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‘Our Place in Space’ Sculpture Trail To Touch Down In Liverpool This October

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Our Place in Space: Church Street to Otterspool, Liverpool ( 14 October — 6 November 2022).

Liverpool has been announced as an additional stop on the UK tour of Our Place in Space, a recreation of the solar system as a stunning 8.1 km sculpture trail designed by artist Oliver Jeffers, astrophysicist Professor Stephen Smartt and a creative team led by Nerve Centre.

Following popular visits to Derry-Londonderry, Belfast and Cambridge during 2022, where it has been experienced by more than 300,000 people, the trail will touch down in the city from 14 October to 6 November, before returning to Northern Ireland in February 2023 at the Ulster Transport Museum.

Beginning on Church Street in the heart of the city centre and running along the riverside all the way to Otterspool, Our Place in Space is free to visit and features scale models of the Sun and planets, recreated as contemporary art sculptures. Colourful arches house each planet with an arrow and the name of the planet lit up in Las Vegas style lights.

At a scale of 591 million to one, the Sun is 2.35 metres across, Earth is 2.2 centimetres and Pluto just 4 millimetres. The Our Place in Space trail will run until 6 November with events and creative education programmes taking place across the city.

Our Place in Space, part of UNBOXED: Creativity in the UK, invites participants to consider how we might better share and protect our planet in future and what is the difference between ‘us’ and ‘them’? The project aims to bring our solar system down to Earth and send us soaring into the stars to find new perspectives and reconsider what it means to live life on our planet.

Our Place In Space

The trail is accompanied by the free Our Place in Space augmented reality app, available on Apple and Android, which allows users across the world to take a journey through the solar system, experiencing the planets in augmented reality and considering 10,000 years of human history on Earth. On the trail, users are invited to collect space souvenirs, including characters from the world of Oliver Jeffers, as well as launch a personalised star into space.

Oliver Jeffers, internationally renowned artist and author said: “For centuries, we’ve defined ourselves by who we are and who we’re not. Which side we choose, on what ground we stand, who and what we fight for. A human story, that lives merely in human minds. But with distance comes perspective – and what happens to our perspective on everything when we look back at Earth from space? Our Place in Space is a playful experiment that asks: What is the difference between ‘us’ and ‘them’? Which side are we on, and if we look back at ourselves from vastness of outer space – alone on our tiny planet, the only one that can harbour life – should there be any ‘sides’ at all?”

Our Place in Space has been designed by Oliver Jeffers with leading astrophysicist Professor Stephen Smartt and a creative team led by Nerve Centre, Northern Ireland’s leading creative media arts centre. Local partners helping to bring Our Place in Space to Liverpool include Culture Liverpool, Liverpool City Council, Liverpool BID Company and Canal & Riverside Trust.

Our Place in Space in Liverpool coincides with the launch of a new children’s book by Oliver, Meanwhile Back on Earth (HarperCollins). Inspired by the themes of Our Place in Space and available from 4 October, the book features a father who takes his two squabbling children on a journey into space to show them what binds us together matters more than what might set us apart. Oliver will be signing copies of his new book at Waterstones, College Lane, Liverpool on Saturday 15 October at 12 noon.

Our Place In Space

Our Place in Space is one of 10 major creative projects commissioned as part of UNBOXED: Creativity in the UK, a celebration of creativity taking place across the UK this year. UNBOXED features free large-scale events, installations and globally accessible digital experiences in the UK’s most ambitious showcase of creative collaboration.

There are opportunities for local people to become trail guardians while the trail is in Liverpool, helping enhance and support visitors’ experience. For more information visit www.ourplaceinspace.earth .

Our Place in Space is commissioned by UNBOXED and Belfast City Council. Led by Nerve Centre, the project is a collaboration between Astrophysics Research Centre at Queen’s University Belfast, National Museums NI, NI Science Festival, Big Motive, Taunt, Microsoft, Jeffers & Sons, Dumbworld, Live Music Now, Little Inventors, and Urban Scale Interventions.

UNBOXED: Creativity in the UK is funded and supported by the four governments of the UK and is commissioned and delivered in partnership with Belfast City Council, Creative Wales and EventScotland.

For more information visit https://ourplaceinspace.earth/trail/liverpool

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'Our Place in Space' Discover the solar system on this free sculpture trail

Our Place In Space Liverpool Derry Pic Nerve Centre

The trail will touch down in Liverpool from 14 October to 6 November

Liverpool has been announced as an additional stop on the UK tour of Our Place in Space , a recreation of the solar system as an 8.1 km sculpture trail designed by artist Oliver Jeffers, astrophysicist Professor Stephen Smartt and a creative team led by Nerve Centre in Derry-Londonderry.

Bringing the installation to the north west of England will give more people the chance to get involved.

The trail will touch down in Liverpool from 14 October to 6 November, before returning to Northern Ireland in February 2023 at the Ulster Transport Museum .

Our Place In Space Liverpool Derry Pic Nerve Centre5

Beginning on Church Street in the heart of the city centre and running along the riverside all the way to Otterspool, Our Place in Space is free to visit and features scale models of the Sun and planets, recreated as contemporary art sculptures. Colourful arches house each planet with an arrow and the name of the planet lit up in Las Vegas style lights.

At a scale of 591 million to one, the Sun is 2.35 metres across, Earth is 2.2 centimetres and Pluto just 4 millimetres. 

Our Place in Space is part of “UNBOXED: Creativity in the UK”, a project which aims to bring our solar system down to Earth and send us soaring into the stars to find new perspectives and reconsider what it means to live life on our planet.

Our Place In Space Liverpool Oliver Jeffers Stephen Smartt Pic Claire Haigh

The trail is accompanied by the free Our Place in Space augmented reality app, available on Apple and Android, which allows users across the world to take a journey through the solar system, experiencing the planets in augmented reality and considering 10,000 years of human history on Earth. On the trail, users are invited to collect space souvenirs, including characters from the world of Oliver Jeffers, as well as launch a personalised star into space.

#Liverpool are you ready!?! The solar system is landing 👀🚀 #OurPlaceInSpace pic.twitter.com/SbQQg9AvXM — Our Place in Space (@ourplaceearth) October 10, 2022

David Lewis, executive producer at the Nerve Centre , said, “We are thrilled by the reaction that Our Place in Space has received during its tour of the UK in 2022 and delighted to announce Liverpool as an additional destination for the trail. Bringing the installation to the north west of England will give more people the chance to get involved, to learn about space and to experience the unique world and creativity of Oliver Jeffers.”

Our Place in Space in Liverpool coincides with the launch of a new children's book by Oliver Jeffers, Meanwhile Back on Earth . Oliver will be signing copies of his new book at Waterstones, College Lane, Liverpool on Saturday 15 October at 12 noon. 

Our Place In Space Liverpool Derry Pic Nerve Centre4

The Our Place in Space sculpture trail will no doubt be popular with joggers, walking groups and cyclists. 

But if 8.1km seems a bit of a stretch, Liverpool Cycle Tours is offering the opportunity to discover the trail by electric motor-assisted E-bike. The independent tour company, which runs regular eco-friendly tours of all Liverpool's landmarks and sites, will be running Our Place in Space tours (instead of the usual South Coast Tour) from 14 October to 4 November, 7pm-9pm  priced at £17pp. You can also join Liverpool Cycle Tours on two free afternoon tours in conjunction with Cycling UK on the 5 and 6 November from 2pm-4pm. Visit Liverpool Cycle Tours on social media for more info ( Facebook: Liverpool Cycle Tours ) or call 07986 139531 to book.

The sculpture trail will be accompanied by a programme of events and learning opportunities, including workshops, talks, art sessions, moongazing, stargazing and even a silent disco. For more information visit  Our Place in Space.

