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What's the problem with overtourism?

With visitor numbers around the world increasing towards pre-pandemic levels, the issue of overtourism is once again rearing its head.

When locals in the charming Austrian lakeside village of Hallstatt staged a blockade of the main access tunnel, brandishing placards asking visitors to ‘think of the children’, it highlighted what can happen when places start to feel overrun by tourists. Hallstatt has just 800 residents but has opened its doors to around 10,000 visitors a day — a population increase of over 1,000%. And it’s just one of a growing number of places where residents are up in arms at the influx of travellers.

The term ‘overtourism’ is relatively new, having been coined over a decade ago to highlight the spiralling numbers of visitors taking a toll on cities, landmarks and landscapes. As tourist numbers worldwide return towards pre-pandemic levels, the debate around what constitutes ‘too many’ visitors continues. While many destinations, reliant on the income that tourism brings, are still keen for arrivals, a handful of major cities and sites are now imposing bans, fines, taxes and time-slot systems, and, in some cases, even launching campaigns of discouragement in a bid to curb tourist numbers.

What is overtourism?

In essence, overtourism is too many people in one place at any given time. While there isn’t a definitive figure stipulating the number of visitors allowed, an accumulation of economic, social and environmental factors determine if and how numbers are creeping up.

There are the wide-reaching effects, such as climate change. Coral reefs, like the Great Barrier Reef and Maya Bay, Thailand, made famous by the Leonardo DiCaprio film, The Beach , are being degraded from visitors snorkelling, diving and touching the corals, as well as tour boats anchoring in the waters. And 2030 transport-related carbon emissions from tourism are expected to grow 25% from 2016 levels, representing an increase from 5% to 5.3% of all man-made emissions, according to the United Nations World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO). More localised issues are affecting locals, too. Renters are being evicted by landlords in favour of turning properties into holiday lets, and house prices are escalating as a result. As visitors and rental properties outnumber local residents, communities are being lost. And, skyrocketing prices, excessive queues, crowded beaches, exorbitant noise levels, damage at historical sites and the ramifications to nature as people overwhelm or stray from official paths are also reasons the positives of tourism can have a negative impact.

Conversely, ‘undertourism’ is a term applied to less-frequented destinations, particularly in the aftermath of the pandemic. The economic, social and environmental benefits of tourism aren't always passed on to those with plenty of capacity and, while tourist boards are always keen for visitors to visit their lesser-known attractions, it’s a more sustainable and rewarding experience for both residents and visitors.

What’s the main problem with it?

Overcrowding is an issue for both locals and tourists. It can ruin the experience of sightseeing for those trapped in long queues, unable to visit museums, galleries and sites without advance booking, incurring escalating costs for basics like food, drink and hotels, and faced with the inability to experience the wonder of a place in relative solitude. The absence of any real regulations has seen places take it upon themselves to try and establish some form of crowd control, meaning no cohesion and no real solution.

Justin Francis, co-founder and CEO of Responsible Travel, a tour operator that focuses on more sustainable travel, says “Social media has concentrated tourism in hotspots and exacerbated the problem, and tourist numbers globally are increasing while destinations have a finite capacity. Until local people are properly consulted about what they want and don’t want from tourism, we’ll see more protests.”

A French start up, Murmuration, which monitors the environmental impact of tourism by using satellite data, states that 80% of travellers visit just 10% of the world's tourism destinations, meaning bigger crowds in fewer spots. And, the UNWTO predicts that by 2030, the number of worldwide tourists, which peaked at 1.5 billion in 2019, will reach 1.8 billion,   likely leading to greater pressure on already popular spots and more objection from locals.

Who has been protesting?

Of the 800 residents in the UNESCO-listed village of Hallstatt, around 100 turned out in August to show their displeasure and to push for a cap on daily visitors and a curfew on tour coach arrivals.

Elsewhere, residents in Venice fought long and hard for a ban on cruise ships, with protest flags often draped from windows. In 2021, large cruise ships over 25,000 tonnes were banned from using the main Giudecca Canal, leaving only smaller passenger ferries and freight vessels able to dock.

