevant culture, include:

• British , Australia's colonial heritage is perhaps best represented by the ubiquity of fish and chips , and virtually every neighbourhood and small town in a coastal area will have a local fish and chip shop. Common types of fish used in Australia include flake (various types of small shark), flathead, barramundi and King George whiting. Unlike in the UK, fish and chips is typically served with ketchup and tartar sauce in Australia. British and Irish style pubs are common throughout populated areas of Australia, although they feature Australian staples such as chicken parmas, schnitzels and pasta.
• Chinese , synonymous with the term "takeaway" in the past generations. Many Chinese restaurants still cater to takeaway addicts today, mostly of the Australianised Chinese variety, but major cities have small "Chinatowns" or suburbs with a large number of ethnic Chinese residents that have excellent restaurants serving authentic Chinese food. Cantonese Dim Sum is available in dedicated restaurants in most large shopping malls.
• Thai restaurants are common everywhere. Sydney in particular is known as one of the best destinations for Thai food in the world.
• Italian , the Italian community is one of the largest ethnic communities of non Anglo-Saxon origin in Australia, and they have contributed greatly to the cafe culture that has flourished across the major cities over the past few decades. Restaurants either serve Italian food that has been adapted to suit Australian tastes, or authentic regional Italian food, with the latter tending to be pricier and in more upmarket surrounds. Head to Lygon street in Melbourne or Leichhardt in Sydney if you're a fan.
• Greek is not quite as widespread as Italian above, but good options exist in every city and town.
• A fusion dish that's becoming increasingly popular nationwide is the halal snack pack (also known by many alternate names). It consists of halal-certified doner kebab meat (originating from Turkey) and chips, smothered in sauces of your own choosing, and often cheese. Typically served in styrofoam containers as a takeaway dish. In Adelaide, the AB is similar to the halal snack pack of the eastern states, but it usually not halal.
• Indian is available in most cities, and often represent a good mid-range restaurant option.
• Japanese , including bento takeaway shops, udon restaurants and sushi trains. They are often operated by Koreans , whose own cuisine is also well represented in the major cities (particularly Sydney and Melbourne).
• Vietnamese , Pho and Cha Gio (spring rolls) are easy to find in the major cities.
• German , South Australia and Queensland in particular have had a long history of German settlement, and German restaurants can be found in major cities and in country towns that were historically settled by Germans. The schnitzel is a German dish that has been Australianised and is widely available in pubs and cafes throughout the country, though unlike German schnitzels, which are usually made of pork, Australian schnitzels are usually made of chicken or beef. A good selection of German or German-inspired sausages is also available at many butchers.
• Asian fusion refers generally to Asian-inspired dishes.

Modern Australian [ edit ]

Modern Australian is a recently developed cuisine that is often seen in fine dining establishments, analogous to Modern American cuisine in the United States. This cuisine mixes cooking styles and flavours from different parts of Europe and Asia, paying homage to the diverse origins of Australia's population, and often incorporates native Australian flavours from the bush as well.

Vegetarian [ edit ]

Eating vegetarian is available in Australia and many restaurants offer at least one or two vegetarian dishes. Some will have an entire vegetarian menu section. Vegans may have more difficulty but any restaurant with a large vegetarian menu should offer some flexibility. In large cities and in the coastal backpacker-friendly towns along the east coast, you will find vegetarian and vegan restaurants. The market town of Kuranda or the seaside towns of Byron Bay are a vegetarian's paradise. In other regional areas especially in the Northern Territory, North Western Australia and north Queensland vegetarians are often poorly catered-for, but most towns will have a Chinese or Thai restaurant that will provide steamed rice and vegetables. Sydney and Melbourne in particular cater well for vegans and vegetarians with a lot of purely vegetarian restaurants, vegan clothing stores and vegan supermarkets.

Quick vegetarian options include:

• 'Smashed Avo' is a mix of avocado and feta cheese, served on toast and with an egg. A popular breakfast option and (unfairly) associated with free-spending millennials.
• Sushi rolls and tofu pockets, available at sushi shops everywhere
• Vietnamese spring rolls (Bahn Mi) are also readily available with vegetarian fillings
• Korean restaurants offer rice bowls (such as Bibimbap) with no meat
• Pie shops have spinach rolls (filled with spinach and ricotta cheese)
• Most food halls have a dedicated salad counter

More remote outback areas may have very few vegetarian options (lots of processed meat pies and little else), so it is worth packing some vegetarian supplies before you go.

Religious diets [ edit ]

People observing kosher or halal will easily be able to find specialist butchers in the capital cities, and will also find a number of restaurants with appropriate menus and cooking styles. Outside the capital cities, it will be much more difficult to find food prepared in a strict religious manner. Fast food chains often offer Halal certified meals in areas with large Muslim populations in Western Sydney and Melbourne.

Allergies [ edit ]

Australian restaurants generally provide options for people with common allergies such as nuts and seafood. Ask the waitstaff if in doubt.

The gluten free diet fad has spread to Australia, and there is no shortage of gluten free products in supermarkets, bakeries and restaurants, albeit often at higher prices than the regular versions of those products.

Markets [ edit ]

Melbourne's Queen Victoria Market, Adelaide's Central Market and the Fremantle Markets near Perth are perhaps Australia's best known examples of traditional European-style food markets. The Sydney Fish Market is one of the most iconic traditional seafood markets in the world.

All of the capital cities and most regional towns in Australia host a "farmer's market", which is generally held each week in a designated area on a Saturday or Sunday. These markets mostly sell fresh fruits and vegetables, as hygiene regulations in Australia forbid the selling of meat directly from market stalls. Butchers who set up shop at a farmer's market would usually trade their wares from a display cabinet within their boot (trunk). The attraction of markets is the lower prices and freshness of the produce. The attraction for the traveller will be the cheap and excellent fruits on offer - depending on the region and season (in places like Queensland or the Northern Territory, you're more likely to find mangoes while down in Tasmania you're much more likely to find apples). In regional areas the market is usually held outside the town itself in an empty paddock or sports field, markets in capital cities are easier to reach but the prices are typically more in line with those you would find in supermarkets. See the destination guides for details.

Drink [ edit ]

Beer [ edit ].

Drinking beer is ingrained in Australian culture. Although Fosters is promoted as an Australian beer overseas, it is rarely consumed by Australians, and almost impossible to find in Australia. Beer loyalties are strongly regional and every state has its own brews: Coopers and West End in South Australia, Carlton and VB in Victoria, Tooheys in NSW, XXXX (pronounced "fourex") in Queensland, Boags and Cascade in Tasmania, and Swan in Western Australia. Microbreweries are also extremely popular and any pub worth its salt will have half a dozen on tap: look for slightly sweet Pacific ales and hoppier Australian pale ales. A range of imported European and American bottled beers are available in all but the most basic pub.

Light (Lite) beer refers to lower alcoholic content, and not lower calories. It has around half the alcohol of full strength beer, and is taxed at a lower rate, meaning it is also cheaper than full strength beer. Low calorie beer is sold as low carb .

Because Australians like their beer to stay cold while they drink it, draft beer glasses come in a multitude of sizes, so that you can drink a whole glass before it warms up in the summer heat. The naming of beer glasses varies widely from state to state, often in confusing ways: a schooner ( SKOO-ner ) is 425mL everywhere except South Australia, where it's only 285mL, a size that's known elsewhere as a middy or pot , except in Darwin where it's a handle , but in Adelaide a "pot" means a 570mL full pint, and a pint means what a schooner does elsewhere, and... you get the idea. The local beers and the local descriptions are covered in detail in the state guides.

Bottle naming is a little easier: the standard sizes across Australia are the 375 mL stubby and the 750mL longneck , or tallie . Cans of beer are known as tinnies , and 24 of them make up a slab , box , carton , bag or case .

Wine [ edit ]

Australia produces quality wine on a truly industrial scale, with large multinational brands supplying Australian bottleshops and exporting around the world. There are also a multitude of boutique wineries and smaller suppliers. Very good red and white wine can be bought very cheaply in Australia, often at less than $15 a bottle, and even the smallest shop could be expected to have 50 or more varieties to choose from.

The areas of the Barossa Valley (near Adelaide), Hunter Valley (near Sydney), Yarra Valley (near Melbourne) and Margaret River (near Perth) are particularly renowned for their wineries and opportunities for cellar door sampling, but northern Victoria and Mudgee also have a large variety. You are never too far from a wine trail anywhere in southern Australia.

Try the local wines wherever you can find them, and ask for local recommendations. Try not to get taken in by the label, or the price tag. The best wine is rarely the one with the best artwork, or the most expensive price. However, it is probably wise to avoid the house wine if it comes straight from a cask (4-litre container). Wines at the cellar door are almost invariably sold at around 20% premium to the same wine in the shops in the local town.

If you still prefer overseas wines, the Marlborough region of New Zealand is usually well represented on wine lists and in bottle shops in Australia.

See also Grape grazing in Australia .

Spirits [ edit ]

Bundaberg Rum ( Bundy ) is an Australian dark rum particularly popular in Queensland and many Queenslanders will not touch any other brand of rum. It is probably the most famous Australian made spirit, mass-produced in Bundaberg and available everywhere.

For many years one had to search to find other Australian distilled spirits, mostly from niche players, but there are distilleries in every state of Australia if you look hard enough and more are popping up all the time–Adelaide gin distilleries 75° and the Adelaide Gin Company have grown in esteem over the past few years. The tiny Sullivan's Cove distillery in Tasmania made waves in 2014 when one of their whiskies was named the World's Best Single Malt, kicking off a mini-boom in Australian whisky, and they repeated the feat in 2018 and 2019. If $8,000 for a bottle of their 2014 French Oak is a bit steep, drop into the Lark Distillery on the scenic Hobart waterfront precinct, book a gin blending experience at Archie Rose in Sydney, pick up a bottle of 151 East Vodka in Wollongong or after a few days in Kununurra you are definitely going to need an Ord River Rum.

Mixed drinks are also available, particularly vodka, scotch, bourbon and other whiskey mixers. Spirits are also available as pre-mixed bottles and cans but are subject to higher taxation in this form, so it is cheaper to mix them yourself. Spirits are served in all pubs and bars, but not in all restaurants. A basic spirit and mixer (vodka and orange juice for example) will cost you about $12 at a bar or nightclub, but can vary ~$9–18.

Legal aspects [ edit ]

The legal drinking age throughout Australia is 18 years . It is illegal either to purchase alcohol for yourself if you are under 18 years of age or to purchase alcohol on behalf of someone who is under 18 years of age. The only legally acceptable proof-of-age documentation are an Australian drivers licence, state-issued proof-of-age card, Keypass card or a passport, and it would be wise to carry one if you want to purchase alcohol or tobacco and look under 25 - vendors will frequently ask for ID for anybody who looks to be 25 or younger. In Western Australia, South Australia, the Northern Territory and Tasmania, foreign drivers licences and foreign ID cards are NOT legally acceptable as proof of age documentation, and people who are unable to produce a passport or valid Australian ID will be refused service. Only actual ID documents will be accepted - photographs or photocopies will NOT be accepted.

It is illegal to go into a gambling area of a pub or club when under 18. Often there is a lounge, restaurant or bistro area in a pub or club that permits under-age people provided they are accompanied by a responsible adult over 18 and don't approach the bar or wander around. Some city pubs even have video games and playgrounds for children. Some country pubs have large open areas out in the back where kids can run and play.

In general, you can take alcohol (say a bottle of wine or beer) to consume at a park or beach. Alcohol consumption is banned in some public places as 'street drinking'. These are often indicated by signs and is particularly the case in parks and footpaths where public drunkenness has been a problem. However, if you are a family with your picnic basket and blanket out at lunchtime with a bottle of wine, you are unlikely to encounter any problems.

Alcohol can be purchased for consumption on premises only in licensed venues : pubs, clubs and many restaurants. You can purchase alcohol for private consumption in bottle shops , which are separate stores selling bottled alcohol. In some states you can buy alcohol in supermarkets . In those states where you can't, bottle shops and major supermarkets are often found in very close proximity. Although licensing laws and hours vary from state to state, and individual stores have different trading hours, as a rule of thumb, alcohol is generally available in towns to take-away seven days a week, 8AM-11PM, from bottle shops, supermarkets, licensed grocers/milk-bars and pubs. Outside of these hours though, it is almost impossible to buy alcohol to take home; unless you're in the middle of Sydney or Melbourne, so if you're planning on a party at home; it's a good idea to stock up and check on the local trading hours so you don't run out at 12:30AM with no opportunity to buy more. Alcohol is not available at petrol stations or 24-hour convenience stores anywhere in Australia.

Public drunkenness varies in acceptability. You will certainly find a great deal of it in close proximity to pubs and clubs at night time but much less so during the day. Public drunkenness is an offence but the Police won't pick you up unless you're causing a nuisance. You may spend the night sobering up in a holding cell or be charged.

Driving while affected by alcohol is stigmatized, policed by random breath-testing police patrols in Australia, and inherently dangerous. Drink driving is a very serious offence in Australia, punishable by a range of mechanisms including loss of licence. The acceptable maximum blood alcohol concentration is 0.05% Australia-wide, often lower or not allowed for operators of heavy vehicles and young or novice drivers. Police officers are also empowered to randomly test drivers for the recent use of prohibited drugs. Refusing any of these tests is a criminal offence. The operation of a motor vehicle while under the influence of prohibited drugs or alcohol will always result in arrest and a required court appearance many weeks from the date of arrest and it can comprehensively disrupt travel plans. Random breath-testing is common early Saturday and Sunday mornings, and many people are caught the morning after.

A shout [ edit ]

Buying a round of drinks is a custom in Australia, as in many corners of the world. It is generally expected in a pub that when you arrive and make your first trip to the bar that you will offer to buy a drink for others you are drinking with. Similarly this will likely be done to you when someone else joins the group. This is called a shout , and incurs an obligation that you will generally return the favour in a following round, and that also you will generally maintain the same drinking pace as your associates in the round throughout the evening. If someone in the same round as you has an empty glass, who is ahead of you in drinks bought, you should declare that it is your shout, and make your way to the bar. If someone offers to buy you a drink, but does not offer to buy for the person who already has bought you a drink, you should say you are already in a shout, and decline. If they buy you and the people in your round a drink, they have joined the shout. Its generally not polite to switch between shouts during an evening. It you are in a large shout, and you decline a drink, you still have to buy a drink for the round when it comes to your turn. If you wish to skip a round, to do so on your shout. It is generally poorly received to buy a round, and then to refuse a drink when one is purchased for you. Often the drink will just be bought for you without even asking. Don't be surprised if someone who bought you a drink earlier in the night, later says that it is your shout. Not joining a shout can be awkward in some groups. The best way is to say you are driving, and you will buy your own drinks. This is also an acceptable way to drop out after one round, when the score is even.

Non-alcoholic [ edit ]

Milo is a malt and chocolate drink now made by Nestlé that was invented in Australia, and has since become immensely popular in parts of Southeast Asia . It can be found in any Australian supermarket.

Australia has a strong coffee culture, especially Melbourne , a city with extensive Italian immigration. The joke is that Italians visiting Melbourne think the coffee is worse than their home city's, but better than every other city in Italy. Even service stations and fast food places will sell decent coffee. However, because of the strong preference for local coffee shops, many of the major chains in other countries don't exist — Starbucks has a tiny handful of stores in Melbourne and Sydney, and none elsewhere in the country. Don't be taken aback by the lack of chains; try the local flavour instead!

Tea is much less popular than coffee in Australia, but is nevertheless not hard to find; most places that sell coffee also sell tea. There are some high-end hotels that serve traditional English afternoon tea, while Devonshire tea is a fairly popular weekend pastime among Australians, with numerous bakeries serving it. Queensland is also home to small tea-growing industry.

Learn [ edit ]

Australia is a popular destination for University students, especially from East Asia , Southeast Asia and India . Australia offers world class universities in an English speaking environment, along with potential opportunities to actually gain resident and work visas on a path to citizenship. If you are intending to study in Australia, you will need to be on a visa class that allows this. Students and academics invited to visit Australian universities will generally also need an appropriate visa, even if their visit is of a short enough period to be covered by a tourist electronic visa. For very short term or part-time courses, check with your Australian consulate or embassy.

Australia also happens to be a great place to get Barista certification, with graduates being maybe able to command higher wages in coffee shops back in their home countries. Such courses can usually be conducted on a standard tourist visa.

Sleep [ edit ]

Accommodation is readily available in most Australian cities and tourist destinations. As with everything else in Australia, it tends to be on the expensive side by international standards.

Hotels [ edit ]

All state capitals have a number of 4 or 5 star standard hotels, often with upmarket restaurants, bars, room-service, and other premium hospitality services. Expect to pay around $400/night, although prices can shoot through the stratosphere or straight up sell out during major concerts or events, such as New Year's Eve in Sydney. Other 2 or 3 star hotels are scattered around the inner-cities and inner suburbs.

The usual international chains are reasonably well represented, with Accor having a particularly solid presence across the entire price spectrum. Major independent local chains include Rydges .

Pubs [ edit ]

Most pubs in Australia offer some form of accommodation. It can vary from very basic shabby rooms, to newly renovated boutique accommodation. The price is usually a good reflection of what you are in for. It is still quite unusual to have a private bathroom, even in the nicer pubs. The rooms are often on the second floor directly above the bar area and can be noisy, particularly on Friday and Saturday nights.

Outside of the major centres, the pub is called a hotel . A motel won't have a public bar. A motel that does have a bar attached is called a hotel/motel.

In very small towns local pubs offer the only accommodation available to travellers. Accommodation in these pubs tends to be budget-style with shared bathrooms but private rooms.

Pub accommodation is even available in the centre of Sydney , making getting back to your room after a beer a simple endeavour.

If you travel as a single, and want a private room, pubs usually have single rooms at a discount over a double room. Most motels will charge the same price for one or two people sharing a room.

Motels [ edit ]

Typically, motel-style accommodation will have a private room with a bed or number of beds, and a private shower and toilet. Many motels have family rooms, that will usually have a double bed and two single beds in the one room.

Motel rooms in the cities will generally cost upwards from $100. Usually the cost is the same for one or two adults, with any extra people charged an additional fee. Prices for additional children can range from free to $20 per child. During quiet times its not unusual for motels to offer standby discounts.

Most motels will serve a cooked or continental breakfast to your room in the morning, for an additional charge. Some may have a restaurant or serve an evening meal. Some may have a toaster in the room and kettles are widely provided.

Hostels and backpackers [ edit ]

Budget hostel-style accommodation with shared bathrooms and often with dormitories is approximately $20–30 per person per night. Facilities usually include a fully equipped kitchen with adequate refrigeration and food storage areas. Most hostels also have living room areas equipped with couches, dining tables, and televisions.

There are several backpacker hostel chains in Australia. If you are staying many nights in the same brand of hostel, consider their discount cards, which usually offer a loyalty bonus on accommodation, and other attraction and tour discounts negotiated by the chain.

Holiday parks [ edit ]

Holiday parks are an Australian holiday institution and a great way to stay if you have your own wheels. These are basically an upgraded version of caravan parks , but as the new marketing indicates, they now cater to regular travellers as well. A typical holiday park offers the following types of accommodation:

• Cabins fully equipped with bedding, kitchens, TV, Wi-Fi and more, for travellers without their own home on wheels. Most can house 4 or more people with rates starting from around $100/night.
• Powered sites for parking your caravan/campervan/motorhome/RV. Some parks offer en-suite sites featuring a little bathroom with a shower and toilet.
• Unpowered sites are for those intending to pitch their own tent, starting from around $20/night.

Regardless of where you stay, the price includes access to communal facilities including BBQs, showers, kitchens, self-service laundries, pools, tennis courts and jumping pillows. The largest park chains covering the country are Top Parks/Discovery Parks and Big 4 , but there are also plenty of independent options.

There are a couple of caveats to holiday parks:

• They're typically located on the outskirts of towns, so they're not very practical unless you have your vehicle.
• Most cater to families, which is great if you have kids, but not so much if you're looking for peace and quiet.
• During school holidays, parks tend to jack up their rates and require multiple-night minimum stays, and the best ones sell out anyway.
• If you change your mind, too bad, since reservations are typically non-refundable.

Camping [ edit ]

Camping is a popular pastime. In addition to camping at holiday parks , national parks often provide cheap or free camping sites, which expect you to be more self-sufficient. Often toilets are provided and sometimes cold showers. Paid camping permits are sometimes required at popular parks, with some popular spots filling up during the holidays in summer. In Australia it is common to be within an hour's drive of a national park or recreation area that will permit some form of camping, even in the capital cities. Expect to pay around $5–10 per night per person for a camping permit, and national park admission fees in the more popular national parks (e.g.: Wilsons Promontory National Park, Kosciuszko National Park, etc.), however entry and camping is free in the majority of national parks further from population and tourist centres.

Some other camping areas are run by government or even local landowners. Expect around $10 per person per night, depending on the time of year.

