singapore world war 2 tours

A Deep Dive into Singapore’s World War 2 History

Singapore WW2 History

Join one of our expert military guides to learn about the invasion and occupation of Singapore by the Japanese during WWII. Hear personal recollections of the impact of the war years on families, the various communities and the country as a whole.

Learn about the reasons behind, and the sequence of events leading up to, the invasion of 1942, and how this culminated in the unexpected capitulation of “Fortress Singapore” on February 15, 1942.

Discover how the subsequent three-and-a-half years of occupation impacted both the psyche and the history of Singapore; things would literally never be the same.

During that time Singapore was known as Syonan-To , and the reality was tough —both for the POWs and the general population — whose suffering included the brutal Sook Ching massacres.

Tour highlights are:

• Adam Road area to hear about the experiences of the military POWs at this Black & White estate and adjoining Sime Rd, site of a civilian POW camp
• Kranji landing beaches to relive the terrifying last few days of the Japanese campaign to take Singapore
• Kranji War Cemetery (weekday only) to learn about how it developed into a peaceful monument to the many lives lost in far from peaceful times
• Synonan Chureito , a monument to Japanese fallen soldiers
• Old Former Ford Factory , site of the original British surrender of Singapore and a museum that explains and illustrates both the invasion and the occupation
• City Hall , site of the Japanese surrender to the Allies in September 1945, now part of the National Gallery

The tour can start at your home address, or for a larger group we suggest Dempsey Road where free parking is available.

Our customers say...

Wonderful & great way to see Singapore. We thoroughly enjoyed our guide and walking tour! The weather was marvelous and the other members were nice and they were also interested in history. Our guide Joe, was very informative, not only on what happened during those terrible wars years but he had loads of information about local Singapore’s rich diverse history and customs. We have taken Jane’s tours before and will continue to enjoy them in the future. All the best!

I recently went on a wonderful WWII tour organized by Jane’s SG Tours.

It was great!

Our tour guide, Joe, was outstanding and knowledgeable! We all look forward to part II of the tours.

We went on a private WW2 tour with Joe. It covered many places that we didn’t know exist in Singapore.

The WW2 stories that Joe shared were also very interesting and we won’t know from reading.

Similar Tours

WWII: 75th Anniversary Japanese Surrender Tours

These tours focus on the Japanese Surrender of Singapore in September 1945

So often we associate these words with the ignominious surrender to the Japanese on 15 February 1942, but the surrender by the Japanese on 12 September 1945 is an equally important date in the story of WWII in Singapore.

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Changi Chapel and Museum

Learn more about the tenacity of the prisoners of war and civilians interned in Changi prison camp during World War II, with a trip to the Changi Chapel and Museum.

Explore our wartime past by learning about the Fall of Singapore and the infamous Changi Prison.

It is hoped that the POWs, civilian prisoners and their families can find closure from the war here and the Changi Museum.

Take the time to visit the other historical sites and attractions that surround the area such as the Changi Chapel, Changi Village and Changi Beach.

World War II Tour

Go back to the past when Singapore went through its darkest days of her 199-year history. Our World War II experts will bring you on a journey to places which serve as a reminder of the war and the heroes amongst us. A must for World War II history buffs!

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News Brooklyn Navy Yard / World War II

The Fall of Singapore, 1942

By Andrew Gustafson

February 15 marks the anniversary of one of the most dramatic and shocking moments in the Second World War, the fall of the “Gibraltar of the East,” Singapore, in 1942. While Singapore is very, very far away from the places that we give tours, we have a special connection to that country, and to the people there conducting scholarship on World War II history , an area of particular interest to us.

Turnstile Tours had the opportunity to travel to Singapore in October 2013, at the invitation of the Singapore Tourism Board and the National Heritage Board , where we led trainings for many of the country’s museums and attractions on how to make guided tours more engaging and interactive. One of the highlights of our trip was visiting the Changi Museum and meeting the team at Singapore History Consultants , Singapore Walks , and Journeys . This family of companies is in many ways a kindred spirit to Turnstile, for-profit businesses with a strong focus on research, education, and preservation. They operate many of the country’s World War II-related historic sites, but they also conduct an enormous amount of archival and archeological research to document and interpret this important history.

In a country as young (founded in 1959) and fast-changing as Singapore, the past is often paved over and lost in the scramble to build newer and higher. Through its museums, tours, research and restoration, this organization is doing tremendous work to educate Singapore’s residents and visitors about this painful and transformative period in the country’s history. Visiting the Changi Chapel, a re-creation of one of the makeshift chapels built by Allied POWs in the notorious Changi prison camp, was a powerful experience, and it is still a popular destination for veterans and their families. I also had the chance to tour the island on the Changi World War II Trail , visiting sites like the Kranji War Cemetery and Alexandra Hospital, site of one of the worst massacres during the Battle of Singapore.

Last fall, we were joined at the Brooklyn Navy Yard Center at BLDG 92 by Jeyathurai Ayadurai , director of Singapore History Consultants and the Changi Museum, for a lecture on the fall of Singapore . His talk greatly expanded our understanding of the war beyond the American experience, and we would like to share what we learned from his expert and engaging lecture.

As we’ve pointed out before, the events at Pearl Harbor were just one component of a multi-pronged attack by the Japanese to destroy British and American forces and capture their possessions across the Pacific region. In the span of just 12 hours, Japanese forces attacked American bases on Hawaii, Wake Island, Guam, and the Philippines, and the British came under attack at Hong Kong and Malaya.

Just as the US anticipated a war with Japan, the British had also made preparations for an attack on Singapore – in fact, they had been fortifying the island off and on for more than 20 years – but the strain of having already fought for more than two years in Europe left these preparations in tatters by 1941. World War I had greatly depleted the resources of the British empire and its formidable navy and allowed challengers to emerge, namely the United States and Japan. Unable to afford a three-ocean navy, Britain instead chose to develop the Singapore, or Swing Strategy . Should war erupt in the Pacific, a heavily-fortified Singapore would be able to hold out long enough – up to five months – for the main fleet to arrive from the Atlantic, which would then use the island as a base to recapture British territories and counter-attack (the strategy called primarily for a blockade of Japan to force a surrender).

Singapore was in many ways a perfect location. Situated between the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and right on the Straits of Malacca, one of the world’s busiest shipping lanes, naval forces could easily reach Hong Kong, India, and Australia from there. But this strategy relied on building both a base that could accommodate a large naval fleet and fortifications and resources that would allow the city to withstand a protracted siege, as initial plans estimated it would take 42 days for the fleet to reach Singapore. So Britain began constructing the Sembawang naval base and the King George VI graving dock, on the north side of the island. To protect the city and the naval base, they relied on large fixed guns, concentrated on the eastern and southern shores, that could fend off any invasion force.

All of this planning relied on two critical assumptions: first, that Britain would not be engaged a simultaneous war elsewhere in the world, and second, that the enemy would attack Singapore from the sea, from the south end east. Both of these assumptions would prove incorrect, and lead to Singapore’s fall.

The first assumption unraveled in September 1939, when war erupted with Germany. Over the previous year, military planners had been increasing the relief time for Singapore from the initial 42 days to 180 days. By June 1940 and the fall of France, it would be changed again, to “indefinite.”

In 1920, when the Singapore Strategy was devised, protecting the island on the south and east made sense. The Malay Peninsula to the north was sparsely populated with few roads crossing the mountainous jungle terrain. No army could cross it and then mount a siege of the heavily-defended city. Instead, artillery would prevent any naval force from entering the Johore Strait separating Singapore from the mainland to capture Sembawang, the main prize. However, by the late 1930’s, many more roads had been built on Malaya, including along the remote east coast, providing an opportunity for an invader to reach Singapore from the north.

It would take more than just a few new roads to reach Singapore, however; it took also took a well-crafted plan and an audacious commander to carry it out. Gen. Tomoyuki Yamashita set an ambitious goal of reaching Singapore in just 100 days. Landing on the northern edge of the peninsula on December 8, 1941, lightly-armed, fast-moving troops, supported by almost complete air and naval superiority, routed British forces as they sliced through Malaya. Within 55 days, they stood across the Johore Strait from Singapore.

Britain had attempted a partial naval relief, sending a task force called Force Z . The battleship HMS  Prince of Wales departed Britain on October 25 and arrived at Singapore on December 2 (a sailing time of only 38 days), after rendezvousing with the battlecruiser HMS Repulse in the Indian Ocean. The force was meant to be joined by the carrier Indomitable , but she ran aground in the Caribbean en route. Force Z was dispatched to the east coast of Malaya to intercept the invasion force. With no air support, either from the missing carrier or from the small and outdated RAF squadrons on Malaya, Force Z was quickly swarmed by Japanese aircraft. On December 10, 88 planes attacked the Prince of Wales and Repulse , sinking both and killing 840 sailors.