Read next:  Top things to do in Liverpool: October 2022

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Our place in space.

Liverpool has been announced as an additional stop on the UK tour of  Our Place in Space,  a recreation of the solar system as a stunning 8.1 km sculpture trail designed by artist Oliver Jeffers, astrophysicist Professor Stephen Smartt and a creative team led by Nerve Centre.

Following popular visits to Derry-Londonderry, Belfast and Cambridge during 2022, where it has been experienced by more than 300,000 people, the trail will touch down in the city from 14 October to 6 November, before returning to Northern Ireland in February 2023 at the Ulster Transport Museum.

Beginning on Church Street in the heart of the city centre and running along the riverside all the way to Otterspool, Our Place in Space is free to visit and features scale models of the Sun and planets, recreated as contemporary art sculptures. Colourful arches house each planet with an arrow and the name of the planet lit up in Las Vegas style lights.

At a scale of 591 million to one, the Sun is 2.35 metres across, Earth is 2.2 centimetres and Pluto just 4 millimetres. The  Our Place in Space  trail will run until 6 November with events and creative education programmes taking place across the city.

Our Place in Space,  part of UNBOXED: Creativity in the UK, invites participants to consider how we might better share and protect our planet in future and what is the difference between ‘us’ and ‘them’? The project aims to bring our solar system down to Earth and send us soaring into the stars to find new perspectives and reconsider what it means to live life on our planet.

The trail is accompanied by the free  Our Place in Space  augmented reality app, available on Apple and Android, which allows users across the world to take a journey through the solar system, experiencing the planets in augmented reality and considering 10,000 years of human history on Earth. On the trail, users are invited to collect space souvenirs, including characters from the world of Oliver Jeffers, as well as launch a personalised star into space.

Oliver Jeffers, internationally renowned artist and author said:  “For centuries, we’ve defined ourselves by who we are and who we’re not. Which side we choose, on what ground we stand, who and what we fight for. A human story, that lives merely in human minds. But with distance comes perspective – and what happens to our perspective on everything when we look back at Earth from space? Our Place in Space is a playful experiment that asks: What is the difference between ‘us’ and ‘them’? Which side are we on, and if we look back at ourselves from vastness of outer space – alone on our tiny planet, the only one that can harbour life – should there be any ‘sides’ at all?”

Our Place in Space  has been designed by Oliver Jeffers with leading astrophysicist Professor Stephen Smartt and a creative team led by Nerve Centre, Northern Ireland’s leading creative media arts centre. Local partners helping to bring  Our Place in Space  to Liverpool include Culture Liverpool, Liverpool City Council, Liverpool BID Company and Canal & Riverside Trust.

Our Place in Space  in Liverpool coincides with the launch of a new children’s book by Oliver, Meanwhile Back on Earth (HarperCollins). Inspired by the themes of Our Place in Space and available from 4 October, the book features a father who takes his two squabbling children on a journey into space to show them what binds us together matters more than what might set us apart. Oliver will be signing copies of his new book at Waterstones, College Lane, Liverpool on Saturday 15 October at 12 noon.

Our Place in Space  is one of 10 major creative projects commissioned as part of UNBOXED: Creativity in the UK, a celebration of creativity taking place across the UK this year. UNBOXED features free large-scale events, installations and globally accessible digital experiences in the UK’s most ambitious showcase of creative collaboration.

There are opportunities for local people to become trail guardians while the trail is in Liverpool, helping enhance and support visitors’ experience. For more information visit  www.ourplaceinspace.earth .

Our Place in Space  is commissioned by UNBOXED and Belfast City Council. Led by Nerve Centre, the project is a collaboration between Astrophysics Research Centre at Queen’s University Belfast, National Museums NI, NI Science Festival, Big Motive, Taunt, Microsoft, Jeffers & Sons, Dumbworld, Live Music Now, Little Inventors, and Urban Scale Interventions.

UNBOXED: Creativity in the UK is funded and supported by the four governments of the UK and is commissioned and delivered in partnership with Belfast City Council, Creative Wales and EventScotland.

Photo Credit: Our Place In Space – Earth+Moon – Derry-Londonderry. Our Place in Space part of UNBOXED: Creativity in the UK Courtesy of Nerve Centre, 2021

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  • Nov 5, 2022

'Our Place In Space': Take A Walk This Weekend Through A Unique Solar System Sculpture Trail

Weekend walks: final weekend to explore the solar system sculpture trail, 'our place in space'.

'Our Place In Space': Take A Walk This Weekend Through A Unique Solar System Sculpture Trail (Credit: UNBOXED/Supplied By Publicist).

EXPLORE the fabulous Our Place in Space Sculpture Trail on its final weekend before it jets off into orbit. The Liverpool City Region was selected as part of a UK tour to host a recreation of the solar system as a stunning 5 Mile Sculpture Trail designed by renowned artist Oliver Jeffers, Astrophysicist Professor Stephen Smartt and a creative team led by Nerve Centre.

Beginning on Church Street in the heart of Liverpool City Centre and running along the riverside all the way to Otterspool, Our Place in Space is free to visit and features scale models of the Sun and planets, recreated as contemporary art sculptures. Colourful arches house each planet with an arrow and the name of the planet lit up in Las Vegas style lights.

The trail is accompanied by the free Our Place in Space augmented reality app , available on Apple and Android , which allows users across the world to take a journey through the solar system, experiencing the planets in augmented reality and considering 10,000 years of human history on Earth. On the trail, users are invited to collect space souvenirs, including characters from the world of Oliver Jeffers, as well as launch a personalised star into space.

'As the solar system takes over our city centre we are celebrating the return of our major festival River of Light, welcoming the World Gymnastic Championships 2022 and are the centre of the art world as Tate Liverpool plays host to The Turner Prize.' - Councillor Harry Doyle.

Liverpool City Council’s Cabinet Member for Culture and Visitor Economy, Councillor Harry Doyle, said: 'We are delighted that UNBOXED have chosen Liverpool as the final stop for Our Place In Space this year. As the solar system takes over our City Centre we are celebrating the return of our major festival River of Light, welcoming the World Gymnastic Championships 2022 and are the centre of the art world as Tate Liverpool plays host to The Turner Prize. Liverpool is the only place to be this Autumn for brilliant, free entertainment.'

our place in space tour

The Sculpture Trail runs from Church Street in Liverpool City Centre and runs all the way to Otterspool. The final day of the experience is Sunday the 6th of November so there is still time to explore the trail!

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Our Place in Space | Guided Tours of the Solar System

Join us for a guided tour of the solar system on the spectacular Midsummer Common. Our tours are tailored to different interests and abilities, with something for everyone!

  • 30th July 2022 - 18th August 2022
  • 12:00 pm - 8:30 pm

Centered around an epic scale model of the solar system designed by the artist Oliver Jeffers with scientist Professor Stephen Smartt and a creative team led by Nerve Centre, Our Place in Space is a three-dimensional sculpture trail, interactive AR app and exciting learning and events programme. Jump to Jupiter, visit Venus and swing by the Sun without ever leaving Earth!

Find the right guided tour for you below:

Family Tours with our Creative Learning Team

This tour from our experienced creative learning team will take you on a journey from the Sun to Mars, and has been created as fun for all the family.

Tuesday 9 August @ 10am–11am

Wednesday 10 August @ 10am–11am

Thursday 11 August @ 2pm–3pm

Friday 12 August @ 2pm–3pm

Family Tours with Dr Matthew Bothwell

Take a tour from the Sun to Saturn with Dr Matthew Bothwell, and learn all about our Solar System. This is an opportunity for you to have a conversation with Matthew and ask all your space related questions.

