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Html events, html objects, other references, window open().

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Description

The open() method opens a new browser window, or a new tab, depending on your browser settings and the parameter values.

The close() method .

• true - URL replaces the current document in the history list
• false - URL creates a new entry in the history list

Chrome throws an exception when using this parameter.

Source: Bugs Chromium Issue 1164959 .

Return Value

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More Examples

Open an about:blank page in a new window/tab:

Open a new window called "MsgWindow", and write some text into it:

Replace the current window with a new window:

Open a new window and control its appearance:

Open multiple tabs:

Open a new window. Use close() to close the new window:

Open a new window. Use the name property to return the name of the new window:

Using the opener property to return a reference to the window that created the new window:

Browser Support

open() is supported in all browsers:

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Window.open()

Return value, features requiring privileges, do not use target="_blank", references:, note on refreshing vs. opening a new window/tab.

The  Window interface's open() method loads the specified resource into the browsing context (window or tab) with the specified name. If the name doesn't exist, then a new window is opened and the specified resource is loaded into its browsing context.

A Window object representing to the newly created window. If the window couldn't be opened, the returned value is instead null . The returned Window reference can be used to access properties and methods of the new window as long as it complies with Same-origin policy security requirements.

Description

The open() method creates a new secondary browser window, similar to choosing New Window from the File menu. The strUrl parameter specifies the URL to be fetched and loaded in the new window. If strUrl is an empty string, then a new blank, empty window (URL about:blank ) is created with the default toolbars of the main window.

Note that remote URLs won't load immediately. When window.open() returns, the window always contains about:blank . The actual fetching of the URL is deferred and starts after the current script block finishes executing. The window creation and the loading of the referenced resource are done asynchronously.

If a window with the name already exists, then strUrl is loaded into the existing window. In this case the return value of the method is the existing window and strWindowFeatures is ignored. Providing an empty string for strUrl is a way to get a reference to an open window by its name without changing the window's location. To open a new window on every call of window.open() , use the special value _blank for strWindowName .

Note on the use of window.open to reopen an existing window with name strWindowName : This functionality is not valid for all browsers and more with variable conditions. Firefox (50.0.1) functions as described: from the same domain+port reopen with same name will access the previously created window. Google Chrome (55.0.2883.87 m ) on the other hand will do it only from the same parent (as if the window was created dependent, which is the "opener"). This is a wide limitation and generates unbelievable complexity of development. Firefox (51.) gets the handle but cannot run any Element.focus() while Chrome can run focus() from opener to child but not between siblings nor, reverse, from child to opener. This function is the lonely key to get back the handle on a window if the developer has access only to its name (the name can be saved with cookies or local storage but not the window object handle). For now 10/01/2017 the differencies of behavior found recently have not still been tested for others Browsers.  

Window features

strWindowFeatures is an optional string containing a comma-separated list of requested features of the new window. After a window is opened, JavaScript can't be used to change the features. If strWindowName does not specify an existing window and the strWindowFeatures parameter is not provided (or if the strWindowFeatures parameter is an empty string), then the new secondary window will render the default toolbars of the main window.

If the strWindowFeatures parameter is used and no size features are defined, then the new window dimensions will be the same as the dimensions of the most recently rendered window.

If the strWindowFeatures parameter is used and if no position features are defined, then the left and top coordinates of the new window dimension will be 22 pixels from where the most recently rendered window was. An offset is universally implemented by browser manufacturers (it is 29 pixels in IE6 SP2 with the default theme) and its purpose is to help users to notice new windows opening. If the most recently used window was maximized, then there is no offset: the new window will be maximized as well.

If the strWindowFeatures parameter is used, the features that are not listed will be disabled or removed (except titlebar and close , which are by default yes ).

Tip : If using the strWindowFeatures parameter, only list the features to be enabled or rendered; the others (except titlebar and close ) will be disabled or removed. Note that in some browsers, users can override the strWindowFeatures settings and enable (or prevent the disabling of) features.

Position and size features

Note on position and dimension error correction, note on precedence, toolbar and chrome features.

Firefox 3 note

In Firefox 3, dom.disable_window_open_feature.location now defaults to true , forcing the presence of the Location Bar much like in IE7. See bug 337344 for more information.

Window functionality features

Starting with Firefox 3, secondary windows are always resizable ( bug 177838 )

Tip : For accessibility reasons, it is strongly recommended to set this feature always on

Tip : For accessibility reasons, it is strongly encouraged to set this feature always on.

The following features require the UniversalBrowserWrite privilege, otherwise they will be ignored. Chrome scripts have this privilege automatically, others have to request it from the PrivilegeManager.

Note: As of Gecko 1.9 , the Internet Explorer equivalent to this feature is the window.showModalDialog() method. For compatibility reasons, it's now supported in Firefox. Note also that starting in Gecko 2.0 , you can use window.showModalDialog() without UniversalBrowserWrite privileges.

The position and size feature elements require a number to be set. The toolbars and window functionalities can be set with a yes or no ; you can use 1 instead of yes and 0 instead of no . The toolbar and functionality feature elements also accept the shorthand form: you can turn a feature on by simply listing the feature name in the features string. If you supply the features parameter, then the titlebar and close are still yes by default, but the other features which have a yes / no choice will be no by default and will be turned off.

In this example, the window will be resizable, it will render scrollbar(s) if needed, if the content overflows requested window dimensions and it will render the status bar. It will not render the menubar nor the location bar. Since the author knew about the size of the image (400 pixels wide and 200 pixels high), he added the margins applied to the root element in MSIE 6 which is 15 pixels for top margin, 15 pixels for the bottom margin, 10 pixels for the left margin and 10 pixels for the right margin.

Best practices

The above code solves a few usability problems related to links opening secondary window. The purpose of the return false in the code is to cancel default action of the link: if the onclick event handler is executed, then there is no need to execute the default action of the link. But if javascript support is disabled or non-existent on the user's browser, then the onclick event handler is ignored and the browser loads the referenced resource in the target frame or window that has the name "PromoteFirefoxWindowName". If no frame nor window has the name "PromoteFirefoxWindowName", then the browser will create a new window and will name it "PromoteFirefoxWindowName".

More reading on the use of the target attribute:

HTML 4.01 Target attribute specifications

How do I create a link that opens a new window?

You can also parameterize the function to make it versatile, functional in more situations, therefore re-usable in scripts and webpages:

You can also make such function able to open only 1 secondary window and to reuse such single secondary window for other links in this manner:

Usability issues

Avoid resorting to window.open().