In France, the Marseille Provence Cruise Club introduced a flow management system for cruise line passengers in 2020, easing congestion around the popular Notre-Dame-de-la-Garde Basilica. A Cruise Lines International Association (CLIA) spokesperson said, “Coaches are limited to four per ship during the morning or afternoon at the Basilica to ensure a good visitor experience and safety for residents and local businesses. This is a voluntary arrangement respected by cruise lines.”

While in Orkney, Scotland, residents have been up in arms at the number of cruise ships docking on its shores. At the beginning of 2023, the local council confirmed that 214 cruise ship calls were scheduled for the year, bringing around £15 million in revenue to the islands. Following backlash from locals, the council has since proposed a plan to restrict the number of ships on any day.

What steps are being taken?  

City taxes have become increasingly popular, with Barcelona increasing its nightly levy in April 2023 — which was originally introduced in 2012 and varies depending on the type of accommodation — and Venice expects to charge day-trippers a €5 fee from 2024.

In Amsterdam this summer, the city council voted to ban cruise ships, while the mayor, Femke Halsema, commissioned a campaign of discouragement, asking young British men who planned to have a 'vacation from morals’ to stay away. In Rome, sitting at popular sites, such as the Trevi Fountain and the Spanish Steps, has been restricted by the authorities.

And in Kenya’s Maasai Mara, meanwhile, the Narok County governor has introduced on-the-spot fines for off-roading. He also plans to double nightly park fees in peak season.

What are the forecasts for global tourism?  

During the Covid pandemic, tourism was one of the hardest-hit industries — according to UNWTO, international tourist arrivals dropped 72% in 2020. However, traveller numbers have since been rapidly increasing, with double the number of people venturing abroad in the first three months of 2023 than in the same period in 2022. And, according to the World Travel Tourism Council, the tourism sector is expected to reach £7.5 trillion this year, 95% of its pre-pandemic levels.

While the tourism industry is forecast to represent 11.6% of the global economy by 2033, it’s also predicted that an increasing number of people will show more interest in travelling more sustainably. In a 2022 survey by Booking.com, 64% of the people asked said they would be prepared to stay away from busy tourist sites to avoid adding to congestion.

Are there any solutions?  

There are ways to better manage tourism by promoting more off-season travel, limiting numbers where possible and having greater regulation within the industry. Encouraging more sustainable travel and finding solutions to reduce friction between residents and tourists could also have positive impacts. Promoting alternative, less-visited spots to redirect travellers may also offer some benefits.

Harold Goodwin, emeritus professor at Manchester Metropolitan University, says, “Overtourism is a function of visitor volumes, but also of conflicting behaviours, crowding in inappropriate places and privacy. Social anthropologists talk about frontstage and backstage spaces. Tourists are rarely welcome in backstage spaces. To manage crowds, it’s first necessary to analyse and determine the causes of them.

Francis adds: “However, we must be careful not to just recreate the same problems elsewhere. The most important thing is to form a clear strategy, in consultation with local people about what a place wants or needs from tourism.”

As it stands, overtourism is a seasonal issue for a small number of destinations. While there is no one-size-fits-all solution, a range of measures are clearly an option depending on the scale of the problem. For the majority of the world, tourism remains a force for good with many benefits beyond simple economic growth.

Related Topics

• OVERTOURISM
• SUSTAINABLE TOURISM

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Tourism and Competitiveness

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The tourism sector provides opportunities for developing countries to create productive and inclusive jobs, grow innovative firms, finance the conservation of natural and cultural assets, and increase economic empowerment, especially for women, who comprise the majority of the tourism sector’s workforce. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, tourism was the world’s largest service sector—providing one in ten jobs worldwide,  almost seven percent of all international trade and  25 percent of the world’s service exports —a critical foreign exchange generator.  In 2019 the sector was valued at more than US$9 trillion and accounted for 10.4 percent of global GDP.

Tourism offers opportunities for economic diversification and market-creation. When effectively managed, its deep local value chains can expand demand for existing and new products and services that directly and positively impact the poor and rural/isolated communities. The sector can also be a force for biodiversity conservation, heritage protection, and climate-friendly livelihoods, making up a key pillar of the blue/green economy. This potential is also associated with social and environmental risks, which need to be managed and mitigated to maximize the sector’s net-positive benefits.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has been devastating for tourism service providers, with a loss of 20 percent of all tourism jobs (62 million), and US$1.3 trillion in export revenue, leading to a reduction of 50 percent of its  contribution to GDP  in 2020 alone. The collapse of demand has severely impacted the livelihoods of tourism-dependent communities, small businesses and women-run enterprises. It has also reduced government tax revenues and constrained the availability of resources for destination management and site conservation.