Saturday 6 August @ 12pm–1.30pm

Thursday 18 August @ 7pm–8.30pm

Interstellar Tours with Hunt & Darton

A chance to see the planets and city from a different angle with enigmatic duo Hunt & Darton.

Saturday 30 July @ 12pm and 4pm

Sunday 31 July @ 12pm and 2pm

Please visit our website to book your space in advance. Spaces are limited.

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Lord Byron, the famous Romantic poet, is said to have kept a bear while he was a student at Trinity College in the 1800s.

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Home Beyond Earth

New exhibit opening June 2024!

Starry black space with the Home Beyond Earth logo

Imagine living in a place where the night sky is always clear and sparkles with countless stars, and every day the entire world shines outside your windows.  On June 8, 2024, The Museum of Flight premieres  Home Beyond Earth,  an immersive new exhibition that goes to the heart of the human experience of living in space.  

With a focus on space stations past, present and future, Home Beyond Earth features over fifty artifacts, models, space-flown objects and uniforms. Digital tokens allow visitors to make their own journey through the exhibit and personalize their imagined life in a space station of their choice. The exhibit’s vivid digital projections and over a dozen interactive elements help visitors enjoy and realize the dreams and realities of living and working in a place orbiting our planet. Today’s new era of spaceflight promises space hotels, orbiting cities and industrial jobs on the Moon. 

Home Beyond Earth shows how far we have come to realize this vision, and helps us ponder a future that may, or may not, be for you. 

Exhibit opens June 8, 2024! 

Exhibit is free with Museum Membership and included with general admission. This exhibit was created by The Museum of Flight.

Home Beyond Earth  Programming Throughout the run of the exhibition the Museum will offer provocative programs that bring the challenges of living in space down to Earth. Astronauts, space industry leaders, authors and futurists will cover topics ranging from sci-fi and living in space with disabilities, to space archeology and space law.  Home Beyond Earth  will also delightfully spice up the Museum’s seasonal events and weekly family activities throughout the year.

Join us for Opening Day on June 8! Stay in orbit all day with space station-themed workshops, presentations and expert guests.

Opening Day Event Info

Red Barn Special Exhibits Gallery (First Floor)

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Where and when to see the northern lights in 2024

Now is the perfect time to plan a northern lights trip

northern lights appear as dancing ribbons of green in the sky above a snowy mountain top.

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When to see the northern lights

Northern lights forecasts.

Nothing quite beats seeing the northern lights, or aurora borealis, in all their glory. But where and when can you see them? 

Lucky for us the next few years are going to be the best for seeing the northern lights due to heightened solar activity as we approach "solar maximum" in the current solar cycle.

So if you are planning a trip to see the northern lights now is the time to do it. Not sure where to go? Here we have rounded up some of the best places to see auroras around the world. 

Related: Aurora colors: What causes them and why do they vary?  

The northern lights are created when energized particles from the sun slam into Earth's upper atmosphere at speeds of up to 45 million mph (72 million kph), but our planet's magnetic field protects us from energetic assault.

As Earth's magnetic field redirects the particles toward the poles the dramatic process transforms into a cinematic atmospheric phenomenon that dazzles and fascinates scientists and skywatchers alike. The southern lights, or aurora australis, are produced in the same way. 

We asked Tom Kerss, astronomy, author and northern lights expert what three pieces of advice he would give to someone wanting to see the northern lights. 

Tom Kerss is an astronomer and the author of numerous best-selling books about the night sky for both adults and children, including Northern Lights , Diamonds Everywhere and the Starry Stories Series .  

What are your top tips for seeing the northern lights?

1. Unless you're lucky enough to have the lights come to you, seeing auroras is a matter of being in the right place at the right time. Fortunately, we can forecast where and when they are likely to become visible, so you can increase your odds. Being in Norway between late September and mid-March, during the darkest, moonless nights, and being mobile will greatly improve your chances. 

2. It's important to persevere! The arctic nights can be extremely cold, but you'll need to push yourself and stay up late to make the most of the auroral zone. On good nights, the Lights are visible as soon as it gets dark, but you should try to stay up until after midnight.

3. Taking your own photographs of the Northern Lights is so alluring, and very rewarding. Today's cameras — including smartphones — capture super, colourful and clear shots. But try not to get too carried away. Make sure you absorb the luminosity, colour and subtle movement of the Lights with your own eyes. You'll make pictures in your mind that you can't share, but you can feel!

What is your favorite aurora fact?

My favorite fact about auroras is that they appear not only on Earth, but on many other worlds. Every planet in the Solar System (except Mercury) exhibits auroras, as do several moons and even a comet! Moreover, we've measured auroras on other stars, and possibly even exoplanets, and they can teach us about the environments and interiors of these remote worlds.  

Where to see the northern lights in Europe

If you live in Europe, the easiest thing to do is head to the far northern parts of Norway, Sweden, Iceland and Finland. Many local people speak English in those regions and there are lots of tours available.

Wherever you plan on going, bear in mind that cloudy skies may make it difficult to catch auroras on any one particular night. If possible, leave yourself extra time to accommodate inclement weather.

Here is a list of some possible European northern lights trips and tour providers:

northern lights in Norway appearing as vivid green bands of light across the sky. With mountains and water below.

Hurtigruten Coastal Express

Bergen — Kirkenes — Bergen 

Price: From £2942pp, includes breakfast, lunch and dinner + exclusive excursion to the Tromsø planetarium.

Duration: 12 days 

Northern Lights Promise :  If there is no recorded sighting of the northern lights while sailing, Hurtigruten will give guests a free 6- or 7-day Classic Voyage to redeem the following season. Terms and Conditions apply.

If you're interested in booking the Astronomy Voyage head over to Hurtigruten's official site .

If you're looking for the ultimate skywatching and cultural experience in Norway, we recommend taking the Hurtigruten Coastal Express along the stunning Norwegian Coast. 

There are a number of voyages available as well as specialized " Astronomy Voyages " that include additional astronomy lectures from an onboard astronomer and a visit to Tromsø's impressive planetarium and science center. 

You can read more about what it's like to experience the Hurtigruten Astronomy Voyage in our article . 

The Northern Lights Company

The Northern Lights Company based in stunning Vesterålen, Norway, offers various 4, 5 or 7-night northern lights trips between September and April. 

All tours include transport, accommodation, aurora chasing by night as well as daytime activities so guests not only get to see beautiful Norway but also experience it. 

From eagle safaris and visits to the local Sami Reindeer farm to aurora research at the Andøy Space Centre and photography trips. There is something for everyone with the Northern Lights Company.

Visit Tromsø

Visit Tromsø sells aurora-watching trips around the city of Tromsø in Norway. The largest urban area in Northern Norway and the world's third largest city above the Arctic Circle, Tromsø lies just within the Northern Lights Oval, the region above Earth's geomagnetic North Pole where aurora displays are most likely to occur.

Visit Tromsø sells 'aurora chases,' dynamic night hunts for aurora displays in the aurora season between September and April, and slower-paced 'experiences' such as dog-sled and boat trips and overnight stays at aurora hotspots. Tromsø can be accessed by plane from Norway's capital Oslo; adventure seekers are sometimes rewarded by an aurora display during their incoming flight.

northern lights appear as thin ribbons of green light in a partly cloudy sky. Below are the lights outside cabins at Abisko Turiststation.

Lights over Lapland

Lights over Lapland sells a range of aurora-watching packages that take skywatchers to Sweden's northernmost region, Lapland. Lapland straddles the border between Sweden and Finland, with both sides offering excellent aurora viewing opportunities in winter months and the midnight sun experience in summer. 

Lights over Lapland operates on the Swedish side of the border with most of its tours aiming for Abisko National Park (not far from the Esrange Space Center which runs rocket tests for ESA and is gearing up to perform the first satellite launches from continental Europe).