You can try your luck sleeping on a beach or pitching a tent overnight in a highway rest area, or out in the bush for a free bed. Most rest areas and beaches prohibit camping and many even prohibit overnight parking to discourage this. Generally the closer you are to civilization or a tourist area, the greater the chance of being hassled by the authorities.

Camping in state forests is often preferable to national parks if you're after a camping experience over sightseeing, as collecting of your own fire wood is allowed (sometimes felling of trees is permissible dependent on the area) and camping is not restricted to camp sites. Some other activities that are generally allowed in state forests that are not allowed in national parks are: bringing in dogs/pets, open fires, motorbikes and four-wheel driving. State forests are generally free to stay in, although you will need to check locally if public access is allowed.

Camping in RVs is a popular pastime for Australians, and many campsites are equipped for RVs and caravans, though they may or may not have power supply and mains water connections. The number of RV and caravan parking slots can be limited, so check if you can reserve a slot.

Farm stay [ edit ]

Much as the name suggests, this usually involves a cabin or homestead accommodation on a working property. Suited for a stay of two or more days, this accommodation usually allows you to get a little involved in the running of the farm if you wish. It is common for dinner to be provided in the homestead, and a breakfast pack to be provided to your cabin.

Holiday home [ edit ]

Holiday homes are homes rented by their owners, often using local real estate agents or specialised web sites. Sometimes located in prime positions, but also sometimes in the residential sections of cities and towns. Minimum rental periods of at least 2 days usually apply, rising to a week during periods when they are busy. At a minimum will have bedrooms, a lounge, bathroom.

Bed and Breakfasts [ edit ]

Bed and Breakfasts tend to be a premium form of accommodation in Australia, often focused on weekend accommodation for couples. They certainly don't offer the discount form of accommodation they do in part of the United Kingdom , and the local motel will usually be cheaper.

Sometimes extra rooms in a person's home, but often a purpose built building. You should expect a cosy, well kept room, a common area, and a cooked breakfast. Possibly private facilities. Substantial discounts often apply for mid-week stays at bed and breakfasts.

Resorts [ edit ]

There are many true resorts around Australia. Many have lagoon pools, tennis, golf, kids clubs, and other arranged activities. The island of the Whitsundays have a choice of resorts, some occupying entire islands. Port Douglas also has many resorts of a world standard.

Serviced apartments [ edit ]

Serviced apartments are a very popular form of accommodation in Australia, and they can be found across the country in city centres, beach towns and ski resorts alike. Guests are typically able to stay for as little as one night, and discounts are often available for bookings of a week and over. Rooms tend to be larger than in standard hotels, and amenities typically include a kitchen, washer and dryer, and separate bedrooms, which make these a cost-effective option particularly for families or larger groups.

Apartment hotels generally don't offer breakfast or have a restaurant, but there are usually cafes located nearby (often next door) which cater to guests. Major chains include Meriton Suites and Adina .

Houseboats [ edit ]

Houseboats are available to rent on some scenic rural rivers, and provide an excellent opportunity to spend time in the wilderness. These usually have kitchens in them so you can bring your own food to cook.

Station wagons and vans [ edit ]

In most parts of Australia it is illegal to sleep in your vehicle but it is possible to get around this by simply rigging up curtains all around the windows so no one can see in from the outside. Trade vans can be picked up for as little as $1,000, with a more trustworthy van setting you back no more than $3,000-4,000. Add a mattress, pillow, portable gas cooker, cookware and a 20 L water container and you are off. If you get caught the fine could be as much as $150 each, so do it at you own risk. But if you are strategic in where you stay you probably won't get caught. Just be sensible and don't disturb the locals. Also, be aware of parking restrictions in certain parts of the cities and town, although overnight parking restrictions are rare. The parking inspectors can be ruthless and a $100+ fine is not uncommon.

All cities and towns in Australia have free public toilets. Many parks, and most beaches have free electric barbecues as well. Popular beaches have fresh water showers to wash the salt water off after you swim, so for those on a tight budget (or for those that just love waking up at the beach) simply wash in the ocean (please do not pollute the ocean or waterways by using detergents or soaps) and rinse off at the showers. Almost all taps in Australia are drinking water, the ones that aren't will be marked. Service stations (petrol/gas) almost always have taps, so these are a good place to refill the water containers each time you refuel.

Some of the best experiences you may have in Australia will be by taking that road on the map that looks like it heads to a beach, creek, waterfall or mountain and following it. You may just find paradise and not another soul in sight. And lucky you, you've got a bed, food and water right there with you.

Travelling in a small group lowers the fuel bill per head, as this will likely be your biggest expense.

Enjoy, and respect the land by taking your rubbish/bottles/cigarette butts with you and disposing of them properly.

Work [ edit ]

Australian citizens, New Zealand citizens and permanent residents of Australia can work in Australia without any further permits, but others will require a work visa. It is illegal for foreigners to undertake paid work in Australia on a tourist visa. Be aware that any form of compensation for services performed, monetary or otherwise (e.g. room and board), counts as payment in Australia, meaning that such work would be illegal on a tourist visa. Volunteer work is allowed provided it is incidental to the trip (i.e. not the main purpose for the trip). Foreigners in Australia on a student visa are allowed to work for up to 20 hours a week during term time, and full-time during the school holidays. Working illegally in Australia runs a very real risk of arrest, imprisonment, deportation and being permanently banned from re-entering Australia. All visitors who do not hold Australian permanent residency or citizenship (including New Zealand citizens who aren't also Australian permanent residents or citizens) are not allowed to access Australian social security arrangements for the unemployed, and will have limited, or more usually, no access to the Australian government's health care payment arrangements.

Payment and taxes [ edit ]

Most Australian employers pay via direct deposit to Australian bank accounts and therefore you should open a bank account as soon as possible. Some banks allow you to open account from abroad, for example Commonwealth Bank and HSBC.

You should also apply for a Tax File Number (TFN) as soon as possible. You can apply on-line for free at the Australian Tax Office website , though you can generally get it quicker if you just go to one of their offices. You can start working without one, but you are advised to get one as soon as possible as your employer would have to withhold tax from your salary at the highest rate should you not provide one. Register your TFN with your bank as soon as possible, otherwise any interest you accrue will be taxed at the highest rate. The Australian financial year runs from 1st July to 30th June, and tax returns for each financial year are due on 30th October, four months after the accounting period ends. Check with Australian tax agents about Australian tax liability and filing an Australian tax return. A return can be filed relatively painlessly by creating a myGov account and linking it with the ATO (you may need to call the ATO for help linking your account if you don't have the right Australian-issued ID).

Along with your taxes, the ATO will collect a Medicare levy , 2% of your income which is used to fund the Australian public healthcare system. Some foreign workers are exempt from the levy; if that applies to you, make sure to apply for a Medicare Entitlement Statement so you can use it to get a refund. Apply early, as the statement can take time to issue and you need it when lodging your tax return.

Australian employers will make compulsory payments out of your earnings to an Australian superannuation (retirement savings) fund on your behalf. Visitors on temporary working visas who are not citizens of Australia or New Zealand should claim this money when they leave Australia. This payment is known as a Departing Australia Superannuation Payment (DASP) and you can apply online . New Zealand citizens can transfer their superannuation money to their New Zealand KiwiSaver account; contact your provider to arrange this.

Working holidaymaker scheme [ edit ]

Australia has a working holidaymaker program for citizens of certain countries between 18 and 30 years of age. It allows you to stay in Australia for 12 months from the time you first enter. You may work during that time, but only for 6 months at any one employer. The idea is for you to take a holiday subsidised by casual or short-term jobs. If you're interested in a working holiday, some useful skills and experience might be: office skills to be used for temp work; or hospitality skills to be used for bar or restaurant work. An alternative is seasonal work like fruit picking, although much seasonal work will require that you work outside the major cities. Working for 3 months in seasonal work will allow you to apply for a second 12-month visa.

You can apply online for a working holiday visa , but you must not be in Australia at the time. It costs $635 (as of April 2024). According to the department, half are processed within 1 day, and 90% of applications are processed within three weeks. On arriving in Australia ask for the working holiday visa to be "evidenced", so you can show your future employer.

It's recommended to arrive in Australia with sufficient funds which is a minimum of $5000 if you are on a working holiday visa. The cost of living in Australia is quite high and it may take a few days or weeks to get a job.

Work visas [ edit ]

Work visas in Australia change frequently and sometimes without any notice, so always check with your local Australian High Commission, Consulate or Embassy and the Immigration Department's website .

The most straightforward way to get a work visa (subclass 457, 186 & 187) is to find an Australian employer who will sponsor you. Your employer will need to demonstrate that they cannot hire anyone with your skills in Australia. Locally advertised jobs are usually explicit in requiring a valid work visa before your application can be considered. Getting the visa might take a couple of months from the beginning of the application process and you will need a medical examination by a doctor approved by the immigration officials before it can be granted (among other things, you will need a chest x-ray to show that you do not have tuberculosis). An employer with a good background and efficient immigration lawyers could get your 457 approved within a week. Your work visa will only be valid for the employer who sponsored you and you will have to leave within 30 days of your employment ending.

Regional Sponsored Migration Scheme (RSMS) visa (subclass 187) is the easiest employer nominated visa to acquire, although you will have to live and work in a designated 'regional' area. These areas are mostly rural and far removed from the larger cities, although Adelaide does count in this scheme.

Skilled independent visas (subclass 189, 190, 489) may be pursued if you have a valuable specialised skill and don't want to be tied to a specific employer.

There is also a temporary graduate visa (subclass 485) which allows graduates of Australian universities to stay on and work in Australia, and is usually valid anywhere from 18 months to 4 years depending on your level of education, and your major. Your major must be from a list of skilled occupations for which there is a labour shortage in Australia. This list is updated every year, and whether or not you qualify for this visa is dependent on the list at the time of your graduation, not at the time you begin your studies.

Immigration [ edit ]

You can apply to immigrate as a skilled person or business person, but this process will take longer than receiving a work visa. You can also apply for permanent residency as the holder of a work or study visa, but your application will not be automatically accepted. If you have a lot of money, there are several investor's visas available which allow you to live in Australia with a view of obtaining permanent residency. After four years of legal residency which must include one year as a permanent resident, you are eligible to apply for Australian citizenship.

Volunteering [ edit ]

There are several volunteer opportunities in Australia. Many worldwide organisations offer extended travel for those wanting to volunteer their time to work with locals on projects such as habitat restoration, wildlife sanctuary maintenance & development, scientific research, and education programs such as Australian Volunteers , World Wildlife Fund , Gap 360 and Xtreme Gap Year .

Respect [ edit ]

Travellers are generally unlikely to insult or cause offence to an Australian through any kind of cultural ignorance.

Australian modes of address tend towards the familiar. It is acceptable and normal to use first names in all situations, even to people many years your senior. Many Australians are fond of using and giving nicknames — even to recent acquaintances. It is likely being called such a name is an indication that you are considered a friend and as such it would be rare they are being condescending.

It is generally acceptable to wear revealing clothing in Australia. Bikinis and swimming attire are okay on the beach, and usually at the kiosk across the road from the beach. It is normal to wear at least a shirt and footwear before venturing any further. Most beaches are effectively top optional (topless) while sunbathing. Just about all women wear a top while walking around or in the water. There are some clothing optional (nude) beaches, usually a little further removed from residential areas. Thong bikinis (more commonly called g-string bikinis in Australia as thongs refer to flip-flop footwear) are fine on all beaches and some outdoor pools for women and men, although they are not as common as conventional beachwear. Some outdoor pools have a "top required" policy for women.

Cover up a little more when visiting places of worship such as churches. In warm conditions casual "t-shirt and shorts" style clothing predominates except in formal situations. Business attire, however, is considered to be long sleeved shirt, tie, and long trousers for men, even in the hottest weather.

Using Australian stereotypical expressions may be viewed as an attempt to mock, rather than to communicate. If you pull it off well, you might raise a smile.

Australians are often self-deprecating; however, it is rude to ever agree with a self-deprecating remark. Boasting about achievements is rarely received well.

Social classes do not feature as prominently in Australia as they do in many other countries, and you will notice that tradespeople ("tradies") and manual labourers are very well paid and accorded a lot more respect in Australia than elsewhere. Be careful not to imply that you are looking down on people whose jobs may be considered menial by the standards of other countries. Service workers, including hotel staff, waiters, cleaners, taxi drivers and shop employees, expect that customers will treat them as equals.

Most Australians are happy to help out a lost traveller with directions, however many urban dwellers will assume that someone asking "excuse me", is asking for money, and may brush past. Looking lost, holding a map, looking like a backpacker or getting to the point quickly helps.

Indigenous Australians [ edit ]

Aboriginal Australians likely arrived in the Australian landmass 65,000 years ago and number over half a million people today. They have faced significant discrimination over the years since European settlement took their traditional lands, and sensitivity should be given at all times. Aboriginal people actually come from many different 'nations' with distinctive cultures and identities that spoke up to 250 different languages before European settlement.

For travellers, Aboriginal lands have varying degrees of accessibility. While many areas can be entered freely, some Aboriginal land requires permission or a permit, and some areas are protected and illegal to enter. Permits are usually just a formality for areas which regularly see visitors, or if you have some other business in the area you are travelling through. Often they are just an agreement to respect the land you are travelling on as Aboriginal land. Some Aboriginal Land Councils make them available online.

Some communities and areas have placed sign requests from Aboriginal people not to enter. While tourism is welcome and beneficial to Aboriginal communities, efforts are ongoing to balance cultural tourism with cultural preservation, separating living spaces from tourist spaces, and respecting sites of worship. Even if your map states that an area is "free to enter", failure to abide by these requests is highly disrespectful and could also be considered trespassing. You should check before making plans to travel off the beaten track to confirm whether your intended destination is welcoming to tourists and whether a permit is necessary to avoid problems.

Uluṟu , Australia's most well-known natural landmark, holds great spiritual significance to the Anangu people who live in the area; while climbing it used to be a popular tourist activity, the Anangu have long requested tourists not to do so, and it has been illegal since 2019. The Anangu feel themselves responsible if someone is killed or injured on their land (as has happened during past climbs), so please keep off.

If you need to refer to race, the politically correct term is Indigenous Australians . Aboriginal people is usually okay and referring to sacred sites and land as Aboriginal sites, or Aboriginal land is okay too, though these terms only refer to people indigenous to mainland Australia or Tasmania. Avoid using Aboriginal as a noun to describe a person, as some people see negative connotations in this. The terms "Aborigine" or "Abo" are deeply offensive and should never be used. The word native generally not a preferred term, but reasonably acceptable – just use indigenous instead. People indigenous to the Torres Strait Islands do not identify as "Aboriginal", as they are more ethnically Melanesian than their southern neighbours; just stick to the term Torres Strait Islander .

Other areas to consider when interacting with indigenous Australians are:

• Australia Day is considered a day of invasion by many Aboriginal people, and consequently protests against that day are frequent.
• It is best not to mention the name, nor show any image of a deceased person to an indigenous Australian. Though Aboriginal custom varies, it is best to avoid the possibility of offence.
• Permission to photograph an Aboriginal person should always be asked, but in particular in the more remote areas such as Arnhem Land and Northern Territory .
• Avoid disrespecting sacred Aboriginal places like climbing on Uluṟu or the Three Sisters etc. While this may sound obvious that it's disrespectful, the number of indigenous sites that have been damaged, vandalised, or even destroyed by tourists is unimaginable.
• While indigenous Australians have been given equal rights on paper, they are still often arrested or hassled by police for things that a non-indigenous person wouldn't usually get arrested for. Talking about this subject may be highly sensitive, and to this day, there are regular reports in the media of Aboriginal people being assaulted by police or dying in custody. In fact, despite comprising a little under 4% of the Australian population, indigenous men make up nearly 30% of the Australian male prison poopulation. These topics should be avoided whenever possible .

ANZAC Day [ edit ]

Although Australians are generally regarded as easy going, there is an exception for commemorating ANZAC day on 25th April every year. Many Australians will take extreme offence at any perceived insults towards the military and the sacrifices they made, and foreigners have even been arrested for damaging or even just playing around on war memorials. Most people will accept criticism of Australia any other time of the year, but not this day.

Religion [ edit ]

Contemporary Australian society is rather secular, and only a minority of Australians attend religious services regularly. In the 2021 census, only 43% of respondents identified as Christian, with 38% declaring they had no religion at all. Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism are growing religions, with immigration helping to drive the trend.

Most Australians are tolerant towards people of all faiths, and people wearing religious attires such as hijabs, kippahs or crucifixes will in general not face harassment, although Islamophobia, antisemitism and other types of religious discrimination do exist. In general people tend not to discuss religion, and attempting to proselytise or inconveniencing others with your religion will more often than not result in a negative response.

Accommodating Halal dietary restrictions is largely possible in the main cities with many restaurants offering Halal options, with various certification bodies. Main supermarkets also offer Halal sections.

British legacy [ edit ]

It can be offensive to some to suggest that Australia is nothing else but a sunnier United Kingdom. Comparisons to the UK are not necessarily offensive, but people will appreciate being acknowledged as a separate nation with their own distinct culture.

Stay safe [ edit ]

Emergencies [ edit ].

The number 000 (called 'triple zero' or 'triple oh') can be dialled from any telephone in Australia free of charge. This number will connect you with the police, fire brigade, coastguard or ambulance service after you tell the emergency operator which service you need.

If you want to contact these services but the situation is not an emergency, don't call 000: you can call the police assistance line on 131 444 . This includes requesting a call out for noise complaints. Poisons information advice, which can also advise on snake, spider and insect bites, is available on 131 126 . Information on locating the nearest medical services can be obtained by calling 1800 022 222 (except for Tasmania).

If you require assistance during a flood, storm, cyclone, tsunami, earthquake or other natural disaster you can contact the State Emergency Service in each state (except for Northern Territory) on 132 500 . You will be connected with your local unit and help can be organised from there. If the emergency is life-threatening, call 000 instead.

You can dial 000 from all mobile phones. Mobile phones sold in Australia recognise it as the emergency number and will use any available network to place the call. However, if you have a phone obtained outside Australia, using the universal emergency number 112 is a better idea. Using 112 will use any available network, will work even if your phone is not roaming, and will work even if the phone does not have a SIM. 112 works from Australian purchased phones too.

Hearing or speech impaired people with TTY equipment can dial 106 . Those with Internet connectivity can use the Internet Relay Service, via the website .

Calls from fixed line (landline) phones may be traced to assist the emergency services to reach you. The emergency services have limited ability to trace the origin of emergency calls from mobile phones, especially outside of urban areas, so be sure to calmly and clearly provide details of your location. Because of the number sequence for emergency calls, around 60% of calls to the emergency numbers are made in error.

Nobody will likely respond to your call unless you can effectively communicate to the operator that you need assistance. If you are in need of assistance, but cannot speak, you will be diverted to an IVR and asked to press 55 to confirm that you are in need of assistance and have not called by accident. Your call will then be connected to the police.

Except for 112 from a mobile, emergency numbers from other countries (for example, '911', '17' or '100') do not work in Australia.

Driving [ edit ]

Keep a sense of perspective. Tourists are far more likely to be killed or injured as pedestrians, drivers or passengers on Australian roads than all the other causes of death and injury combined.

Driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs is prohibited. Most states use a prescribed standard of alcohol in the blood to determine whether driving is criminal. The prescribed (allowed) content ranges from zero to 0.05. Random breath testing for blood and alcohol is carried out.

Australia is a huge country and driving between cities and towns can take longer than you expect, especially if you are used to freeway or motorway driving in Europe, Asia or North America. While the major highways are comparable to those overseas, secondary highways in rural areas need to be treated with some care. Speed limits vary by location, road and by state. Avoid the stresses of fatigue by not planning to drive too far in a day. Authorities strongly recommend a break (with some walking outside the car) every two hours. Often, there are designated rest stops on numbered M, A routes as well as National Highways and Routes, but they are almost non existent on unpaved highways, state routes, B or C highways.

Driving between towns and cities comes with a risk of hitting or crashing due to swerving to avoid wildlife. Kangaroos have a habit of being spooked by cars and then, bewilderingly, jumping in front of them. Take extra care when driving through areas with vegetation close to the road and during dawn and dusk when wildlife is most active. Wildlife is not usually an issue in major urban areas (with the exception of Canberra where a series of parks provides ample habitat for kangaroos, which often cross major roads).

Urban Australians jaywalk, dodge cars, and anticipate the sequence of lights. Although most drivers will stop for a red light, running the amber light is common, so ensuring the traffic has stopped before stepping from the curb is always a good idea. People from countries that drive on the right will take a while to get used to looking the correct way when crossing.

Beaches [ edit ]

Around 10–20 overseas travellers drown in Australia each year. Most of these drownings occur at ocean beaches, where statistics put visitors at significantly higher risk than locals. Check the Beach Safety website .