Naturalist local guide with group of tourist in Cuyabeno Wildlife Reserve Ecuador. Photo: Ammit Jack/Shutterstock

Tourism and Competitiveness Strategic Pillars

Our solutions are integrated across the following areas:

• Competitive and Productive Tourism Markets. We work with government and private sector stakeholders to foster competitive tourism markets that create productive jobs, improve visitor expenditure and impact, and are supportive of high-growth, innovative firms. To do so we offer guidance on firm and destination level recovery, policy and regulatory reforms, demand diversification, investment promotion and market access. 
• Blue, Green and Resilient Tourism Economies. We support economic diversification to sustain natural capital and tourism assets, prepare for external and climate-related shocks, and be sustainably managed through strong policy, coordination, and governance improvements. To do so we offer support to align the tourism enabling and policy environment towards sustainability, while improving tourism destination and site planning, development, and management. We work with governments to enhance the sector’s resilience and to foster the development of innovative sustainable financing instruments.
• Inclusive Value Chains. We work with client governments and intermediaries to support Small and Medium sized Enterprises (SMEs), and strengthen value chains that provide equitable livelihoods for communities, women, youth, minorities, and local businesses. 

The successful design and implementation of reforms in the tourism space requires the combined effort of diverse line ministries and agencies, and an understanding of the impact of digital technologies in the industry. Accordingly, our teams support cross-cutting issues of tourism governance and coordination, digital innovation and the use and application of data throughout the three focus areas of work.

Tourism and Competitiveness Theory of Change 

Examples of our projects:

• In Indonesia , a US$955m loan is supporting the Government’s Integrated Infrastructure Development for National Tourism Strategic Areas Project. This project is designed to improve the quality of, and access to, tourism-relevant basic infrastructure and services, strengthen local economy linkages to tourism, and attract private investment in selected tourism destinations. In its initial phases, the project has supported detailed market and demand analyses needed to justify significant public investment, mobilized integrated tourism destination masterplans for each new destination and established essential coordination mechanisms at the national level and at all seventeen of the Project’s participating districts and cities.
• In Madagascar , a series of projects totaling US$450m in lending and IFC Technical Assistance have contributed to the sustainable growth of the tourism sector by enhancing access to enabling infrastructure and services in target regions. Activities under the project focused on providing support to SMEs, capacity building to institutions, and promoting investment and enabling environment reforms. They resulted in the creation of more than 10,000 jobs and the registration of more than 30,000 businesses. As a result of COVID-19, the project provided emergency support both to government institutions (i.e., Ministry of Tourism) and other organizations such as the National Tourism Promotion Board to plan, strategize and implement initiatives to address effects of the pandemic and support the sector’s gradual relaunch, as well as to directly support tourism companies and workers groups most affected by the crisis. 
• In Sierra Leone , an Economic Diversification Project has a strong focus on sustainable tourism development.  The project is contributing significantly to the COVID-19 recovery, with its focus on the creation of six new tourism destinations, attracting new private investment, and building the capacity of government ministries to successfully manage and market their tourism assets.  This project aims to contribute to the development of more circular economy tourism business models, and support the growth of women- run tourism businesses.  
• Through the Rebuilding Tourism Competitiveness: Tourism Response, Recovery and Resilience to the COVID-19 Crisis initiative and the Tourism for Development Learning Series , we held webinars, published insights and guidance notes as well as formed new partnerships with Organization of Eastern Caribbean States, United Nations Environment Program, United Nations World Tourism Organization, and World Travel and Tourism Council to exchange knowledge on managing tourism throughout the pandemic, planning for recovery and building back better. The initiative’s key Policy Note has been downloaded more than 20,000 times and has been used to inform recovery initiatives in over 30 countries across 6 regions.
• The Global Aviation Dashboard  is a platform that visualizes real-time changes in global flight movements, allowing users to generate 2D & 3D visualizations, charts, graphs, and tables; and ranking animations for: flight volume, seat volume, and available seat kilometers.  Data is available for domestic, intra-regional, and inter-regional routes across all regions, countries, airports, and airlines on a daily, weekly, or monthly basis from January 2020 until today. The dashboard has been used to track the status and recovery of global travel and inform policy and operational actions.