Without any naval or air support, Singapore sat alone, protected by 85,000 troops, composed of British, Australian, New Zealander, Indian, and Malaysian soldiers. Yamashita had only 36,000 troops, yet the Allied defenders and their commanders were overmatched. They possessed no tanks and few anti-tank weapons, as no one believed that an invader could get tanks through the jungles. Despite the lightning progress of the Japanese across Malaya, Singapore’s commanders refused to build fortifications in the north, believing it would undermine morale and spread panic. Singapore had also endured a constantly changing cast of squabbling, disorganized commanders; the last man holding the bag at the end, Lt. Gen. Arthur Percival, only took command in April 1941. He had rightly guesses as early as 1936 that an attack would come from the north, but he felt it would be the northeast, directly at the naval base and within range of the fixed guns.

On February 8, 1942, Yamashita commenced his attack, on the lightly-defended northwest of the island. Poor communication, and a misguided belief that the main attack would still come from the northeast (Yamashita’s diversionary buildups and feints in that area contributed to this illusion), led to the unraveling of the defenses. No reinforcements were sent to the northeast, and troops were withdrawn prematurely despite early successes repulsing the Japanese. With his troops on the run towards the central city in the south, and his main food, water, and ammunition supplies captured, Percival had no choice but to surrender or risk the destruction of the city and countless civilian deaths. After holding out for just one week, Singapore and its 80,000 defenders surrendered unconditionally, the largest surrender in the history of the British military.

Following the surrender, Singapore would endure more than three and a half years of Japanese occupation, and the POWs and their families would be subjected to horrible depravations, both at Changi and labor camps across Asia. Percival himself became a prisoner of war, freed only in August 1945. He, along with American Gen. Jonathan Wainwright, commander of forces that surrendered on the Philippines in May 1942, was invited by Gen. Douglas MacArthur to attended the official surrender ceremony aboard the USS Missouri on September 2. Percival and Wainwright flew to the Philippines the following day to attend the surrender ceremony there, where they faced the Japanese commander – Tomoyuki Yamashita. Percival refused to shake his hand.

We want to thank our friends at Changi for sharing their knowledge with us and helping to preserve this history.

World War II History Tours

Turnstile Tours offers several tours and programs about the history of the Second World War in New York City, including tours of the Brooklyn Navy Yard and the Brooklyn Army Terminal, guided boat tours of New York Harbor‘s military history, and a virtual program series commemorating the 75th anniversary of the war’s end. We also offer other theme-based tours about history, architecture, manufacturing, and food.

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Battle of Singapore in World War II Full-Day Shared Tour

• All taxes, fees and handling charges
• Hotel pickup and drop-off
• Professional guide
• Transport by air-conditioned minivan
• Bottled water
• Gratuities (suggested at SGD 10/person)
• Singapore, Singapore
• Location Name: Your Singapore address Return Location: Returns to original departure point
• Not wheelchair accessible
• Confirmation will be received at time of booking
• A minimum of 2 people per booking is required
• Dress code is smart casual
• All sales are final and incur 100% cancellation penalties.

• Sunshine407436 0 contributions 4.0 of 5 bubbles Overpriced ! Our guide (through Monster Tours) was very knowledgable , engaging and took us to unique interesting places and selected great hawker food. She was excellent. Unfortunately the very steep cost did not reflect the cost of the food or the overall tour offering. There seemed to be too many "middle men" getting paid instead of the hard working tour guide! Read more Written February 13, 2024
• garkim 0 contributions 1.0 of 5 bubbles Travel delighttfully and Viator both are at fault. My Wife and I recently visited Singapore and were expecting to visit Malaysia, albeit briefly. The first tour we looked at was rejected after some time. The second tour was accepted less than one week from our tour. Travel delightfully accepted our original request and we happily travelled expecting to do this tour. We waited at out hotel for a few hours and then spent money travelling by Taxi to the address listed in the website to try and access the tour as advised to do so by our hotel. Travel Delightfully did not respond to many many telephone calls by me, my wife, the hotel and the security guard at the address listed on their website over a span of many hours. Read more Written May 12, 2018
• shirley c 0 contributions 1.0 of 5 bubbles Travel delightfully please respond We booked the Malacca tour from Singapore Feb 14. 1. We were looking forward to this tour and subsequently allotted a full day (out of our three here). 2. We tried several times to contact tour, viator, guide, with no response. They did not pick up any phone calls and it just rang, so no message liabilities. 3. This morning we waited in the lobby of our hotel from 0645-0730 (our pick up time was to be 0700). No calls, guide, car arrived. 4. We were quite disappointed as it appeared we were wasting our last day here . 5. We were happy to see some tours were still open, and booked one quickly as it is Saturday. 6. We then received a call from lobby at 0815 that our tour was here. In the lobby we were met by a late, non English speaking driver and no guide. On our many previous viator tours, the guide and driver had always arrived together. 7. We agreed to a full day, 10 hour tour and had even upgraded to a private tour for the 2 of us. No where did it say that we would spend 6 of those hours alone in a car with a driver who spoke no English. 8. We are requesting through Viator and of course to our credit card company for a refund. I see we aren't the first this has happened to. Read more Written March 9, 2018
• JonesT2005 0 contributions 1.0 of 5 bubbles CROOKS NEVER responded to our calls - TOOK OUR $280.76 We tried and "locals" also called in order to arrange meeting point for us, however NOBODY EVER RESPONDED TO OUR CALLS. We stood at the Harbourfront and looked for someone who would take us on the boat. We spoke to Horizon Ferry staff and they have told us that they have "NEVER HEARD OF THAT COMPANY!" We stood and waited and waited and then the boat that we supposed to be on left and just watched it go. We didn't have any tickets just our vouchers that staff did not accept/recognize. Read more Written February 25, 2018
• Rakesh S 0 contributions 3.0 of 5 bubbles Nothing special about it Very much hype of universal studio is a just a marketing strategy Long que of people make u feel fool at end when 150 minutes wait u get ride or view of 40 to 60 sec only Some ride in Egypt section is totally wastage of time and money Express ticket is 2 time about sg145 more then normal ticket of sg68 and it is addition to normal ticket only No thrill at end No information desk to help you Just walk find and continue Nothing I found special about it Read more Written January 5, 2018
• CarolPei26 0 contributions 5.0 of 5 bubbles Cable Car Sky Dining The food and ambience is perfect. Totally love every moment of it. Creating wonderful memories. A must try for those that’s not afraid of heights. Read more Written December 7, 2017
• Leela N 0 contributions 5.0 of 5 bubbles Batam trip from singapore Very well organized trip. Me and my boyfriend were planning for 1 day ferry from singapore to nearby batam island. We want balance the cost vs sight seeing covered. This is good deal for that. This team were always available over whatsapp and answered all my queries, there was an person at batam to receive us and tour us entire day. The objective is met and I am happy. Read more Written October 9, 2017
• isabellsh 0 contributions 5.0 of 5 bubbles Full day guided tour to Malacca from Singapore The tour was a great experience. We did a private tour with lunch included. The driver picked us up in the morning, in a comfortable car. He drove us to Malacca were we had a guide who had great knowledge about Malacca and the history. The highlight of the tour was river cruise at Malacca river. I recommened this tour to everyone who wants an effective day tour t Malacca. Read more Written July 10, 2017
• Tony K 0 contributions 5.0 of 5 bubbles Singapore Zoo Thanks for the arrangement for our trip to Singapore Zoo. Good follow up and smooth transaction. No issues Read more Written June 26, 2017
• Mavi S 0 contributions 4.0 of 5 bubbles 3D2N Hotel Jen- Harbour Puteri Overall great experience with them. Booked the hotel at competitive price. Got free additional rollaway beds for 2 nights. Travel agent is genuine and approachable with fast replies. Trustworthy travel agency. Read more Written June 20, 2017
• JoanneWongCC 0 contributions 5.0 of 5 bubbles Bird Park Attraction Tickets Wonderful support and customer service received from this agent. We made an impromptu decision to visit Jurong Bird Park 1 day before. Travel Delightfully offered discounted ticket rates to the attraction. The friendly agent was so fast in responding to my inquiry as well as processing the etickets which were sent to my email in less than 24 hours. Thank you for your good service! Read more Written June 9, 2017
• Putritari81 0 contributions 5.0 of 5 bubbles Full Day Tour Malacca from Singapore Was great experience, good guide and driver, nice tour, comfortable car. Fast response from the travel agent officer.Highly recomended. Read more Written May 23, 2017
• Evelina S 0 contributions 4.0 of 5 bubbles Day trip to Batam from Singapore Very well organised trip, really enjoyed it. The only recommendation is to ask the tour guide to explain more about the places we visited. Read more Written May 21, 2017
• Sunil S 0 contributions 4.0 of 5 bubbles Singapore Tour Good and very professionally managed tours from travel delightfully. They are also flexible for change in timings provided you inform them in advance. 4.5 Stars from me and my family !!! Read more Written May 21, 2017
• Rooly1963 0 contributions 5.0 of 5 bubbles Day trip to Malacca from Singapore Would highly recommend this trip. We (four of us) had a private tour and were picked up from our hotel by Christopher our driver at 7am. He looked after us so well on our trip up and back and nothing was a problem for him. He got us tea on the way up and left Malacca as late as he could to maximise our time there. We picked up our guide Jimmy in Malacca and his knowledge of the local area and history were incredible and highly educational. The Peranakan museum was great and really explained how the culture worked and the sites and streets of the old city were all worth seeing. Overall a long (got back to hotel at about 7:30pm) day but well worth the long drive and a must for any history/ cultural buff. Highly Recommend this tour and this company. Read more Written May 17, 2017

More to explore in Singapore

Battle of Singapore in World War II Full-Day Shared Tour provided by Travel Delightfully

The Original Singapore Walks ®

“if you just do one tour in singapore, make it one of these.” – lonely planet.