Beach goers should swim between the red and yellow flags which designate patrolled areas. Beaches are not patrolled 24-hours a day or even during all daylight hours. In most cases the local volunteer surf lifesavers or professional lifeguards are only available during certain hours, and at some beaches only on weekends, and often only during summer. If the flags aren't up, then there's no one patrolling. Many beaches in rural areas aren't patrolled at all. If you choose to swim, be aware of the risks, check conditions, stay within your depth, and don't swim alone.

Many beaches in Australia have a sudden drop off which can take non-swimmers by surprise. If in doubt, ask the locals.

Hard surfboards and other water craft such as surf skis, kayaks etc., are not permitted between the red and yellow flags. These craft must only be used outside of the blue 'surfcraft permitted' flags.

Australian ocean beaches can sometimes have strong rips that even the strongest swimmers cannot swim against. Rips are almost-invisible channels of water flowing away from the beach. Many locals can spot rips, so if in doubt, ask. These channels take out the water which the incoming surf waves bring into shore. Beach goers can mistakenly use these channels or areas since they can appear as calm water and look to be an easier area into which to swim. Problems arise when the swimmer tries to swim back into shore against the outgoing current or rip, tire quickly, and end up drowning. Rips can be recognised by one or more of these signs: a rippled appearance when the surrounding water is fairly calm; foam that extends beyond the break zone; brown, sandy coloured water; waves breaking further out on either side of the rip.

If you are caught in a rip at a patrolled beach, conserve your energy, float or tread water and raise one hand. The surf lifesavers will come out to you. Don't wait until you are so tired you can't swim any more. You will probably find that local swimmers or surfers will also quickly come to your aid. Usually the flags are positioned where there are no rips, but this isn't always the case as rips can move.

If you are caught in a rip at an unpatrolled beach stay calm to conserve energy and swim parallel to the beach (not against the pull of the current). Most rips are only a few metres wide, and once clear of the undertow, you will be able to swim or catch a wave to return to shore. Never swim alone. Don't think that the right technique will get you out of every situation. In the surf out the back of the beach, treading water can be hard with waves pounding you every few seconds. Unless you have seen it happen, it's hard to appreciate how quickly a rip can take you 50 m out to sea and into much larger wave breaks. If you are at an unpatrolled surf beach, proceed with great caution and never go out of your depth.

Beach signs often have a number or an alphanumeric code on them. This code can be given to emergency services if required so they can locate you quickly.

Crocodiles and Box Jellyfish are found on tropical beaches, depending on the time of year and area. Sharks occur on many of Australia's beaches. See the section below on dangerous creatures. Patrolled beaches will be monitoring the ocean for any shark activity. If you hear a continuous siren go off at the beach and a red and a red and white quartered flag is waved or held out of the tower, it indicates a shark sighting, so make your way to shore. Once it is clear, a short blast of the siren will be sounded, which usually means that it is safe to return to the water.

Natural disasters [ edit ]

As a large country, Australia is affected by a range of natural disasters.

Cyclones [ edit ]

Tropical cyclones (hurricanes) occur in the tropics (the northern part) of Australia between November and April, and you should understand how a tropical cyclone may impact you during the tropical wet season. The impact of cyclones varies with their intensity and your proximity to them. Weak cyclones may just cost you a day or two of your holiday to rain and wind while you stay indoors in your hotel, and an hour's drive from the cyclone's centre can still have good weather. More severe tropical cyclones can be deadly to the unprepared, may force you to evacuate and can seriously disrupt your travel plans. Even low intensity cyclones or tropical depressions in more remote areas can close roads for days to weeks at a time.

On average, a town in the tropics experiences a tropical cyclone every 30 years or so. The sparseness of population in Australia's north and north-west (where cyclones are most prevalent) means that many cyclones pass the coast with little impact on towns.

Still, if you are planning to travel to the tropics during cyclone season, you should understand and review the Bureau of Meteorology's information page before you set out, and keep a general eye on the page while you travel for early alerts of any problems developing.

Floods [ edit ]

In the tropical north the Wet Season occurs over the summer months of December, January and February, bringing torrential rains and frequent floods to those regions. It is not unusual for some coastal areas to be cut off for a day or two while the water recedes. It can still be a good time to visit some of the well populated, tourist-oriented areas, and, except in unusually heavy flooding, you can still get to see the pounding waterfalls and other attractions that can make this an interesting time to visit.

Floods in outback and inland Australia are rare, occurring decades apart, so you would be unlucky to encounter them. However, if you are planning to visit the inland or the outback and the area is flooded, then you should reconsider. The land is flat, so the water can take weeks to move on, leaving the land boggy. Insects and mosquitoes go crazy with all the fresh water pooling around, and these things eat insect repellent for breakfast and are still hungry. Roads close, often adding many hours to driving times. Many attractions often lie on a short stretch of dirt road off the main highways, and these sections become impassable, even if the main road remains open. Plan to return in a few weeks, and the land will still be green, the lakes and rivers will still be flowing, and the bird life will still be around.

The wettest period for the south of the country is usually around the winter months of June, July, and August. There is rarely enough rain at one time to cause flooding. The capital cities are rarely, if ever, significantly affected by floods.

Flash floods [ edit ]

Flash flooding occurs in many eastern cities at least once a year, generally in summer, and is a nuisance. However, stay inside and follow the advice of SES and ABC local radio. Never attempt to drive in flood waters, dozens of cars are destroyed every year by the thought "it's not that deep". You don't want to be the person floating under that bridge waiting for the police to rescue you.

Flash flooding often brings large hail, which can damage cars. Seek undercover (not underground) car parking.

It is usually predictable. You'll generally hear grumblings about a storm coming from locals, and bom.gov.au will list a severe weather warning.

Water supply [ edit ]

Australia is a very dry country with large areas of desert , and can also get very hot.

When travelling in remote areas, away from paved roads, where the potential to become stranded for up to a week without seeing another vehicle is very real, it is vital that you carry your own water supply (4 gal or 7 L per person per day). Do not be misled by entries on maps such as 'well' or 'spring' or 'tank' (or any entry suggesting that there is a body of water). Nearly all are dry, and most inland lakes are dry salt pans.

Many cities and towns have water restrictions, limiting use of water in activities like washing cars, watering gardens, or public showers. It is common to see signs in accommodation asking visitors to limit the length of their showers.

It is common for many regional towns public bathrooms water supply to be non-potable. Do not drink from a tap labeled "Do not drink" or "Non-potable", as this is generally just untreated groundwater.

Earthquakes [ edit ]

Although Australia is not located on any plate boundaries, earthquakes occur from time to time. These are usually minor and very rarely cause major damage or fatalities.

Bushfires [ edit ]

Bushfires are a seasonal danger in many parts of Australia - and if you're venturing out into the bushland or rural areas it pays to check the fire danger and the status of any bushfire activity first. Although most fires are quickly controlled, on very hazardous fire days, bushfires can be life-threatening - especially if on foot, or not having the protection of a substantial building.

If you are caught in a bushfire, most fires will pass over quickly. You need to find shelter that will protect you from the smoke and radiant heat. A house is best, then a car, then a clearing, a cave, or on the beach is the best location. Wet everything that you can. Stay low and cover your mouth. Cover yourself with non-flammable (woollen) clothing or blankets, and reduce the skin directly exposed to the heat. If you have access to a tap gather water early; don't rely on water pressure as the fire front approaches.

The Fire Danger Rating (pictured to the right) tells you how dangerous a fire would be if one started. It is not a predictor of how likely a bushfire is to occur.

• Severe: Hot, dry and windy conditions. A fire that starts in these conditions may be uncontrollable. Only well prepared buildings that are actively defended can provide safety. Leave at the first sign of fire.
• Extreme: Hot dry and windy conditions. Any fires that start and take hold will be uncontrollable, unpredictable and fast moving. Only homes and buildings built to withstand bushfires that are well prepared and actively defended may provide safety. Avoid forested areas, thick bush or long, dry grass, It is recommended to leave such areas to ensure you are not caught up in a bushfire.
• Catastrophic/code red: These are the worst conditions possible for a bush or grass fire. Avoid forested areas, thick bush or long, dry grass. It is highly advisable to leave forested and bushy areas.

It is worth noting that many locals will leave their outback homes to seek refuge in large towns for the entire day, on the few days per year designated as "Catastrophic".

National parks and state forests [ edit ]

If the fire risk is extreme or higher, national parks may be closed, especially the backcountry areas, so you will need to have an alternative plan if you intend to camp or hike in parks during summer. If there is a fire in a park, it will usually be closed entirely.

If you are staying in a park or forest during an extreme fire danger period the safest option is to leave the night before or early in the day. If you learn of a fire, or see smoke, take action quickly.

Travelling during active fires or during the fire season [ edit ]

If you are driving outside of cities during bushfire season, tune in to local ABC radio . During a bushfire or any other ongoing emergency, every thirty minutes a warning siren will sound, followed by an update on the current bushfire situation in that area. You may receive evacuation warnings on your phone.

Emergency and bushfire management is a state responsibility in Australia - so find the website or app appropriate for the state you are in. Websites such as Emergency WA and VicEmergency list all current emergencies in their respective states and are often the most up-to-date method of getting information about a current emergency.

It is possible that you will get yourself into a situation where it becomes too late to leave.

During the bushfire season, have a plan consisting of two escape routes, and the ability to pack what you need quickly.

Shopping Centres or Main streets of built up towns are safe locations to be in during Extreme or Code Red days, unless you hear otherwise via radio.

Entire country towns can sometimes be evacuated when there is a bushfire threatening them. Often there can be no signs of the fire at evacuation time, but you should leave early, as evacuating through a fire front is dangerous. The best advice is just to move on, and not stay around to watch.

Lighting fires [ edit ]

Make sure any fires you light are legal and kept under control. The fire service operates a total fire ban system during periods of extreme fire danger. When a total fire ban is in place all outdoor fires are forbidden. Most parks will advertise a ban, and it is your responsibility to check the local fire danger levels. Fines or even jail terms apply for lighting fires that get out of control, not to mention the feeling you may get at being responsible for the property, wildlife, and person damage that you may cause.

Venomous and dangerous creatures [ edit ]

Although Australia is home to many of the deadliest species of insects, reptiles and marine life on the planet, the traveller is unlikely to encounter any of these in an urban environment, and even in the bush these creatures try to avoid humans for the most part. The vast majority of deaths from bites and stings in Australia are due to allergic reactions to bees and wasps.

Some of the information spread about Australia's dangerous wildlife is blown out of proportion, often jokingly by Australians themselves. However, you should take warnings about jellyfish and crocodiles seriously in the tropics, and keep your distance from snakes in the national parks and bushland.

If travelling in rural areas it would be a good idea to carry basic first aid equipment including compression bandages and to learn what to do after a snake or spider bite.

Snakes [ edit ]

It's not common to encounter snakes in urbanised areas in Australia, but they are common in grassland, national parks and other bushland. Snakes will generally try to put as much distance between themselves and you as possible, so if you see a snake while out walking, simply go around it or walk the other way. Walking blindly into dense bush and grassy areas is not advisable, as snakes may be hiding there. For the most part, snakes fear humans and will be long gone before you ever get the chance to see them.

Never try to pick up any snake, even if you believe it to be a non-venomous species. Most people bitten by snakes were trying to pick up the snake or kill the creature, or inadvertently step on one while out walking.

Australia has some snakes that are deadly. So treat all snakes with respect, and seek medical treatment urgently for any snake bite. Take a first-aid kit suitable for snake-bites if you are going off the beaten track. If bitten you should immobilise the wound by wrapping the affected area tightly with strips of clothing or bandages and seek immediate medical help. Do not clean the wound as venom residues can be tested to determine the anti-venom to use. If you are in an isolated area send someone else for help. The venom of some snakes (the taipan in particular) can take effect within fifteen minutes, but if the wound is immediately immobilised and you rest it is possible to delay the onset of the venom spreading by one to a few hours. Polyvalent anti-venoms are available in most hospitals that contain anti-venom for all dangerous Australian snakes.

Spiders [ edit ]

Although famous for its arachnids, fatalities from spiders in Australia are extremely rare. It is common to see spiders in Australia, and most will do you no harm. Wear gloves while gardening or handling leaf litter. Check or shake out clothing, shoes, etc. that have been left outside before putting them on. Don't put your fingers under rocks or into tree holes, where spiders might be. Some spiders are commonly found inside buildings and homes, including the large and hairy Huntsman spiders, that are generally harmless, and reduce insect pests like cockroaches. The large spider webs strung between trees occupied by garden or orb weaving spiders are more an annoyance than a danger.

However, some spiders are also very dangerous. The world's most venomous spider is the Sydney Funnel-Web spider , found in and around Sydney and eastern New South Wales - usually under rocks and leaf litter. The spider is anywhere up to 5 cm large, and is usually black. If you are in an area that is known for having Funnel-Web spiders and you are bitten by a spider that you believe could be a Funnel-Web it is important you get to hospital as quickly as possible. The Funnel-Web spends most of its time underground (it can typically live for only 30 minutes outside a humid hole) and therefore you are very unlikely to encounter one walking around. The last confirmed fatality was in 1979.

The Red Back spider (usually easily identified by a red mark on its abdomen) is common and after a bite it is important to seek medical attention, although it is not as urgent as with a Funnel-Web. Red Backs typically hide in dark places and corners. It is highly unusual to see them indoors; however, they can hide in sheds, around outdoor tables and chairs and under rocks or other objects sitting on the ground.

First aid treatment for spider bites may vary in Australia compared to other areas of the world. Always seek medical advice after a bite has occurred. If possible, you should attempt to identify the creature that bit you. Take a photo or trap it so that the appropriate anti-venom can be administered swiftly. But don't risk getting bitten again.

Jellyfish [ edit ]

Travellers in northern Queensland , the Northern Territory , or northern Western Australia should be aware of the risk of fatal stings from the Box Jellyfish if swimming in the ocean between October and May. They are very hard to detect and can be found in very shallow water. Stings from these jellyfish are 'excruciating' and often fatal. Vinegar applied immediately to adhering tentacles will lessen the amount of venom injected, but immediate medical assistance will be required. The danger season varies by location. In general the jellyfish are found close to shore, as they reproduce in the estuaries. They are not generally found out on the Great Barrier Reef, and many people swim on the reef without taking any precautions. Seek out reliable local information. Some locals at the beach can be cavalier to the risks.

Irukandji are another species of tiny (fingernail sized) jellyfish that inhabit the waters off Northern Australia and the surrounding Indo-Pacific islands. They are also very hard to see, and can be dangerous, although stings are rare. Unlike the box jellyfish they are found out on the reef. The initial sting can go unnoticed. There is debate as to whether they can be fatal, but they certainly can place a victim in hospital, and cause extreme pain lasting days. If you have nausea or shooting pains shortly after emerging from the water seek medical treatment.

A "stinger-suit" that is resistant to jellyfish stings costs around $100 or can be hired for around $20 a week.

Blue ring octopus [ edit ]

Found in rock pools around the coasts of Australia is the tiny Blue Ring Octopus. Usually a dull sandy-beige colour, the creature has bright blue circles on its skin if threatened. The Blue Ring Octopus is rare and shy. Avoid placing your hand under rocks or in crevaces in rock pools or near the shore as this is where they tend to hide. Most locals do the same. It has a powerful paralysing toxin which can cause death unless artificial respiration is provided. In the history of Australia there are only two confirmed deaths by Blue Ring Octopus.

Crocodiles [ edit ]

Travellers in northern Queensland, the Northern Territory or north Western Australia should be aware of the risk of fatal attacks by saltwater crocodiles in and adjacent to northern waters (ocean, estuarine and fresh water locations) between King Sound, Western Australia, and Rockhampton, Queensland. Saltwater crocodiles in these areas can reach 25 feet in length and can attack in water without warning. Despite what their name implies, they can be found in both salt and fresh water. On land, crocodiles usually lie motionless, but they have the ability to move with extraordinary speed in short bursts. There are relatively few attacks causing injury – most attacks are fatal. Dangerous swimming areas will usually have prominent warning signs. In these regions only swim in inland waters if you are specifically advised that they are safe. Since 1970 there has been about one crocodile attack on a human each year.

The smaller freshwater crocodile is, unlike the saltwater, timid and will avoid humans if possible. The freshwater may attack to defend itself or its eggs or if startled. They can inflict a nasty bite but due to their small jaws and teeth this will rarely cause death in humans.

Dangerous flora [ edit ]

The Gympie bush ( Dendrocnide moroides ), also known as the stinging tree, is a stinging plant, whose microscopic stinging hairs on leaves and branches can cause severe pain for up to several weeks. They are mostly found in northeast Queensland, especially in rain forest clearings. However, the Gympie bush and other closely related species (there are about five) of stinging tree can be found in southeast Queensland, and further south in eastern Australia. People bushwalking in such areas are advised not to touch the plant for any reason.

Crime and policing [ edit ]

Crime rates in Australia are roughly comparable with other Western countries: few travellers will be victims of crime. You should take normal precautions against bag snatching, pickpocketing and the like. Some cities and towns have areas that can be dangerous at night, but these are generally off the tourist trail and highly unlikely for you to wander into by accident.

Australian police are generally approachable and trustworthy, and you should report assaults, theft or other crime to the police as soon as possible.

There are two types of police in Australia: the state/territorial police and the Australian Federal Police (AFP). Typically you will only interact with the state police, as the AFP is largely dedicated to very specific government-related roles, the exception being the Australian Capital Territory where the AFP is the main police force, operating under the name of ACT Policing.

Under no circumstances should you offer an Australian police officer (or for that matter, any other government official such as a customs officer) a bribe or gratuity, as this is a crime and they will enforce the laws against it.

When leaving your car alone, make sure it is locked, that the windows are rolled up, and that there are no obvious targets for theft in the vehicle, as thieves will often smash windows to get at a phone, GPS or bag that is visible in the car.

Scams [ edit ]

Attempts to scam tourists are not prevalent in Australia; take normal precautions such as finding out a little bit about your destination. There have been rare instances of criminals tampering with ATMs so that cash is trapped inside them, or so that they record card details for thieves. You should check your transaction records for odd transactions after using an ATMs and immediately contact the bank controlling the ATM if a transaction seems to be successful but the machine doesn't give you any cash. Always cover the keypad with your hand when entering your PIN to prevent any skimming devices which have cameras recording your PIN.

ATM Skimming is rare and easily avoided by using ATMs from trusted banks (ANZ, Commonwealth, Westpac, Nab), or ATMs located inside a bank "gallery" which are generally open 24/7 but are more secure than an outdoor ATM.

Additionally, the ATO will never try to ask you to pay off your debts with Spotify or iTunes gift cards, and these ongoing scams have been targeting especially the elderly and those who are unaware of them. If you go to a Coles, Woolies, Myer, Target, Big W, Kmart etc. there will be warning notices at all checkouts, and it can never hurt to read them.

Racism [ edit ]

Australia is outwardly a multicultural and racially tolerant society and there are strong laws that prohibit hate speech and other forms of discrimination on grounds of race. Nevertheless, racism is still a sensitive subject for a nation still not fully reconciled to its history of colonial occupation. Forced appropriation of Aboriginal lands along with formal discrimination, state-sanctioned racism and even forced separation of Aboriginal children (known as the Stolen Generations) from their families extended well into the 20th century. Gradual change throughout the last century saw the abandonment of the white-only immigration policy, citizenship for the Aboriginal people, and the establishment of large communities of Asian, Middle Eastern and African origin. However, to this day, Aboriginal people are still discriminated against, and while on paper they have equal rights, they are often charged for things that a white person would usually not.

Visitors to Australia are fortunately unlikely to encounter random incidents of racial abuse. If it does happen then you can report it to the police and expect action to be taken. Violent incidents are even rarer.

Words referring to racial background can be used between friends of different ethnic groups, but it is strongly advised not to try them out yourself . You may well hear Pom (British), Yank (American), Paki (Indian sub-continent), Wog (Southern European or Middle Eastern) and Curry Muncher (South Indian) being used. In particular British people would regard some of these terms as particularly racist, but they are used far more casually in Australia. Never refer to Aboriginal people as "Abos", "native tribes" or "Noogas", as they are regarded as highly racist terms.

There are anti-immigration and anti-multicultural groups that operate in Australian society, for the most part agitating against the immigration of people from Muslim and African countries. As a visitor you would be unlikely to come into contact with them, although if it's late at night in a pub, and you start prodding people for their racial views, then all bets are off — be prepared for anything. The western suburbs of Melbourne has experienced some violent crime involving youths of African descent, which in turn has been greatly exaggerated by much of the local media and some politicians, fuelling racist sentiments.

It is not offensive to use Aussie (Ozzie) to describe Australian people, but it isn't a term Australians generally use to self-identify. They are more likely to apply it to things (Aussie Rules, etc.) than to themselves. When the chant of Aussie, Aussie, Aussie — Oi Oi Oi goes up at an international sporting event, some Australians will cringe, and others will join in. Often this depends on their own perceived social standing, or their state of inebriation, or both.