Generally speaking, it is preferable to avoid resorting to window.open() for several reasons:

• All Mozilla-based browsers offer tab-browsing and this is the preferred mode of opening referenced resources ( SDK )... not just in Mozilla-based browsers but in all other browsers offering tab-browsing. In other words, tab-capable browser users overall prefer opening new tabs than opening new windows in a majority of webpage situations. Tab-capable browsers have rapidly gained support and enthusiasm on internet in the last 3 years; this trend will not revert back. MSIE 7, released in October 2006, has full support for tab browsing.
• There are now several Mozilla extensions (like Multizilla) and Firefox extensions (like Tabbrowser preferences ), features, settings and advanced preferences based on tab-browsing and based on converting window.open() calls into opening tabs, based on neutralizing window.open() calls, in particular in neutralizing unrequested openings of new windows (often referred as blocking unrequested popups or as blocking script-initiated windows opening automatically). Such features found in extensions include opening a link in a new window or not, in the same window, in a new tab or not, in "background" or not. Coding carelessly to open new windows can no longer be assured of success, can not succeed by force and, if it does, it will annoy a majority of users.
• New windows can have menubar missing, scrollbars missing, status bar missing, window resizability disabled, etc.; new tabs can not be missing those functionalities or toolbars (or at least, the toolbars which are present by default). Therefore, tab-browsing is preferred by a lot of users because the normal user-interface of the browser window they prefer is kept intact, remains stable.
• Opening new windows, even with reduced features, uses considerably a lot of the user's system resources (cpu, RAM) and involves considerably a lot of coding in the source code (security management, memory management, various code branchings sometimes quite complex, window frame/chrome/toolbars building, window positioning and sizing, etc.). Opening new tabs is less demanding on the user's system resources (and faster to achieve) than opening new windows.

Offer to open a link in a new window, using these guidelines

If you want to offer to open a link in a new window, then follow tested and recommendable usability and accessibility guidelines:

"> Never use this form of code for links: <a href="javascript:window.open(...)" ...>

"javascript:" links break accessibility and usability of webpages in every browser.

• "javascript:" pseudo-links become dysfunctional when javascript support is disabled or inexistent. Several corporations allow their employees to surf on the web but under strict security policies: no javascript enabled, no java, no activeX, no Flash. For various reasons (security, public access, text browsers, etc..), about 5% to 10% of users on the web surf with javascript disabled.
• "javascript:" links will interfere with advanced features in tab-capable browsers: eg. middle-click on links, Ctrl+click on links, tab-browsing features in extensions, etc.
• "javascript:" links will interfere with the process of indexing webpages by search engines.
• "javascript:" links interfere with assistive technologies (e.g. voice browsers) and several web-aware applications (e.g. PDAs and mobile browsers).
• "javascript:" links also interfere with "mouse gestures" features implemented in browsers.
• Protocol scheme "javascript:" will be reported as an error by link validators and link checkers.

Further reading:

• Top Ten Web-Design Mistakes of 2002 , 6. JavaScript in Links, Jakob Nielsen, December 2002
• Links & JavaScript Living Together in Harmony , Jeff Howden, February 2002
• comp.lang.javascript newsgroup discussion FAQ on "javascript:" links

">Never use <a href="#" onclick="window.open(...);">

Such pseudo-link also breaks accessibility of links. Always use a real URL for the href attribute value so that if javascript support is disabled or inexistent or if the user agent does not support opening of secondary window (like MS-Web TV, text browsers, etc), then such user agents will still be able to load the referenced resource according to its default mode of opening/handling a referenced resource. This form of code also interferes with advanced features in tab-capable browsers: eg. middle-click on links, Ctrl+click on links, Ctrl+Enter on links, "mouse gestures" features.

Always identify links which will create (or will re-use) a new, secondary window

Identify links that will open new windows in a way that helps navigation for users by coding the title attribute of the link, by adding an icon at the end of the link or by coding the cursor accordingly.

The purpose is to warn users in advance of context changes to minimize confusion on the user's part: changing the current window or popping up new windows can be very disorienting to users (Back toolbar button is disabled).

"Users often don't notice that a new window has opened, especially if they are using a small monitor where the windows are maximized to fill up the screen. So a user who tries to return to the origin will be confused by a grayed out Back button." quote from The Top Ten New Mistakes of Web Design : 2. Opening New Browser Windows, Jakob Nielsen, May 1999

When extreme changes in context are explicitly identified before they occur, then the users can determine if they wish to proceed or so they can be prepared for the change: not only they will not be confused or feel disoriented, but more experienced users can better decide how to open such links (in a new window or not, in the same window, in a new tab or not, in "background" or not).

• "If your link spawns a new window, or causes another windows to 'pop up' on your display, or move the focus of the system to a new FRAME or Window, then the nice thing to do is to tell the user that something like that will happen." World Wide Web Consortium Accessibility Initiative regarding popups
• "Use link titles to provide users with a preview of where each link will take them, before they have clicked on it." Ten Good Deeds in Web Design , Jakob Nielsen, October 1999
• Using Link Titles to Help Users Predict Where They Are Going , Jakob Nielsen, January 1998

Always use the target attribute

If javascript support is disabled or non-existent, then the user agent will create a secondary window accordingly or will render the referenced resource according to its handling of the target attribute: e.g. some user agents which can not create new windows, like MS Web TV, will fetch the referenced resource and append it at the end of the current document. The goal and the idea is to try to provide - not impose - to the user a way to open the referenced resource, a mode of opening the link. Your code should not interfere with the features of the browser at the disposal of the user and your code should not interfere with the final decision resting with the user.

Always provide a meaningful name to your target attribute and try to reuse such target attribute in your page so that a click on another link may load the referenced resource in an already created and rendered window (therefore speeding up the process for the user) and therefore justifying the reason (and user system resources, time spent) for creating a secondary window in the first place. Using a single target attribute value and reusing it in links is much more user resources friendly as it only creates one single secondary window which is recycled. On the other hand, using "_blank" as the target attribute value will create several new and unnamed windows on the user's desktop which can not be recycled, reused. In any case, if your code is well done, it should not interfere with the user's final choice but rather merely offer him more choices, more ways to open links and more power to the tool he's using (a browser).