Be treated to a fascinating and deeply-enriching tour experience – our guides are known to walk the talk (quite literally!). Journey through hidden corners of Singapore and discover the historical significance of the sites you encounter, coupled with witty observations on culture, tradition, architecture…the list goes on!

Be sure to check out Our Awards , Testimonials and FAQs !

Take the road less travelled with guides who are experts of the city. The brainchild of one military historian and several precocious enfants terribles of Singapore’s heritage-education scene, be thoroughly entertained as you visit cultural and historical enclaves, while affable researcher-guides, through skilful storytelling and the use of archival images, regale you with juicy insights to local society and traditions.

With a different tour guaranteed to run most days of the week, you only need to turn up at the meeting point (mostly at MRT station exits), on the scheduled day / time,  pay the guide / flash your online booking confirmation and off you go !

NOTE: Our tours do not run on public holidays – please refer to the list of public holidays below.

Public Holidays in 2023:   1 JAN, 22 & 23 FEB, 7 & 22 APR, 1 MAY , 2 & 29 JUN, 9 AUG, 12 NOV, 25 DEC 2023

*Please note that guides and trainee guides are not allowed to join the tours, without express written permission.

Check out our line-up of tours below!

Of graves, guns & battles™ is now available.

OF GRAVES, GUNS & BATTLES™

- A Fort Canning Hill Tour (SATURDAYS)

“The tombs of the Malay Kings are close at hand… and if it is my fate to die here, I shall take my place amongst them”

~ Sir Stamford Raffles, 1823

BEST TRAVEL EXPERIENCE AWARD FINALIST – 2012 Singapore Experience Awards

Tread lightly, for treasures lie beneath a historic hill in the heart of the city – the spot where both 14th century Singapura and modern Singapore were born. Trace the rise and fall of great empires. Hear stories of rulers who commanded from the hill and the empire-builders who were buried on its slopes. Discover the world-changing story of a humble spice. Visit graves, a colonial fort and relive one of the most important battles in history, don’t miss this exhilarating journey back in time at the once “Forbidden Hill”! 

TOUR HIGHLIGHTS:

• The Grave of the Last Ancient King of Singapore
• 19th Century Colonial Cemetery
• Old Fort Gateway
• Sang Nila Utama Garden
• Archaeological Dig of Fort Canning 
• Fort Canning Heritage Gallery

WHERE & WHEN TO MEET (▸VIEW MAP HERE ):

• EVERY SATURDAY 9.30am – 12.00nn
• Meet at the OUTDOOR LIFT at the Enrance of Fort Canning Centre  (5 Cox Terrace, Fort Canning Hill)
• BY MRT: Dhoby Ghaut Station (NS24, NE6, CC1)
• BY CAB: Alight at the Roundabout (next to Security Post), 2 Cox Terrace, Fort Canning Hill
• END POINT: Fort Canning Heritage Gallery

Our tours do not run on Public Holidays. Refer to the list of Public Holidays below:

Public Holidays in 2024:  25 DEC 2023 & 1 JAN, 10-12 FEB, 29 MAR, 10 APR, 1 MAY, 22 MAY, 17 JUN, 9 AUG, 31 OCT, 25 DEC 2024

SINGLE TOUR TICKET:

S$40.00 (Adult) / S$20.00 (Child)

3-DAY PASS:

S$X.00 (Adult) / S$X.00 (Child)

1-WEEK PASS:

THE TIME OF EMPIRE™

- A Colonial District Walk ( STAY TUNED )

“This place possesses an excellent harbour… Singapore is everything we could desire”

~ Sir Stamford Raffles, 1819

On 6th February 1819, Singapore was claimed as a trading outpost of the British Empire to “secure to the British flag the maritime superiority of the Eastern seas”. In governance, religion, entertainment, and many other spheres, the imprint of Singapore’s colonial past is indelible. Discover the significance behind some of Singapore’s oldest and most stunning landmarks, each with their own tale to tell. This is the Walk where you learn about Singapore’s national flower, the Sarkies brothers, The Straits Times and find that wonderful drink called ‘the Singapore Sling’. Discover Singapore’s colonial legacy and chart its transformation from The Time of Empire.

• Explore the 150-year-old Saint Andrew’s Cathedral, witness to many historic events and personalities of colonial Singapore
• Venture onto Coleman Street and get to know the man behind all the early colonial architecture of Singapore
• Trace the fascinating history of the Armenian Diaspora at the Armenian Church – the oldest church in Singapore and a beautiful gem of a building surrounded by lush tropical fauna
• Hear the colourful stories of the French missionary and discover their imprint at the gorgeous CHIJmes building, a former Convent
• Admire the stately architecture and learn the historical significance of the National Gallery.
• NEW! Enjoy a rare view of the cityscape from atop the Supreme Court Viewing Deck which overlooks the future Downtown as our guide shares exciting snippets of major upcoming projects.
• EVERY MONDAY  9.30am – 12.00nn  
• [ NO TOURS:  27 Jan 2020 (Chinese New Year), 25 May 2020 (Hari Raya Puasa) & 10 Aug 2020 (National Day)]
• Meet at City Hall MRT Station, outside Exit B (North Bridge Road)
• BY CAB: Alight at the MRT exit at the junction of North Bridge Road and Stamford Road. Nearest landmark is St. Andrew’s Cathedral.
• END POINT: CHIJmes

TICKETING: STAY TUNED

S$38.00 (Adult) / S$18.00 (Child)

ADDITIONAL NOTES:

• As a mark of respect for the state institution, visitors must be appropriately attired. Visitor(s) may be turned away by security personnel if the attire includes one or more of the following – torn jeans, bermudas/shorts, slippers and singlet/casual t-shirts.
• Photographic devices are not allowed in the Supreme Court and must be surrendered at the entrance of the Supreme Court.

DHOBIS, SARIS & A SPOT OF CURRY™

– A Little India Walk ( STAY TUNED )

“The knowledge and information provided during the tour were absolutely magnificent. We can’t wait to return to Singapore to partake in further tours.It was also a great opportunity to meet a lot of other people from all different walks of life and from different countries”

~ Gary and Marg Bucknall, Australia

BEST TRAVEL EXPERIENCE AWARD WINNER – 2012 Singapore Experience Awards

It was once said that there are three ways to India from Singapore: by ship, by plane, and by a short walk to Little India. At Journeys, we still believe that’s true. Look here a spice and there a garland and hail, an artist that paints on your hand! What’s behind the alluring fragrance of jasmine and the mysterious forehead dot? If you’ve always found Hindu temples fascinating but confusing, join this tour and gain the simplest yet profound insight into the religion. Savour treats at Little India’s oldest restaurant, walk through the famed Tekka Market, learn the art of sari-tying and look out for quirky street art. One always finds it so difficult to resist the charms of Little India and it’s little wonder that this is one of our guides’ favourite Walks.

Inclusive of Local Treats

• Paan and Garland store. Learn how flowers play an integral part in Indian life and what goes into the ubiquitous “chewing gum of the east”
• Tekka Wet Market. Discover exotic vegetables and fruits at Singapore’s most colourful wet market, with a little help from our guide.
• Take it all in, the exotic colours and aromas, as we navigate through the bazaar at Little India Arcade. Learn to tie the sari and understand the meanings behind Indian body decoration
• Indulge in hearty food sampling at Little India’s oldest restaurant
• Discover the vibrant street art dotted around Little India
• Engaging introduction to Hindu traditions, philosophy and way of life at the Sri Veeramakaliamman Temple
• EVERY TUESDAY   9.30am – 12.00nn
• Meet at Little India MRT Station, outside Exit E (Buffalo Road)
• BY CAB: Alight at the junction between Race Course Road and Buffalo Road.
• END POINT: Near Little India MRT Station

RED CLOGS DOWN THE FIVE FOOT WAY™

– A Chinatown Walk ( STAY TUNED )

“It gave us an insight into the culture in Chinatown. We have been on some of the walks in London, and would like you to know that we found the experience every bit as entertaining and educational.”