And while Australia may seem multicultural in major cities such as Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, Adelaide, Gold Coast, Newcastle, Hobart or Canberra; rural areas are usually less so and stick to their Anglo-Celtic roots. People who do not look Aussie on the outside are often subject to racism, though this is usually targeted at immigrants (often those of Vietnamese, Middle Eastern or African descent) rather than tourists.

Tobacco [ edit ]

Australia is likely the world's most expensive country for smokers : a single cigarette pack costs upwards of $50, and vaping is illegal unless you have a doctor's prescription. Black market loose tobacco, known as "chop-chop", is widely available but often mouldy due to improper storage and/or bulked up with dubious ingredients.

Illegal drugs [ edit ]

Opium, heroin, amphetamines (speed), cocaine ("coke"), LSD and ecstasy ("molly") are all illegal to possess and to sell in all jurisdictions of Australia. Trafficking offences carry a long jail term, and in serious cases can even lead to life imprisonment. Australia shares information on drug trafficking with other countries, even those with the death penalty.

Medical use of cannabis ("marijuana"/"weed"/"pot"/"gunja") is legal on a federal level, although obtaining a prescription is generally a time-consuming ordeal not feasible for a visitor. As of 2024, the Australian Capital Territory (Canberra) remains the first and only jurisdiction to legalise personal use, but commercial sale is not allowed. In South Australia and Northern Territory, possession of personal use quantities is decriminalised, although on-the-spot fines still apply. In all other states possession remains a criminal offense, and foreigners should not expect more lenient treatment than locals from Australian police for drug offences. Driving while under the influence of drugs is a serious offence, and doing so will invariably lead to arrest and prosecution, and in serious cases even a jail sentence.

Do not under any circumstances attempt to bring illicit drugs into Australia , including marijuana; this is strictly illegal and punishable with long jail terms of up to life in prison, and customs officers often employ dogs to sniff drugs out of arriving passengers' luggage. Dogs can even tell that you smoked marijuana from the day before you flew to Australia, so you may be held back for some long questioning.

Australia's proximity to Asia means that heroin is a far more commonly used illicit drug than cocaine or crack cocaine. In some areas of large cities you will need to be careful of discarded needles: however these will generally be found in back streets rather than in popular tourist spots.

Firearms [ edit ]

Firearm ownership is rare in Australia, with strict licensing requirements resulting in gun ownership being typically limited to hunters and farmers in rural areas, as well as sport shooters. Possession of any kind of firearm requires a licence, and semi-automatic assault rifles are prohibited for civilians. It is possible, albeit tedious, to import single-shot rifles, shotguns and pistols for target shooting with the correct paperwork. Criminal gangs sometimes carry illegal firearms in urban areas, although it is unlikely that travellers will run into them.

It is very difficult to bring firearms into Australia, with a police permit required for each federal state to be visited before arrival.

LGBT travellers [ edit ]

Australia has an equal age of consent set at 16 for all states except Tasmania and South Australia where the age is 17. Same sex marriage is legal in Australia, having been passed into law in 2017 after a majority (61%) voted in favour of it in a national postal survey.

Attitudes to homosexuality are similar to those found in other Western countries. Although inner Sydney is one of the most gay-friendly cities in the world, caution is still advisable in conservative rural areas, including rural parts of Queensland and the Northern Territory. Australia has outlawed discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, and legal recourse may be available should you experience discrimination. Police assistance for discrimination may be difficult to obtain in remote and rural areas, although homosexuality is accepted in most rural areas. Transgender people are, likewise, widely accepted.

Sydney is Australia's gay capital and hosts one of the world's most famous gay pride festivals – the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras – annually during February and March. The festival culminates in a huge parade through central Sydney which attracts hundreds of thousands of spectators. Alice Springs celebrates the "Alice Is Wonderland Festival", a gay and lesbian pride festival in late April/early May. Melbourne has the Midsumma festival every year on the first Sunday of February.

Stay healthy [ edit ]

Skin [ edit ].

Exposure to the sun at Australian latitudes frequently results in sunburn , and Australia has one of the highest skin cancer rates in the world. Getting sunburnt can make you feel feverish and unwell and may take a few days or weeks to heal depending on the severity. It means you can't go back out into the sun until the sunburn fades, so getting sunburnt on the first day of your beach holiday can seriously reduce the fun of your trip. It can take as little as 15 minutes to burn in Australia on a fine summer's day, even in shaded outdoor areas. You should wear sunscreen (SPF 50+), clothing, and a hat to shade the sun.

Re-apply sunscreen every 2–3 hours throughout the day as it wears off quickly if you are sweating or swimming. Make sure to cover all parts of your body. UV radiation in the middle of the day can be double what it is in the early morning or later afternoon, so if possible avoid the sun during the hottest part of the day. Daily UV forecasts are issued by the Bureau of Meteorology online.

Spray-on sunscreen from an aerosol bottle is popular because of its ease of use; however, it is far less effective than traditional sunscreen.

If you are heading to the beach, consider buying a sun-tent (less than $20 from discount and hardware stores). You generally can't hire beach umbrellas at Australian beaches, and they are very exposed.

Food preparation [ edit ]

Australia has high hygiene standards, with restaurants required to observe strict food preparation standards. Food poisoning rates are comparable to other first world nations.

Water [ edit ]

The tap water in urban Australia is always safe to drink. Occasionally you may encounter recycled water taps which are for watering plants and not drinking; these should be coloured purple. Public drinking fountains and bottle refill stations are common in cities and at tourist attractions. The taste and hardness of the tap water will vary considerably across the country. Some cities such as Adelaide rely on ground water supplies that have an unpleasant taste, but are perfectly safe. Many households use water purifier jugs. Bottled water is also widely available. Carrying water on hot days is a good idea in urban areas, and it is a necessity if hiking or driving out of town. Remoter areas in the outback may not have treated drinking water on tap. At sites where tap water is untreated, water sterilization tablets may be used as an alternative to boiling. If driving long distances on infrequently trafficked roads it is essential to carry drinking water. This is absolutely necessary in hotter areas and on dirt roads or tracks. It is rare that someone does not die of thirst in outback Australia in any year. It is recommended that in event of a breakdown you stay with the car for shade and to increase your chances of being found. Before long-distance touring seek specific advice on calculating how much water to carry for the proposed journey and allowing for breakdowns.

Vaccinations [ edit ]

Australia does not have endemic communicable diseases that will require non-standard vaccinations. Like many other countries, it will require evidence of yellow fever vaccinations on entry if you will have been in a country with a risk of infection within 6 days before your arrival in Australia.

Mosquitoes [ edit ]

Mosquitoes are present all year round in the tropics, and during the summer in southern areas. Screens on windows and doors are common, and repellent is readily available. Ross River Virus is spread by mosquitoes in the tropics, and can make you sick for a few weeks. There have been cases of dengue fever , for which no specific treatment exists. Malaria is not present in mainland Australia.

Medical care [ edit ]

As described above, 000 is the Australian emergency services number and in any medical emergency you should call this number and ask for an ambulance and other emergency services as necessary, to attend.

Australia has first world medical standards. In particular, it is safe to receive blood transfusions in Australia, as donors are screened for HIV, hepatitis and many other blood borne illnesses.

Australia's population density is low; parts of Australia are a long way from medical facilities of any kind. Many of these areas are served by the Royal Flying Doctor Service . Small towns with populations of 5,000 or more will have a small hospital capable of giving emergency treatment. Larger towns will have a base hospital capable of routine and some kinds of emergency surgery. In some cases you may need to be evacuated to one of the capital cities for specialist treatment.

Capital cities will have medical centres where you can drop in, often open on weekends or until late. In country towns you may have to make an appointment and may have no alternative other than the closest hospital after hours and weekends. You can also expect to wait a few hours if your condition isn't urgent.

• Poisons Information Hotline , ☏ 13 11 26 (in country only) . Give free advice if any medication or poisons are taken inadvertently. They will also give advice on what treatment is necessary for things like a spider bite. However, if you think you are in any immediate danger, call '000' for an ambulance.  

Medical costs and travel insurance [ edit ]

Australian citizens and permanent residents who live in Australia can receive health care through the taxpayer funded Medicare. Foreigners working or studying in Australia and without a reciprocal agreement are generally required to take up private health insurance as part of their visa conditions. Foreigners on a short visit will want to make sure their travel insurance is in order, as medical costs can be expensive for those not entitled to Medicare benefits. Medicare does not cover private hospitals or dental care, so you will need to obtain private health insurance to pay for these.

Travellers from Belgium , Finland , Ireland , Italy , Malta , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Norway , Slovenia , Sweden and the United Kingdom are entitled to free reciprocal Medicare treatment for medical problems that occur during their visit. It is advisable to familiarise yourself with the conditions of the reciprocal arrangement with your country . For example, Irish people and New Zealanders are only entitled to free treatment at a hospital, whereas the other reciprocal nationalities are entitled to subsidised treatment at general practitioners as well. No reciprocal programs cover private hospitals, and the full cost will have to be met by yourself or with travel insurance .

If you are not a citizen or permanent resident of a reciprocal agreement country then travel insurance is highly recommended. You can expect to pay around $80 to see a general practitioner, plus any additional costs for any pathology or radiology required. The charge to visit a local hospital can be much more expensive, private hospitals even more so. You can pay up to $500 even if you are not admitted, and possibly several thousand dollars if you are. Rescue and Royal Flying Doctor Services are provided for free, but evacuation or ambulance services can cost many thousands of dollars from a country town to a capital city, or from an island to the mainland.

Even if you are an Australian citizen, ambulance and evacuation services are not provided free of charge. If an air-ambulance is required this can still cost thousands of dollars. Most health-insurance companies sell ambulance only cover valid Australia-wide. Ambulance membership programs may only cover you in your own state - check before travelling interstate. Domestic travel insurance does not usually cover medical or ambulance expenses. Medicare cover does not include ambulance costs (at least several hundred dollars) in the event of an emergency; only private insurance with ambulance cover will pay for this.

Snake and spider bite anti-venom is very expensive. The cost can be well over $10,000 even if you don't need a stay in hospital.

Connect [ edit ]

Telephone [ edit ], calling overseas from australia [ edit ].

The main international access code or prefix is 0011 (when using a mobile phone the plus symbol "+" can be used instead of the 0011 prefix).

Dialling codes [ edit ]

The country code for international calls to Australia is +61. When dialling from overseas, omit any leading '0' in the area code. The area code is optional when calling from the same area code area.

Norfolk Island and Australian-Antarctic bases use the +672 code, not Australia's country code. See the specific articles.

Australian area code list:

• 02 = Central East (New South Wales, Australian Capital Territory and north-eastern fringe of Victoria)
• 03 = South East (Southern NSW, Victoria and Tasmania)
• 04 = Mobile phones Australia-wide (higher call charges apply)
• 07 = North East (Queensland and parts of Northern NSW)
• 08 = Central & West (Western Australia, South Australia, the Northern Territory and Western New South Wales)

Local calls are free of charge.

• If calling an Australian number from outside Australia, use the format +61880803300 (no "0" area code prefix; substitute the relevant international dialling prefix for the "+" if needed).
• If making an international call from within Australia dial the international dialling prefix or "+", followed by the country code , followed by destination area code , followed by the local number at the destination. For most countries you need to omit the area code prefix (usually "0" as in Australia).

Special numbers [ edit ]

• Numbers commencing with 13 are charged at a local call rate, and what they connect you to can vary according to your location. They can be 10 or 6 digit numbers. For example, 1300 796 222, will connect you with the Albury tourist information, no matter where you are in Australia. However, 131 008 will connect you with a different local taxi service depending on where you are. 13 22 32 will connect you to New South Wales Railways in Sydney or Victorian Railways in Melbourne. Calling these numbers internationally can be problematic.
• Numbers commencing with 18 are free when dialled from a payphone or fixed phone, and commonly used for hotel reservation numbers, or tourist information numbers.
• Numbers commencing with 19 are premium numbers, often with very hefty call charges (make sure you check before dialling).
• Numbers commencing with 12 are carrier services, and are dependent on what network you are connected to. For example, 12 456 is a general information number for Telstra. Vodafone offer a similar services on 123 . These numbers can be premium services as well.

Calling special numbers internationally can often work - just try dialling the number prefixed with the +61 country code. Many locations will give an alternative direct number for use in international dialling.

Making reverse charge (collect) calls is very expensive and can be problematic. You can use 12550 from a Telstra public phone, or 1800 NO CASH from any phone. But you have to be calling a number that will accept the charges (usually a landline or mobile on a mainstream telco).

Mobile phones [ edit ]

Australia has three mobile networks operated by Telstra , Optus and Vodafone , with numerous resellers for each. All three operate LTE (4G) and 5G networks; 3G is being phased out and will stop working by the end of 2024. Generally speaking, Telstra provides the best coverage, but is the most expensive, while Vodafone often does not have coverage in rural towns, but is the cheapest. Unpopulated or sparsely populated areas away from major roads are unlikely to have service at all. If you are heading way out into the bush then a satellite phone may be your only option. Remember all mobile phones can be used for emergency calls on all networks, even if they don't have a local SIM or aren't roaming. This applies to satellite phones too.

With foreign SIM cards, international roaming is generally seamless onto Australia's 4G networks, depending on agreements between operators. 5G networks are different with frequencies and can vary with the compatibility of your phone. Check with your home operator before you leave. There are no restrictions on overseas residents obtaining Australian prepaid SIM cards, although you may require some form of photo ID such as your passport for identification.

A cheap prepaid mobile phone with a SIM retails for around $40 in most Australian retail outlets, supermarkets, and post offices; a SIM alone for an existing phone is around $2–3. Prepaid credit is added using recharge cards available at all supermarkets, newsagents, some ATMs, and other outlets.

You can buy a seemly infinite variety of packages, SIM cards, and phone bundles, with varied combinations of data, SMS and call time. Some carriers make calculating included calls difficult, by giving you a dollar "value" that is included in your package, and you then need to find the call, sms and data rates to calculate what is included. These rates can differ from plan to plan. Make sure the plan you choose includes what you need, because using data or making calls outside of the package allowance is often orders of magnitude more expensive.

Satellite phones [ edit ]

If you need comprehensive coverage in rural and remote areas, you can use a satellite phone. Iridium, Globalstar and Thuraya satellite services are available in Australia. Expect to pay around $120 per week to hire a satellite phone, plus call costs. Satellite messaging units, which send your location and a help SMS or email, can be hired for around $80 per week.

These units are only available from specialist dealers, often only in major cities (away from the remote areas you may be visiting). You should be able to acquire or hire these units in your home country before departure if you wish.

Satellite phones can be used to make emergency calls without a SIM card or subscription plan. The cheapest cost around $300, or just a little more than a PLB.

Public phones [ edit ]

Most towns and suburbs have at least one public phone. Most railway stations will have a public phone. All public phones in Australia are free for local calls to landlines and mobiles. International calls may be made using Telstra or third-party calling cards available from newsagents. Free text messages can be sent from any Telstra public phone, using the keypad in much the same way as an old-style mobile phone. Follow the instructions on the phone display.

Wifi [ edit ]

Virtually all accommodations in Australia from youth hostel and caravan park to 5-star hotel have free wifi , as do most cafes, shopping malls and even some forms of public transport like trains and ferries. If you need to borrow a full-fledged PC to go online, public libraries are usually your best bet. Internet cafes are virtually obsolete, although you can still find gaming cafes here and there.

In major urban centres, you'll find free Wi-Fi in shopping malls and other large shops and increasingly on public transport: Sydney's ferries offer free Wi-Fi as do Adelaide's trams.

Radio and television [ edit ]

Australia has 2 national public broadcasters, the ABC and SBS . The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (or ABC) broadcasts Local Radio, Triple J (Youth/Indie music) and ABC Classic on AM/FM Radio as well as 5 TV channels. The Special Broadcasting Service (or SBS) broadcasts more ethnic, bilingual and cultural content on 6 TV channels and 2 analog radio stations. Both broadcasters are available in most populous areas but the ABC has a greater radio coverage. DAB+ Digital Radio is available in capital cities.

There are 3 free-to-air commercial TV networks, namely Seven , Nine and Ten . You should expect to be able to receive and watch all these channels in almost all accommodation in towns and cities across Australia. The cable TV monopoly used to be Foxtel, still advertised by many hotels, but these days Netflix and its local competitors Stan and Kayo Sports rule the roost.

The bigger the city, the more radio stations you'll find. Country towns will often just have one commercial radio station and the ABC . If you're driving the distances between country towns, you can often lose all radio coverage. Download some music or podcasts for the trip before you leave. It's advisable to stay tuned to the ABC if travelling during emergencies or high bushfire risk periods.

News [ edit ]

The main national broadsheet newspaper is The Australian , with The Australian Financial Review focussing on financial and business news. There are also other newspapers that are published locally within their respective states, the most notable ones being The Sydney Morning Herald and The Daily Telegraph , both based in Sydney, and The Age and Herald Sun , both based in Melbourne.

Post [ edit ]

Australia Post runs Australia's postal service. Letters can be posted in any red Australia Post posting box, which are found at all post offices and many other locations. All stamps can be purchased from post offices, and some stamps can be purchased from newsagents and hotels. Posting a standard letter or postcard costs $1.10 within Australia (up to 250g), and between $2.50 and $3.70 internationally (up to 20g). Sending international letters up to 50g is cheaper in November and December, at $2.40, but the letter must have "card only" written on the front. 'Domestic' and 'international' stamps are different, as international is tax free, therefore, so make sure you use the right stamp. Parcels, express post and other services are also available.

Addresses in Australia are generally formatted in the following way, which is similar to addresses in the United States and Canada:

Name of recipient (If needed) Unit number or building name House number and street name City or town, two or three-letter state abbreviation, postcode

You can receive mail via Poste Restante in any city or town. Mail should be addressed to your full name c/o Post Restante. ID is needed to pick up your mail.

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Travel to Australia: Tips and Information 2024 Guide

Everything you need to know about planning travel to Australia in our epic destination guide.

Australia is a vast and bountiful country that offers beauty, leisure and adventure at every turn.

It consists of not only gorgeous and unique landscapes and wildlife, but also the famous outback culture, quirky small towns and well-developed coastal cities making travel to Australia a must. 

Road trips  are a great way to see the country. The same vastness that makes a road trip across Australia seem daunting is the very reason to explore it by vehicle. 

Wildlife  is one of the main reasons to travel to Australia. Approximately 90% of the animals that are native to Australia cannot be found anywhere else in the world. 

Australia is also known for its world-class  beaches . Whether you want to soak in the sun, catch a few waves or snorkel or scuba dive, there is plenty to do along the nearly 40,000 km of coastline!

And, of course, you could spend days or weeks exploring the stunning landscape of the  Australian Outback . 

In case you couldn’t tell, there are plenty of reasons to travel to Australia.

Now let us help you plan your trip!

There are so many exciting things happening in Australia right now, and it really is one of the biggest bucket list destinations on the planet! If you have any questions about travelling Australia that aren’t answered in this guide feel free to drop us an email.

25 Amazing Things to Do in Australia (2024 Edition)

Getting around magnetic island – ‘how to’ transportation guide, the ultimate guide to the best magnetic island beaches and bays, travelling in australia: at a glance.

Here are the basics of travel to Australia.

OTHER MAIN CITIES:

Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane

Australian Dollar. 1 beer = $8-9AUD (See  current exchange rates )

ENTRY / VISA:

You will need a visa to travel to Australia unless you are a citizen of New Zealand. Most travellers to Australia will qualify for a free visa entitling them to stay in the country up to one year. Be sure to check this list of these  eligible countries  to determine if you can apply online for your 3 month travel visa.

Generally speaking Australia is regarded as a very safe country. The crime rates are pretty low and most crime against tourists is petty theft. In big cities such as Sydney and Melbourne you should take the usual precautions.

ELECTRICITY:

The standard voltage is 230V at 50 Hz frequency. Socket Type 1 (Be sure to get your  universal travel adapter  before you leave)

TRANSPORTATION:

Australia is huge. So you will likely travel by a combination of domestic flights, trains and buses. Although rental cars are great options for exploring Australia.

Important Note!  Before you book any international trip, we honestly recommend getting travel insurance. You never know when things will go wrong, and medical bills can add up quickly if you get sick or injure yourself overseas.

Our personal recommendation based on our own experience is  World Nomads .

Top 5 Travel Experiences in Australia

With so much to see and  do in Australia , it really is hard to pick the top experiences.

However, we think that to truly appreciate Australia you need to plan to add these 5 activities to your itinerary.

Go Snorkelling/ Diving

The underwater world is at its finest in the Great Barrier Reef. Whether you are certified to dive, prefer to snorkel or just want to experience the largest reef in the world by boat, a trip to the Great Barrier Reef should be near the top of your list of things to do when travelling in Australia. 

Snorkel or dive  the Great Barrier Reef .

Hike Incredible Landscapes

Whether taking an excursion to Tasmania or a day trip to one of the many beautiful national parks, there are many great hikes to do throughout Australia.

Hike  throughout Tasmania !