Traditional Samburu women in Kenya. Photo: hecke61/Shutterstock.

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• Destination Management Handbook: A Guide to the Planning and Implementation of Destination Management  (2023)
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• Supporting Sustainable Livelihoods through Wildlife Tourism  (2018)
• The Voice of Travelers: Leveraging User-Generated Content for Tourism Development  (2018)
• Women and Tourism: Designing for Inclusion  (2017)
• Twenty Reasons Sustainable Tourism Counts for Development  (2017)
• An introduction to tourism concessioning:14 characteristics of successful programs.  The World Bank, 2016)
• Getting financed: 9 tips for community joint ventures in tourism . World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and World Bank, (2015)
• Global investment promotion best practices: Winning tourism investment” Investment Climate  (2013)

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• COVID-19 and Tourism in South Asia: Opportunities for Sustainable Regional Outcomes  (2020)
• Demand Analysis for Tourism in African Local Communities  (2018)
• Tourism in Africa: Harnessing Tourism for Growth and Improved Livelihoods . Africa Development Forum (2014)

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• Expecting the Unexpected : Tools and Policy Considerations to Support the Recovery and Resilience of the Tourism Sector (2022)
• Rebuilding Tourism Competitiveness. Tourism response, recovery and resilience to the COVID-19 crisis  (2020)
• COVID-19 and Tourism in South Asia Opportunities for Sustainable Regional Outcomes  (2020)  
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• Fiona Stewart, Samantha Power & Shaun Mann ,  Harnessing the power of capital markets to conserve and restore global biodiversity through “Natural Asset Companies”   | October 12 th  2021
• Mari Elka Pangestu ,  Tourism in the post-COVID world: Three steps to build better forward  | April 30 th  2021
• Hartwig Schafer ,  Regional collaboration can help South Asian nations rebuild and strengthen tourism industry  | July 23 rd  2020
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• Launch of the Future of Pacific Tourism. This webinar goes through the results of the new Future of Pacific Tourism report. It was launched by FCI Regional and Global Managers with Discussants from the Asian Development Bank and Intrepid Group.
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• Closing the Gap: Gender in Projects and Analytics .  The purpose of this webinar is to raise awareness on integrating gender considerations into projects and provide guidelines for future project design in various sectoral areas.
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PROBLEM STATEMENT

In many cases, small islands of different countries are important tourist destinations, where number of visitors can exceed number of local people.  For such islands tourism might be the main or one of the man income sources and is strongly supported by local authorities. Tourism also offers an opportunity to introduce more diverse economic activities and employment and have advantages that are not directly related to the economy: “…renewed interest in local arts and crafts, improvements in educational, leisure, communication, medical and other facilities in the host countries, a general awareness of the man-made and natural aesthetic assets, and a broadening in the outlook of the islanders [Briguglio, 1996]. “ On the other hand, carrying capacity* of small islands is usually low; therefore tourism can causes physical, ecological, economical and socio-cultural harm to the environment of the island and can result in the ecological deterioration of island systems [Baorong, et al., 2008]. In other words, the sustainable tourism system of small island needs to have an ecological and environmental balance and it is important to find ways to achieve it without making any harm to other sub systems.

In order to propose sustainable hosting/tourism system for Texel it is important to keep the environmental and ecological balance in mind. Our aim is to propose a solution where, on one hand, the impact of tourism on economy would be high, but on the other hand, the burden on the ecological level would be minimal. Another challenge is to try to introduce new sustainable thinking of tourists who visit the island.

*Carrying capacity is the maximum population size of the species that the environment can sustain indefinitely, given the food,   habitat, water, and other necessities available in the environment [ Carrying capacity (n.d) in Wikipedia].

Literature:

Briguglio L., Briguglio M., “Sustainable tourism in small islands. The case of Malta”, in: Sustainable Tourism in Islands and Small States: Case  Studies, London, UK: Cassell/Pinter, 1996

Baorong H.,Zhiyun O., Hua Z., Huizhi Z., Xiaoke W., “Construction of an eco-island: A case study of Chongming Island, China”,in: Ocean&Coastal Management 51, 2008 (575-588)

Wikipedia contributors. Carrying capacity.. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. July 22, 2004, at 10:55 UTC. Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrying_capacity, Accessed  14-11-2014.