~ Gerry Goresky, Canada

BEST TRAVEL EXPERIENCE AWARD WINNER – 2010 Singapore Experience Awards

Feast on the sights and sounds of bustling Chinatown, and gain fascinating insights into the area’s storied history and unique architecture. Step back in time in an immersive, multi-sensory experience at Chinatown Heritage Centre, including faithful recreations of the living quarters back in the ‘50s. We’ll reveal the stories of Chinatown’s early residents and the area’s gritty past. Explore Singapore’s oldest Hokkien-Chinese temple, where religious syncretism takes centre-stage. Gather around to sample lovingly prepared and authentic local delights! Check out paper cars, houses, ‘handphones’, and even lingerie – all part of an ancient Chinese funeral ritual. We’ll also introduce to you the Yins and Yangs of Chinese traditional medicine. If you’re brave, we’ll even help you find your way about a very slippery wet market.

• Enjoy a multi-sensory experience at the award-winning Chinatown Heritage Centre
• Explore Thian Hock Keng (the oldest Hokkien-Chinese temple in Singapore!), a window to Chinese syncretism and worldview (winner of UNESCO Asia-Pacific Heritage 2001 Awards for Culture Heritage Conservation Building)
• Walk past beautifully-conserved shophouses and trace the lives of early Chinese immigrants to discover the world’s most multi-racial Chinatown
• Venture into quaint Chinese trades stores, including one specialising in Traditional Chinese Remedies and another in Ancestral Worship supplies
• Wind your way through Ann Siang Hill, one-time plantation and playground of the rich and influential
• Discover the stories behind the glimmering Buddha Tooth Relic Temple
• Sample delicious treats from a local pastry shop steeped in tradition
• EVERY WEDNESDAY   9.30am – 12.00nn [ NO TOURS:  1 Jan 2020 (New Year’s Day)]
• Meet at Telok Ayer MRT Station, outside Exit A (Cross Street)
• BY CAB: Alight at the MRT exit along Cross Street.
• END POINT: Chinatown Heritage Centre (near Chinatown MRT Station)

CHANGI WWII™

– Life, Death & Courage ( STAY TUNED )

“A most informative and moving tour. We now understand the ordeals that the prisoners had to endure to just stay alive. The tour leader was most informative with extra snippets of information that clearly painted the picture of the reality of the situation at that time.”

~ Lindsay M, Australia

BEST TRAVEL EXPERIENCE AWARD WINNER – 2013 Singapore Experience Awards

Commemorate the fight of brave men and women during World War II in Malaya and Singapore, and the trials and tribulations of their subsequent internment. Turn back the clock in Changi , once the site of many prisoner-of-war camps during the Japanese Occupation, the nexus of much pain and suffering, where life lay on a knife’s edge. It is said that more Australian PoWs perished from incarceration than in battle itself.

With a view of the Straits of Johor , appreciate the Singapore defence strategy while at Changi Boardwalk . Discover a slice of old Singapore at the quaint Changi Village and learn about its role in the war. 

Then, take in the solemn sights of Kranji War Cemetery , the final resting place of thousands who perished in Malaya and Singapore. Hear their stories of bravery and commitment, and be inspired by the power of the human spirit. 

Inclusive of Bottled Water

• Old Changi Prison Wall 
• Temporary Exhibition of the Changi Chapel and Museum * 
• Johore Battery (Guns of Singapore & Changi Airfield) 
• Changi Boardwalk (Changi Beach & Straits of Johor)
• Changi Village (stop for refreshments – own expenses)
• Drive past Selarang, Roberts & Kitchener Barracks (WWII Japanese PoW internment camps) 
• Kranji War Cemetery 
• Every Wednesday (2.00pm-6.00pm) and Saturday (10.00am-2.00pm) 
• Public Holidays in 2023:  1 JAN, 22 & 23 FEB, 7 & 22 APR, 1 MAY , 2 & 29 JUN, 9 AUG, 12 NOV, 25 DEC 2023
• Meet at Pasir Ris MRT Station, outside Exit B
• BY CAB: Alight at Pasir Ris Central, in front of White Sands Mall. You will enter the MRT station via Exit A. Exit B is just across.
• END POINT: Kranji MRT Station

Enjoy UNLIMITED walks and tours when you get our Multi-Day Pass!

(*offered for the days that the pass is valid for and applicable for ALL 7 of our scheduled walks and both of our coach trails – which means savings of at least S$X-S$X!)

S$60.00 (Adult) / S$30.00 (Child)

Please note that the standard cut-off time for online bookings is 1 day in advance. For last-minute bookings on the tour date itself, please check with our team on tour availability by phone (+65 6325 1631) or email . We’ll be happy to welcome you aboard if seats are available. Thank you!

SULTANS OF SPICE™

– A Kampong Glam Walk (Arab Street Area) ( STAY TUNED )

“The best walking tour around the city. There are so many little neighborhoods that you wouldn’t learn about if you don’t take the walking tours.”

– Barbara H, USA

Winner of Singapore Tourism Awards for Best Sightseeing / Leisure / Educational Programme 2005

How was Singapore sold to the British for 60,000 Spanish Dollars? Find out about the man who did it, and the man who forced him to. No one remembers the sultans that used to rule, except us. The old Royal Palace, Sultan Mosque: they all carry an air of royalty snatched away too quickly. Uncover a curious blend of Malay folk traditions and Islam in the legends of the mysterious keris (dagger), exotic perfumes and the story of the faith that is so often misunderstood. Stroll down Singapore’s most Instagrammable street. Take in the colourful vibe of the oldest quarter in the city, now home to an eclectic mix of charming cafes and boutiques. Don’t miss this hidden cultural enclave where Singapore’s indigenous culture thrives amidst modernity.

• Get the inside scoop on the British East India Company’s attempts to control the Spice Trade Route
• Gain valuable insights to Islam at the historic Sultan Mosque and find out who-buys-what at the Traditional Muslim Supplies Shop
• Explore some of the oldest (and narrowest!) streets in Singapore and discover colourful street art
• Catch a glimpse of dying trades, some of the last remaining in the urban city
• Take in the grandeur of the former Malay Palace (Old Istana Kampong Glam)
• Taste traditional treats made with love from old family recipes at a charming cafe that will take you back in time
• EVERY THURSDAY   9.30am – 12.00nn Public Holidays in 2023:  1 JAN, 22 & 23 FEB, 7 & 22 APR, 1 MAY , 2 & 29 JUN, 9 AUG, 12 NOV, 25 DEC 2023
• Meet at Bugis MRT Station, outside Exit B
• BY CAB: There are two MRT exits along Victoria Street. Alight at MRT exit on the side where Raffles Hospital is.
• END POINT: Near Bugis MRT Station

JOURNEYS TO HELL™

– A Twilight Tour of Haw Par Villa & Hell's Museum (FRIDAYS)

“Totally enjoyed all the tour, guide was wonderful and knew all his history”

– Libby, Australia

BEST TOUR EXPERIENCE FINALIST – 2018 Singapore Tourism Awards

“The sea of bitterness has no bounds; repent and you will reach the shore.” The consequences of doing good or evil unfold not just in life, but after death… or so believed Aw Boon Haw – millionaire philanthropist, marketing extraordinaire, brainchild behind the famed ointment Tiger Balm and creator of the eccentric Tiger Balm Garden (known today as Haw Par Villa). Join this unique tour and see the park in a new light – after dark, if you dare! 

Learn how death stalked the Aw family, and what Boon Haw did to confront his mortality. Discover the rich philosophies and culture reflected in the park’s eclectic sculptures and dioramas. Explore perspectives of the afterlife across various religions in Hell’s Museum. Step into the infamous 10 Courts of Hell to see what will get you dismembered and drowned in a pool of blood. And we’ll show you how some Singaporeans communicate with the afterlife. We promise you’ll never see dying – and living – in the same way again.

• Explore Haw Par Villa, a unique cultural theme park built in 1937
• Hear stories of the remarkable family that built the park 
• Exclusive access to Hell’s Museum after dark 
• Learn about concepts of the afterlife across different cultures and civilisations. 
• EVERY FRIDAY   6:30pm – 8:30pm
• NO Tours on Public Holidays (2023):  25 DEC 2023 & 1 JAN, 10-12 FEB, 29 MAR, 10 APR, 1 MAY, 22 MAY, 17 JUN, 9 AUG, 31 OCT, 25 DEC 2024
• Meet at Haw Par Villa MRT Station, outside Exit A (Pasir Panjang Road)
• BY CAB: Alight at the entrance of Haw Par Villa MRT Station, 262 Pasir Panjang Road.
• END POINT: Haw Par Villa

Much raved and well-loved, The Original Singapore Walks® is THE EXPERIENCE to go for when you’re in Singapore!

TripAdvisor Certificate of Excellence 2019

We are honoured to have been awarded the prestigious TripAdvisor Certificate of Excellence once again! The Original Singapore Walks® consistently earn great reviews from travellers – join our tours and you’ll find out why!