Take an Epic Roadtrip

Australia is ripe for driving expeditions. Whether you are a hardcore overlander, prefer to drive by rental car or want to experience van life at its finest, Australia offers some of the best road trips in the world. Drive along the Great Ocean Road, head inland to Uluru or pick any two towns and drive.

Tour the most famous Australian road trip along  the Great Ocean Road .

Catch a Wave

Bondi Beach is world-famous for its picturesque sand and clear blue water. Catch a wave on a surf or bodyboard or simply enjoy the beach for what it is. If you really want an experience world-class waves to surf your way up the Gold Coast.

Take a surf lesson  at the famous Bondi Beach:

View Sydney from Above

Sydney Harbour is one of the world’s most iconic landmarks. Check out the busy city and bustling harbour by climbing to the top of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. The views of the city are sure to not disappoint! 

See it all in this  one-day Sydney itinerary .

Other Things to do in Australia

Swim with whale sharks . The Ningaloo Reef is the best place to swim with the gentle giants of the sea. A  trip of this kind  is not soon to be forgotten!

Explore the Blue Mountains . Just an hour outside of the busy streets of Sydney and you’ll find yourself  surrounded by pristine wilderness .

Head out on a vineyard tour . Australian wine is some of the best in the world and you can sample several as your  tour Margaret River .

Go Whale Watching.  It is mystical and spiritual to encounter massive whales in the wild. Enjoy an experience from  Hervey Bay  among others in Australia.

Skydive . Sure you won’t see the entire country. But if you skydive at  one of the most popular places  in Australia you will see Rottnest Island and the beautiful surrounding waters.

Climb Mount Kosciuszko . This mountain in mainland  Australia’s tallest peak  at just over 2,200 meters. Add it to the list of continental peaks you have to summit.

Sail around the Whitsunday Islands . These islands are among the most diverse in the world offering rainforest hikes, white sandy beaches and the Great Barrier Reef.  Touring these islands  is an absolute must.

Take the train across the country . Splurge on a little  scenic luxury trip  and enjoy the countryside of Australia as you zip around the country, er continent.

Take a tour of Kangaroo Island . The island is Australia’s third-largest and taking a tour will reveal that it is home to a variety of  animal species and a vast wilderness to explore .

Visit Wineglass Bay . There are many reasons to visit Tasmania and Wineglass Bay in Freycinet National Park is among the top. Be sure to give yourself enough time to explore the other  great places to see in Tasmania .

Search for pearls in the sea . So you may not find any of your own, but Broome has a thriving pearl industry in its pristine waters and you are welcome to  dive into the experience  of making the world your oyster.

Hike the Larapinta Trail . This trail is among the top trails in all of the world and traverses the Northern Territory out of Alice Springs. Be sure to  hike this trail  as it is growing in popularity year after year.

Visit the Sydney Opera House . Perhaps the most iconic image of Australia, aside from a cuddly koala or kangaroo, that you can tour or take photos of from seemingly anywhere in Sydney.

Be Sure to Check Out These Other Amazing Things to do in Australia

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Best Places to Visit in Australia

There are plenty of amazing places to visit in Australia. Depending on your interests, trip duration and time of year you will find plenty of things to do during any length of stay. 

Narrowing down the best places to travel in Australia is difficult. From picturesque beaches to arid desert, Australia offers a wide range of places to visit and things to see and do. 

Here are our top 5 places to visit in Australia. 

Here is where you will find Australia’s most famous landmarks such as the Sydney Opera, the Harbour Bridge and its surrounded by plenty of national parks if you want a change from the city scenery.

Be sure to add these  things to do in Sydney  to your itinerary.

The capital of Queensland and one of Australia’s largest cities, Brisbane is a highly sought after destination for those coming Down Under. The city is rich with history, a vibrant food scene, beautiful views and so much to do.

Start planning with these awesome  things to do in Brisbane .

Uluru is located in the centre of the country and is unique for being very isolated. Known for natural wonders such as the massive monolith Ayers Rock, Uluru is full of spectacular scenery and beautiful landscapes. 

See our guide on the  top things to do in Uluru .

Of all the cities in Australia, Melbourne is seen as the cultural one. It is full of international visitors and residents, which is surely a testament to its attractive vibe. The city is equally adored by patriotic Melbournians; they will be the first to tell you how amazing it is, and they are usually happy to impart details of their favourite spots.

Spend the perfect  3 days in Melbourne  with this itinerary.

Tasmania is especially well known for its natural beauty in breathtaking Freycinet National Park, the Bay of Fires and Cradle Mountain. Simply put, there are so many things to do in Tasmania!

Plan your trip with the best  2-week Tasmania itinerary .

For more information on specific things to do in the top places to visit in Australia, reference our following city travel guides: 

*  City Guide *  Itinerary *  Day Trips

*  City Guide * Itinerary *  Day Trips

*  City Guide * Itinerary * Day Trips

*  State Guide *  Places to Visit *  Itinerary *  Camping Guide

Gold Coast Adelaide Cairns Byron Bay Broome Noosa Blue Mountains Airlie Beach Kangaroo Island

Hervey Bay Esperance Fraser Island Port Stephens Great Ocean Road Uluru Exmouth Margaret River The Whitsundays Darwin

Be Sure to Check Out These Other Awesome Places to Visit in Australia .

Best Australia Travel Itinerary

Australia is huge and offers so many opportunities to explore its vastness. It would be easy to spend weeks or months in any one part of the country.

So trying to see the whole of Australia might seem overwhelming. 

Depending on how long you have to travel to Australia, where you plan to visit and what you plan to do, you have plenty of options.

We’ve put together a few  Australia itineraries  that are sure to leave you wanting for nothing at the end of your visit. 

2-Week Australia Travel Itinerary Highlights

If you only have 2 weeks you’re going to have to choose which side of Australia to visit and you’re going to miss out on a lot. But that’s OK because you can always plan a return trip!

The more popular side will be New South Wales + Queensland on the eastern shore of the continent. However, there is also plenty to see in Western Australia as well.

3-Weeks to 1 Month Australia Travel Itinerary Highlights

If you have between 3 weeks and a month to explore Australia then you can combine both the New South Wales + Queensland and Western Australia loops with some reasonably priced domestic flights to connect you in the bigger cities.

Additionally consider adding on the following cities/activities:

6 – 8 Weeks + Australia Travel Itinerary Highlights

Most people who travel to Australia will spend approximately 2 months visiting the country.

If you are trying to get a taste of the entire country, the quickest and most thorough way to see the country would be to follow this itinerary.

Australia Trip Planning

Best time to visit australia.

Australia is located in the Southern Hemisphere and thus has opposite seasons from most of the world. This can be confusing, so make sure to plan accordingly! 

Additionally, the country is so large and offers such varied climates and landscapes that the weather you experience depends on the region and time of year in which you’re travelling.

If you are planning to travel to Australia during summer (December – February), know that this is the most popular time to visit Australia.

But during fall and spring, the tourism and temperatures fall off. This makes this time of year perhaps the most ideal time to visit any place in Australia.

You can still enjoy most of the outdoor activities for which Australia is known without dealing with the large crowds and expenses of the busy tourist season.

This is also an ideal time to explore the Australian Outback or to swim with whale sharks along the western coast. 

If you are interested in winter sports, Australia also offers plenty of opportunities to ski and snowboard. You can find yourself in great ski slopes within a few hours of landing at the airport. 

So really Australia has it all! Depending on what you would like to see and do, you can plan to travel to Australia at any time of the year!

Australia Travel Budget Guideline

Travelling in Australia is not cheap, and many people are unprepared how expensive Australia really is.

However, if you plan accordingly you can find ways to have an amazing experience while not breaking the bank.

Be prepared with these Australia travel tips so that you do not end up spending more money than you should. 

Some of the average costs you can expect in Australia are as follows:

Note that transportation costs will vary by how much you intend to travel and these include budgeting for various domestic flights in addition to standard metro transportation.

Budgeting Tips:

Here are some of our tips for spending less when travelling in Australia:

• Cook as many of your meals as possible 
• Use local transport when available
• Couchsurf or look for AirBnB deals ( use our link to get $35 off your first Airbnb stay )
• Seek free wifi in public places
• Get a pre-paid phone plan from a supermarket. Telstra has the best coverage outside of major cities, but they are also the most expensive.
• Work for your room – some hostels let you work a couple of hours daily in exchange for free room
• Drink less (tough, we know!). The average price of a pint in Australia is AUD$8 -$9 and they can quickly add up!
• WWOOF – is a program that connects young travellers with organic farms. You work in exchange for free accommodation and board.

But there are a few things you should know about the different budgets at which you can choose to travel.

Note: Budgets shown as Single Traveller / Couples per day. 

Budget Traveller ($60-90 Single / $100+ Couples)

If you’re a backpacker and you stay in hostels, use local transport and cook many of your meals – you could plan to spend around AUD$60-90/per day.

Mid-Range Traveller ($100-200 Single / $150+ Couple)

Couples will share some expenses, such as accommodation, but will also incur more individual expenses.

To stay on a budget you will want to follow the general budgeting tips but also look to possibly purchase a used vehicle or campervan for longer trips to Australia.

This can combine your transportation and accommodation costs.

Luxury Traveller ($350+ Single / $500+ Couple)

You can spend as much as you want to spend when you travel to Australia.

It is likely the biggest difference in your budget will be upgrading your accommodation, adding a few extra drinks with your meals or nights out and catching flights around the country instead of overnight buses.

Getting to and Around Australia

As an island nation, Australia is most accessible from flights arranged from many of the larger cities of Europe, North America, Asia and South Africa.

But depending on where you are travelling from, expect to spend a fair amount on the plane ticket and quite a bit of time in the air.

Our best advice is to do research and buy your ticket as soon as possible. Booking several months in advance will provide you the most consistently lowest fares. 

Additionally, major airlines offer seasonal promotions and occasional discounts so stay alert!

One of the best ways to make sure you get the best deal is to sign up for email alerts to receive special offers from airlines such as Qantas, Virgin Australia, United and Delta.

It is also a good idea to browse for flights in incognito mode. Or alternatively, you can clear the cache in your browser periodically.

Many travel sites will charge you higher fares if they know you are visiting their sites frequently to search for flights. 

Google Flights also offers some of the best initial research for fares from your destination.

However, be sure to check fares directly with the airline as there may be unspecified fees and regulations not listed in the Google Flights results. 

Entry Requirements

You will need a visa to travel to Australia unless you are a citizen of New Zealand.

Most travellers to Australia will qualify for a free visa entitling them to stay in the country up to one year. 

Be sure to check  this list of eligible countries  to determine if you can apply online for your 3-month travel visa.

Getting Around Australia

Transportation in and around Australia is as varied as the country itself.

However, because it is so large you will likely experience a combination of transportation options wherever you plan to travel in Australia. 

Australia has a fantastic domestic air network that allows you to connect to points all across the country. Some of the airlines that offer great deals to hop across the continent include:

• Virgin Australia
• Tiger Airways

The wide selection in airlines and routes offers fairly competitive prices especially when it comes to the Sydney-Melbourne leg of travel.

If you’re flying out to a remote destination such as Uluru, Hamilton Island or Darwin – your best bet is to book well in advance. But then still expect fares to be a little pricey. 

If you have the time and want a truly unique experience you can cross the country  aboard the Indian Pacific railway .  Expect some of the best service, food and scenery you can imagine when travelling in Australia by train. 

This is the only way to cross the country by train. However, it is very expensive.

Bus is the best way to travel in Australia on a budget. Greyhound buses operate in most of the capital cities and will connect you to pretty much anywhere in the country you would like to go. 

The prices for intercity bus travel are modest. Additionally, many companies offer discounts for students. 

The bus is also a great way to travel in many of the larger cities.

Not only can you cover a lot of ground by using the public bus system in places like Sydney, Melbourne and Perth but also it will save you quite a bit of money to spend on other things. 

Rental Cars

If you’d like to travel in Australia at your own pace,  renting a car is your best option .

However, it can be pricey especially if you plan to pick up the vehicle in one city and drop it in another. 

But nothing will beat the freedom you have to go to the places you want to see and do them at your own pace. 

If you are really into exploring the country with the most amount of freedom,  consider renting a campervan .

Campervans combine the flexibility of driving at your own pace and itinerary with the freedom to stop and sleep pretty much anywhere along your journey.

Many campervans come fully equipped to be able to prepare your own meals and be self-sustainable for days on end as you explore the country. 

Petrol prices vary, depending on where you are travelling from. For example, they are lower than those in the UK and Europe, but higher than in many places in North and South America.

One thing to keep in mind is that distances between places in Australia are large. So it is very likely that you will be driving long distances while travelling in Australia.

The same vastness that makes a road trip across Australia seem daunting is the very reason to explore it by vehicle. Some of the best attractions are only reachable via car because they are remote and well off the beaten path.

Depending on how much time you are willing to commit to driving across the country, you could take weeks or months to absorb the landscape, wildlife and culture of the Australian people.

The best way to get around is to rent a car and explore on your own! We recommend  Rental Cars , which has the largest range of vehicles for the best value on the market.

Apps and Technology

Technology can help you stay safe and make the most of your travels to Australia.

Here are a few we think you should definitely acquaint yourself with prior to your travels:

• XE Currency  – Transfer, monitor and calculate currency as the need arises. This app may not be totally necessary as you are typically tied into rates the banks charge for services. But it is handy to have around. 
• Express VPN  – This will protect your sensitive information wherever you travel – not just in Australia. Be sure to have this to keep your online information secure as you travel. 
• The Happiest Hour  – This app helps you find the best drink deals wherever you are travelling in Australia
• BeachSafe  – Search every beach in Australia and know the hazards before you get in the water.
• Uber  – Yep, you know what to use Uber for. Catch rides in any major Australia city for a fraction of taxi fares.

Best Things to Eat in Australia

Australia has a variety of dishes to represent the varied cultural and historical aspects of the country.

While known more for its beer than its food, there are several types of food that you do not want to miss when travelling in Australia. 

Here are a few of the best options to explore: 

The Lamington –  This is the national cake of Australia. It is a square-shaped sponge cake that comes with chocolate icing and has coconut sprinkled all over it. Sometimes it has jam in the middle.

Vegemite on toast –  Vegemite is a brown food paste that doesn’t look appetising at all. But Australians swear on it. It is most popularly used like jam on toast.

Grilled Kangaroo –  While many people visit Australia to view wildlife such as kangaroo ,  it is also a pretty popular meal. While it tends to dry out so it’s usually cooked from rare to medium, it is delicious when served with rosemary, plums, oranges, peppers, juniper, garlic and red currant.

Meat pies –  Meat pies are every Australian’s favourite childhood snack. It is nearly always on the menu, whether it be as an appetiser at a restaurant, house party or sporting event. You’ll find meat pies usually served with mashed potatoes and gravy.

Fish & Chips –  One thing is for sure, Australia has plenty of fresh, delicious fish to create this traditional meal. Regardless of what part of the country you visit, it’s likely you’ll find this plate anywhere in Australia to compliment a nice cold beer. 

Places to Stay in Australia

Australia has a variety of types of accommodations for which you will find suitable for most budgets. In general, expect to pay more for a night in Australia than most other countries in the world.

But for what you are searching, it is likely you will find the perfect place and price.

Types of Accommodations

As in nearly all other places in the world, accommodation is Australia is varied and depends on your desires, budget and location.

When travelling in Australia you can find accommodation that ranges from bed and breakfasts to hotels, hostels and homestays. 

Australian Bed & Breakfast & Guesthouses

You can find family-run guesthouses popping up all over Australia. They can vary a lot by style, from converted barns, bungalows to townhouses.

Rates vary as well depending on the location of the guesthouse and facilities offered.

They offer reasonably priced comfortable rooms and you can also enjoy the family feel, the home-cooked dinners and rely on information provided by the owners.

Hostels are the most popular way for budget travellers to find accommodation while travelling in Australia. However, they are no longer just for students and younger people.

Many hostels in the country offer the kind of amenities that attract people from all walks of life. Usually, they offer shared dorms, cooking facilities, communal area with TV, 24-hour reception and laundry facilities. 

Additionally, hostels are a great way to meet people and learn about other places to visit and things to do in Australia. 

Hotels can be considerably expensive in Australia. Even ones that are not deemed as luxury or boutique hotels can carry a pretty heavy cost. 

If you’re looking for maximum comfort then staying in a hotel is the right choice. But be prepared to shell out for that comfort when travelling in Australia. 

Camping & Caravan Parks

One of the most popular ways to see Australia is to travel by camper van.

Rent a camper or a caravan and you can go camping anywhere! Whether it be in national parks or outside of the city limits.

The best thing is that you will be able to experience the country more fully and save money that you’d otherwise spend on accommodation.

Another good option in recent years is AirBnB, and there are more and more amazing places popping up to stay for very affordable prices every day.

As is typical in many destinations where Airbnb accommodations are popping up, you’ll likely find great value and a little more personal space with an Airbnb stay. 

If you’re looking for an awesome place to stay in the area, we personally love using Airbnb. If you’ve never used the platform before,  sign up using this link to get USD$35 off your first booking .

Australia Travel Tips

General australia travel tips.

While there are  many basic travel tips  we suggest you use when travelling to Australia, there is also plenty of Australia-specific tips that will make your visit the best it can be. 

Here are a few we recommend you consider as you plan your trip to visit Australia: 

• Time . One of the most common mistakes that first time travellers make is trying to experience Australia within 2-3 weeks. This is a continent not just a country. It is best to choose just two or three areas to focus on your first visit. Otherwise, you will risk spending most of your holiday in transit.
• Cost . Australia is very expensive, make sure to either cut down your costs or apply one of our tips to get a decently priced accommodation – also make sure to bring twice as much money than how much you originally intended to.
• Tipping . Tipping for services in Australia is not mandatory and most of them are not used to it. Only tip if you exceptionally enjoyed the service.
• Sun Protection . The sun is very harsh – pack a lot of sunscreens!
• Distances . The distances between major cities are bigger than in Europe or the US. Once you’re out of the city you already feel like you’re in the wild!
• Seasons . Australia is in the southern hemisphere which means that all seasons are completely opposite of the northern hemisphere. That’s true for the southern part of the country but not the north. Which in returns means that it’s ideal to visit Sydney from November – April but it’s the exact opposite if they want to visit the Great Barrier Reef!

READ MORE: Our comprehensive list of Australia travel tips to make your journey safer, more enjoyable and more affordable!

Australia Packing List

We always travel with a  core packing list  wherever we go. And when it comes to Australia, many factors will affect what else you need to bring along with you. 

Check out our  travel essentials  and be sure to add any of the other additional items listed below. 

Staying Safe in Australia

Generally speaking, Australia is regarded as a very safe country.

The crime rates are pretty low and if by any chance tourists end up being victims of crime it’s usually a case of pickpocketing.

In big cities such as Sydney and Melbourne you should take the usual precautions:

• Do not walk alone at night in poorly lit areas
• Don’t leave your valuables unattended
• Don’t carry your wallet in your back pocket

The biggest danger when travelling in Australia actually comes from natural hazards and animals.

Every year dozens of tourists drown on one of Australia’s busy beaches because of strong waves and riptides. Wildlife attacks account for a handful more incidents. 

But in general, you should feel very safe when you travel to Australia. 

Medical System in Australia

The public health care system in Australia is called Medicare. Australian hospitals are renowned for world-class medical facilities and the highest standards of care.

The Australian government has Reciprocal Healthcare Agreements with a  couple of countries  which allow travellers access to subsidised health services.

Since there’s always a risk from natural hazards, dangerous animals and simple accidents while exploring the country, it is always advised to buy travel insurance.

Travel insurance  will cover loss, theft, accidents and various medical problems.

It is especially recommended if you plan on doing activities that carry a certain degree of risk such as scuba diving, travelling to remote areas, bushwalking etc.

Staying Connected in Australia

Staying connected in Australia is harder than you think it would be. The country is known for abysmally slow internet.

So if you’re trying to keep up with work while you are on the road, it may be a bit difficult.

But there are definitely economical ways to stay connected while you travel in Australia.

We feel like your money will go a lot further if you consider a few other options. 

Good Idea: Rent a Portable WiFi Device

There are a variety of portable WiFi device rental companies throughout Australia.

Most plans include unlimited data use – although this is typically limited 4G which then reduces to 3G after some small consumption.

Remember that the internet in Australia is notoriously slow so be patient and prepared to spend around $5 -$10 per day for the services.

Reserve your  mobile WiFi device .

Better Idea: Access Free WiFI

One of the best, and certainly the most affordable, ways to stay connected when you travel to Australia is by taking advantage of the many free WiFi hotspots throughout the country.

Of course, these are most commonly found in densely populated cities and at private establishments like McDonald’s.

But if you time your desire to surf the web with the need to grab a bite to eat or a cup of joe then it will still likely work out cheaper than either purchasing a SIM card or renting a mobile WiFi device.

Best Idea: Purchase a SIM Card

SIM Cards make staying connected during international travel much easier. You can purchase prepaid SIM cards in Australia to use in any unlocked mobile device.