Irina , Yannick

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Problems And Prospects Of Using Digital Technologies In Tourism

Tourism is one of the most dynamically developing areas of the world economy. The multiplicative effect of tourism is enormous, since the development of this industry affects many areas, including environmental, social and economic, which in turn affects the sustainability of the development of territories and regions. The digital transformation of society is an irreversible process, especially in the framework of recovery from the pandemic, and the tourism industry is no exception. One of the main products of the tourism and hospitality industry is a unique experience, impressions, emotions. In a highly competitive environment, the development and implementation of innovations is at the forefront in order to achieve a competitive advantage. The widespread use of technological innovations in the tourism industry will improve the experience of tourists, thanks to a deeper immersion of a person in a reality different from everyday life. According to the authors of the work, there is no mutual understanding between the providers of tourist services and information technology in the specifics of each other's spheres, but with their cooperation it is possible to achieve common well-being. Within the framework of this work, the prospects and problems of the introduction and application of digital technologies in tourism are analyzed, and a number of recommendations are given for representatives of the tourism business.

Keywords: Digital technologies , digitalization , economics , entertainment , tourism

Introduction

Digitalization currently covers a large number of spheres of economy and public life and continues to look for new ways of its implementation. Tourism is no exception.

Digital tourism as a separate category was on the agenda and it continues to interest many domestic and foreign scientists. Issues of digital tourism development were dealt with by: Glushkova, Piyadin, Nayda, Shamlikashvili, Guttentag, Merkx, Nawijn, Poux, Lehto. However, the issue of successful implementation of digital technologies in the tourism sector is still relevant. Moreover, the rapidly changing conditions that have become a consequence of the coronavirus pandemic have led to major changes in almost all spheres of society. Many sectors of the economy had to use new digital tools to transfer operational processes for remote access.

The tourism industry is among the most affected, since the restrictions primarily affected the movement of people and accommodation, catering and leisure enterprises. However, the industry has adapted to the prevailing conditions: museums held virtual exhibitions and online tours, theaters held online broadcasts of performances, hotels changed their focus to security (contactless registration, applications for virtual communication with guests, the use of QR codes for access to public places, etc.) ( Bafadhal, 2021 ).

Problem Statement

There is no understanding between representatives of IT and HORECA as business areas why cooperation between these two areas is necessary, while, in our opinion, this can be effective cooperation in terms of creative, socio-economic, research goals. This paper analyses the prospects for the use of digital technologies in tourism, how and why they can be implemented.

Research Questions

Digital technologies by their nature can be used for different purposes in different areas. In practice, the tourism industry, especially in emerging economies, is poorly introduce technology into the operational processes associated with the provision of tourism services. Thus, we wanted to explore how technology can be used in tourism in a non-trivial way.

• How can digital technologies be used in the experience economy?
• How necessary is the use of digital technologies in order to meet the needs of tourists for rest, recreation and new sensations?

Purpose of the Study

In 2020, virtual travel became an upward trend, which was due to self-isolation or quarantine regimes. Some destinations have developed an audio travel format that allows a person to mentally travel to a remote corner of the earth. For example, Un Gioco di Societa is an Instagram project of Italian entrepreneurs that allows you to walk through the streets of Milan, Rome and Naples. Unlike Google street panoramas, time and weather change here, tourists can interact with passers-by, as well as participate in various scenarios.

Thus, the purpose of this work is to study the current problems and prospects of using digital technologies in tourism. In the opinion of the authors, at the moment the tourism industry only partially uses the potential of digitalization, which is due to the weak knowledge of this issue.

Research Methods

To achieve this goal, a comprehensive analysis of the market of existing digital technologies for the tourism industry was carried out, as well as a synthesis of problems of their wider use. In addition to empirical and statistical data, the scholarly literature on this topic was analyzed. The classification of possible problems of the introduction of digital technologies in the tourism industry was carried out. The authors proposed solutions aimed at improving the use of digital technologies in the tourism industry using generalization and critical thinking in the framework of the work.

Digital technologies are beginning to penetrate the tourism industry at a small pace. However, today there is no clear understanding of how to most effectively apply the achievements of scientific and technological progress in the field of recreation.