"Abisko has developed a reputation for being the No. 1 aurora-watching destination on the planet, due to the fact that it is located in a very special microclimate with less precipitation than any other location on Earth that is located within the aurora zone," photographer Chad Blakley, who is a co-founder of Lights over Lapland, told Space.com via email. 

If you want to see what it's like to chase auroras in Swedish Lapland check out our article on what it's like to put Abisko's "cloud-busting weapon" to the test . 

northern lights appear as a large green band swirling over the top of the central mountainous peak reflected in the water below.

Guide to Iceland

Guide to Iceland sells a range of aurora-watching packages on the North Atlantic island, including bus tours, boat tours and hunting trips. Situated just below the Arctic Circle, Iceland provides a decent chance of catching the Northern Lights during winter months. If that doesn't work out, you can instead relax in the island's powerful natural hot springs and outdoor pools.

Viatour northern lights night tour from Reykjavik

Viatour operates evening aurora-watching trips from Iceland's capital Reykjavik. The bus tour takes tourists across the island to its most popular aurora spots. The operator says that those who don't get to see the northern lights during their trip can join again at no additional cost. 

Arctic Adventures

Arctic Adventures offers a large number of tours from day trips to multi-day excursions to experience the very best of Iceland. There is a range of northern lights tours available whether it be traveling by bus, boat, or multi-day hiking tours. Experience the majestic northern lights with Arctic Adventures and make memories that will last a lifetime.

Where to see the northern lights in North America

Yellow tent illuminated under the aurora borealis display in Alaska's Arctic.

If you're interested in trying to photograph the northern lights check out our guides on how to photograph auroras , as well as the best equipment for aurora photography .

There are plenty of options for good aurora viewing in North America. While far-eastern Canada tends to be cloudy, the shore of the Hudson Bay, the northern Canadian towns of Yellowknife or Whitehorse, or the west coast of Alaska are usually good bets. (The city of Fairbanks itself can be a great choice for seeing northern lights without needing to go too far in the wilderness.)

Alaska Tours

Alaska Tours offers a range of packages from one-day trips to week-long tours that take visitors past the Arctic Circle to the heart of Alaska's wilderness, where the chance of catching the glowing auroras is among the best in the world. 

Aurora Borealis Yukon  

Aurora Borealis Yokon runs one-day to five-day aurora-watching trips in the Yukon territory in northwestern Canada. A direct neighbor of Alaska, Yukon offers pretty much the same aurora-observing conditions during the winter months.

Churchill Arctic Adventures

In the east, Churchill Arctic Adventures offers trips to Churchill, Manitoba, on the western shores of Hudson Bay. The company operates dedicated 'aurora domes,' heated cabins and other outposts in the boreal forest that allow visitors to observe the magnificent lights in perfect comfort. If the aurora doesn't show up, then perhaps some of the polar bears residing in this region may. 

Can I see the northern lights from my home?

If you capture an amazing photo of the northern lights and would like to share it with Space.com and our news partners for a story or gallery, send images to [email protected].  

The "standard" aurora borealis, observable in the Arctic regions, is generated by the solar wind , which constantly flows toward Earth. It manifests itself into a large "ring" above Earth's geomagnetic North Pole and is known as the aurora oval. 

During times of heightened solar activity, the aurora oval can expand more southern latitudes. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Space Weather Prediction Center maintains a detailed 30-minute aurora forecast where you can see the predicted extent of the auroral oval and the probability of auroras. The aurora borealis is visible most nights, weather permitting, within a band several hundred miles wide that's centered at about 66 degrees north — about the same latitude as the Arctic Circle.

But geomagnetic storms, caused by coronal mass ejections (CME), can ramp up the northern lights considerably and make them visible over much wider areas. In early November 2023, for example, a powerful geomagnetic storm sparked auroras as far south as Greece and Turkey .

Related: Aurora myths, legends and misconceptions

As the solar cycle intensifies, such occurrences might become more common (or rather, slightly less rare). We recommend keeping an eye on Spaceweather.com for alerts of possible incoming geomagnetic storms as well as NOAA's Space Weather Prediction Center . 

Yet even the most powerful geomagnetic storm will fail to deliver the experience unless other factors cooperate — a cloud-free sky, not too much moonlight, nighttime hours and absence of light pollution. (City-dwellers have to get out into the countryside for an aurora experience no matter how strong the geomagnetic storm supercharging the sky might be.)

But you can have an aurora experience without even leaving your house if you so choose. Our northern lights webcams article offers aurora views from some iconic locations from across Europe and North America, all in one place. 

If you're planning an aurora-viewing trip, the best time is throughout the winter months. Anytime between late September to late March is a good time for northern lights hunting as the long nights provide ample aurora viewing opportunities.

The good news is that the sun's approximately 11-year solar cycle of solar activity is ramping up as we approach solar maximum. This means that the next few years will be the perfect time to plan a northern lights adventure.

The northern lights can appear for long periods or short bursts lasting only a few minutes (if that!) so the best way to see them is to wrap up warm, and wait. I have been on several northern lights hunts and sometimes they can appear when you least expect, so unless you're already outside and ready, you'll miss them completely. For me, the wait is all part of the experience, especially when you're out aurora hunting with other like-minded individuals. It provides the perfect opportunity to share aurora stories, do a spot of stargazing and simply enjoy the shared experience of the night sky . 

graphic showing what you need to see the northern lights the five items listed are clear skies, warm clothes, patience, suitable location, and a little bit of luck. On the right of the text are some graphics of warm clothes, a starry sky, four leaf clover and a north compass sign.

You can get an idea of how active the northern lights are likely to be in your area by keeping tabs on a short-term aurora forecast, such as the one provided by the Geophysical Institute . One predicting the next half hour is available on NOAA's Space Weather Prediction Website . Also, a citizen science website called Aurorasaurus gives on-the-ground instant information from aurora enthusiasts wanting to alert the community to new sky shows.

Join our Space Forums to keep talking space on the latest missions, night sky and more! And if you have a news tip, correction or comment, let us know at: [email protected].

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Daisy Dobrijevic joined Space.com in February 2022 having previously worked for our sister publication All About Space magazine as a staff writer. Before joining us, Daisy completed an editorial internship with the BBC Sky at Night Magazine and worked at the National Space Centre in Leicester, U.K., where she enjoyed communicating space science to the public. In 2021, Daisy completed a PhD in plant physiology and also holds a Master's in Environmental Science, she is currently based in Nottingham, U.K. Daisy is passionate about all things space, with a penchant for solar activity and space weather. She has a strong interest in astrotourism and loves nothing more than a good northern lights chase! 