These will give you the greatest flexibility in staying connected while you travel.

Purchase a  SIM card today .

Be a Responsible Traveller in Australia

As with most countries, when travelling to Australia there are several things you can do to be a responsible traveller.

Consider the following:

• Mind your use of plastics. This includes straws, bags and bottles. Consider carrying a reusable straw, waterbottle and bags for shopping.
• Buy local. Supporting smaller merchants helps local economies.
• Choose sustainable tour operators. This is especially true for all tours into nature preserves, those that deal with animals, or those that will take you to enjoy the Great Barrier Reef.
• Leave it better than you found it. Pack out any of your waste, mind the local rules, stay on trails and don’t touch or feed the wild animals.
• Avoid activities that involve touching wild animals. If a tour has to. pursue an animal in the wild, it is likely presenting more harm and discomfort to the animal than if you are approached by the animal.

Books to Read About Australia

You’ve seen Crocodile Dundee and think you know everything about Australia? Chances are you don’t!

But even if you are well-read, here are a few suggestions that might be worth your time while you’re on the plane to Australia. 

• The Songlines  (Bruce Chatwin) – Set in the Australian Outback, this novel documents the source of the “Dreaming Tracks” of the Aborigines.  Buy here .
• The Secret River  (Kate Grenville) – Historical fiction about the settlement of New South Wales by an English convict in the early 1800s as part of his sentence.  Buy on Amazon .
• In A Sunburned Country  (Bill Bryson) – Half scientific, half anecdotal account of the famous writer who set out to explore all of the wilderness of life in Australia.  Buy on Amazon .
• The True History of the Kelly Gang  (Peter Carey) – A historical fiction tale about the famous Ned Kelly from the perspective of letters written to his young daughter while he was on the run.  Buy on Amazon .
• The Harp In The South  (Ruth Park) – An Australian classic about life in Sydney during the Great Depression.  Buy on Amazon.

Booking Resources

I know, I know – we’ve already mentioned these resources a bunch in this travel guide.

But here’s the thing… we know you’re going to want and need these resources to help you save money and have a more enjoyable trip! 

DISCLAIMER:  Some of the links in this article are affiliate links, which means if you book accommodation, tours or buy a product, we will receive a small commission at no extra cost to you. These commissions help us keep creating more free travel content to help people plan their holidays and adventures. We only recommend the best accommodations, tours and products that ourselves or our fantastic editorial team have personally experienced, and regularly review these. Thanks for your support, kind friend!

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Read our australia posts, grampians walks – ultimate guide to the best hikes [2024], the 18 best lamington national park walks, queensland, the 6 best nsw road trips – epic drive itineraries [2024 edition], 7 day gold coast itinerary (2024 guide), the perfect sydney itinerary for 3-5 days, the ultimate western australia road trip itinerary, mt field national park – travel guide and itinerary [2024], the ultimate travel guide to the tasman peninsula [2024], queensland road trips – 11 best drive itineraries [2024], the perfect 1, 2 or 3 week australia itinerary [2024], climbing mount kosciuszko – the roof of australia, the ultimate guide to the 10 best kiama beaches.

The land down under may seem like a world away, but it’s a dynamic destination that caters to music lovers and fashionistas, urban adventurers and discerning gastronomes, the nature-intrigued and seasoned outdoors explorers. Now reopen to international travelers, Australia beckons with all that it offers. You may come for the very great barrier reef in Queensland and discover scuba diving led by Indigenous guides; or pair Victoria’s ski scene with its wine scene. Maybe you should consider a longer trip...

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When’s the best time to go to Australia?

It’s hard to find a wrong time to visit Australia. Winter is June to August, when most of Australia hits a low season. This is the time to ski in the Kosciusko National Park or on Victoria’s Mount Hotham. It’s also the best time to visit northern Australia.

Between May and September the Northern Territory, northwestern Australia, and Queensland offer ideal weather. In summer, these areas swelter, either too humid or too hot, inciting some travelers to make a U-turn to more friendly climes down south.

From September to May, southern Australia is at its peak. Every other traveler looking for antipodean escapades arrives at this time of year, but there’s plenty of land to go around. December to February have most Sydneysiders and Melbournians pumping up the air-conditioning, while braver tourists define new tan lines on Bondi and Manly beaches.

How to get around Australia

They don’t call Australia “the land down under” for nothing. It’s a long flight from just about anywhere. And once you’re here, the various must-see destinations are spread over vast distances, so some logistical planning is necessary.

As of 2022, there were nine nonstop inbound flights to Australia from the U.S., stopping in Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, or Perth. Interstate flights are easily accomplished via Qantas, Jetstar, Tiger, and Virgin.

To see the whole continent in under a month is a serious undertaking and will involve trains, planes, a few automobiles, boats, and a ferry or two.

A less daunting project would be to take on the East Coast in one trip, spending time in Sydney and Melbourne, exploring Adelaide and the Great Ocean road by car, taking a car-ferry or flight to Tasmania, popping in to Canberra, and jetting up to Queensland for the tropical experience.

Western Australia is simple to navigate by train, car, or tour bus, but don’t even think about going into the outback alone in summer.

The interior outback, known as the Red Center, is best reached by organized tour, available as luxury excursions, adventure operations, backpacker units, and every other imaginable collective. You can take four-wheel-drives off road, but carry water (five liters per day, per person), bring a high-frequency radio transceiver, and be sure to respect Aboriginal sacred land, national park rules, and animal crossings at dusk and dawn. (Neither party comes out well from an on-road clash with a large kangaroo.)

Food and drink to try in Australia

Foreigners’ overused jokey adage to “throw another shrimp on the barbie” no longer sticks. First of all, Australians call them prawns. Second, Australian gastronomy has surpassed the humble barbecue. It remains a happy summer stalwart in backyards across the country, but what happens elsewhere is more interesting. The country’s food scene has been largely overlooked abroad, and for the most part the global food media have shunned Australia’s culinary experience, focusing instead on its cuddly native critters and extraordinary landscapes. It’s also true that the nation’s food culture is really coming of age. What was a less than inspiring restaurant scene just a couple of decades ago has blossomed in recent years. Restaurants such as Attica, Quay, Sepia, and Flower Drum can stand up to the world’s best.

Culture in Australia

The new year kicks off the traditional cycle, and less than a month later the country celebrates Australia Day. Officially it marks the anniversary of the arrival of the British in Sydney on January 26, 1788. Mindful of the original inhabitants of the land, the day is now simply a celebration of being Australian. Folks light the barbecue, play cricket on the beach, and take to the outdoors. Every happy Australian stereotype comes out on one glorious public holiday. Parties don’t come much more mind-blowing than the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras Parade , the biggest of its kind in the world. Go along to cheer on the sequined, feathered, Lycra-wearing ensemble as they celebrate equal rights.

Hippies, rockers, folk fans, indie types, country listeners, jazz groovers: There are festivals across Australia for every sort of music lover. Travel north to Byron Bay to revel in the stunning bushland setting of Splendor in the Grass , and go to Victoria for the Falls Festival , relocated from Tasmania following a two-year pandemic hiatus. See where Keith Urban started his career at the Tamworth Country Music Festival . There’s Tropfest for film lovers, and the Sydney, Melbourne, or Byron Bay Writers Festivals for the more literary.

Local travel tips for Australia

Australia is a wide, stunning, varied land. To travel around it well requires great research and good advice. Locals love nothing better than spouting off about their favorite places, the best eats, the must-nots and must-dos. “Shout” (buy) a local a beer and you’ll get better insider advice than you could from a guidebook, and probably a really good laugh.

Guide Editor

Kate Gibbs and Laura Dannen Redman

Australia Travel Guide

Your ultimate australia travel guide, with tips, and things to see and things to do in australia. great for first-time and returning travelers..

G’Day Mate! Known for its teeming natural and cultural treasures, The Land Down Under has the perfect something for every type of traveler.

There are so many great things to do in Australia .

Relax on the gorgeous beaches along its extensive coastline; embark on an exciting adventure, like going on on a walkabout.

Or try Great White Shark cage diving, or head on over to the cosmopolitan cities of Sydney and/or Melbourne to enjoy shopping, fine dining, and a budding art scene.

This Australia travel guide and list of things to do will help you plan your next vacation.

The only problem with scouring through this Australia travel guide is that once you visit this massive island continent, you might not want to leave!

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Fast Facts about Australia

• Australian power voltage is 230 V 50 Hz; Power sockets I
• The local currency is the Australian Dollar (AUD) and is around 1.20 AUD to 1 USD
• Bush fires are common in Australia from late spring to summer; during this period please observe simple safety precautions. Make sure to research risks before travelling and when camping, use only designated fireplaces, while also complying with road warning signs and fire bans.
• The emergency services (police, fire, ambulance) number in Australia (equivalent to 911 in North America), is  000 (Zero-Zero-Zero)
• You can rent a mobile phone from such providers as RebelFone, Vodafone Rental, Landwide and Cellhire. 
• In general, if you do not already have a GSM phone,  it is less expensive to rent a phone for short stays.

Things to See and Do in Australia

• Take a Helicopter Ride over the Great Barrier Reef  – A flight over the reef gives you the opportunity to appreciate just how massive this system is.
• Paddle Board in the Oldest Rainforest on Earth  – What better way to spend an afternoon than a lazy float along the river?
• See the wildlife of Kangaroo Island 
• Take Flight on a Hot Air Balloon –   Step back in time and fly high in the sky as you take in sunrise over the Gold Coast. As you fly over farmland and wide open spaces you’ll spy kangaroos and finish off with a champagne breakfast at a local vineyard.
• Fly over the Flinders Ranges to view the spectacular Wilpena Pound
• Swim with some Great Whites – jump into the water with some of the most majestic creatures of the ocean world.
• Take a Dolphin Swim in Shark Country  – get up close and personal with the dolphins of Baird Bay, but don’t stray too far from the guide!
• Take the Ultimate Scuba Adventure  – explore this underwater paradise by joining one of the many dive expeditions that explore the reef system on a daily basis. From snorkeling near the safety of a pontoon on the inner reefs to extreme exposed ocean diving out at Osprey Reef, there’s something for everyone to enjoy.

More Australia Travel Guides

• Kangaroo Island Wildlife Sanctuaries
• 12 Amazing Australian Wildlife Experiences
• 23 of the Most Iconic Places to Visit in Australia
• Maria Island – Escape from Civilization in Australia
• Koala Sanctuary – Cuteness in South Australia
• Things to do in Brisbane – Everything You Need to Know

Accommodation

Budget : Hostels in Australia typically go for $20 – $25 AUD per night. But hostels can go as high as $100 AUD per night for a double room.  Wake Up Sydney  is a popular hostel

You can get private rooms in other hostels for around $50 UAD

Mid Rang e – You can get budget hotels around Australia for $150 AUD. They typically have basic amenities but are clean and modern and include free WiFi.

High End  – Australia has some beautiful luxury accommodation around the country. From rainforest retreats to coastal estates. Prices can go for thousands of dollars per night, but you can get a luxury hotel for $300-$500 AUD

• Check out our favorite booking platforms Booking.com , Tripadvisor and VRBO for the best deals on accommodation.

Food : Australia has a wide variety of eateries including fast food, but it is all pricey. The good news is you don’t have to tip in Australia. But expect to pay $20 a meal so budget at least $50 AUD for food per day in Australia.

• Kangaroo meat can be purchased from the supermarket, butcher and is available on restaurant menus as a leaner and healthier alternative to beef or lamb with a 1-2 percent fat content.
• Vegemite, try some!  This yeast spread has the same consistency as peanut butter and is an Australian food staple
• Fun Fact:  Australia’s former Prime Minister held the Guinness World Record for beer chugging.

The Best Ways to Get Around Australia

Getting to australia:.

Getting to Australia:  Australia’s major airports are Sydney, Melbourne, Perth and Brisbane.

Airline fly direct from London, South East Asia and the West Coast of Canada and the United States – Vancouver and Los Angeles

Flights:   You can check for the best flights to Australia on   Skyscanner .

Transportation:

Australia is a huge country and getting around can take time. We flew between states to get from one city to another with Virgin, Air New Zealand and Quantas.

Buses : Buses are a cheap way to travel between cities. Greyhound is the main busline. But be prepared for long journeys.

Taxis:   Taxis start at $4.00 AUD depending on the city. (ranges from $3.50 – $5.00) and then charge 1.50 to $3.00 depending on the city. Check out  NUMBEO  for up to date fares.

Car Rental:   Car rentals are the best option for traveling around Australia. Campervans and Caravanning is still a very popular way to explore the continent. Prices for car rentals start at $25 per day and can go up to $100 per day for a premium car. We’ve used  VroomVroomVroom  when traveling Australia. You can also compare  prices here .

Many people purchase a van to travel around Australia and it is a great option to have the freedom to take your time and save money.

Uber:  We have used Uber in Australia and it is an excellent option.

When to go To Australia

Australia has reasonable weather all year round. It is a large country though, so you want to check out each place region by region.

Some part of Australia have tropical or Mediterranean climates, while others are desert and temporal. Northern states are typically warm year-round with two seasons: wet or dry. Southern states have cooler winters.

Australia seasons are the opposite of North America and Europe: December to February: summer. March to May: autumn; June to August: winter; and September to November: spring. We always suggest traveling during shoulder season for cheaper prices and fewer crowds.

Queensland has two seasons, wet and dry. Wet runs from Nov-April and Dry is May-Oct Queensland is split up between two climates the Tropical North and Temporal Queensland. The wet season is hot and humid and you can expect tropical thunderstorms and even hurricanes. That said, we traveled to Queensland in Feb and had mostly sunny skies with just short, intense rains each day. There are far fewer tourists during the rainy season and we found our travels to be very pleasant. See all the things to do in Brisbane The dry season is still hot but there is less humidity: 28 degrees Celcius, (84 Fahrenheit) but nights are cooler. Swimming is better at this time of year with less chance of crocodiles and jellyfish. Crowds are much worse and rates are higher. So it is a trade-off.

South Australia

This is the driest state in the country and it is very large. The hottest and driest months are during the summer in Jan-Feb Late Feb-March is the best time to visit the Capital City of Adelaide Adelaide has wet winters. Summer and high season here is Dec – Feb with an average temperature of 28 degrees Celcius, (84 Fahrenheit) Spring and Autumn are best for shoulder season March-May and Sept – November, temperatures are pleasant and there are fewer crowds March-May is another great shoulder season travel time with temperatures dropping in 15 degrees Celcius (60 Fahrenheit) South Australia has a large portion of the outback in its borders and travel in shoulder season is much more pleasant than the hot summers

New South Wales, Sydney

Sydney typically sees 340 sunny days a year, so you can’t go wrong anytime. Summer and high season here is Dec – Feb with an average temperature of 28 degrees Celcius, (84 Fahrenheit) Spring and Autumn are best for shoulder season March-May and Sept – November, temperatures are pleasant and there are fewer crowds March-May is another great shoulder season travel time with temperatures dropping in 15 degrees Celcius (60 Fahrenheit) South Australia has a large portion of the outback in its borders and travel in shoulder season is much more pleasant than the hot summers

Melbourne  possibly has the most changeable weather in Australia. March-May  is the best time to visit with a lot of festivals going on. It’s shoulder season right after summer. Sept – Nov  is second best. Temperatures are more moderate at these times of the year. Dec-Feb  is summer and is peak season in Victoria. Temperatures are hot and the crowds are dense. Imagine having to jockey for a position to see the twelve apostles. That said, we visited Victoria in January and by doing the  Great Ocean Walk,  we avoided all crowds as we hiked the coast for four days. Go during shoulder season  and you’ll be happier. June – August –  unlike other cities in Australia – Melbourne is cold and dreary during the winter months.

Ayers Rock is a popular stop on the tourist trail. It’s at the top end of Australia and season are a bit different here. Ayers Rock Wet season : October to April Dry Season : May to September Winter  can fall below freezing at night and summer can go above 100 degrees Fahrenheit.

Where to Stay in Australia

• Gold Coast –  Peppers Beach Club
• Sydney –  Grace Hotel
• Melbourne –  Travelodge South Bank
• Daintree Rainforest – Silky Oaks Lodge
• Brisbane –  Spicer’s Balfour
• Brisbane –  Regatta Boutique Hotel

Australia Accommodation Guides

• Where To Stay In Melbourne – A Guide To The Best Neighborhoods
• 18 Great Things to do in Queensland, Australia

What to Pack for Australia

Due to the sheer size of the continent, the weather in Australia varies significantly depending on where you want to travel.

Northern states experience warm weather year-round while the southern states experience cooler winters.

Australia is also one of the driest continents on the earth with an average annual rainfall of fewer than 600 millimeters.

Remember that Australia’s seasons are opposite to those in the northern hemisphere! 

• Pack  sunscreen  –  Australian sun is very strong. Always wear a shirt, hat, sunglasses, and SPF 30+ sunscreen lotion, even on cloudy days. 
• Layers – When traveling to different climates remember that layering is the key to effortlessly transitioning from cold to hot climates or vice versa.
• Bug spray –  mosquitoes and sand gnats are a nuisance that can be prevented with bug spray and a handy mosquito net. If you visit the Outback, the latter is a must-have. Ticks are also common in the wilderness and, should you be bitten, a pair of tweezers will enable you to remove the pest from your skin. 
• First Aid Kit – You may be traveling to remote areas, so have a good stocked first aid kit
• Hiking Gear –  for travelers heading up to the Northern Territory, consider packing hiking shoes/trainers, a hat and a water bottle. Also, pack clothes that you don’t mind getting dirty (due to the red dirt of the desert) and avoid packing light colors.
• See our packing tips for travel for all  travel gear, camera gear  and  clothing  we pack for travel.

See our packing tips:  packing tips.

• Sun is the biggest factor for safety. Drink plenty of fluids, wear sunscreen or sun hats and stay covered up.
• Beaches have a lot of rips and currents so always swim between the flags so lifeguards can see you.
• Swimming on the beaches of Tropical Queensland can have a risk of Crocodiles Talk to locals and follow the signs.
• Avoid swimming at mouths of rivers where crocodiles like to hang out.
• Deadly stingers are a real threat at certain times of the year (Nov-April)
• When bushwalking – wear long pants and high hiking boots to avoid snake bites
• When driving through the outback make sure your vehicle is in good shape and have extra food and water.

Australia Travel Guide: Best Booking Resources

Whenever we travel to we make sure to start with these companies. We have tried a lot of different ones over the years and all of these have consistently proven to be the best when it comes to offering great prices.

We have used every one of these personally and continue to do so.

• Booking.com : This is our go site to when comparing prices for accommodation. It usually has the cheapest prices, especially in Europe and we love their interface. Not to mention you get free cancellation and you are guaranteed the best price.
• Trip Advisor :  What we like about Trip Advisor is that we can look at all the reviews and then book our accommodation. TripAdvisor is where we go when we want to compare prices with multiple accommodation providers.
• VRBO : is the main search engine we use when we are looking for a home or apartment rental. It can sometimes be cheaper than hotels and it is the best way to stay in areas that offer a more local feel.
• Hostelworld :  With one of the largest databases of hostels in the world, Hostelworld is the go-to site when you are looking for budget accommodation.
• Skyscanner : This is the first place we check for flights. It consistently comes back with the cheapest and best options. It allows us to compare a lot of airlines to get the best price.
• Rome 2 Rio :  If you want to see how to get somewhere by plane, train, bus, ferry or car Rome2Rio lays it all out for you as well as related costs.I love how they show it all to you on a Google Map and it works offline.
• Get Your Guide:  For all your day trip and city guide needs, we use Get Your Guide. It has the world’s largest collection of things to do with more than 30,000 activities in 7500 destinations.
• World Nomads Insurance:  When traveling to Italy you should always have travel insurance. We have found the best bang for your buck is by far World Nomads.

Australia Travel Guide: Related Articles

To browse all our articles and guides about Australia  click here.

Australian Food: 24 Australian Dishes You Have to Try

The Best Things to do in Melbourne, Australia

10 Fun Facts About Australia

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Whether you are a local looking for a new adventure or a traveler planning your dream trip, our website is the perfect destination for all things Australian. Australia is a vast and diverse country, known for its stunning natural landscapes, unique wildlife, rich history, and vibrant culture. From the bustling cities of Sydney and Melbourne to the rugged outback and pristine beaches, Australia has something for everyone.

We are here to help you discover the best of Australia, with insider information on where to stay, where to eat, and what to see. We have carefully curated a collection of the most exciting and authentic experiences, from hidden gem cafes to world-famous landmarks, and everything in between.

Whether you are looking for adventure, relaxation, or a little bit of both, we are your ultimate resource for discovering the best that Australia has to offer. So what are you waiting for? Let's start exploring!