Singapore Tourism Awards 2018 Finalist

Our tours are proud winners and finalists of the Singapore Tourism Award and Singapore Experience Award, a celebration of outstanding experiences in Singapore’s tourism sector.

Singapore Tatler 2019 (Best Inbound Travel)

We’ve been recognised as Best Inbound Travel Company on the definitive guide to luxury lifestyle, Singapore Tatler! From wonderfully curated tours to customised offerings for groups, we are just a call/click away.

Testimonials

Hear it from those who matter – our wonderful guests who have conquered our tours and emerged triumphant with smiles and new-found knowledge 🙂

Before Your Journeys With Us…

Here’s what you need to know before you embark on The Original Singapore Walks® …

Do I need to book in advance?

No, you can purchase tickets from our guides. However, you will need to pay in cash, exact change. 

Meet your guide at the meeting point 15 minutes before your tour start time for a quick registration and cash payment (if any). In the rare event of an unusually large turn-out or a single walker, the tour goes on (sometimes with an additional guide). 

Advance reservations through phone (+65 6325 1631) or email ( [email protected] ) are highly recommended for

• Parties of 8 or more
• Changi WWII™ – Life, Death and Courage Coach Tour

Our team will send you an email confirmation once we have secured your spots.

If you have a group of 20 or more, we strongly recommend a separate tour just for your group. Please send in your request by filling out the enquiry form at least 2 to 3 weeks ahead.

Where is the tour meeting point? Is there a hotel pick-up?

The tour meeting points are mostly at MRT station exits (above ground) or at the entrance of a museum. The meeting point varies depending on the walk or coach trail of your choice. Please refer to the individual tour descriptions for more details. Hotel pick-ups are currently not available.

How do I recognise the guide?

That would be the person waving our brochures madly in the air. Alternatively, look out for a group forming at the meeting point and the guide who is wearing a Singapore Tourism Board guide badge.

What if I don’t find the guide at the meeting point?

There are generally two scenarios where this may happen: guests sometimes end up at the wrong meeting point, or, they turn up after the scheduled tour departure time. Our guides usually wait an additional 5 minutes after the scheduled departure time in case of any latecomers. Otherwise, a guide no-show rarely happens. If in doubt, please feel free to call our hotline +65 6325 1631 .

How is payment done?

For a hassle-free experience, you are encouraged to book and pay online . Alternatively, you may make payment to the guide in cash prior to your tour.

Exact change will be much appreciated by our guides!

How long do the tours last?

The walks generally last 2.5 hours, although, depending on the interests of the walkers, they’ve been known to go up to 3 hours. The coach trails last around 4 hours, again, depending on guests’ interests and road traffic conditions.

Do the tours run as scheduled on public holidays?

No. Our scheduled tours take a break on public holidays in Singapore (we love our festivals!). Please see check our homepage or our red brochure for the exact dates. Private tours may still be arranged on Sundays and public holidays, depending on the availability of our guides.

Do you have any special discounts right now?

Check out our Promotions tab for the latest deals for our tours and attractions.

Currently, we are offering an ONLINE EXCLUSIVE , where you can get a sweet 10% off your total when you book 2 or more tours on our website (offer is valid with 2 or more DIFFERENT tours booked – we want you to discover different facets of Singapore with The Original Singapore Walks®!)

Now and then, we also present exclusive promotions through partners such as the Association of Singapore Attractions and the Singapore Tourism Board. Do look up their websites for the latest deals.

What are the tours like?

Charming, witty, illuminating and highly addictive. By foot, we will explore the many nooks and crannies that run abound in these lovely corners of Singapore and foray behind the scenes to see, hear, touch and feel things that you won’t on most other tours. We take pride and pleasure in exposing the depths, dishing out the dirty, pointing out the eccentricities and regaling you with astonishing true stories of the city-state we grew to adore. Simply go on one and you will see what we mean…

How are the War Trails by Changi Museum different from The Original Singapore Walks®?

The War Trails by Changi Museum are motorcoach-facilitated guided trails that visit selected WWII sites in Singapore. Please note that we will be running Changi WWII™ – Life, Death and Courage from 1 Apr 2018 onwards due to the closure of Changi Museum for redevelopment. This is a refreshed and enhanced version of our long-running Changi WWII™ tour . The 4-hour long coach tour explores the Occupation Experience and run every Wed & Sat (reservations recommended as seats are limited).

Will we learn anything about local festivals, celebrations and commemorations on your tours?

Definitely! During festive months, selected tours will be enhanced with festival-specific content. Learn more about our local festivals and how we celebrate them by hopping onto one of our special festive tours! Important events that have shaped our society are also emphasised during commemorative months. Follow our Facebook page at www.facebook.com/theoriginalsingaporewalks to get the latest updates!

Are there other tours apart from the scheduled ones?

Yes, we have a whole gamut of tours available for private bookings. Based on our research team’s accumulated knowledge of local history, military history, the arts, religion and culture, Journeys is able to tailor make tour programmes and packages according to various special interests. Our forte lies in programmes which require educational and professional focus and content. Simply drop us a line at +65 63251631 or send in your details by filling out the enquiry form at least 2 to 3 weeks ahead. For programmes requiring a full suite of destination services, visit www.journeys.com.sg/tours-and-services

What if it rains?

As long as guests are game, our promise is to run our tours regardless of rain or shine. Guests are advised to wear comfortable, weather-resistant footwear and bring along a cap, umbrella or poncho. Much of the walks take place at sheltered walkways and buildings, which our guides keep to in the event of rain. Coach trails are hardly affected as sites can be viewed from within the comfort of the coach vehicle if necessary. 

We reserve the right to avoid touring sites due to potential safety hazards under certain weather conditions, such as the open-field Kranji War Graves during a lightning storm.

Is photography / video-recording allowed on the tours?

In protection of the intellectual copyright that goes into the tours, note-taking and any forms of video and audio recording are not allowed on the tours. The interesting stories that we share with you are the result of painstaking research over many years, so do show your appreciation by listening with attentive ears, open hearts and obedient hands! By the way, photography is allowed but not in such excess that it disrupts the tour.

How should I dress to walk under the local climate?

Dress comfortably, preferably wearing a cap and comfy shoes. Bring along sunglasses, an umbrella or poncho, and a bottle of water. When all else fails, put on a big grin and face it like a real globe trekker! (Note: Walkers considering the Sultans of Spice™ tour should remember to dress modestly – sleeved top and full-length skirt or pants – in view of a Mosque visit during the walk.)

Will there be a problem having infants, elderly guests and guests in wheel-chair on the tours?

Most walks (except Red Clogs Down the Five Foot Way™ that goes to Ann Siang Hill via long ramps or stairs and Of Graves, Guns & Battles™ that is conducted on Fort Canning Hill with several flights of steps) are on level ground and we maintain a comfortable walking pace throughout. 

We put in every effort to make the tours as convenient to all as possible. The walking routes are planned to include sheltered stops, if not stops that allow walkers to enjoy a short sit-down while the guide shares with the group. 

All guests are urged to be mindful of personal safety while crossing roads, which is hard to avoid while walking around an urbanised city. Guests who rely on wheel-chair to get around may require a considerable level of support embarking on / disembarking from the tour buses used for War Trails by Changi Museum.

Journeys is part of the HERITAGE ASIA GROUP

with the following,

SINGAPORE HISTORY CONSULTANTS

THE CHANGI MUSEUM (Managed from 2001-2018)

HELL'S MUSEUM

Office:  haw par villa management office, 262 pasir panjang road, singapore 118628   |   tel: (+65) 6325 1631 for business enquiries: [email protected]    |  for tour bookings: [email protected] copyright © 2003-2024 the original singapore walks® all rights reserved..

Dear lovely guests,

Kindly note that our tour

Of Graves, Guns & Battles™ – A Tour of  Fort Canning Hill

Journeys to Hell™ – A Twilight Tour of Haw Par Villa and Hell’s Museum

will NOT run on the following public holidays

25 Dec 2023 & 1 Jan,10-12 Feb, 29 Mar, 10 Apr, 1 May, 22 May, 17 Jun, 9 Aug, 31 Oct & 25 Dec 2024

The Original Singapore Walks® Team

You are about to leave the THE ORIGINAL SINGAPORE WALKS’ mini site to discover its award-winning creator,

Journeys heritage tours, you are about to leave journeys’ main site to discover its award-winning flagship feature,, the original singapore walks.

World War 2 Heritage Trail

The Second World War came to Malaya and Singapore on 8 December 1941, more than two years after it broke out in Europe. After the Fall of Singapore on 15 February 1942, the island was renamed Syonan-To (Light of the South) and it spent the next 3 years and 7 months under the Japanese Occupation (1942–45). The war ended in the Asia-Pacific with the signing of the Instrument of Surrender in Singapore on 12 September 1945.

As part of the efforts to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the Fall of Singapore, the National Heritage Board launched a new World War II Trail in 2013. This contains information about the historic sites and events associated with the Battle for Singapore and the Japanese Occupation. It identifies war sites all over the island. Each site marks either a battle area, such as the invasion sites at Sarimbun beach, or commemorates a significant event during the Occupation, such as the Sook Ching massacre sites.