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The Milky Way's last major act of galactic cannibalism was surprisingly recent

  • dcr66 To be honest I have never paid explicitly for some tours to see Northern Lights. They are more visible than you think and you just need to know when. I do know people that pay $$ to go see these things in Norway. Then I showed them the pics I took from a plane window. If you are flying from North America to Europe the great circle route usually takes you up to Greenland and Iceland. If the flight is night time, then get a window seat on the left side of the plane. Don't sleep and keep your eyes peeled when you are up there. Very likely you will see the green curtains easily up near the horizon. My daughter despite never seen them before saw it flying to Europe. Same can be done if your route takes you over Anchorage Alaska, the right side of the plane. I used to see it all the time on the fueling stopover to Anchorage AK back in the 80s and 90s. Less likely these days except on certain China based airlines. The polar route from North America to Asia that goes over the North Pole. You should be able to see the green curtains on either side when you are in the artic circle. The Prairies in Canada but avoid the summer because you will be in astronomic twilight essentially. I lived in Winnipeg for some years in the 1980s and I see them all the time. All kinds including the white sheet that cover the whole sky and bright enough to read. Reply
  • michael'Buzz'collins Yes, luckily some only have to travel a short distance out to your back door! As Recently the Aurora Borealis, thankfully (no clouds 🙏)was able to be viewed in NW Donegal, Eire As I recently saw the repeat of Alexander Armstrongs Iceland visit on RTE ( as I missed it on ch5) So wasn't expecting to see this wonderful cosmic display!! Here are a few pictures that people took from their backyard from Burtonport to Buncrana, Inc Churchill, As I see another Churchill featured below in Manitoba as if seeing the Northern Lights isn't enough, it's program on Ch4/BBC has featured it as it has the most concentration of polar bears too (, because of the ice melting!) https://www.facebook.com/162517790452520/posts/pfbid031eTNJrFWY791rydpEhMDQDUyvGh3pnKZfgwKsK7VRTYwjGdSXZoTHaFdSfUvQNUVl/?sfnsn=mo https://www.facebook.com/1580520814/posts/pfbid033woQiJnL5XpYNoweeEznauNbSjQNJDxSSMxvzE7RxrrxoAwS7kbrTYPnDvZHKgBRl/?sfnsn=mo Simply outta this world,so to say😇 Reply
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Travel in Russia

3 day tour in moscow.

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Here starts your vacations in Moscow . On completing customs, you will be met by our travel agency representative speaking multiple languages. He/she will help you reach your hotel. You will be transfered to the place by a vehicle of any class (on request). This is how you start your holidays in Moscow and holidays in Russia.

A sightseeing tour of Moscow in our vehicle will be made for you. Your tour of Moscow will take approximately 3 hours. You will be demonstrated most prominent historic places like world-known Red Square and green area of Alexander Gardens. Walk along Manezh square . Then you will drive past Sophia embankment the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and enjoy the incredible views of the Kremlin from Sophia embankment where the former British Embassy stands–itself and enjoy gorgeous looks of Kremlin , appreciate the size of the monument to Peter the Great and all charm of the House on the Embankment. Whole touring you will pass magnificent and world-renowned sites of Moscow as the Novodevishy Monastery with its Necropolis, a biggest cemetery of noted people. For sure the tremendous MGY building will impress you. Observation point at Sparrow Hills will open the view to all Moscow. A lot more of gorgeous places will be waiting for you! Among them there are Poklonnaya Hill, Kutuzov Avenue, New Arbat Street, Boulevard ring, and squares Theatre Square, Tverskaya Street and Pushkin Square . And remember that this is just the first day!

After reaching the hotel you will be helped to check-in. Then will have a great opportunity to taste Russian traditional food. Then you will be free until the following day to continue your exciting travel around Moscow .

There will be a substantial breakfast available to you at the hotel. Then while on holidays in Russia you will attend the biggest fortress of medieval time and at the same time cultural heart of Moscow, i.e. Kremlin . You travel assistant will arrange a meeting with guide who will show you beautiful Red Square . You will have an excursion made by our travel agency's travel guide inside the territory of Kremlin. You will have look at most important churches at Cathedral Square and check the collection of treasure items of Armory Chamber that were collected by tsars and patriarchs.

Then your will be transported to the hotel to have some free time.

In the evening to amuse you during your vacations in Russia we will offer as an options a 2 hour tour in bus through nighttime in Moscow . You can enjoy your time and see the most illuminated city of Europe in the flesh(starting at 11 pm).

This is the last day of your holidays in Moscow and tour in Russia. After breakfasting you are to check-out from the hotel. You will not go straight to airport. Firstly, we will invite you to see another important landmark of Russian culture. You will walk through Old Arbat Street (that once heard Napolean’s footsteps echo along the cobbles), which, now, is a pedestrian zone with numerous cafes, restaurants, museums, theatres, shops).

Finishing excursion you will have a quick snack and then straight to the airport to depart from Russia. We would be very happy to know your opinions and feelings on your travel in Russia and vacations in Moscow.

If you wish to see the price and what included into it click here .

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2024 Memorial Tournament money: Here’s how much every player made 

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Scottie Scheffler hits his tee shot on Saturday on the 16th hole at Muirfield Village Golf Club.

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Adam Hadwin, a week ago, in his home country’s Canadian Open , didn’t cash. After rounds of 72 and 70, he missed the cut. 

But things weren’t all bad. 

He was also gifted something valuable. 

A round with a pull cart. 

He said last weekend he played Toronto Golf Club. No pressure. Just friends. Just pulling. 

“I think every one of us [Canadians] always loves when we get north of the border,” Hadwin said this week. “Some of the other guys spend a little bit more time up there than I do. I’m rarely up there anymore. So it’s always nice to kind of cross and be amongst other Canadians, and obviously we get really good support.

“Yeah, it sucks to not play well, especially up there. I mean it sucks to miss cuts, but missing a cut in Canada is definitely up there with some of the worst. I got to spend some time with my mom, just kind of chill out, played Toronto Golf Club on Saturday, just relaxed.

“I was joking with the guys that I used a push cart around. I hadn’t done that in years, get back to what the game used to be for us growing up, just slugging it around yourself, hitting shots, having fun, enjoying company. The game can wear on you sometimes, and I think that I can lose sight of that sometimes with the best of ’em.”

Was playing that round, just pushing the push cart, helpful?

“Yeah, I think so,” said Hadwin, who entered Sunday’s final round of the Memorial tied for second. “I struggle sometimes to do those rounds. If I don’t play well, I kind of wonder why I’m out here. But, yeah, I think just kind of get back to what I used to do as a junior and as a young amateur when the game was not my livelihood and not how I paid bills or anything like that. Just go out and enjoy some good company and hack it around and hopefully hit a few good shots and kind of just enjoy the experience again.”

With that, you can check out the complete payout breakdown for this week’s Memorial, played at Muirfield Village Golf Club . The total purse is $20 million.

How much every player made at the 2024 Memorial  

1. Scottie Scheffler $4 million

2. Collin Morikawa $2.2 million

3. Adam Hadwin $1.4 million

4. Christiaan Bezuidenhout $1 million

T5. Matt Fitzpatrick $766,666 Ludvig Aberg $766,666 Sepp Straka $766,666

T8. Hideki Matsuyama $579,000 Sungjae Im $579,000 Tony Finau $579,000 Xander Schauffele $579,000

T12. Nick Dunlap $430,333 Victor Perez $430,333 Sahith Theegala $430,333

T15. Billy Horschel $329,000 Sam Burns $329,000 Viktor Hovland $329,000 Si Woo Kim $329,000 Rory McIlroy $329,000

T20. Corey Conners $259,500 Tommy Fleetwood $259,500

T22. Alex Noren $200,200 Byeong Hun An $200,200 Akshay Bhatia $200,200 J.T. Poston $200,200 Max Homa $200,200

T27. Emiliano Grillo $143,500 Adam Svensson $143,500 Nick Taylor $143,500 Davis Thompson $143,500 Russell Henley $143,500 Seamus Power $143,500

T33. Taylor Pendrith $106,500 Justin Thomas $106,500 Matt Kuchar $106,500 Peter Malnati $106,500 Brian Harman $106,500 Jason Day $106,500

T39. Denny McCarthy $88,000 Austin Eckroat $88,000

T41. Thomas Detry $80,000 Will Zalatoris $80,000

T43. Tom Kim $72,000 Keegan Bradley $72,000

T45. Tom Hoge $60,500 Lee Hodges $60,500 Andrew Putnam $60,500 Eric Cole $60,500

49. Shane Lowry $54,000

T50. Cameron Young $51,500 Cam Davis $51,500

52. Jackson Koivun (amateur)

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Nick Piastowski is a Senior Editor at Golf.com and Golf Magazine. In his role, he is responsible for editing, writing and developing stories across the golf space. And when he’s not writing about ways to hit the golf ball farther and straighter, the Milwaukee native is probably playing the game, hitting the ball left, right and short, and drinking a cold beer to wash away his score. You can reach out to him about any of these topics — his stories, his game or his beers — at [email protected].