It is important to note that in this case we are talking about the interweaving of two diametrically opposite spheres: tourism and digital technologies. The tourism sector is the most promising for the introduction of digital technologies, as it can offer a wide range of new types of entertainment and leisure.

The Internet has firmly entered the life of tourists: booking and buying tickets, ordering transfers, communicating with hotel representatives – all this has moved to websites and special applications. Of course, the possibilities of the digital sphere for the tourism industry are much more extensive. The impression economy can use blockchain technologies, artificial intelligence, big-data, biometric authentication systems and others.

In the last decade, companies have increasingly introduced CRM systems, automatic tools for setting tasks and planning, as this has a positive effect on the productivity and profitability of the company, and consequently on its competitiveness. Freeing up free time allows the staff and management of the organization to focus on innovation, further automation or expansion of the company's offerings. The latter is especially important in the context of the popularization of independent travel: since many travel companies are losing their main consumers, expanding the range of services or entering a new market will allow the company to continue to exist on the market.

Digitalization changes the model of interaction of market entities and allows to increase the competitiveness of individual countries, industries or companies. In the modern world, data and information are an important asset, the fifth factor of production, which has great consumer importance and provides high surplus value. Digital technologies in the tourism sector allow the development of new personalized service models, as well as the sharing economy (sharing-models) ( Chhotua, 2021 ). This is important to increase the competitiveness of offers, as it increases the target audience, increases the quality and consumer value of the service.

In Russian legislation, the task of developing digital technologies and their use is enshrined in a number of normative legal acts, the National Program "Digital Economy of the Russian Federation", which is aimed at increasing the availability of digital technologies and their popularization, including in the service sector, is being implemented. Nevertheless, the imperfection of the legal framework regulating the interaction of market entities, issues of ensuring the protection of personal data remains an important problem worldwide ( Khurramov, 2020 ).

Strategic transformations of tourism and the hospitality industry in the era of the digital economy will affect the following areas: restructuring of the business model, involving the active introduction of various information technologies in the process of developing, promoting and selling a tourist product, the development of new high-tech products that meet the needs of modern tourists. Also, strategic transformations in tourism will affect the traveler himself, changing his preferences and travel goals.

It can be noted that at this stage the introduction of AR and VR technologies occurs at a rather superficial level ( Guttentag, 2010 ). Now their use is reduced to local projects in the field of marketing and entertainment. However, VR technologies can also be used in exhibition and congress activities. In large cities, there are already exhibitions where visitors are invited not only to look at the works of artists, but also to complement the image, to revive it. In this case, the use of technology makes an important contribution to the formation of impressions of visitors, tourists, because it gives an opportunity to immerse yourself in what is happening and forms a deeper attitude to action ( Trindade et al., 2018 ).

Taking into account the current trends of digitalization of society, it is necessary to introduce modern technologies more widely into recreational activities, to make them an integral part of the process of consumption of entertainment services. Since getting new impressions is one of the important motives for the consumption of tourist services, it can be said that the use of such technologies in exhibition and museum activities will favorably affect the effectiveness of the formation of their tourist attractiveness and, as a result, competitiveness.

Blockchain technology can also be introduced into the tourism industry. Blockchain will ensure the security of transactions, including payment transactions, both for the company and for the tourist ( Valeri & Baggio, 2021 ). On the part of the tourist, this technology can be used both for the purchase of tours or tickets, and during the trip: a tourist will be able to pay anywhere in the world without worrying about the exchange rate or the lack of cash. The travel company will be able to collect and store data on purchased tickets, booked rooms, used loyalty programs and other customer information. This will allow not only to respond quickly in emergency situations (for example, for the export of tourists from abroad), but also to build a marketing campaign and create personal offers.

An equally important role can be played by the use of artificial intelligence, which processes large amounts of information less energy-intensive. For example, it can analyze on which dates there will be the greatest demand for transportation or which destinations will be popular in a given season.

Biometric authentication systems are now used in many sectors of the economy, including transport. One of the possible areas of its application in tourism may be facial recognition technology for checking in and boarding passengers on a flight.