Specification

In cases where left and screenX (and/or top and screenY ) have conflicting values, then left and top have precedence over screenX and screenY respectively. If left and screenX (and/or top and screenY ) are defined in the features list, then left (and/or top ) will be honored and rendered. In the following example the new window will be positioned at 100 pixels from the left side of the work area for applications of the user's operating system, not at 200 pixels.

If left is set but top has no value and screenY has a value, then left and screenY will be the coordinate positioning values of the secondary window.

outerWidth has precedence over width and width has precedence over innerWidth. outerHeight has precedence over height and height has precedence over innerHeight. In the following example, Mozilla-browsers will create a new window with an outerWidth of 600 pixels wide and will ignore the request of a width of 500 pixels and will also ignore the request of an innerWidth of 400 pixels.

Requested position and requested dimension values in the features list will not be honored and will be corrected if any of such requested value does not allow the entire browser window to be rendered within the work area for applications of the user's operating system. No part of the new window can be initially positioned offscreen. This is by default in all Mozilla-based browser releases.

MSIE 6 SP2 has a similar error correction mechanism but it is not activated by default in all security levels: a security setting can disable such error correction mechanism.

Note on scrollbars

When content overflows window viewport dimensions, then scrollbar(s) (or some scrolling mechanism) are necessary to ensure that content can be accessed by users. Content can overflow window dimensions for several reasons which are outside the control of web authors:

• user resizes the window
• user increases the text size of fonts via View/Text Zoom (%) menuitem in Mozilla or View/Text Size/Increase or Decrease in Firefox
• user sets a minimum font size for pages which is bigger than the font-size the web author requested. People over 40 years old or with particular viewing habit or reading preference often set a minimal font size in Mozilla-based browsers.
• web author is not aware of default margin (and/or border and/or padding) values applying to root element or body node in various browsers and various browser versions
• user uses an user stylesheet ( userContent.css in Mozilla-based browsers ) for his viewing habits which increases document box dimensions (margin, padding, default font size)
• user can customize individually the size (height or width) of most toolbars via operating system settings. E.g. window resizing borders, height of browser titlebar, menubar, scrollbars, font size are entirely customizable by the user in Windows XP operating system. These toolbars dimensions can also be set via browser themes and skins or by operating system themes
• web author is unaware that the user default browser window has custom toolbar(s) for specific purpose(s); e.g.: prefs bar, web developer bar, accessibility toolbar, popup blocking and search toolbar, multi-feature toolbar, etc.
• user uses assistive technologies or add-on features which modify the operating system's work area for applications: e.g. MS-Magnifier
• user repositions and/or resizes directly or indirectly the operating system's work area for applications: e.g. user resizes the Windows taskbar, user positions the Windows taskbar on the left side (arabic language based) or right side (Hebrew language), user has a permanent MS-Office quick launch toolbar, etc.
• some operating system (Mac OS X) forces presence of toolbars which can then fool the web author's anticipations, calculations of the effective dimensions of the browser window

Note on status bar

You should assume that a large majority of browsers will have the status bar or that a large majority of users will want to force the status bar presence: best is to always set this feature to yes. Also, if you specifically request to remove the status bar, then Firefox users will not be able to view the Site Navigation toolbar if it is installed. In Mozilla and in Firefox, all windows with a status bar have a window resizing grippy at its right-most side. The status bar also provides info on http connection, hypertext resource location, download progress bar, encryption/secure connection info with SSL connection (displaying a yellow padlock icon), internet/security zone icons, privacy policy/cookie icon, etc. Removing the status bar usually removes a lot of functionality, features and information considered useful (and sometimes vital) by the users.

Note on security issues of the status bar presence

In MSIE 6 for XP SP2: For windows opened using window.open() :

"For windows opened using window.open(): Expect the status bar to be present, and code for it. The status bar will be on by default and is 20-25 pixels in height. (...)" quote from Fine-Tune Your Web Site for Windows XP Service Pack 2, Browser Window Restrictions in XP SP2

"(...) windows that are created using the window.open() method can be called by scripts and used to spoof a user interface or desktop or to hide malicious information or activity by sizing the window so that the status bar is not visible. Internet Explorer windows provide visible security information to the user to help them ascertain the source of the Web page and the security of the communication with that page. When these elements are not in view, the user might think they are on a more trusted page or interacting with a system process when they are actually interacting with a malicious host. (...) Script-initiated windows will be displayed fully, with the Internet Explorer title bar and status bar. (...) Script management of Internet Explorer status bar Detailed description Internet Explorer has been modified to not turn off the status bar for any windows. The status bar is always visible for all Internet Explorer windows. (...) Without this change, windows that are created using the window.open() method can be called by scripts and spoof a user interface or desktop or hide malicious information or activity by hiding important elements of the user interface from the user. The status bar is a security feature of Internet Explorer windows that provides Internet Explorer security zone information to the user. This zone cannot be spoofed (...)" quote from Changes to Functionality in Microsoft Windows XP Service Pack 2, Internet Explorer Window Restrictions

Note on fullscreen

In MSIE 6 for XP SP2:

• "window.open() with fullscreen=yes will now result in a maximized window, not a kiosk mode window."
• "The definition of the fullscreen=yes specification is changed to mean 'show the window as maximized,' which will keep the title bar, address bar, and status bar visible."
• Fine-Tune Your Web Site for Windows XP Service Pack 2
• Changes to Functionality in Microsoft Windows XP Service Pack 2, Script sizing of Internet Explorer windows

Note on outerHeight versus height

If the strWindowName parameter is omitted, a new window or tab is opened. If a window with the same name already exists, the existing window is refreshed.