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our place in space tour

If we could look back at Earth from the vastness of the solar system, what would we feel? Wouldn’t squabbles look stupid from Saturn? Wouldn’t violence seem senseless from Venus? Forget about ‘Us and Them’, from the perspective of Pluto, it’s just US!

our place in space tour

So, what exactly is Our Place in Space?

Centered around an epic scale model of the solar system designed by the artist Oliver Jeffers with scientist Professor Stephen Smartt and a creative team led by Nerve Centre, Our Place in Space is a sculpture trail of our solar system, interactive AR app and exciting learning and events programme (including our very own Minecraft world !)

Story behind the project

For centuries, we’ve defined ourselves by who we are and who we’re not. Which side we choose, on what ground we stand, who and what we fight for. But with distance and a view from afar, the distinction between Us and Them fades away. With distance comes perspective...

Watch our video to learn more about what inspired Oliver Jeffers and Professor Stephen Smartt to create Our Place in Space.

News View All

6 November, 2023

Our Place in Space Goes International, Prepares for Launch in Hanoi

17 October, 2023

Our Place in Space Shines at 2023 CIPR PRide Awards

27 June, 2023

Our Place in Space Minecraft world rockets to one million downloads

Creative team.

our place in space tour

From an initial concept by Oliver Jeffers and Chris Haughton

Get In Touch

UNBOXED: Creativity is a once-in-a-lifetime celebration of creativity, taking place across England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales and online from March to October 2022. We’re lifting the lid on 10 awe-inspiring new ideas, shaped across science, technology, engineering, the arts and mathematics by brilliant minds working in unexpected collaborations. Unmissable events and unforgettable experiences are coming to places and spaces right across the UK: from coastal towns and city centres to breathtaking areas of natural beauty.

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2024 Total Eclipse: Where & When

Eclipse explorer.

For a mobile-friendly or full-screen version of this interactive map, visit go.nasa.gov/EclipseExplorer .

The Monday, April 8, 2024, total solar eclipse crossed North America, passing over Mexico, the United States, and Canada. The total solar eclipse began over the South Pacific Ocean. Weather permitting, the first location in continental North America that experienced totality is Mexico’s Pacific coast at around 11:07 a.m. PDT.

A map of the contiguous U.S. shows the path of the 2024 total solar eclipse stretching on a narrow band from Texas to Maine.

The path of the eclipse continued from Mexico, entering the United States in Texas, and traveled through Oklahoma, Arkansas, Missouri, Illinois, Kentucky, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine. Small parts of Tennessee and Michigan also experienced the total solar eclipse. The eclipse entered Canada in Southern Ontario, and continued through Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Cape Breton. The eclipse exited continental North America on the Atlantic coast of Newfoundland, Canada, at 5:16 p.m. NDT.

This table provides the time that totality began in some U.S. cities in the path of totality. These areas also experienced a partial eclipse before and after these times.

Discover More Topics From NASA

Tendrils of hot plasma stream from the Sun.

Total Solar Eclipse Safety

Dozens of people sit or stand outside on a rocky slope and all face the same direction (left) while holding card shaped solar viewers or while wearing solar eclipse glasses. It is a sunny day with a blue sky and trees in the background.

2024 Total Eclipse

2024 facts 1

Helio Big Year

Image of coronal rain on the sun.

Scottie Scheffler continues dominant PGA Tour season with 1-stroke victory at the Memorial

Having already won this year at the courses famously connected to Arnold Palmer and Bobby Jones, two of the faces that would be etched on the Mount Rushmore of golf, Scottie Scheffler added winning at Jack’s Place, shooting a final-round 2-over-par 74 at Muirfield Village Golf Club in Dublin, Ohio on Sunday in the  2024 Memorial tournament . That was enough to hang on for a one-stroke victory, his 11th career PGA Tour title.

“It was a fun test of golf. I like it when it gets this hard,” Scheffler said. “I didn’t do a whole lot great today but I did enough to get it done.”

The only other player to win the Players Championship in March, the Masters in April and the Memorial in June in the same season? None other than Tiger Woods, another of the faces on the Mount Rushmore of golf, who won the first of five Memorials 25 years ago.

Ahead of the PGA Championship last month, Woods was asked to describe the tremendous run by Scheffler to become the dominant world No. 1 this season. “If he putts awful, then he finishes in the top 10. If he putts decent, he wins. He putts great, he runs away. He’s just that good a ball-striker and that good an all-around player.”

After entering the final round with a four-stroke edge, Scheffler was nursing a one-streak lead before he canned a 16-foot par putt at 16 to stretch his lead to two and despite a rocky finish, he held off Collin Morikawa, who closed in 71, his fifth top-5 finish this season, and chased him to the finish. Scheffler finished with a 72-hole aggregate of 8-under 280, his fifth win in his last eight starts, making him the first to win five times in a season since Justin Thomas seven years ago and the first to win five times before the U.S. Open since Tom Watson in 1980.

Scheffler opened with rounds of 67-68 to claim the 36-hole lead and managed to extend it by a stroke despite a triple-bogey on Saturday and three-putt bogey at 18. He signed for 71. Conditions during the final round remained tough on a sun-drenched day that turned greens brick hard. With a scoring average of nearly 75, it felt a little too much like the U.S. Open had come one week early.

“Muirfield Village is growling at the players today,” said CBS’s Trevor Immelman.

Scheffler made two bogeys on the front nine and just one birdie – at No. 6 – as Adam Hadwin made an early move before stumbling late and finishing alone in third (74).

“I had put a Band-Aid on the round for a long time,” said Hadwin “and the Band-Aid came off and it was carnage.” As a consolation prize, Hadwin did earn the one spot available into the British Open at Royal Troon in July to the top finisher not already qualified.

Morikawa (71) remained hot on Scheffler’s heels, especially after he drilled a 32-foot birdie putt at the par-3 12 th , his longest putt he had made since the first round of the PGA Championship, a span of 202 holes, to get within one.

Scheffler failed to answer at 12 from closer range, made a nervy short-range birdie stab at 13 and watched in disbelief as his ball spun out on 15. Although he punched his fist when he saved par at 16, Scheffler missed an 8-foot par putt at 17 to cut his lead in half. But he made an up-and-down from over the green at 18, pumping his right fist with gusto when his 5-foot putt for the win dropped. Morikawa, who also played in the final group with Scheffler at the Masters in April, had seen this movie before.

Asked what about Scheffler’s game impresses him, Morikawa said, “Everything. The guy could be off balance and the ball’s right down the middle of the fairway. Look, his ball striking is incredible. Growing up, his short game and putting was always amazing, but how good he hits his irons and the control he has is amazing. Distance control is key and it’s king and he’s got that.”

Scheffler’s topped the field in Strokes Gained: Tee-to-Green and Approach-the-Green and his putter was just good enough: he ranked 42nd in Strokes Gained: putting in the final round and 22nd for the week in the 73-man field, lending credibility to Tiger’s assessment of his game. In the end, Scheffler got the traditional winner’s handshake from the legendary Nicklaus that he had said before the tournament that he so desired.

“It would mean a lot to me to be able to shake his hand and win this golf tournament with all the history here and what Mr. Nicklaus has meant to the game.”

That wasn’t the only greeting Scheffler received behind the 18th green. Wife Meredith and baby Bennett were there to congratulate him on daddy’s first win as a parent.

Image that reads Space Place and links to spaceplace.nasa.gov.