There are permanent plaques emplaced at 20 of the 50 sites. These plaques were installed by National Heritage Board to mark the significance of the sites in relation to the war. Fourteen of the plaques were unveiled in 1995 to mark the 50th anniversary of the end of the war while the remaining six plaques were unveiled in February 2012 as part of a series of national events marking the 70th anniversary of the Fall of Singapore.

The information, while interesting, has been kept succinct. It is intended purely as an introductory guide highlighting significant war sites. We hope the brochure will be a useful guide as you explore these World War II sites on an island once feted as an “impregnable fortress”.

Download World War 2 Trail Booklet

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Battle for Singapore 2023 - Unearth Singapore's World War II History

Feb 07, 2023

The National Heritage Board marks the 81st anniversary of the Fall of Singapore with its annual Battle for Singapore initiative with a series of special guided tours, talks, exhibitions and film screenings documenting the event. 

From 10 February to 5 March 2023, Battle for Singapore 2023 will take participants on a journey to trace the roots of Singapore’s wartime past, and uncover the hidden stories about various World War II (WWII) sites.

Participants will get to explore the grounds of Fort Connaught through a special access tour, embark on tours of sites such as Bukit Brown and Fort Canning Hill, and  learn about the courage and resilience of our war heroes and pioneers during the Japanese Occupation

Over 30 Unique Programmes and Over 100 Tours

Together with MR members, academics, heritage enthusiasts and interest groups, NHB is offering more than 30 unique programmes and over 100 tour runs that cover various aspects of Singapore’s WWII history. This year’s diverse line-up also includes 19 new programmes! 

Registration for tours and programmes commences 8 February 2023, Wednesday, at 10am, on a first-come first-served basis at  https://go.gov.sg/bsg2023

We highlight some of these new programmes as well as those that families should not miss! 

Special Access Tour -  Fort Connaught

Date : 11 Feb; 12 Feb; 18 Feb; 19 Feb; 25 Feb; 26 Feb 2023 Time : 9am - 11.30am; 1pm - 3.30pm Fee : $20 per participant

This year, participants will get a chance to explore the grounds of Fort Connaught through a special access tour, which is the first-ever public tour since the fort’s construction in 1878.

Built for the defence of Keppel Harbour, a crucial ship-building and repair facility in Singapore, Fort Connaught was armed with 9.2-inch guns – these were the largest on Sentosa, and were used to engage invading Japanese troops during the Battle for Singapore. The tour will give participants a glimpse into the abandoned Fort’s history, construction and its role in Singapore’s defence during the Japanese invasion of WWII. 

This programme is recommended for ages 13 and up. Minors under the age of 16 have to be accompanied by an adult/ guardian.

Ticketing and more details at https://bsg2023.peatix.com

Wartime Stories of Jalan Besar

Photo Credits: Lee Kok Leong

Date : 12 Feb; 19 Feb 2023 [English-language tours] Date : 26 Feb; 5 Mar 2023 [Mandarin-language tours; 中文团] Time : 4pm – 6pm Fees : $5 per participant

Did you know that Jalan Besar was one of the Sook Ching sites during the Japanese Occupation?

Prior to that, it was one of the major fundraising sites for the Sino-Japanese War. When the war spread to Singapore, there were heartwarming scenes of mutual help, as well as thrilling scenes of survival. Join Mr Lee Kok Leong, curator of the Kwong Wai Shiu Hospital Heritage Gallery, on an afternoon walk from Lavender MRT to the Kwong Wai Shiu Hospital and find out where our founding Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew hid from the Japanese as well as other little-known facts about the neighbourhood during WWII.

Ticketing and more details at  https://bsg2023.peatix.com

Lest We Forget

Date : 18 Feb, 25 Feb, 4 Mar 2023 Time : 4.30pm - 6pm Fees : $5 per participant

Throughout history, people have erected statues and sculptures in honour of men and women of valour, courage and sacrifice. Tall, impressive and often austere – what do these memorials actually stand for? Who, or what, are we meant to remember? 

Discover the symbolism in each memorial’s design as well as the hidden stories behind each sculpture and engraving. More importantly, learn about the heroes who sacrificed themselves for Singapore, lest we forget. The monuments covered are Civilian War Memorial, Cenotaph and Lim Bo Seng Memorial.

Botanic Gardens to Bukit Brown

Date : 11 Feb 2023 Time : 8am – 11.30am Fees : $5 per participant

Participants will be taken on a walk through the heritage corridor from the Botanic Gardens to Bukit Brown cemetery. During the tour, the guides will share stories of WWII heroes and prominent personalities at heritage landmarks, including the Jacob Ballas Garden and old Raffles College. Participants will pass by the Former Command House along the route and end in Bukit Brown to learn about the battle that took place there with the British and Indian soldiers at the former kampung (village).

Battle of Bukit Brown and Mount Pleasant

Date : 12 Feb 2023 Time : 8am – 11.30am Fees : $5 per participant

The tour follows the course of the battles on 14-15 February 1942 as the Japanese 5th Division attempted to capture the MacRitchie Reservoir area and attack south through Bukit Brown and Mount Pleasant, which were defended by the British 18th Division.

Timmy and Tammy Talk to Grandma About the War

Date : 18 Feb 2023 Time : 2pm – 2.45pm; 3.30pm – 4.15pm Venue : National Museum of Singapore Fees : $5 per adult / child pair

In this storytelling session based on the popular children’s book Timmy & Tammy Talking to Grandpa about the War, children will learn about banana money and food ration cards that were used during the Japanese Occupation in Singapore, and speak with Great-grandma, who lived through WWII. After the session, explore our Surviving Syonan gallery in your own time with the help of a list of highlights.

Ticketing and more details at  https://timmytammy230218.peatix.com

Exclusive Sneak Peek Tour of the Revamped Navy Museum

Date : 25 Feb 2023 Time : 10am – 12pm; 2pm – 4pm Venue : Navy Museum, Singapore Fees : Free

Step aboard for an exclusive sneak peek into the refreshed Navy Museum before her official opening, and uncover the story of the Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN). Follow her journey from humble origins as a volunteer force formed on the eve of World War II to today’s modern and capable fleet. 

Register at [email protected] with your name, contact number and preferred timeslot. Limited capacity and registration is mandatory.

Light Amidst Adversity: Rare Gallery Tour

Date : 18 Feb; 25 Feb 2023 (with additional runs on 11 Mar; 25 Mar 2023) Time : 11am – 12pm; 1pm – 2pm Venue : National Library, Singapore Fees : Free

Using historical and archival materials from the collections of the National Library and the National Archives, this display seeks to explore the themes of resistance, resilience, and post-war remembrance in Singapore during WWII. The display features a selection of rare books, photographs, artworks, personal documents, and ephemera that record local war preparations and the stories of resilience, sacrifice and adversity.

Registration and more details at  https://www.eventbrite.sg/e/light-amidst-adversity-gallery-tour-tickets-525409553117

Outdoor Survival Skills: Surviving The Wild with Beyond Expeditions SG

Date : 11 Feb; 12 Feb; 25 Feb; 26 Feb 2023 Venue : Reflections at Bukit Chandu, Various Locations Fees : Free

The rough terrain of the dense forest brought about unique challenges for military troops in this region during the war. In collaboration with local outdoor adventure team, Beyond Expedition Singapore, join in a series of activities and try your hands at some of the essential survival skills that would be useful in the wilderness.

Take part in the  activities at Reflection at Bukit Chandu to sharpen your navigation skills, learn how to start a fire safely, pick up basic first aid skills and more! Complete all stations and bring home a mystery gift.

Loyal and True: A Dramatised Tour at Reflections at Bukit Chandu

Date : 25 Feb 2023 Time : 3pm – 3.30pm; 4.30pm – 5pm Venue : Reflections at Bukit Chandu Fees : $15 per participant

Immerse yourself in the story of the Malay Regiment through a unique theatrical tour of RBC. Hear directly from the characters about their thoughts and feelings regarding their experiences during WWII, and learn about the Malay Regiment as not just heroes, but also as people.

Ticketing and more details at https://rbc23-loyalandtrue.peatix.com .

Defence Through the Ages Guided Tour

Photo Credits: Singapore Discovery Centre

Date : 10 – 25 Feb 2023 Time : Mon – Fri: 2pm, 4pm; Sat, Sun, PH: 12pm, 2pm, 4pm, 6pm Venue : Singapore Discovery Centre Fees : Free

Are we safe? How are we keeping Singapore, our home, safe against the backdrop of evolving security threats? What role can you play? Come with us on a journey through some of the key historical events that have shaped our defence strategy through the years and explore how you can play a part in keeping Singapore safe and secure.

Interested parties can register on their date of visit at the Singapore Discovery Centre, 15 minutes before commencement of the tour. Registration is strictly on a first-come-first-served basis and is capped at a maximum of 20 pax per time slot.