• JavaScript windows (tutorial) by Lasse Reichstein Nielsen
• The perfect pop-up (tutorial) by Ian Lloyd
• Popup windows and Firefox (interactive demos) by Gérard Talbot
• Links Want To Be Links by Jukka K. Korpela
• Links & JavaScript Living Together in Harmony by Jeff Howden

Document Tags and Contributors

• NeedsCompatTable
• NeedsMarkupWork
• NeedsUpdate
• applicationCache
• controllers
• defaultStatus
• devicePixelRatio
• dialogArguments
• directories
• or <object>) in which the window is embedded, or null if the element is either top-level or is embedded into a document with a different script origin; that is, in cross-origin situations."> frameElement
• innerHeight
• isSecureContext
• or <iframe> elements) in the window."> length
• localStorage
• locationbar
• messageManager
• mozAnimationStartTime
• mozInnerScreenX
• mozInnerScreenY
• mozPaintCount
• onafterprint
• onanimationcancel
• onanimationend
• onanimationiteration
• onappinstalled
• onbeforeinstallprompt
• onbeforeprint
• onbeforeunload
• oncontextmenu
• ondevicelight
• ondevicemotion
• ondeviceorientation
• ondeviceorientationabsolute
• ondeviceproximity
• ongamepadconnected
• ongamepaddisconnected
• ongotpointercapture
• onhashchange
• element value changes."> oninput
• onlanguagechange
• element, etc., which fires when the resource has loaded."> onload
• onloadstart
• onlostpointercapture
• onmousedown
• onmousemove
• onmouseover
• onmozbeforepaint
• onpointercancel
• onpointerdown
• onpointerenter
• onpointerleave
• onpointermove
• onpointerout
• onpointerover
• onpointerup
• onrejectionhandled
• onselectionchange
• onselectstart
• ontouchcancel
• ontouchmove
• ontouchstart
• ontransitioncancel
• ontransitionend
• onunhandledrejection
• onuserproximity
• onvrdisplayactivate
• onvrdisplayblur
• onvrdisplayconnect
• onvrdisplaydeactivate
• onvrdisplaydisconnect
• onvrdisplayfocus
• onvrdisplaypresentchange
• outerHeight
• performance
• personalbar
• sessionStorage
• speechSynthesis
• cancelAnimationFrame()
• cancelIdleCallback()
• captureEvents()
• clearImmediate()
• clearInterval()
• clearTimeout()
• convertPointFromNodeToPage()
• createImageBitmap()
• getAttention()
• getComputedStyle()
• getDefaultComputedStyle()
• getSelection()
• matchMedia()
• openDialog()
• postMessage()
• releaseEvents()
• s in order to improve performance and battery life."> requestAnimationFrame()
• requestIdleCallback()
• routeEvent()
• scrollByLines()
• scrollByPages()
• setCursor()
• setImmediate()
• setInterval()
• setTimeout()
• showModalDialog()
• sizeToContent()
• updateCommands()

An In-Depth Guide to window.open() in JavaScript

The window.open() method in JavaScript allows developers to open popup windows and new browser tabs/windows programmatically. It has been around for many years and remains widely supported across major browsers.

In this comprehensive guide, we‘ll learn how window.open() works under the hood, best practices for usage, security considerations, debugging tips, and more. Whether you‘re a seasoned JavaScript developer or just starting out, this deep dive will level up your skills for properly leveraging this powerful yet potentially problematic browser API.

So let‘s open up a new window into window.open() , shall we? 🪟

What is window.open() Exactly?

The window.open() method first appeared in the Netscape Navigator browser in the late 1990s. It allows opening a new browser window and gaining control over certain features like width, height, position, scrollbars etc.

Here‘s what each parameter does:

• url – The page URL to load in the window (can be omitted to just open a blank window)
• windowName – A name to identify the window, like _blank , _self etc
• windowFeatures – Optional string for window dimensions, position and other settings

For example:

This opens a 400px wide, 300px tall window loading example.com and names it "exampleWindow".

The windowFeatures parameter lets you customize the toolbar, scrollbars, status bar and more. We‘ll explore this in depth later on.

First let‘s look at browser support and compatibility for window.open() .

Browser Support and Compatibility

The window.open() method is supported in all major modern browsers including:

It also works in older browsers like Internet Explorer 8 and above.

However, there are some cross-browser differences in behavior:

Mobile browser support varies too:

So testing across browsers is recommended when relying on specific window.open() functionality.

Now let‘s look at some examples of window.open() in action.

Opening a Blank Window

Here‘s how you can open a simple blank popup browser window:

We initialize a new window by passing:

• Empty string ‘‘ for the URL parameter
• Name BlankWindow to identify it
• Width and height of 400px and 300px

This overrides the default dimensions to open a 400×300 blank popup.

The popup will have browser features like toolbar, address bar etc based on defaults. We‘ll see how to control those next.

Opening a URL in a New Window

To open a specific page URL, just pass it as the first parameter:

This will open https://thelinuxcode.com in a new browser window named "ThelinuxcodeWindow".

We can also control whether it opens in a new tab vs window using the special targets:

The _blank target will force opening a new tab in most modern browsers.

Some other targets like _self and _parent will load the URL in the current window or parent frame respectively.

Next let‘s customize our popup‘s toolbar, scrollbars and other properties.

Customizing Window Features

The windowFeatures parameter in window.open() lets you tweak toolbar, scrollbar and other properties.

This enables:

• Address bar (location)
• Resize handle (resizable)

For the popup window.

Some other useful windowFeatures are:

• width and height – window dimensions in pixels or %
• left and top – position from screen edge
• titlebar – set to no to hide title bar
• toolbar – enable/disable browser tools

This allows for some pretty customized popups!

Now let‘s talk about how to deal with those pesky browser popup blockers.

Dealing with Popup Blockers

Many browsers today block JavaScript popups by default until the user clicks something.

Now Chrome won‘t block the popup since it is initiated directly by the user.

Most modern browsers employ similar popup blocking for security and user experience. Keep this in mind when relying on window.open() .

Best Practices for Performance

When building complex UIs with window.open() , keep these performance best practices in mind:

• Minimize DOM access – Avoid heavy manipulation of popup‘s DOM as it can slow down responsiveness.
• Reuse windows – Cache and reuse existing window objects instead of creating new ones.
• Watch for leaks – Closed windows hold references to parent. Ensure proper cleanup.
• Use web workers – Offload CPU-intensive popup processing to workers.
• Lazy load content – Only load heavy popup content/media when needed.

Properly structuring your popup‘s lifecycle and DOM usage can optimize for buttery smooth performance.

Now let‘s shift gears and talk security.

Security Risks and Sandboxing

Opening cross-origin popups creates security risks if not handled properly.

For example, a malicious popup window could potentially:

• Access the parent window‘s DOM and scripts
• Perform UI redressing attacks
• Trick users via clickjacking

Not ideal! 😬

To mitigate these risks, use the rel="noopener" attribute when linking to untrusted popup URLs:

The noopener relation ensures the popup runs in a separate process without access to your page‘s objects.

Another option is to sandbox the popup content in an <iframe> :

This applies key security restrictions to the iframe content.

So be thoughtful about which sites you fully trust when using window.open() . Sandboxing provides that extra layer of protection.