Things to do in Australia

We specialize in creating unforgettable experiences for adventurous travelers in Australia. Australia is a vast and diverse continent, offering a wide range of thrilling outdoor activities and breathtaking natural wonders. Whether you're seeking the adrenaline rush of skydiving or the peaceful tranquility of hiking through ancient rainforests, our expert team of travel advisors can help you plan the perfect adventure itinerary. From Tasmania to Gold Coast, from sea level to the highest elevation of Mount Kosciuszko, we have something for you to do!

Unforgettable nature tours for travelers who want to explore the breathtaking natural beauty of Australia. From the rugged mountains of the Great Dividing Range to the stunning coastlines of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia is home to some of the most spectacular landscapes on Earth. Our team will take you off the beaten path to discover hidden gems, and immerse you in the unique flora and fauna of this amazing continent. Join us as we explore the best nature tours in Australia, and discover the wonders that await you in this awe-inspiring land.

Relaxation experiences for travelers seeking a peaceful getaway in Australia. Australia offers a range of stunning locations perfect for unwinding and disconnecting from the stresses of everyday life. From idyllic beaches to tranquil rainforests and spa retreats, we have something for everyone looking for rest and rejuvenation. Our team of experienced travel advisors can help you find the perfect spot to relax and recharge, and ensure that every detail of your trip is taken care of. 

With its diverse landscapes, fascinating wildlife, and vibrant culture, Australia is the perfect destination for families looking to create lifelong memories together. Our expert team of travel advisors can help you plan a family trip that caters to everyone's interests and needs, from thrilling outdoor activities to kid-friendly attractions and educational experiences. Whether you want to explore the outback, visit the iconic Sydney Opera House, or meet kangaroos and koalas up close, we can help you create a trip that will delight and inspire every member of your family. 

Join us as we explore some of the most exciting things to do in Australia and discover why this incredible country is a must-visit destination for adventure seekers from around the world.

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Things To Know About Australia

Geography Of Australia

Australia is a large island continent located in the Southern Hemisphere. It's the sixth largest country of the world and it consists of six different states; Northern Territory, South Australia, Western Australia, New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria as well as two mainland territories, Australian Capital Territory and Jervis Bay Territory. The total land area of Australia is 7,682,300 sq km and its coastline measures 25000km long.

The northern part of Australia has tropical climates while southern parts are temperate with mild winters. The Great Barrier Reef runs along the east coast which contains a variety of marine life making it one of the most popular tourist spots in the country. There are many national parks around Australia where you can find unique wildlife species such as koalas, kangaroos and emus.

Australia also has some major cities including Sydney – the largest city and capital of New South Wales - Melbourne in Victoria , Brisbane in Queensland , Perth in Western Australia , Adelaide in South Australia . All these cities offer amazing cultural experiences for tourists and locals alike. As you can see there is much to explore when looking at geography of this wonderful country!

Climate Of Australia

The vast expanse of Australia's geography is juxtaposed with the great diversity in its climate. In the northern region, tropical conditions prevail near Papua New Guinea and Northern Territory. Further south on the continent lies The Gold Coast, a temperate zone known for its mild winters and hot summers. Central areas like Alice Springs are dominated by arid deserts while further east to the island of New Caledonia experiences subtropical climates year round.

In general, most parts of Australia experience warm temperatures throughout the summer months from December to February when highs can reach up to 40°C (104oF). Winters tend to be milder but still bring cool nights and days across much of mainland Australia as well as some snowfall in mountainous regions. Rainfalls also vary significantly across different parts of Australia ranging from heavy rains along coastal strips to dry spells inland where drought-like conditions can occur regularly.

Australia has experienced severe weather events such as extreme heatwaves or bushfires that have caused significant damage over vast areas at times due to strong winds and lack of moisture. Such disasters highlight how important it is for communities living in these regions to remain vigilant and prepared for any kind of natural hazard they may face each season. With an understanding of their local climate, Australians are better able equip themselves with knowledge about how best handle certain situations.

Population Of Australia

Australia is home to a diverse population of people, with many different backgrounds and cultures. Travelling around the country reveals this diversity in its most vivid form - from the big cities to remote outback communities. To understand Australia’s population, it’s important to look at three key factors: size, composition and distribution.

In terms of size, Australia currently has an estimated population of 25 million people. This number is expected to continue growing over the next few decades as more immigrants move into the country from overseas. The growth rate remains relatively low compared with other countries but still contributes significantly to the overall population numbers.

The composition of Australia’s population is also diversified. About 70% are born in Australia while 28% come from overseas origins such as India, China and New Zealand. In addition, almost one-third identify as Indigenous Australians or Torres Strait Islanders – descendants of pre-colonial aboriginal inhabitants who have lived on the land for thousands of years before European settlement began in 1788.

Finally, looking at geographic distribution shows that majority (68%) live in urban areas along coastal regions; only 3% reside in rural or remote locations across mainland territory. This uneven spread makes access to resources and services challenging for those living away from major metropolitan hubs like Sydney and Melbourne. Nonetheless, these far-flung places remain some of the best spots for visitors seeking an authentic Australian experience off the beaten track!

Culture Of Australia

Australia is a country with a rich and vibrant culture that has been shaped by its long history of Indigenous peoples. Like the land itself, Australia's culture is vast and varied - from traditional Aboriginal songlines to contemporary art galleries, there are limitless opportunities for exploration. The unique blend of cultures present in Australia make it an exciting place to discover new experiences.

The diverse range of cultural influences can be seen everywhere in Australian society: films, music, food, language and literature all reflect this eclectic mix. Even the nation's iconic sporting events draw on both indigenous and non-indigenous traditions. From didgeridoo performances at AFL matches to bush tucker being served up in cricket grounds, Australians celebrate their heritage through these activities.

No matter where you travel within Australia, you will find evidence of the country’s cultural diversity – whether it's attending one of the many festivals held throughout the year or simply admiring public artworks around cities and towns. With such a wealth of fascinating customs and traditions to explore, Australia certainly lives up to its reputation as ‘the lucky country’!

Wildlife Of Australia

Australia is home to a rich variety of wildlife. There are over 400 species of mammals, 800 species of birds, 300 species of lizards and more than 140 species of snakes in Australia. It's also known for its many marsupials, including koalas, kangaroos and wombats. The Australian outback is full of wild dingoes, which were introduced by Aboriginal people thousands of years ago.

In addition to land-based animals, the waters around Australia support a range of marine life. This includes whales, dolphins, sharks and other fish that can be seen during whale watching tours or when snorkeling along the coast. One of the most iconic aquatic creatures in Australia is the Great Barrier Reef – one of the world’s largest coral reefs teeming with colourful sea life such as turtles, clownfish and octopuses. List of top animals to look for: kangaroo, koala, wombat, echidna, platypus, dingo, wallaby, emu, kookaburra, goanna, crocodile, snake, lizard, turtle, dolphin, shark, and stingray or ray.

Australia has some unique conservation initiatives too such as national parks dedicated to preserving natural habitats for endangered species like the Tasmanian devil and dugong. These efforts help ensure that this beautiful country continues to thrive for generations to come. 

Economy Of Australia

Australia has a prosperous and diversified economy, which is largely driven by the service industry. It's one of the world’s largest economies in terms of gross domestic product (GDP). In recent years, it's achieved strong economic growth and low unemployment rate due to its sound macroeconomic policies.

The country is also rich in natural resources such as iron ore, coal, gold, copper and bauxite. These minerals are exported around the world and have become key drivers of Australia’s economy. Moreover, agriculture is an important sector providing employment and export opportunities for Australians. Major products include grains, meats, dairy products and wool among others.

Tourism is another major contributor to the Australian economy. The iconic sites like Sydney Opera House or Great Barrier Reef attract millions of visitors each year increasing income from tourism services significantly. This revenue provides jobs for citizens as well as additional funds for infrastructure development in local communities such as roads, schools etc.

Overall, Australia has a robust economy that can sustain itself even during times of global economic uncertainty thanks to its thriving industries and reliable sources of income from exports and tourism.

Government Of Australia

History of australia.

Australia's history is long and storied, full of tales of courage and perseverance. From its first inhabitants to the start of European settlement, it has been a land that has seen dramatic changes throughout time.

To begin with, Australia was inhabited by Indigenous Australians for an estimated 50-60 thousand years before Europeans arrived in 1788. The Aborigines were nomadic hunter-gatherers who followed the seasonal cycles of their environment. They developed unique cultures, traditions, languages and beliefs that still exist today in some form or another.

Europeans began colonizing the continent as part of British colonization efforts during the late eighteenth century. This brought about a large influx of settlers from Britain and Ireland looking for new opportunities. These people had to adjust to life on this strange new land while also learning how to live among the native peoples they encountered there. Over time, these two groups began to blend together forming what would eventually become modern day Australia.

Today, Australia is home to over 25 million people representing many different ethnicities and cultures all living side by side in relative harmony; a vibrant testament to our collective resilience as well as our capacity for adaptation and change. With such diversity at its core, it's no wonder that this country continues to be one of the most progressive places in the world.

Tourism In Australia

Australia is a popular tourist destination for people from all over the world. With its stunning landscapes, diverse culture and vibrant cities – it's no wonder why! From the Great Barrier Reef to Uluru (Ayers Rock), there are so many incredible places to explore in Australia. Places like Tasmania, Gold Coast, Sydney and an array of other islands in the area offer visitors unmatched beauty.

The country has something for everyone; whether you're looking for adventure or relaxation, there's plenty of options available. There are countless activities on offer such as surfing, hiking, kayaking and camping. Or if you're more into exploring nature, consider going whale watching on one of the many boat trips that depart daily. For those wanting an urban experience, take some time to explore cosmopolitan cities like Sydney and Melbourne with their amazing shopping scenes and delicious food offerings.

No matter what your interests may be, a holiday in Australia will leave you feeling inspired and invigorated. Whether you stay for a few days or several weeks, the point is this beautiful nation won't disappoint! And if you're lucky enough to go during winter months (June - August) make sure to get out early and enjoy some outdoor fun before the sun sets at around 7pm!

Education In Australia

Australia is renowned for its outstanding quality of teaching and learning. Education has long been a fundamental part of everyday life here; it was compulsory for all children from five to fifteen years old as early as 1872. The nation boasts an impressive range of high-quality public and private educational institutions including universities, technical colleges and schools.

Australia’s education system comprises both primary and secondary schooling, as well as tertiary vocational training. All levels are government funded, providing citizens with access to free tuition. Primary school students attend classes between the ages of 5-12 while secondary school covers 13-18 year olds. The Australian Qualifications Framework (AQF) sets out the standards that must be met by any institution offering qualifications in higher education such as university degrees or diplomas.

Higher education institutions offer courses covering a variety of disciplines such as business management, engineering, medicine and IT & Science, enabling students to gain skills needed to pursue their chosen career paths. Universities also have strong international connections which allows them to attract world-renowned lecturers and researchers – further enhancing student experiences. With so many opportunities available for learners at different stages in their lives, it's easy to see why Australia has become one of the most popular destinations for studying abroad today.

Australia is a truly remarkable and diverse country. It has an area of 7,692,024 square kilometres, making it the sixth largest nation in the world. Throughout its history, Australia has been home to many different cultures and nationalities who have all left their mark on the vibrant culture that exists today. In terms of climate, you can find everything from arid desert areas to lush rainforests; or even snow-capped mountains for those seeking adventure!

The wildlife found across Australia's varied terrain is incredibly unique - with kangaroos hopping through fields and koalas snoozing in treetops like something out of a fairytale. The population of 25 million people offer a wonderful mix of languages and customs which are celebrated throughout this great land. Economically speaking, Australia enjoys a prosperous economy sustained by mining resources such as gold and iron ore; while tourism continues to be one of the main contributors to GDP growth.

To sum up: Australia offers so much more than what meets the eye - an abundance of natural beauty coupled with rich cultural diversity make it an ideal destination for everyone looking to explore something new. As they say "A picture paints a thousand words" – if that's true then visiting Australia will leave you speechless! 

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A day hiker’s guide to Australia’s Great Ocean Walk

May 29, 2024 • 8 min read

You've heard of the Great Ocean Road, but did you know you can also walk this stunning Australian coastline? © Sarah Reid / Lonely Planet

Cerulean waves crash into limestone cliffs and plump koalas doze in ghostly white gum trees on the wild southwestern coast of Victoria , a rugged natural wilderness within easy reach of Melbourne .

This windswept stretch of the Australian coastline is best known as the home of the Great Ocean Road . One of Australia ’s most iconic road trips, the scenic 243 km (151 mile) coastal route weaves through a patchwork of national parks and kangaroo-dotted farmlands towards the surreal limestone stacks known as the  Twelve Apostles .

However, that's not the only way to soak up the sublime views: the region is also home to the Great Ocean Walk (GOW) , a 110km (68-mile) one-way hiking trail that links Apollo Bay to the Twelve Apostles. 

Despite its close proximity to the Great Ocean Road in some sections, the GOW is a wonderfully wild walk that feels further removed from civilization (and traffic on the driving route) than it actually is. Hugging the coastline more closely than the Great Ocean Road, the GOW rewards hikers with more dramatic vistas and a deeper immersion into the region’s beauty.

The good news is that you don’t need to have camping gear or a full week set aside to experience it. While the GOW takes six to eight days in its entirety, it’s possible to tackle much shorter sections, making it accessible to those with limited time, fitness or mobility. With the help of a hire car and local shuttle services that cater to hikers, it’s even possible to get a GOW fix and be back in Melbourne in time for dinner.

Here’s our pick of the best day, and half-day, hikes along the Great Ocean Road from east to west.

1. Marengo to Shelly Beach

Best for an easy ramble 4.4km/2.7 miles, 2 hours, easy to moderate

This relatively gentle hike offers a great taste of the Great Ocean Walk for travelers staying in Apollo Bay, where the GOW officially begins. There are three beach walking sections on this trail ending at the Shelly Beach picnic area, tucked up in the coastal forest behind the beach, making it essential to embark at low tide. If conditions allow, there are several additional spots you can opt to walk along the sand and rock platforms instead of sticking to the main trail tracing low cliffs. Swimming is possible in calm conditions.

How to do it: If you don’t have time or energy to do the walk both ways, leave your car at Shelly Beach picnic area and arrange for a shuttle to Marengo (3km/1.9 miles from Apollo Bay), where you’ll begin your walk. If you don’t have a vehicle, shuttles can be arranged at either end. 

2. Blanket Bay to Cape Otway

Best for wild swims and history 11km/6.8 miles, 3-4 hours, moderate

This writer’s favorite section of the GOW takes you deep (or at least it feels like it) into the lush coastal forest of Great Otway National Park before popping out onto the beach at pretty Parker Inlet – a perfect spot for a swim. After crossing the inlet and rounding Point Franklin, the trail hugs the cliffs, offering stirring Southern Ocean views en route to Cape Otway, with another swimming option at Crayfish Bay.

Aim to arrive at Cape Otway well before 4pm to explore the Lightstation precinct (AU$10/adult), where you can learn the stories of the Cape and visit heritage buildings including the striking 1848 lighthouse once known to seafarers as the “Beacon of Hope".

How to do it: If you don’t have a car (or two) to leave at either end of this trail (Blanket Bay is 36km/22 miles from Apollo Bay), prebook a shuttle drop-off/pick-up.

Hire a car and check out the best road trips  from Melbourne

3. Cape Otway to Aire River

Best for chasing waterfalls 9.8km/6 miles, 3-4 hours, moderate to difficult

The power of the Southern Ocean comes into dramatic focus when this trail opens up on the eroded cliff tops after about 2km (1.2 miles). If the sea is calm and the tide is low, you can opt to drop down to sea level and walk along the soft (read: challenging) sand of Station Beach for 2km (1.2 miles) before rejoining the main trail. There’s also an optional 2km (1.2-mile) return detour to Rainbow Falls, where colorful algae blooms along the vertical path of a spring-fed waterfall. Don’t miss the 19th-century Lightstation cemetery at the beginning of the trail.

How to do it: Prebook a shuttle drop-off/pick-up, or leave a car at either end of the trail. Cape Otway is 27km/16.8 miles from Apollo Bay.

4. Castle Cove to Johanna Beach

Best for koala spotting 6.3km/4 miles, 2 hours, moderate

It’s possible to spot koalas and other native wildlife including wallabies, kangaroos and echidnas along the entire GOW, but sightings of Australia’s most iconic marsupial are particularly common on this leg, which begins with a superb lookout towards the cliffs of Rotten Point. The trail winds along cliffs and through prime koala habitat (don’t forget to look up!) before dropping down onto the golden sands of Johanna Beach for the final 2km (1.2 miles), which can feel like double that length in the soft sand. Powerful waves and strong currents make swimming risky – the safest spot is generally in front of the vehicle-accessible Johanna Beach GOW campground.  

How to do it: If you don’t have a car (or two) to leave at either end of this trail (Castle Cove is 33km/20.5 miles from Apollo Bay), prebook a shuttle drop-off/pick-up.

Save this guide to the best national parks in Australia

5. Wreck Beach 

Best for maritime relics 2km/1.25 miles, one hour, moderate

Nearly 700 vessels are thought to be submerged along the 130km (81 miles) stretch of coastline between Cape Otway and Port Fairy, also known as the Shipwreck Coast. This short walk (low tide only) takes you down 350 steps to the rocky beach where the rusting anchors of the Marie Gabrielle (wrecked in 1869) and the Fiji (wrecked in 1891) are haunting reminders of how treacherous the Southern Ocean can be. If conditions permit, you can make this walk a circuit by scrambling over the rocks past the Fiji anchor and connecting with the GOW trail for the return walk to the car park. Leave your swimwear behind – this rocky beach isn’t ideal for a dip.

How to do it: Drive to Wreck Beach car park or book a return shuttle to this remote area, 38km (23.6 miles) from Port Campbell, the closest town to the end of the GOW.  

6. Princetown to Twelve Apostles

Best for admiring the Twelve Apostles 7km/4.3 miles, 2 hours, easy to moderate

It won’t be long before you get your first glimpse of the Twelve Apostles on this gently undulating, exposed clifftop trail. Set off as early as possible to beat the heat, and the day-tripper crowds from Melbourne. While only seven of these golden limestone pillars can be seen rising from the coastal shallows today, it’s an awesome sight that gets better as you hike closer. A viewpoint just east of Gibson Steps makes for a fine place to pause for a snack. Then take a short detour down the steps to savor the sea-level views before continuing onto the main Twelve Apostles viewing platforms (including the striking new Saddle Lookout) at the end of this trail – the terminus of the GOW. 

How to do it: Base yourself in Port Campbell and drive or book a shuttle to the trailhead near Princetown (17km/10.6 miles from Port Campbell). It’s 11km (6.8 miles) to Port Campbell from the Twelve Apostles Visitor Centre.

Looking for something under-the-radar to see in Australia? Read on for some local favourites

7. Loch Ard Gorge Walks

Best for epic and accessible views 5.5km/3.4 miles, 2 hours, easy

It’s not technically part of the GOW (which officially ends 3km/1.9 miles east at the Twelve Apostles), but if time is tight or you have limited mobility, this trio of interconnecting, wheelchair-accessible trails in Port Campbell National Park takes you to some of coastal Victoria’s most memorable lookouts. The Geology Walk (900m/0.6 miles return) leads to the Razorback, a jagged hulk of limestone rivaling the Twelve Apostles. The Shipwreck Walk (1.4km/0.8 miles return) takes you along the rim of the main gorge, where the only two survivors of the Loch Ard shipwreck in 1878 dragged themselves onto its beach (not currently accessible); the cemetery where some of their shipmates were buried; and a lookout to Mutton Bird Island, where the Loch Ard met its fate. Hear the roar of the water surging into Thunder Cave on the Edge Walk (3.2km/2 miles return), which takes you further along the cliffs.

How to do it: Loch Ard Gorge car park is 8km (5 miles) from Port Campbell; self-drive or get a taxi. 

Tips for day hiking on the Great Ocean Walk 

• The V/Line bus runs from Melbourne to Apollo Bay daily, but local public transport is infrequent and taxis are in short supply; book shuttles in advance.
• If you’re hiring a car, ensure you can take it on unsealed roads, although a 4WD is not essential.
• All trails with unavoidable beach sections should be undertaken at low tide.
• Expect patchy mobile (cell) service on all trails.   
• The GOW is remote – check the weather forecast before you go, but be prepared for all conditions.
• Bring plenty of drinking water and snacks; the only shop/cafe on the GOW is at the Cape Otway Lightstation.
• All one-way trails in this article can be completed as out-and-back hikes in a day.
• All three local snake species are venomous. Give these shy creatures space to move off on their own if you encounter one basking on the trail.  

The writer traveled as a guest of Adventures in Good Company , which includes day hikes on the Great Ocean Walk, operated by AusWalk , on its Adventures Down Under tour. Lonely Planet writers do not accept freebies for positive coverage. 

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Best Cruise Insurance Plans Of June 2024

Fact Checked

Updated: Jun 1, 2024, 11:03am

Our analysis has found that WorldTrips, Nationwide and TravelSafe Insurance are the best cruise insurance companies.