SAFTI Bus Tour

Date : 10 – 25 Feb 2023 Time : Mon – Fri: 3pm; Sat, Sun, PH: 11am, 1pm, 3pm, 5pm Venue : Singapore Discovery Centre Fees : Free

Hop onto the SAFTI bus for an exclusive tour around the 88-hectare training ground for officers-to-be. This tour offers a unique glimpse into the life of an officer cadet and the role of SAF in the defence and security of Singapore.

Interested parties can register on their date of visit at the Singapore Discovery Centre, 15 minutes before commencement of the tour. Registration is strictly on a first-come-first-served basis and is capped at a maximum of 40 pax per time slot.

Visit https://go.gov.sg/bsg2023 for more information and to sign up for Battle for Singapore 2023 programmes.

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Smithsonian Voices

From the Smithsonian Museums

NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM

Where to See World War II Aircraft Up Close

Seven National Air and Space Museum aircraft on display in your neighborhood

Mark Strauss

World War II witnessed technological leaps in aircraft design and performance that recast the nature of air warfare. Wood-and-fabric biplanes were replaced with streamlined, all-metal aircraft. Remote-control guns and pressurized cabins brought forth flying fortresses. Engines became more sophisticated and more powerful, enabling fighter pilots to perform maneuvers that would have been impossible less than a decade earlier.

The National Air and Space Museum’s collection of World War II-era aircraft ranges from propeller-driven trainers, fighters, flying boats, and bombers to the first generation of jet-powered fighters. Visitors to the Museum in Washington, D.C., and to its second location, the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia, have had the opportunity to view such memorable aircraft as the North American P-51 Mustang, the Grumman F4F Wildcat, and the Douglas SBD Dauntless.

Some of these remarkable aircraft might be closer to you than you realize. Through collaborations with affiliate organizations, the Smithsonian sponsors traveling exhibits and shares artifacts with museums throughout the U.S. and abroad. We’re showcasing seven of these airplanes—including some flown by Germany and Japan—in this issue of  Air & Space Quarterly. We recommend, though, that you check with your local museums to confirm these aircraft are currently on display before you and your family begin your own expedition of discovery.

Vought V-173 “Flying Pancake”

Frontiers of Flight Museum in Dallas, Texas

The push to achieve air superiority through innovation yielded some unusual designs during World War II, including the German Horten Ho 229 (a jet-powered, all-wing fighter), the British Hafner Rotabuggy (literally, a flying jeep), and, in the United States, the Vought V-173, more popularly known as the “Flying Pancake.”

The V-173 featured an all-wing design, with its disk-like body serving as the lifting surface. The 16.5-foot-diameter wood propellers were so enormous that the aircraft rested at a 22-degree-upward angle. The idea came from Charles Zimmerman, an aeronautical engineer at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics—the predecessor of NASA.

Zimmerman’s design offered unusual benefits. “By having the propellers so very large and spinning at not-inconsiderable velocities as well, you wind up with very large gyroscopic forces,” explained Al Bowers, the former chief scientist at NASA’s Armstrong Flight Research Center in California, in a previous interview with Air & Space/Smithsonian magazine. “So it starts to actually behave a bit more like a helicopter, or in a modern sort of parlance, a V-22 Osprey. V-22 guys would totally relate to the way this particular aircraft operates.” As such, Zimmerman’s design could achieve a zero-roll takeoff with a 30-mph headwind. In essence, it could have levitated from the deck of a moving ship.

Zimmerman turned to private industry to develop the concept further and joined United’s Chance Vought Aircraft Division. Although noted for its conservative approach to aircraft development, Vought built and tested a quarter-scale model of Zimmerman’s design, eventually persuading the U.S. Navy to issue a contract for one V-173 on May 4, 1940.

After 131 hours of flying time, pilots gave the Flying Pancake high marks, noting that, although it had unusual control responses, it could almost hover. “I was able to apply full power, raise the nose as high as it could be held, and have control about all three axes without stalling,” said Boone Guyton, Vought’s chief experimental pilot.

The Navy, however, cancelled the project because of its decision to switch to turbojet engines.

The National Air and Space Museum accepted the aircraft from the U. S. Navy Bureau of Weapons in 1960. In 2004, the V-173 was loaned to the Vought Aircraft Heritage Foundation, where retired Vought employees spent eight years restoring it. The V-173 was then put on display at the Frontiers of Flight Museum—a Smithsonian affiliate that has more than 200 models of World War II aircraft.

Ki-43 Hayabusa (Peregrine Falcon)

Pima Air & Space Museum in Tucson, Arizona

The Nakajima Aircraft Company aptly named the Ki-43 after the Peregrine Falcon (Hayabusa), a bird of prey widely known as a graceful, speedy hunter. The fighter surprised western pilots when they first encountered it because Allied intelligence specialists underestimated the capabilities of Japan’s aircraft industry. Although not as well-known as the Mitsubishi A6M Zero, the Ki-43 was a formidable aircraft, particularly during the early war years. After Allied pilots tangled with Hayabusas in both the China-Burma-India and South-West Pacific Theaters, intelligence teams codenamed the airplane Oscar.

The Ki-43 began as a set of specifications that the Japanese Imperial Army issued to the Nakajima Aircraft Company in 1937. The army needed to replace the nimble Nakajima Ki-27, an open-cockpit fighter, with an aircraft that had more speed (311 mph), better time to climb (16,405 feet in five minutes), and a range of 800 miles. A team led by Hideo Itokawa took only a year to roll out the first prototype. Flight tests began in January 1939. A 925-horsepower engine was selected to power the prototypes.

The new fighter flew well, but army test pilots criticized its maneuverability and, for a time, it seemed that Nakajima would abandon the Ki-43. However, the firm decided to salvage the design. Engineers replaced the single-stage supercharger with a two-stage unit to provide greater power at higher altitudes. The most significant change was the addition of combat flaps beneath the wing center section. When the pilot deployed these tapered flaps at speed, they lowered the stall speed, increased lift, and the turning circle of the Ki-43 shrank dramatically.

Test pilots were highly impressed by the modifications, prompting the army to order the Ki-43 into production.

Like many Japanese combat aircraft of World War II, the first Ki-43s lacked protective armor for the pilot and self-sealing fuel tanks. When the firm introduced the Ki-43-II in 1942, Nakajima addressed both shortcomings and incorporated other minor refinements. Engineers also designed other variants including the Ki-43-IIb, which featured a major revision to the oil cooler. In previous models, two radiators cooled the oil. One unit lay inside the cowling ahead of the engine and the other fit around the propeller shaft behind the spinner. In the Ki-43-IIb, a single cooler was placed inside the carburetor duct, after the duct was enlarged to accommodate the new component.

In all, more than 5,900 Hayabusas fought in the skies above China, Burma, India, the Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, the Philippines, many other South Pacific islands, and the Japanese home islands.

In 2008, the National Air and Space Museum loaned this last existing Ki-43-IIb to the Pima Air & Space Museum in Arizona, which is one of the world’s largest non-government funded aerospace museums. The museum is home to nearly 400 historic aircraft, including three other World War II-era aircraft on loan from the Smithsonian: the Nakajima Ki-115a, the Kugisho MXY7-K2, and the Martin PBM-5A Mariner.

Oklahoma National Guard Museum in Oklahoma City

“The Versatile Weapon!” declared a 1943 advertisement for the Piper L-4B. “Their economy of operation, amazing maneuverability, and rugged construction perfectly adapt Piper planes for the rigorous and varied parts that they are playing, and will play, in this great battle for democracy!”

The Pentagon apparently agreed. Between 1941‑45, the U.S. Army Air Forces procured almost 6,000 Piper aircraft. During World War II, the L-4 and its variants—nicknamed the “Grasshopper”—sometimes served as flying ambulances and performed duties including artillery spotting, pilot training, courier service, and front-line liaison.

The Grasshopper was a military version of Piper’s beloved J-3 Cub—mechanically identical, except for the additions of a plexiglas greenhouse skylight and rear windows to improve pilot visibility. First built in 1937, the Piper J-3 earned its fame as a trainer. The emergence of the Civilian Pilot Training Program immediately before the U.S. entered World War II spurred sales of the J-3. In 1940, 3,016 Cubs were manufactured and, at the wartime peak, a new J-3 emerged from the factory every 20 minutes. Some 75 percent of all pilots in the Civilian Pilot Training Program were trained on Cubs, many going on to more advanced training in the military.

An estimated 980 L-4B variants (which didn’t have radio equipment) were built. One of them was transferred to the National Air and Space Museum by the U.S. Air Force and is currently on loan to the Oklahoma National Guard Museum in Oklahoma City. Previously called the 45th Infantry Division Museum, the destination is well-known for its 15-acre Thunderbird Park, where more than 60 military vehicles, tanks, aircraft, and big guns are displayed.