Alternatives to window.open()

There are a few alternatives for creating popup-like behaviors without using window.open() :

Modal Dialogs

Modal dialogs overlay content on the existing page as opposed to opening in new windows. Popular in modern UI frameworks.

Browser Tabs

Use anchor tags with the _blank target to open additional content in new tabs.

Load external documents in <iframe> elements embedded in the page. Provides sandboxing.

New Browser Windows

Anchor tags can also open URLs in completely new windows using the _blank target.

Let‘s compare some pros and cons:

So depending on your specific use case, these alternatives may be better options over using window.open() .

Debugging window.open() Issues

If you‘re having issues getting window.open() to work right, here are some debugging tips:

• Check browser console for errors
• Try a simple test case ruling out other code
• Temporarily disable popup blockers
• Test in multiple browsers (compatibility!)
• Use tools like debugger statements and breakpoints
• Log window.open arguments and returned window objects
• Catch exceptions in a try...catch block
• Check page zone to confirm not running in iframe

Methodically ruling out potential causes helps narrow down the problem.

99% of the time issues end up being:

• Popup blockers blocking it
• Browser security restrictions
• Cross-browser compatibility quirks

But proper debugging should lead you to the root cause.

The window.open() method remains a handy tool for opening popup browser windows despite some modern browser restrictions.

Key takeaways:

• Supports customizable width, height, position, scrollbars, toolbar and more
• Require user interaction to avoid most popup blockers
• Mitigate security risks using sandboxed iframes or noopener
• Alternative techniques like modal dialogs may be better UX
• Debug carefully across browser profiles when issues arise

I hope this guide provides a comprehensive overview of how to properly leverage window.open() within your projects.

The web moves fast, so always refer to updated platform documentation and test before shipping to production. Browser APIs like window.open() may evolve over time or see new security tweaks.

But by fully understanding its capabilities and limitations, you can decide when opening popup windows programmatically makes sense vs when alternative approaches may be better suited.

Either way, have fun!

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Safari and window.open

Posted 21. 08. 2009 by Jens Arps filed under Browser Struggle .

Safari console screenshot

Update : If you are interested in how to make window.open work you might want to also read the follow-up: Safari and window.open – How to do it

Working on a project these days, I noticed that the only call to window.open in that app did not work in Safari. Looking into it, I found that it was Safari’s popup blocker that wouldn’t let that call succeed.

Usually, I don’t deal with window.open, so that behavior was new to me, and I asked Mr. Google what he knew on this. Not much, as it turned out out – I found only two interesting notes on it. One was pretty strange and I guess it was more about a Safari 3 beta not returning a window object. The other one proposed the the window.open call had to be within the same function body as the method handling the event. The comments on that post affirmed this suspicion, but I decided to look into it myself.

So I threw some buttons on a page and started connecting… Ah, that’s not entirely correct, I started with typing “window.open” into the console – to no avail, Safari didn’t do a thing.

Then I put the window.open call into an “onclick” attribute to make sure my Safari would open windows at all – yep, it did. Good. Ok, so I moved on, step by step to see when Safari drew the line.

Next were some basic connects using dojo.connect. All good. Then connections to anonymous functions calling window.open – all good. Connections to anonymous functions calling an object’s method that was calling another method that was calling window.open… still all good. So far for the theory the window.open call had to be in the same function body…

One step further: using dojo’s pub/sub system. So I connected a button to an anonymous function that published a topic, and subscribed to that topic, in different manners. Still Safari opened a new window every time, as ordered.

Finally, I tried callback functions. First, as an argument to dojo.xhrGet, then as an argument to setTimeout. And – bingo! Safari silently refused to open a new window. Phew. Ok. Well, at least I do know now.

The only tiny problem left, concerning the scenario present in that app I mentioned before: a callback is needed there. Some data is sent to the server and the new window can’t be opened until the app receives the response… And I don’t want to tell customers to turn off their popup blocker – especially since Safari doesn’t have site-specific settings for it’s popup blocker.

The file containing the tests can be found here .

Update : How to work around the popup blocker: Safari and window.open – How to do it

2 Responses to Safari and window.open

I spend a whole day ob that prob but couldn´t solve it.

Thx a lot, great job!

[…] is still some traffic coming in from people who are searching for how to deal with the safari popup blocker. So I thought it might be nice to also tell what you can do about it – as most people want […]

[ Comments are automatically closed after 30 days. ]

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JavaScript window.open() Method

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The Javascript window.open() method is used to open a new tab or window with the specified URL and name. It supports various parameters that can be used to specify the type and URL location of the window to be opened.

Parameters: It has the following parameters as mentioned above and described below: 

• URL: It accepts the URL that will be open in the new window. If an empty string is provided then it will open a blank new tab.
• windowName: It can be used to provide the name of the window. This is not associated with the title of the window in any manner. It can accept values like _blank , _self , _parent , etc.
• windowFeatures: It is used to provide features to the window that will open, for example, the dimension and position of the window.

Example 1: In this example, we will open a new window on a button click with the specified parameters.

Example 2: In this example, we will open a blank window by passing the URL as an empty string.

Supported Browsers:

• Google Chrome 1 and above
• Edge 12 and above
• Firefox 1 and above
• Internet Explorer 4 and above
• Opera 3 and above
• Safari 1 and above

JavaScript is best known for web page development but it is also used in a variety of non-browser environments. You can learn JavaScript from the ground up by following this JavaScript Tutorial and JavaScript Examples .

HTML is the foundation of web pages and is used for webpage development by structuring websites and web apps. You can learn HTML from the ground up by following this HTML Tutorial and HTML Examples .

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[SOLVED] Window.open() doesn't work in Safari in iPhone

window.open() doesn’t work in safari in iPhone. “Doesn’t work” means it does not open a window when it is called. Nothing happens.

It works in Safari in iPad. It works in Safari in desktop. It works in chrome in anywhere.

Has anybody addressed this problem yet?

Hi @lenvanthis ,

Yes, that’s an issue with Safari on iPhone, not related with PlayCanvas.

I’m not sure if there is anything you can do with JavaScript to address that. The only way is to show some HTML elements that include a clickable a href link for the user to click.

Thank you for the response. By any chance, do you know any example of clickable html element with a href link? All so too new to me. Thanks a lot.

So, go to this example and fork it:

https://developer.playcanvas.com/en/tutorials/htmlcss-ui/

And from there update the html asset with the following HTML:

That will make the increment word become a link that opens the playcanvas.com page on a new tab.