Not all travel insurance policies provide top-notch coverage for cruises, so we scored policies based on cost,  medical expense, trip interruption and trip cancellation benefits. We evaluated 37 travel insurance policies with missed connection coverage to identify the best cruise insurance.

Why you can trust Forbes Advisor

Our editors are committed to bringing you unbiased ratings and information. Our editorial content is not influenced by advertisers. We use data-driven methodologies to evaluate insurance companies, so all companies are measured equally. You can read more about our editorial guidelines and the methodology for the ratings below.

• 37 travel insurance plans evaluated
• 1,443 coverage details analyzed
• 259 rates scored
• 102 years insurance experience on the editorial team
• Best Travel Insurance Companies
• Cheapest Travel Insurance Plans
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Summary: best cruise insurance ratings, what is cruise insurance, what does cruise insurance cover, do i need cruise insurance, how much does cruise insurance cost, where and when to buy cruise insurance, how to shop for the best cruise insurance, is cruise insurance worth it, methodology, best cruise insurance frequently asked questions.

• WorldTrips – Atlas Journey Premier
• Nationwide – Cruise Luxury
• TravelSafe Insurance – Classic
• AIG – Travel Guard Preferred
• AXA Assistance USA – Platinum
• Generali Global Assistance – Premium
• HTH Worldwide – TripProtector Preferred Plan
• John Hancock Insurance Agency – Gold
• Nationwide – Cruise Choice
• Seven Corners – Trip Protection Choice
• Trawick International – Safe Travels First Class
• USI Affinity Travel Insurance Services – Diamond

Top-scoring plan

Atlas Journey Premier

Missed connection coverage per person

Medical & evacuation limits per person

$150,000/$1 million

The Atlas Journey Premier policy provides excellent missed connection coverage and medical evacuation benefits. Available upgrades include “cancel for any reason,” “interruption for any reason” and extra coverage for pets traveling with you, adventure sports, destination weddings, hunting and fishing equipment, and more.

More : WorldTrips Travel Insurance Review

• Lowest average cost among top-rated policies evaluated.
• Very good travel delay benefits of $2,000 per person after only 5 hours.
• Excellent missed connection coverage of $2,000 per person after 3 hours.
• Medical coverage level is low compared to some competitors evaluated.
• Baggage delay benefits have a 12-hour waiting period.

Cruise Luxury

Nationwide’s Cruise Luxury plan provides an array of extensive benefits at a decent price, including superior missed connection coverage and emergency and non-medical evacuation benefits.

More : Nationwide Travel Insurance Review

• “Cancel for any reason” upgrade available and “interruption for any reason” upgrade available.
• Includes $25,000 in non-medical evacuation benefits.
• Pretty good baggage delay benefits of $1,000 per person.
• Good travel delay benefits of $1,000 per person covered after only a 6-hour delay.
• Medical coverage is lower than some other top-rated plans but might be sufficient for your needs.
• 24-hour delay required for hurricane and weather coverage, compared to some competitor policies with only a 6- or 12-hour delay requirement.

TravelSafe Insurance

Classic Plan

$100,000/$1 million

TravelSafe’s Classic plan provides the highest limits for missed connection and evacuation benefits among top-rated plans. It also has very good trip interruption and hurricane and weather coverage at a competitive price.

More : TravelSafe Travel Insurance Review

• Provides coverage for non-medical evacuation at $25,000 per person.
• “Cancel for any reason” upgrade available.
• Excellent baggage loss coverage limits of $2,500 per person.
• $100,000 in medical benefits is on the low side compared to top competitors but might be sufficient for your needs.
• Baggage delay coverage is a little skimpy at $250 per person after a 12-hour delay.

Travel Guard Preferred

$50,000/$500,000

AIG’s Travel Guard Preferred plan provides solid benefits at a very low average price. Optional pet, wedding, security, baggage, medical, adventures sports and travel inconvenience upgrades allow you to customize a policy to fit your needs.

Additionally, the Travel Guard Preferred plan includes benefits if (under certain conditions) you must start your trip earlier than planned—a feature not found in all policies.

More : AIG Travel Insurance Review

• Provides up to $750 for “travel inconveniences,” such as flight delay to your return destination, runway delays and cruise diversions.
• Reimburses up to $2,500 for meals, accommodations and transportation if you must begin your trip earlier than scheduled due to inclement weather or common carrier changes.
• Offers “cancel for any reason” upgrade.
• Very low travel medical insurance limits compared to other policies we evaluated, but you can increase coverage with an upgrade.
• Missed connection benefits of $1,000 are low compared to some competitors.

AXA Assistance USA

$250,000/$1 million

AXA’s Platinum plan hits all the high points for coverage that you’ll want if you’re looking for top-notch protection, including non-medical evacuation coverage and baggage insurance.

More : AXA Assistance USA Travel Insurance Review

• Generous medical and evacuation limits.
• Top-notch baggage loss coverage of $3,000 per person.
• Provides excellent non-medical evacuation coverage of $100,000 per person.
• Travel delay and baggage coverage kicks in only after a 12-hour delay.
• “Interruption for any reason” upgrade not available.

Generali Global Assistance

Premium plan

Medical and evacuation limits per person

Generali’s Premium policy provides very good benefits at a decent average price. It has excellent trip interruption insurance and medical coverage, and includes generous benefits for rental car damage and accidental death.

More : Generali Global Assistance Travel Insurance Review

• You can qualify for coverage of pre-existing medical conditions if you buy the policy prior to or within 24 hours of making your final trip payment, as opposed to a deadline of 10 to 20 days after making your first trip deposit, which is typical from top competitors.
• Excellent hurricane and weather coverage with no waiting period.
• Top-notch emergency evacuation coverage of $1 million per person.
• If you want “cancel for any reason” coverage you must buy it within 24 hours of making your initial trip deposit, compared to 10 to 20 days from top competitors.

HTH Worldwide

TripProtector Preferred Plan

$500,000/$1 million

HTH’s TripProtector Preferred policy provides luxury-level benefits, including superior medical and evacuation benefits and trip interruption coverage, but it also comes with a high average price.

More : HTH Worldwide Travel Insurance Review

• Top-notch coverage limits for medical expenses and evacuation.
• Excellent trip interruption coverage of 200% of the trip cost.
• Very good travel delay coverage of $2,000 per person after a 6-hour delay.
• Highest average cost among top-rated companies, but you’re getting robust benefits.
• Baggage delay coverage requires a 12-hour delay.

John Hancock Insurance Agency

Missed connection coverage

John Hancock’s Gold policy is worth checking out if you want high medical and evacuation limits. It also includes very good trip interruption, baggage and missed connection coverage.

More : John Hancock Travel Insurance Review

• Good missed connection coverage of $1,000 per person after 3-hour delay.
• Travel delay benefits kick in after only a 3-hour delay.
• Pricey among the plans we analyzed but you buy top-tier benefits.
• Baggage delay benefits require a 12-hour delay.

Cruise Choice

$100,000/$500,000

Nationwide’s Cruise Choice plan provides solid benefits at a good average price. It includes non-medical evacuation coverage and offers a trip interruption upgrade.

More: Nationwide Travel Insurance Review

• Decent missed connection coverage of $1,500.
• Provides benefits if you miss out on a prepaid activity or event because your cruise ship changes its itinerary, or if your cruise ship has a fire or mechanical breakdown that delays arrival at the next port of call for two or more hours.
• Medical coverage is lower than most other top-rated policies in our analysis but might be adequate for your needs.
• “Cancel for any reason” upgrade not available.

Seven Corners

Trip Protection Choice

Seven Corners’ Trip Protection Choice plan has great upgrade options and benefits across the board to cruise goers, including unrivaled medical coverage limits and very good missed connection benefits.

More : Seven Corners Travel Insurance Review

• Highest medical expenses and medical evacuation coverage limits among top-rated plans.
• “Cancel for any reason” and “interruption for any reason” upgrades available.
• Very good travel delay coverage of $2,000 per person.
• Includes $20,000 for non-medical evacuation.
• Hurricane and weather coverage has a 48-hour delay, compared to some competitors’ plans that require only 6-, 12- or 24-hour delays.

Trawick International

Safe Travels First Class

Trawick’s Safe Travels First Class policy provides solid benefits at a great average cost, including high medical evacuation limits and good missed connection coverage.

More : Trawick Travel Insurance Review

• Top-level medical evacuation coverage of $1 million.
• Excellent baggage loss coverage of $2,000 per person.
• Medical coverage is lower than most other top-rated plans but might be sufficient for your needs.

USI Affinity Travel Insurance Services

While pricing is higher than most other top plans, USI’s Diamond plan provides a solid range of top-level benefits, including first-rate medical and evacuation benefits and very good missed connection coverage.

More : USI Affinity Travel Insurance Review

• Superior coverage levels for medical expenses and evacuation.
• Very good travel delay coverage of $1,500 per person.
• High baggage loss coverage of $2,500 per person.
• Baggage delay coverage is good at $500 per person but requires a 12-hour delay for benefits to start.
• Has the second-highest average cost among top-scoring plans.

Cruise insurance can be any travel insurance policy that has the coverage features you want. It does not have to be a travel insurance policy with “cruise” in the policy name. It’s helpful to have missed connection coverage included in a cruise insurance policy, as the cost of catching up to a cruise can be significant.

Cruise insurance generally covers the following—up to your policy limits— if the expense is caused by a reason listed in your policy or not excluded from coverage:

• Medical expenses
• Emergency medical evacuation
• Trip cancellation
• Trip interruption
• Missed connections
• Lost, stolen, damaged or delayed baggage and personal items

A cruise travel insurance policy may also compensate you if your cruise ship is disabled and you’re stuck on board without power, food or water for a specified amount of time listed in your policy. For example, the WaveCare plan from Berkshire Hathaway Travel Protection provides a flat $500 reimbursement for cruise disablement if you’re stuck on the ship for five hours or more without one of these: power, food, water or a restroom.

Typically, cruise insurance also provides a 24/7 hotline for travel emergencies. You can also get a pre-existing medical condition exclusion waiver if you buy coverage within a certain period, usually within 14 to 21 days of your initial trip deposit. This means medical expenses related to pre-existing conditions that arise during your trip will be covered.

Cruise insurance is worth considering if you can’t afford to lose the money you paid in advance for nonrefundable trip costs if you have to cancel your cruise.

Cruise insurance can also pay for costs associated with medical treatment during your trip, emergency medical evacuation, trip delays, lost luggage and more.

The average cost of cruise insurance is $457 per trip , based on Forbes Advisor’s analysis of rates for 37 cruise travel insurance plans.

Cruise insurance costs will generally depend on your age and the cost and length of your trip.

Below you’ll see examples of cruise insurance costs for the best cruise insurance policies.

You can buy cruise insurance from your cruise line, through a travel agent or from a travel insurance agent or company.

Although you can purchase a policy right up to your departure, there are advantages to buying travel insurance right after booking your trip . One is that you can maximize the length of your trip cancellation coverage. For example, if you buy a travel insurance policy three months before your departure and get seriously injured a week before you leave, you can file a trip cancellation claim.

Buying cruise insurance within the first two weeks or so of making your first trip deposit also qualifies you for additional coverage. This can include a pre-existing medical condition exclusion waiver or a “cancel for any reason” travel insurance (CFAR) upgrade, depending on the policy.

CFAR allows you to recoup 50% or 75% of your forfeited, nonrefundable trip costs, depending on your policy. You must cancel at least 48 hours prior to your departure. CFAR increases your travel insurance cost by about 50%.

If the dates of your trip change, your travel insurance company should allow you to change the dates of your policy to match the new travel dates. You can also add items to your itinerary later—such as shore excursions—and then add them to your travel insurance coverage.

Whether it’s your first voyage or you’re a cruise veteran, having the right travel insurance is important. This is especially true if you’re a senior traveler who wants a high level of medical coverage while traveling.

Here are good starting points for coverage you’ll likely want in a cruise insurance plan:

Trip Cancellation Insurance

Trip cancellation insurance reimburses you 100% for the pre-paid and non-refundable deposits you lose if you have to cancel for a reason covered by the policy .

Trip Interruption Coverage

This will reimburse you for unused trip costs if your trip is cut short because of illness, injury, death, a family emergency back home or other reasons. Trip interruption insurance can also pay for the extra expenses of a trip interruption, such as a one-way plane ticket home on short notice. The reason for the interruption has to be listed in the policy.

Travel Medical Insurance

This pays for medical expenses associated with injuries and illness you get while on the trip. The top travel insurance plans have $500,000 in travel medical insurance , but you might find $150,000 to be sufficient for a cruise. If you’re a senior, good travel medical coverage is crucial.

U.S. health plans may have very limited or no coverage when you’re outside the U.S. And Medicare doesn’t cover medical care outside the U.S., with only very narrow exceptions .

Emergency Medical Evacuation Coverage

Medical evacuation travel insurance covers the costs to get you to the nearest adequate medical facility or even back home if it’s medically required. Your travel insurer’s emergency assistance team can also help arrange for the medevac.

Coverage for Pre-existing Medical Conditions

Many travel insurance plans give you a pre-existing medical condition exclusion waiver if you buy the plan within two to three weeks after your first trip deposit. This is one of the advantages to buying travel insurance shortly after you book your trip. Without the waiver, medical expenses related to pre-existing conditions that flare up during your trip won’t be covered.

“Cancel for Any Reason” (CFAR) Travel Insurance

Canceling for reasons that aren’t listed in the policy isn’t covered, unless you have already purchased a CFAR upgrade. This typically reimburses you 75% of trip costs, as long as you cancel at least 48 hours before your departure. Adding it increases a policy cost by an average of 50%.

For example, you could make a “cancel for any reason” claim if you’re worried about being seasick—a reason not covered by standard trip cancellation insurance. Buy this coverage shortly after you make your first trip deposit or the purchase window for it will close.

“Interruption for Any Reason” Travel Insurance

Cutting a trip short for reasons that aren’t listed in the policy aren’t covered, unless you have already purchased “interruption for any reason” travel insurance. This coverage typically reimburses you 75% of trip costs. It usually adds 3% to 10% to your travel insurance cost. You generally must buy it within 15 to 20 days of making your first trip deposit. Benefits don’t kick in until you are a specified amount of time into your trip, for example 48 or 72 hours.

Only a few travel insurance companies currently offer “interruption for any reason” coverage, such as Nationwide, Seven Corners, Travel Insured International and WorldTrips.

Additional Types of Travel Insurance for Cruises

A comprehensive travel insurance plan will package additional benefits such as travel delay insurance , baggage insurance and missed connection travel insurance .

The best travel insurance plans offer high levels of reimbursement and short waiting periods for benefits to go into effect when things go wrong. A travel insurance agent can help you match your concerns to the right travel insurance package.

Case Study: Cruise Insurance Saves the Day, Again

I’ve unfortunately filed several cruise insurance claims in recent years, but I’m so grateful I had coverage. When my father passed away on the day we were set to depart, insurance reimbursed us over $3,000 for the trip cancellation. Later, my wife and I tested positive for Covid-19 in Paris right before our river cruise. We had to cancel and pay for a week’s stay in a pricey hotel, but insurance covered the entire $12,000 claim. Most recently, I was diagnosed with cancer before a cruise and had to cancel for surgery. The documentation was complex, but our policy paid the remaining $2,000 to $3,000 after refunds without hesitation. Travel insurance gave us peace of mind through it all.

– David R., Texas

Cruise insurance is worth it if you don’t want to risk losing the non-refundable money you invested in your trip if the unexpected happens. For example, let’s say you missed the boat. Cruise insurance can pay for you to rejoin the cruise if you can’t board on time because of an issue covered by the policy, such as severe weather.

The average cost of travel insurance is 5% to 6% of your trip cost, according to our analysis of travel insurance rates. That means cruise insurance might be worth it if:

• Your non-refundable trip costs are much more than you can afford to lose.
• You are traveling internationally and your U.S. health plan has limited coverage abroad.
• You are traveling to a remote area with limited health care facilities and want insurance that will pay for medical transportation to an adequate medical facility.
• You are traveling to a hurricane-prone area where your trip could be scuttled due to weather.
• Your trip involves connecting flights or multiple destinations, which increase the chances of travel delays and lost baggage.
• You want to be partially reimbursed if you decide to cancel your trip or return home early for any reason.

What Are the Travel Insurance Requirements of Different Cruise Lines?

Cruise lines departing the U.S. generally do not require travel insurance. But it’s a good idea to buy a policy that includes travel medical insurance and emergency evacuation insurance. That’s because U.S. health insurance is unlikely to cover you if you travel outside of the United States.

To find the best cruise insurance, Forbes Advisor analyzed travel insurance data to score travel insurance policies based on the following factors. We include only travel insurance policies that include missed connection coverage.

Missed connection coverage (up to 30% of score) : Plans with higher reimbursement levels for missed connections scored more points.

Average price (up to 25% of score) : We analyzed travel insurance quotes for a variety of traveler ages and trip costs to develop an average price for each plan. We scored the average cost for each travel insurance policy for trips to the popular destinations of Italy, Mexico, France and the U.K. for common traveler profiles:

• Couple, age 30 for Mexico trip costing $3,000
• Couple, age 40, for Italy trip costing $6,000
• Family of four for Italy trip costing $15,000
• Family of four for France trip costing $15,000
• Family of four for U.K. trip costing $15,000
• Couple, age 65, for Italy trip costing $6,000
• Couple, age 70, for Mexico trip costing $3,000

Medical expenses (up to 10% of score): Travel medical insurance was evaluated by coverage amount. Travel insurance policies with travel medical expense benefits of $250,000 and up per person were given the highest points.

Medical evacuation (up to 10% of score): Emergency medical evacuation/transportation coverage was evaluated by coverage amount. Travel insurance policies with medical evacuation expense benefits of $500,000 and up per person were given the highest points.

“Cancel for any reason” travel insurance (up to 10% of score): Policies offering a “cancel for any reason” upgrade earned points. Policies with 75% reimbursement for canceled trips were awarded the most points.

Trip interruption travel insurance (5% of score): Points were given if trip interruption reimbursement was 150% or higher.

“Interruption for any reason” travel insurance: (5% of score): Policies earned points if an “interruption for any reason” upgrade was available.

Pre-existing medical condition exclusion waiver (5% of score): Points were given to policies that cover pre-existing medical conditions (if purchased within a required time frame).

Read more: How Forbes Advisor rates travel insurance

How do I buy cruise insurance for a long-duration cruise?

The coverage in many travel insurance policies will max out at 90 days, so you’ll need to look for a travel insurance plan that can provide coverage for a long trip length.

For example, Allianz Global Assistance ’s OneTrip Premier Plan can cover a trip up to 366 days and includes $200,000 in trip cancellation coverage and $1 million in emergency medical evacuation benefits. It also provides trip cancellation coverage in the event that there is an NOAA hurricane warning at your destination.

How do I buy insurance for cruise shore excursions?

If your shore excursions are pricey, insure the nonrefundable deposits for the excursions and the cruise. If your excursions are included in the cruise cost, you would simply insure the cruise trip cost.

Travel medical insurance can cover medical expenses you incur while on and off the ship. But if your excursions involve adventure activities or extreme sports, be aware that many travel policies exclude these from coverage. Still, there are adventure travel policies and optional upgrades that will cover injuries due to activities such as mountain climbing, parasailing, skydiving and hot air ballooning.

Review your policy to be sure the plan you’re buying will cover your adventurous fun. If it doesn’t, ask about an adventure sports add-on, or consider a company such as World Nomads that caters to the adventurous traveler.

Do I need a special cruise insurance plan?

You don’t need a travel insurance plan that’s specifically for cruises. Any good travel insurance plan with generous medical benefits and the other benefits you want can work well for a cruise.

Can you buy cruise insurance after booking?

You can buy cruise insurance after booking your trip, right up until just before departure. The downside to waiting is that you likely won’t be able to cover pre-existing medical conditions, and you’ll lose the option to add cancel for any reason coverage.

Buying right after you book also lets you lock in trip cancellation coverage right away.

Can I cancel a cruise without insurance?

You can cancel a cruise, but may have to pay a cancellation penalty for the cruise and/or flights. You could also lose the cost of pre-paid shore excursions. If you don’t have travel insurance for these losses, check the credit card you used for booking. Some credit cards include trip cancellation coverage.

Next Up In Travel Insurance

• Best “Cancel For Any Reason” Travel Insurance Of June 2024
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• Best Senior Travel Insurance Of June 2024
• Best Travel Insurance Companies Of June 2024
• The 5 Cheapest Travel Insurance Companies Of June 2024

Get Forbes Advisor’s ratings of the best insurance companies and helpful information on how to find the best travel, auto, home, health, life, pet, and small business coverage for your needs.

Michelle is a lead editor at Forbes Advisor. She has been a journalist for over 35 years, writing about insurance for consumers for the last decade. Prior to covering insurance, Michelle was a lifestyle reporter at the New York Daily News, a magazine editor covering consumer technology, a foreign correspondent for Time and various newswires and local newspaper reporter.

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