All About the Sun

Postcard advertising travel to the Sun. The text on the postcard reads The Sun - High energy and lots of flare, but don't get too close and don't stare! Behind the text is an illustration of the Sun, with a solar flare, coronal mass ejection and sunspots.

Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

A star is a hot, glowing ball of gas. When you look up in the night sky, you can see countless twinkling stars. Can you see any stars during the daytime? Of course! The light of daytime comes from our closest star: the Sun.

Explore the Sun! Click and drag to rotate the Sun. Scroll or pinch to zoom in and out. Credit: NASA Visualization Technology Applications and Development (VTAD)

Just how close is the Sun to Earth? Way, way closer than other stars, but still pretty far away. It’s approximately 93 million miles away from Earth. That’s 400 times farther than the distance between Earth and the Moon!

However, it’s a good thing that Earth isn’t too close to the Sun. If we were too close, it would be way too hot to live here. The Sun’s surface is very hot, and its atmosphere is even hotter. And the Sun’s core is the hottest part of all, at a sizzling 27 million degrees Fahrenheit!

Our Sun is about 100 times wider than Earth, but it is just an average sized star . Astronomers have found some stars that are 100 times bigger than the Sun and others that are 10 times smaller.

Cartoon of the Sun looking upset and saying Hey! Who are you calling average?

The Sun is also right in the middle of its lifecycle. Right now, our Sun is in a stage called yellow dwarf. It is about 4.5 billion years old . In another 5 billion years the Sun will become a big, cool star called a red giant. A few billion years after that, it will become a small white dwarf star. It will shrink to around the same size as Earth, but it will weigh 20,000 times more.

Chart encompassing 14 billion years that shows the Sun's phases, including birth, now, gradual warming, red giant, planetary nebula and white dwarf.

Click the above image to expand it. Our Sun is in the middle of its lifecycle. It is a yellow dwarf star. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

But even though our Sun is kind of an ordinary star, there are also a few things that make our Sun quite special. For example…

We can’t live without the Sun!

Life on Earth depends on the Sun. Here are just a few reasons why:

  • The Sun’s gravity holds our entire solar system together. Our solar system is even named after the Sun (the Latin word for Sun is “sol”).
  • Heat from the Sun makes Earth warm enough to live on.
  • Without light from the Sun, there would be no plants or animals—and, therefore, no food and we wouldn’t exist.

Cartoon of the Sun looking happy and the Earth saying thank you!

Heat and light might be important for life on Earth, but the Sun sends other stuff, too. The Sun sends lots of other energy and small particles toward Earth. Earth’s protective magnetic field and atmosphere shields us from most of the energy and particles. But sometimes a big stream of these particles reaches Earth and interacts with the gases at the outer edge of our atmosphere. This causes streams of light in the sky, called auroras .

The Sun’s Neighbors

In our solar system, the closest planet to the Sun is Mercury. Our Sun’s closest star neighbor is called Proxima Centauri. It is approximately 4 light-years away.

What does the Sun look like?

First of all, you should never look directly at the Sun without very special protective eyewear. But NASA has many great pictures of the Sun for you to look at! Scientists use telescopes with filters to capture images of the Sun. These images help us learn about our star. The photo below was taken by a NASA spacecraft called the Solar Dynamics Observatory.

The Sun on a dark background with a solar flare on its bottom left side.

This image captured by NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory on June 20, 2013, shows the bright light of a solar flare on the left side of the Sun. Credit: NASA/SDO

Have any spacecraft visited the Sun?

A spacecraft would easily burn up if it tried to fly into the Sun. However, NASA’s Parker Solar Probe is flying closer than any other robotic explorer ever has. It will be flying inside the Sun’s atmosphere, or corona . This spacecraft will help us learn more about how the Sun works and how solar activity starts. This helps us to be more prepared!

More fun facts about the Sun!

  • The Sun goes through ups and downs in activity like solar flares. It gets more active with more sunspots and then less active over a period of 11 years. This is called the solar cycle .
  • The Sun has been getting slowly brighter since it was born. A couple of billions of years ago, the Sun was a little dimmer than it is now.
  • The Sun contains almost ALL of the material in our solar system. 99% of it. All the planets, asteroids and comets add up to less than 1% of the total.
  • The Sun is so far away that it takes light about 8 minutes and 20 seconds for it to get to us – and light is the fastest thing in the universe.

For more information visit:

NASA Science

Explore the Solar System

a cartoon of the Sun with a smiling face.

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Illustration of a game controller that links to the Space Place Games menu.

Visualisation of a ‘wrinkly’ halo of stars around the Milky Way

Gaia: Milky Way’s last major collision was surprisingly recent

Our galaxy has collided with many others in its lifetime. ESA’s Gaia space telescope  now reveals that the most recent of these crashes took place billions of years later than we thought.

The Milky Way has grown over time as other galaxies have approached, collided with, and been torn apart and consumed by our galaxy. Each collision triggered wrinkles that still ripple through different families of stars, affecting how they move and behave in space.

One of Gaia’s aims is to unravel the history of our galaxy by studying these wrinkles – something it’s doing by pinpointing the positions and motions of over 100 000 stars near to our own, a tiny fraction of the about two billion sources it observes.

our place in space tour

“We get wrinklier as we age, but our work reveals that the opposite is true for the Milky Way. It’s a sort of cosmic Benjamin Button , getting less wrinkly over time,” says Thomas Donlon of the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and University of Alabama in Huntsville, USA, and lead author of the new Gaia study. “By looking at how these wrinkles dissipate over time, we can trace when the Milky Way experienced its last big crash – and it turns out this happened billions of years later than we thought.”

These galactic wrinkles were only found by Gaia in 2018. This study is the first to accurately determine the timing of the collision that made the wrinkles, by comparing observations with cosmological simulations.

Strange motions

The Milky Way’s halo contains a large group of stars with unusual orbits, many of those thought to have been adopted into our galaxy during an event that astronomers call the ‘last major merger’. As the name suggests, this is the last time our galaxy experienced a significant collision with another galaxy – proposed to be a massive dwarf galaxy that flooded the Milky Way with stars that pass very close to our galaxy’s centre.

Scientists had dated this merger to between eight and eleven billion years ago, when the Milky Way was in its infancy, and it is known as Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus (GSE). But data from Gaia – released as part of the telescope’s Data Release 3 in 2022 – now suggests that another merger may have delivered the unusually moving stars.

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“For the wrinkles of stars to be as clear as they appear in Gaia data, they must have joined us less than three billion years ago – at least five billion years later than was previously thought,” adds co-author Heidi Jo Newberg, also of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. “New wrinkles of stars form each time the stars swing back and forth through the centre of the Milky Way. If they’d joined us eight billion years ago, there would be so many wrinkles right next to each other that we would no longer see them as separate features.”

The finding suggests that rather than these stars originating from the ancient GSE merger, they must have come from a more recent event dubbed the Virgo Radial Merger, which took place less than three billion years ago.

Rewriting history

There is evidence for the GSE merger taking place far back in the Milky Way’s history. However, recent work has questioned whether a massive ancient merger is actually needed to explain the properties of the Milky Way as we see it today, and whether all of the stars originally associated with the GSE are from the same merger event.

In 2020, Thomas led the study that identified wrinkles of stars in the Milky Way, and compared these to simulations of different possible mergers. “We can see how the shapes and number of wrinkles change over time using these simulated mergers. This lets us pinpoint the exact time when the simulation best matches what we see in real Gaia data of the Milky Way today – a method we used in this new study too,” says Thomas. “By doing this, we found that the wrinkles were likely caused by a dwarf galaxy colliding with the Milky Way around 2.7 billion years ago. We named this event the Virgo Radial Merger.”