Are you trying to do this on a PlayCanvas UI button? If so, you may want to do something similar to Capturing a screenshot | Learn PlayCanvas where we use a HTML element and call click on it.

That is a freaking helpful info. Amazing. Looking forward to testing out what I learned from your code.

Thanks, again.

Thank you for the info again, Leonidas.

OMG… Yaustar & Leonidas,

I am happy to inform you it perfectly worked. Let me show what I did. Thank you for the help!!

A post was split to a new topic: Loading scenes issue?

does this still working I’ve been testing it with no sucsess ?

Didn’t work for me

@naveen_lb @SprayArks

I have just tested this on my iPhone X from playcanvas launch.

It worked there.

But I do have other errors from iPhone which is related to security issues from playcanvas-stable.min.js. I will create a thread on this if there is any already.

Want to highlight a helpful answer? Upvote!

Did someone help you, or did an answer or User Tip resolve your issue? Upvote by selecting the upvote arrow. Your feedback helps others!  Learn more about when to upvote >

Looks like no one’s replied in a while. To start the conversation again, simply ask a new question.

[Safari 14]window.open with parameters will open in new window instead of new tab by default

In Safari 14, when we call window.open with parameters like

it will open the page in new window instead of new tab by default ("Open pages in tabs instead of windows" is set to Automatically).

While window.open without parameters like

it will open in new tab.

And if we set "Open pages in tabs instead of windows" to Always, it will open in new tab.

Safari with old versions and other browsers are also opening page in new tab by default for this case.

So this should be a regression issue, please fix to keep the behavior consistent with window.open without parameters to open in new tab by default. Thanks.

MacBook Pro 16″, macOS 11.3

Posted on Aug 5, 2021 12:29 AM

Window sizes and scrolling

How do we find the width and height of the browser window? How do we get the full width and height of the document, including the scrolled out part? How do we scroll the page using JavaScript?

For this type of information, we can use the root document element document.documentElement , that corresponds to the <html> tag. But there are additional methods and peculiarities to consider.

Width/height of the window

To get window width and height, we can use the clientWidth/clientHeight of document.documentElement :

For instance, this button shows the height of your window:

alert(document.documentElement.clientHeight)

Browsers also support properties like window.innerWidth/innerHeight . They look like what we want, so why not to use them instead?

If there exists a scrollbar, and it occupies some space, clientWidth/clientHeight provide the width/height without it (subtract it). In other words, they return the width/height of the visible part of the document, available for the content.

window.innerWidth/innerHeight includes the scrollbar.

If there’s a scrollbar, and it occupies some space, then these two lines show different values:

In most cases, we need the available window width in order to draw or position something within scrollbars (if there are any), so we should use documentElement.clientHeight/clientWidth .

Please note: top-level geometry properties may work a little bit differently when there’s no <!DOCTYPE HTML> in HTML. Odd things are possible.

In modern HTML we should always write DOCTYPE .

Width/height of the document

Theoretically, as the root document element is document.documentElement , and it encloses all the content, we could measure the document’s full size as document.documentElement.scrollWidth/scrollHeight .

But on that element, for the whole page, these properties do not work as intended. In Chrome/Safari/Opera, if there’s no scroll, then documentElement.scrollHeight may be even less than documentElement.clientHeight ! Weird, right?

To reliably obtain the full document height, we should take the maximum of these properties:

Why so? Better don’t ask. These inconsistencies come from ancient times, not a “smart” logic.

Get the current scroll

DOM elements have their current scroll state in their scrollLeft/scrollTop properties.

For document scroll, document.documentElement.scrollLeft/scrollTop works in most browsers, except older WebKit-based ones, like Safari (bug 5991 ), where we should use document.body instead of document.documentElement .

Luckily, we don’t have to remember these peculiarities at all, because the scroll is available in the special properties, window.pageXOffset/pageYOffset :

These properties are read-only.

For historical reasons, both properties exist, but they are the same:

• window.pageXOffset is an alias of window.scrollX .
• window.pageYOffset is an alias of window.scrollY .

Scrolling: scrollTo, scrollBy, scrollIntoView

To scroll the page with JavaScript, its DOM must be fully built.

For instance, if we try to scroll the page with a script in <head> , it won’t work.

Regular elements can be scrolled by changing scrollTop/scrollLeft .

We can do the same for the page using document.documentElement.scrollTop/scrollLeft (except Safari, where document.body.scrollTop/Left should be used instead).

Alternatively, there’s a simpler, universal solution: special methods window.scrollBy(x,y) and window.scrollTo(pageX,pageY) .

The method scrollBy(x,y) scrolls the page relative to its current position . For instance, scrollBy(0,10) scrolls the page 10px down.

The button below demonstrates this:

window.scrollBy(0,10)

The method scrollTo(pageX,pageY) scrolls the page to absolute coordinates , so that the top-left corner of the visible part has coordinates (pageX, pageY) relative to the document’s top-left corner. It’s like setting scrollLeft/scrollTop .

To scroll to the very beginning, we can use scrollTo(0,0) .

window.scrollTo(0,0)

These methods work for all browsers the same way.

scrollIntoView

For completeness, let’s cover one more method: elem.scrollIntoView(top) .

The call to elem.scrollIntoView(top) scrolls the page to make elem visible. It has one argument:

• If top=true (that’s the default), then the page will be scrolled to make elem appear on the top of the window. The upper edge of the element will be aligned with the window top.
• If top=false , then the page scrolls to make elem appear at the bottom. The bottom edge of the element will be aligned with the window bottom.

The button below scrolls the page to position itself at the window top:

this.scrollIntoView()

And this button scrolls the page to position itself at the bottom:

this.scrollIntoView(false)

Forbid the scrolling

Sometimes we need to make the document “unscrollable”. For instance, when we need to cover the page with a large message requiring immediate attention, and we want the visitor to interact with that message, not with the document.

To make the document unscrollable, it’s enough to set document.body.style.overflow = "hidden" . The page will “freeze” at its current scroll position.

document.body.style.overflow = ‘hidden’

document.body.style.overflow = ‘’

The first button freezes the scroll, while the second one releases it.

We can use the same technique to freeze the scroll for other elements, not just for document.body .

The drawback of the method is that the scrollbar disappears. If it occupied some space, then that space is now free and the content “jumps” to fill it.