Focke-Wulf-190D

National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton, Ohio

The Focke-Wulf-190D interceptor was considered by many German pilots to be the finest piston-powered fighter in the Luftwaffe. The aircraft was a variant of the Fw-190A, which first appeared in action over northwestern France in 1941, where it had proved its superiority over Britain’s top fighter, the Supermarine Mk V Spitfire. In late 1943, designers replaced the aircraft’s air-cooled BMW 801-series engine with the more powerful liquid-cooled Junkers Jumo 213 engine that previously had been used exclusively on bombers.

Capable of flying 430 mph at 20,200 feet, the improved performance of the 190D made the aircraft an effective interceptor against the burgeoning fighter-escorted Allied bomber formations. With its robust armaments—two 20mm Mauser MG-151/20 cannon in the wing and two 13mm Rheinmetall MG-131 cannon over the engine—German pilots considered it more than a match for the P-51D Mustang. The D9 variant that entered service in 1944 was even faster than the D1, capable of flying 440 mph at 37,000 feet. Because the larger engine lengthened its nose, a 20-inch section had to be added to the fuselage just forward of the tail. Allied and Luftwaffe pilots immediately dubbed the D9 the “long-nose” ( langnasen ).

But as the war progressed and the U.S. Army Air Forces began hitting aircraft assembly plants and oil refineries, Germany’s fighter force steadily lost effectiveness against daylight bombing raids. By the time the Luftwaffe fighter group JG-6 received 150 D9s in April 1945, only four aircraft could fly at a time.

Over the course of the war, approximately 13,250 fighters and 6,250 fighter-bomber versions of the Fw-190 were manufactured for the Luftwaffe.  At least 11 Fw-190s still exist in museums worldwide—four of these are Fw-190Ds, all of which are in the United States.

One of them was donated to the National Air and Space Museum by the U.S. Air Force on June 15, 1960. Since 1975, the Fw-190D has been on loan to the National Museum of the United States Air Force Museum at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio. Last year, the museum celebrated its 100th anniversary. It has more than 360 aircraft and missiles on display.

XP-55 Ascender

The Air Zoo Aerospace and Science Museum in Kalamazoo, Michigan

Less than two years before the United States declared war on the Japanese in 1941, the U.S. Army Air Corps sponsored three radical fighter aircraft designs. All of them had pusher configurations—the propellers are placed behind the engines—which offered some advantages over the conventional tractor configuration (the propellers are in front of the engine) such as enhanced pilot visibility and the option to concentrate most of the guns in the nose of the aircraft.

But the similarities between the three fighter concepts ended there. Vultee proposed a twin-boom pusher, the XP-54, and Northrop championed a bobbed-tail flying wing known as the XP-56 Black Bullet. Curtiss-Wright engineers swerved even further from convention: They stuck the engine behind the pilot, mounted a short canard near the nose, and placed two vertical tails at the end of swept wings. The aircraft was designated the XP-55 Ascender (otherwise known as the “Ass-Ender,” in recognition of its backward configuration). Engineers also added a revolutionary propeller jettison system to ensure that the pilot wouldn’t smack into the spinning rear propeller in the event of a bailout. A cluster of four .50-caliber machine guns were fitted into the nose assembly.

But the XP-55, despite multiple modifications during flight testing, was a failure. The aircraft had a tendency to stall without warning, and it was slow compared to most fighters already in production. Only three XP-55s were ever made. Two of them were destroyed upon crashing. The last remaining prototype was stored at the National Air and Space Museum’s Paul E. Garber Facility in Suitland, Maryland, until it was loaned to the Air Zoo Aerospace and Science Museum in 2001 for restoration and display. 

The Air Zoo—which is an affiliate of the Smithsonian Institution—was originally named the Kalamazoo Aviation History Museum when it was founded in 1977. The name was changed in 1999 in recognition of the many airplanes in its collection that have animal nicknames: Gooneybird, Wildcat, and Tigercat, among others. With more than 100 airplanes and spacecraft, Air Zoo is one of the 10 largest nongovernmental aviation museums in the U.S.

The Air Zoo has also become known for undertaking some challenging restoration projects, including a Douglas SBD Dauntless that had been retrieved from the bottom of Lake Michigan and a Waco CG-4A cargo glider that had been rusting in the Michigan woods (it had been used as a makeshift hunting or fishing shed). Compared to those aircraft, the XP-55 was in much better shape. The restoration staff even discovered notes in the airplane’s interior written by the original technicians to remind themselves of the work they had done on it.

The restored XP-55 was unveiled and put on display in 2006.

Martin PBM-5A Mariner

One of the most successful patrol aircraft of World War II is the PBM (Patrol Bomber, Martin) Mariner. By the end of the war, the Mariner had proven itself even more versatile and capable than its legendary contemporary, the Consolidated PBY Catalina.

The patrol bomber was manufactured by the Glenn L. Martin Aircraft Company, which incorporated several design elements that made it perform better than the PBY, including a deep hull mounting a gull wing, which kept the vulnerable engines out of the salt spray without the use of the Catalina’s parasol wing and its external bracing. An internal bomb bay enabled higher speeds when the aircraft was loaded with ordnance. And the wing floats could retract into wing bays to reduce drag.

The PBM went into service as a patrol aircraft that could not only locate enemy shipping, but also attack it with a 4,000-pound bomb load (or torpedoes in later versions). The aircraft, with its crew of nine, was armed with .50-caliber machine guns individually mounted in the nose and dorsal turrets, as well as in the waist gimbals and tail position.

The massive aircraft proved their value in combat during the Battle of the Atlantic, during which they operated out of bases located in the western Atlantic, ranging from Bermuda to Brazil. Of the 29 submarines sunk by U.S. patrol aircraft during World War II, 10 were by PBMs.

A later version, the PBM-3, spawned a series of variants for specialized missions, including the PBM-3C, which mounted a powerful APS 15 radar and dual .50-caliber machine guns in its three turrets. The PBM-3R transport version, which had its armor and armament removed, supplied distant submarine bases and flew medical evacuation missions.

In 1944, the final version, the PBM-5, entered service. One of its most innovative features was the provision for jet-assisted take-off rockets, which enabled much steeper climb angles. These were ideal for making short takeoffs in the fraught ocean conditions often encountered on rescue missions flown for B-29 crews that had to bail out or ditch their bombers.

Only one of the 1,366 Mariners constructed survives intact to the present-day. In 1953, it was retired with 1,326 flight hours and then sold as government surplus to civilian owners before it was donated to the National Air and Space Museum in 1973. The aircraft is on loan and displayed at the Pima Air & Space Museum in Tucson, Arizona.

A6M7 Reisen (Zero)

San Diego Air & Space Museum, California

No other aircraft surpasses the Mitsubishi A6M Reisen (Japanese for Zero Fighter, pronounced “ree-sin,”) as the symbol of Japanese air power during World War II. Nearly 10,500 were manufactured between March 1939 and August 1945—more than any other Japanese aircraft.

Design work on the Reisen began in 1937, when the Japanese navy staff directed the Mitsubishi and Nakajima aircraft companies to submit proposals for a new aircraft to replace the Mitsubishi A5M carrier fighter. Mitsubishi designer Jiro Horikoshi and his team focused on reducing airframe weight as much as possible and used a newly developed aluminum alloy. They also eliminated armor plating and self-sealing fuel tanks. These protective devices weighed hundreds of pounds and could not be incorporated into the aircraft if Mitsubishi hoped to meet the performance requirements specified by the navy. The compromise made the Zero a formidable fighter, but these vulnerabilities would contribute to its undoing.

Since the Reisen was considerably lighter than U.S. fighters, it could climb faster and out-maneuver them. However, as combat experience mounted and training improved, U.S. Navy and Army pilots learned to adapt: They would make a single, straight pass with guns blazing and then continue away from the Zero using superior speed to zoom to safety or circle around at a distance and attack again. Such tactics transformed the Grumman F4F Wildcat (once considered obsolete against the Zero) into a daunting opponent.

Still, the Zero and its variants remained in production throughout the war. By late 1944, following tremendous defeats at Midway, the Philippine Sea, and Leyte Gulf, Japan’s large-deck carrier fleet was almost destroyed. Dive bombers that could operate from small flight decks were urgently needed. When the Navy directed Mitsubishi to redesign the Zero to drop bombs, the A6M7 was born. The centerline fuel tank was replaced with a bomb rack that carried a single 551-pound bomb. The horizontal stabilizer was reinforced to withstand the stress of pulling out from a steep dive.

The National Air and Space Museum acquired its A6M7 in 1962 and transferred it to the to the San Diego Aerospace Museum (now called the San Diego Air & Space Museum) in 1981, where a volunteer crew spent more than 8,500 hours over a three-year period restoring the airplane. It currently remains on exhibit in San Diego.

This article is from the Spring 2024 issue of  Air & Space Quarterly , the National Air and Space Museum's signature magazine that explores topics in aviation and space, from the earliest moments of flight to today.  Explore the full issue.

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