Since then, Thomas and colleagues have further explored this merger, slowly refining the idea that many of the oddly moving stars and debris in the Milky Way’s inner halo were delivered to our galaxy from a much more recent galaxy collision than the GSE. They have also clarified that the stars originally associated with the GSE may have originated from multiple mergers, some ancient.

“The Milky Way’s history is constantly being rewritten at the moment, in no small part thanks to new data from Gaia,” adds Thomas. “Our picture of the Milky Way's past has changed dramatically from even a decade ago, and I think our understanding of these mergers will continue to change rapidly.

“This result – that a large portion of the Milky Way only joined us within the last few billion years – is a big change from what astronomers thought up until now. Many popular models and ideas about how the Milky Way grows would expect a recent head-on collision with a dwarf galaxy of this mass to be very rare.”

It’s likely that the Virgo Radial Merger brought in a family of other small dwarf galaxies and star clusters with it, which would have all joined the Milky Way at around the same time. Future exploration will reveal which of these smaller objects that were previously thought to be related to an ancient GSE are actually related to a more recent Virgo Radial Merger instead.

Incredible collaboration

This finding joins a stream of results from Gaia that are rewriting the history of our cosmic home. The space telescope is uniquely placed to explore the myriad stars in our skies, and has compiled an unrivalled dataset of the positions, distances and motions of around 1.5 billion stars to date.

“Gaia is a hugely productive mission that’s transforming our view of the cosmos,” says Timo Prusti, Project Scientist for Gaia at ESA. “Results like this are made possible due to incredible teamwork and collaboration between a huge number of scientists and engineers across Europe and beyond.”

“This finding improves what we know of the many complicated events that shaped the Milky Way, helping us better understand how galaxies are formed and shaped – our home galaxy in particular.”

Notes for editors

‘The Debris of the ‘Last Major Merger’ is Dynamically Young’ by Donlon et al. (2023) is published in  Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stae1264

The study uses data from Gaia’s Data Release 3: https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia/dr3

ESA’s Gaia space telescope  was launched on 19 December 2013 and has been surveying the skies since 2014. In this time, the mission has flipped our understanding of the Milky Way on its head, unveiling its shape and structure and revealing how mergers have affected the stars that call our galaxy home. Read more about some of the telescope's key achievements .

For more information, please contact:

ESA Media Relations

Email:  [email protected]

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COMMENTS

  1. Our Place in Space

    U.S. Space & Rocket Center. One Tranquility Base. Huntsville, AL 35805. (256) 837-3400. 1-800-637-7223. (256)721-7114. [email protected]. The fan-favorite planetarium show "Our Place in Space" is newly refreshed! Join the INTUITIVE Planetarium on an epic guided tour of our solar system with new images captured by missions like Juno and ...

  2. Liverpool

    Our 8.1 km scale model of the solar system animated Liverpool City Centre from 14 October to 6 November 2022. Beginning at the Sun on Church Street, make your way along the city's iconic waterfront and Trans Pennine Trail before finishing in Otterspool where Pluto awaits. Our Place in Space | Liverpool Trail. Watch on.

  3. Our Place In Space

    The Our Place in Space augmented reality app is now available on both Google Play and the Apple App Store. It's going to augment your reality in ways you really didn't expect! Use the app to support your visit to the trail or experience it from anywhere on Earth. Track your steps through the solar system, collect space souvenirs and upload ...

  4. Our Place in Space

    What is our place in space? Centred around an epic scale model of the solar system, designed by Oliver Jeffers and scientist Professor Stephen Smartt, with a creative team led by Nerve Centre, Our Place in Space is a three-dimensional sculpture trail, interactive AR app, and exciting learning and events programme. The Our Place in Space sculpture trail is a 591million to one scale model and ...

  5. Our Trail Routes

    Bringing our solar system down to earth. During a spectacular voyage in 2022, we brought the solar system to Derry~Londonderry, Belfast, Cambridge and Liverpool. In Feb 2023 we launched in North Down where The Sun to Mars has since found a home as an exhibition in the Ulster Transport Museum. In Nov '23 we officially went international ...

  6. 'Our Place In Space' Sculpture Trail To Touch Down In Liverpool This

    Our Place in Space: Church Street to Otterspool, Liverpool (14 October — 6 November 2022). Liverpool has been announced as an additional stop on the UK tour of Our Place in Space, a recreation of the solar system as a stunning 8.1 km sculpture trail designed by artist Oliver Jeffers, astrophysicist Professor Stephen Smartt and a creative team led by Nerve Centre.

  7. 'Our Place in Space' Discover the solar system on this free sculpture

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  8. NASA at Home: Virtual Tours and Apps

    Its spacecraft have flown to every planet and the Sun in a quest to understand our place in the universe, and to search for the possibility of life beyond Earth. NASA's Johnson Space Center Virtual Tour: NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston is home to mission control and astronaut training. It also leads International Space Station ...

  9. Our Place in Space

    Art installation of Our Place in Space in Chiavenna. Credit: ESA/Hubble, M. Jäger. The exhibition was on display in the medieval town of Chiavenna, Italy, from 13 May to 20 August 2017 at the Convento dei Cappuccini, Piazza Bertacchi. The exhibition was open 6 days per week, from Tuesday to Sunday. The opening hours were 10:30 to 12:30 in the ...

  10. Our Place In Space

    Liverpool has been announced as an additional stop on the UK tour of Our Place in Space, a recreation of the solar system as a stunning 8.1 km sculpture trail designed by artist Oliver Jeffers, astrophysicist Professor Stephen Smartt and a creative team led by Nerve Centre. Following popular visits to Derry-Londonderry, Belfast and Cambridge ...

  11. Our Place in Space tours Northern Ireland

    Our Place in Space 2022. Watch on. The sculpture trail then moved on to Belfast and Divis/Black Mountain, a popular National Trust walking spot with outstanding panoramic views of Belfast Lough. The trail opened on 11 June, concluding on 10 July. After a detour to Cambridge and Liverpool in the autumn, the trail will return to Northern Ireland ...

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    #ad Let's explore 'Our Place in Space!' - www.ourplaceinspace.earth An out-of-this-world experience that sees you journey through the solar system, stopping ...

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  14. Our Place in Space

    Family Tours with Dr Matthew Bothwell. Take a tour from the Sun to Saturn with Dr Matthew Bothwell, and learn all about our Solar System. This is an opportunity for you to have a conversation with Matthew and ask all your space related questions. Saturday 6 August @ 12pm-1.30pm. Thursday 18 August @ 7pm-8.30pm.

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    In the seven months since it launched, Our Place in Space set a new Guinness World Record for the most people dressed as an astronaut (716) while a series of wide-ranging live events and talks featured award-winning artists, a NASA astronaut, a Nobel Prize winner, actor Jamie Dornan and the late Baroness Blood, and was attended by 156,000 people. In addition, the augmented reality app created ...

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    September 28 th, 1967. The Soviet government initiates the creation of the Museum of Cosmonautics at the foot of the Monument "To the Conquerors of Space'' in memory of the nation's achievements in space exploration. The Museum of Cosmonautics opens its doors to public on April 10, 1981, on the 20th anniversary of the first manned space flight.

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  25. About Us

    Our Place in Space was originally conceived through a research and development project as part of UNBOXED: Creativity in the UK and co-commissioned by Belfast City Council. UNBOXED: Creativity in the UK was designed to celebrate creativity and innovation, with funding from the Northern Ireland Executive, UK Government, Scottish Government and ...

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  28. All About the Sun

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  29. Gaia: Milky Way's last major collision was surprisingly recent

    Our galaxy has collided with many others in its lifetime. ESA's Gaia space telescope now reveals that the most recent of these crashes took place billions of years later than we thought. The Milky Way has grown over time as other galaxies have approached, collided with, and been torn apart and consumed by our galaxy.