That looks a bit odd, but can be worked around if we compare clientWidth before and after the freeze. If it increased (the scrollbar disappeared), then add padding to document.body in place of the scrollbar to keep the content width the same.

Width/height of the visible part of the document (content area width/height): document.documentElement.clientWidth/clientHeight

Width/height of the whole document, with the scrolled out part:

Read the current scroll: window.pageYOffset/pageXOffset .

Change the current scroll:

• window.scrollTo(pageX,pageY) – absolute coordinates,
• window.scrollBy(x,y) – scroll relative the current place,
• elem.scrollIntoView(top) – scroll to make elem visible (align with the top/bottom of the window).
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• To insert few words of code, use the <code> tag, for several lines – wrap them in <pre> tag, for more than 10 lines – use a sandbox ( plnkr , jsbin , codepen …)

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Investigate how to avoid Safari's popup-blocker when opening browser windows and tabs asynchronously #118731

weinand commented Mar 11, 2021 • edited

isidorn commented Mar 22, 2021

Sorry, something went wrong.

isidorn commented Mar 22, 2021 • edited

bpasero commented Mar 22, 2021 • edited

But it would be nice if you could adopt the host service just for consistency.

• 👍 1 reaction

isidorn commented Mar 25, 2021 • edited

weinand commented Mar 25, 2021

connor4312 commented Mar 25, 2021

Isidorn commented mar 25, 2021, isidorn commented apr 16, 2021, bpasero commented apr 16, 2021, weinand commented apr 18, 2021, bpasero commented apr 19, 2021, isidorn commented apr 19, 2021, weinand commented apr 19, 2021 • edited, weinand commented apr 19, 2021, isidorn commented apr 19, 2021 • edited, connor4312 commented apr 19, 2021 • edited.

connor4312 commented Apr 19, 2021

• 😄 1 reaction

isidorn commented Apr 20, 2021

Bpasero commented apr 20, 2021.

While I think it would be nice if each client would handle this, maybe it is more realistic to handle it there for all. As long as we can show the actual URL to open, I think that is sufficient context.

As for the IWorkspaceProvider#open API, I think a dialog would also make sense here, based on the returned result:

vscode/src/vs/workbench/services/host/browser/browserHostService.ts

Line 385 in 9dff5e0

weinand commented Apr 20, 2021

No branches or pull requests

Chat Support for Safari PWA just broke

I have for the last 6 months been using ChatGPT as Safari Web App aka ‘add to dock’ which has been working great. I have a global shortcut through BTT to switch to chat which is much faster than trying to find the tab (or one of the tabs). Unfortunately this morning chat has changed the way it handles Auth/OAuth flow, now it opens chat in a new window using my default browser every time I try to open the safari web app. I.e. no way to sign in and keep using it.

Please, someone find a fix. I love my global keyboard shortcuts and don’t want to get into writing macros to switch browser tabs.

Steps to reproduce; Open Chat on Safari → Use ‘add to dock’ feature → Open Chat as app using spotlight → [If not already.] Invalidate the login token (sign out) → try to login. New browser windows will appear and get you to sign in but web app never opens/gets token.

It might be just me, I will update if I find out more technical details/workaround for those with the same issue.

EDIT: By logging in via safari and remaking the web app I was able to get it to work again.

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40 Facts About Elektrostal

Written by Lanette Mayes

Modified & Updated: 02 Mar 2024

Reviewed by Jessica Corbett

Elektrostal is a vibrant city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia. With a rich history, stunning architecture, and a thriving community, Elektrostal is a city that has much to offer. Whether you are a history buff, nature enthusiast, or simply curious about different cultures, Elektrostal is sure to captivate you.

This article will provide you with 40 fascinating facts about Elektrostal, giving you a better understanding of why this city is worth exploring. From its origins as an industrial hub to its modern-day charm, we will delve into the various aspects that make Elektrostal a unique and must-visit destination.

So, join us as we uncover the hidden treasures of Elektrostal and discover what makes this city a true gem in the heart of Russia.

Key Takeaways:

• Elektrostal, known as the “Motor City of Russia,” is a vibrant and growing city with a rich industrial history, offering diverse cultural experiences and a strong commitment to environmental sustainability.
• With its convenient location near Moscow, Elektrostal provides a picturesque landscape, vibrant nightlife, and a range of recreational activities, making it an ideal destination for residents and visitors alike.

Known as the “Motor City of Russia.”

Elektrostal, a city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia, earned the nickname “Motor City” due to its significant involvement in the automotive industry.

Home to the Elektrostal Metallurgical Plant.

Elektrostal is renowned for its metallurgical plant, which has been producing high-quality steel and alloys since its establishment in 1916.

Boasts a rich industrial heritage.

Elektrostal has a long history of industrial development, contributing to the growth and progress of the region.

Founded in 1916.

The city of Elektrostal was founded in 1916 as a result of the construction of the Elektrostal Metallurgical Plant.

Located approximately 50 kilometers east of Moscow.

Elektrostal is situated in close proximity to the Russian capital, making it easily accessible for both residents and visitors.

Known for its vibrant cultural scene.

Elektrostal is home to several cultural institutions, including museums, theaters, and art galleries that showcase the city’s rich artistic heritage.

A popular destination for nature lovers.

Surrounded by picturesque landscapes and forests, Elektrostal offers ample opportunities for outdoor activities such as hiking, camping, and birdwatching.

Hosts the annual Elektrostal City Day celebrations.

Every year, Elektrostal organizes festive events and activities to celebrate its founding, bringing together residents and visitors in a spirit of unity and joy.

Has a population of approximately 160,000 people.

Elektrostal is home to a diverse and vibrant community of around 160,000 residents, contributing to its dynamic atmosphere.

Boasts excellent education facilities.

The city is known for its well-established educational institutions, providing quality education to students of all ages.

A center for scientific research and innovation.

Elektrostal serves as an important hub for scientific research, particularly in the fields of metallurgy, materials science, and engineering.

Surrounded by picturesque lakes.

The city is blessed with numerous beautiful lakes, offering scenic views and recreational opportunities for locals and visitors alike.

Well-connected transportation system.

Elektrostal benefits from an efficient transportation network, including highways, railways, and public transportation options, ensuring convenient travel within and beyond the city.

Famous for its traditional Russian cuisine.

Food enthusiasts can indulge in authentic Russian dishes at numerous restaurants and cafes scattered throughout Elektrostal.

Home to notable architectural landmarks.

Elektrostal boasts impressive architecture, including the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord and the Elektrostal Palace of Culture.

Offers a wide range of recreational facilities.

Residents and visitors can enjoy various recreational activities, such as sports complexes, swimming pools, and fitness centers, enhancing the overall quality of life.

Provides a high standard of healthcare.

Elektrostal is equipped with modern medical facilities, ensuring residents have access to quality healthcare services.

Home to the Elektrostal History Museum.

The Elektrostal History Museum showcases the city’s fascinating past through exhibitions and displays.

A hub for sports enthusiasts.

Elektrostal is passionate about sports, with numerous stadiums, arenas, and sports clubs offering opportunities for athletes and spectators.

Celebrates diverse cultural festivals.

Throughout the year, Elektrostal hosts a variety of cultural festivals, celebrating different ethnicities, traditions, and art forms.

Electric power played a significant role in its early development.

Elektrostal owes its name and initial growth to the establishment of electric power stations and the utilization of electricity in the industrial sector.

Boasts a thriving economy.

The city’s strong industrial base, coupled with its strategic location near Moscow, has contributed to Elektrostal’s prosperous economic status.

Houses the Elektrostal Drama Theater.

The Elektrostal Drama Theater is a cultural centerpiece, attracting theater enthusiasts from far and wide.

Popular destination for winter sports.

Elektrostal’s proximity to ski resorts and winter sport facilities makes it a favorite destination for skiing, snowboarding, and other winter activities.

Promotes environmental sustainability.

Elektrostal prioritizes environmental protection and sustainability, implementing initiatives to reduce pollution and preserve natural resources.

Home to renowned educational institutions.

Elektrostal is known for its prestigious schools and universities, offering a wide range of academic programs to students.

Committed to cultural preservation.

The city values its cultural heritage and takes active steps to preserve and promote traditional customs, crafts, and arts.

Hosts an annual International Film Festival.

The Elektrostal International Film Festival attracts filmmakers and cinema enthusiasts from around the world, showcasing a diverse range of films.

Encourages entrepreneurship and innovation.

Elektrostal supports aspiring entrepreneurs and fosters a culture of innovation, providing opportunities for startups and business development.

Offers a range of housing options.

Elektrostal provides diverse housing options, including apartments, houses, and residential complexes, catering to different lifestyles and budgets.

Home to notable sports teams.

Elektrostal is proud of its sports legacy, with several successful sports teams competing at regional and national levels.

Boasts a vibrant nightlife scene.

Residents and visitors can enjoy a lively nightlife in Elektrostal, with numerous bars, clubs, and entertainment venues.

Promotes cultural exchange and international relations.

Elektrostal actively engages in international partnerships, cultural exchanges, and diplomatic collaborations to foster global connections.

Surrounded by beautiful nature reserves.

Nearby nature reserves, such as the Barybino Forest and Luchinskoye Lake, offer opportunities for nature enthusiasts to explore and appreciate the region’s biodiversity.

Commemorates historical events.

The city pays tribute to significant historical events through memorials, monuments, and exhibitions, ensuring the preservation of collective memory.

Promotes sports and youth development.

Elektrostal invests in sports infrastructure and programs to encourage youth participation, health, and physical fitness.

Hosts annual cultural and artistic festivals.

Throughout the year, Elektrostal celebrates its cultural diversity through festivals dedicated to music, dance, art, and theater.

Provides a picturesque landscape for photography enthusiasts.

The city’s scenic beauty, architectural landmarks, and natural surroundings make it a paradise for photographers.

Connects to Moscow via a direct train line.

The convenient train connection between Elektrostal and Moscow makes commuting between the two cities effortless.

A city with a bright future.

Elektrostal continues to grow and develop, aiming to become a model city in terms of infrastructure, sustainability, and quality of life for its residents.

In conclusion, Elektrostal is a fascinating city with a rich history and a vibrant present. From its origins as a center of steel production to its modern-day status as a hub for education and industry, Elektrostal has plenty to offer both residents and visitors. With its beautiful parks, cultural attractions, and proximity to Moscow, there is no shortage of things to see and do in this dynamic city. Whether you’re interested in exploring its historical landmarks, enjoying outdoor activities, or immersing yourself in the local culture, Elektrostal has something for everyone. So, next time you find yourself in the Moscow region, don’t miss the opportunity to discover the hidden gems of Elektrostal.

Q: What is the population of Elektrostal?

A: As of the latest data, the population of Elektrostal is approximately XXXX.

Q: How far is Elektrostal from Moscow?

A: Elektrostal is located approximately XX kilometers away from Moscow.

Q: Are there any famous landmarks in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal is home to several notable landmarks, including XXXX and XXXX.

Q: What industries are prominent in Elektrostal?

A: Elektrostal is known for its steel production industry and is also a center for engineering and manufacturing.

Q: Are there any universities or educational institutions in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal is home to XXXX University and several other educational institutions.

Q: What are some popular outdoor activities in Elektrostal?

A: Elektrostal offers several outdoor activities, such as hiking, cycling, and picnicking in its beautiful parks.

Q: Is Elektrostal well-connected in terms of transportation?

A: Yes, Elektrostal has good transportation links, including trains and buses, making it easily accessible from nearby cities.

Q: Are there any annual events or festivals in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal hosts various events and festivals throughout the year, including XXXX and XXXX.

Elektrostal's fascinating history, vibrant culture, and promising future make it a city worth exploring. For more captivating facts about cities around the world, discover the unique characteristics that define each city . Uncover the hidden gems of Moscow Oblast through our in-depth look at Kolomna. Lastly, dive into the rich industrial heritage of Teesside, a thriving industrial center with its own story to tell.

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Our commitment to delivering trustworthy and engaging content is at the heart of what we do. Each fact on our site is contributed by real users like you, bringing a wealth of diverse insights and information. To ensure the highest standards of accuracy and reliability, our dedicated editors meticulously review each submission. This process guarantees that the facts we share are not only fascinating but also credible. Trust in our commitment to quality and authenticity as you explore and learn with us.

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Custom Curtains, Drapes & Blinds in Elektrostal'

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• Elektrostal', Moscow Oblast, Russia

Professional Category (1)

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Featured Reviews for Custom Curtains, Drapes & Blinds in Elektrostal'

What types of services do elektrostal', moscow oblast, russia window treatment companies offer, to find custom curtains, custom drapes and custom blinds for windows, browse elektrostal' window treatment contractors on houzz., business services, connect with us.

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