At the moment, the popularity of acquiring Non-fungible token (NFT) assets is growing. NFT is a kind of right to own a unique digital asset. Such an asset can be an object of art, music or sound, “space” in the game ( Mofokeng & Fatima, 2018 ). The development of this technology in the future gives a strong impetus to the development of digital tourism. Currently available VR technologies allow artists, designers to create unique spaces, universes, which, in turn, due to their uniqueness and the impossibility of replacement, give the potential for the development of some kind of personal offer ( Merkx & Nawijn, 2021 ). The inability to copy this offer will cause its high cost and value for consumers.

Currently, it can be assumed that the processes of digital transformation of the ways of selling and consuming tourist products, improving the efficiency of solving problems and tasks expected from their use, will become more and more diverse. If earlier the functions of sales and customer support were often performed by different divisions of the company and even by different companies, then digitalization and customer experience will increasingly lead to an expansion of the sequence of interaction between the client and the company with its product.

Despite all the possible advantages of using digital technologies in various aspects of tourism activities, several important problems can be identified (Figure 1).

1. Intellectual property issues

In this case, we are talking about the legal features of regulating relations between all participants in the production of goods and services. Moreover, legal relations in the field of intellectual property and digital relationships are a rather complex area of legal regulation.

To date, there are quite a few precedents in the field of the relationship between artificial intelligence and humans. Laws and regulations also do not consider all kinds of situations and ways to resolve them.

The difficulty of using digital technologies in other industries consists in that the fact that the technologies themselves are an object of intellectual property that does not belong to the company operating it. Accordingly, we are talking about the provision and observance of related copyrights. Thus, there is a need to create new institutions, laws and mechanisms regulating legal relations in this area. This process is also quite costly and responsible, although it will provide the basis for the further development of legal relations and functioning in this area.

2. Fear of innovation

Despite the convenience and practicality of these technologies, some consumers will still resist using them. It should be noted that society and certain categories of individuals perceive innovations and changes with caution. In this case, it is necessary to work on information support for all categories of travelers.

For example, initially cash-free payment was not very popular. However, in 2010–2018 there was a phenomenal, 30-fold increase in the number of non-cash card transactions in Russia: from 5.8 to 172 per person per year.

Speaking about informing consumers, it is also necessary to note the low level of promotion of the technologies themselves and available entertainment offers using digital technologies. That is, often people themselves find some kind of excursions using digital technologies, interesting exhibitions. At first glance, the problem is weak promotion. If we look at the situation more deeply, there is also an incorrect choice of target audiences.

Thus, it is necessary to conduct large-scale information campaigns so that every consumer understands how he can use a technological innovation and what it will give him. Information is an important part of the process of introducing information technology into operational tourism activities ( Lu et al., 2022 ). Moreover, for each segment, the audience may need to develop its own set of instructions, since each individual target audience perceives information differently.

3. The cost of implementation and use

As noted earlier, digital technologies should be used more widely in the tourism industry, as this will have a beneficial effect on increasing the attractiveness and potential of objects of tourist interest. However, both the development and implementation of technologies, as an intangible asset, entail large costs, which business representatives cannot always afford to incur. Moreover, it may not be possible for a small company.

Analyzing the prospects for the introduction of digital technologies in tourism, we can note that due to the relatively high cost of maintaining the technology, they must first be tested and aprobated in large cities, megacities, since they already have the necessary infrastructure. Definitely, for small regions, such technologies may be expensive at first, but in the long term it can be a factor in the sustainable development of the territory, by attracting tourist interest and the need for personnel to maintain the technology or project.

To decide whether a company should spend large financial resources on digitalization, it is necessary to conduct a financial and economic assessment of the effectiveness of its use ( Dianova & Sharifullina, 2020 ). Definitely, in most cases it will be positive, but it is important not to forget that there are products or services that do not need their digitalization.

4. Misunderstanding on the part of business

All of the above problems lead to the fact that many entrepreneurs do not see the point of digitalizing their activities. However, it should be remembered that the target audiences are very different in their values and preferences. So, for example, both generation Y and generation Z (according to the theory of generations of W. Strauss and N. Howe) do not represent life outside the digital environment and have high technical literacy, and they are now becoming the main consumers of tourist services.

Some companies, especially small startups, notice this feature. Young entrepreneurs are kind of innovators. Their ideas in their own way reflect the needs of young consumers, since they are an integral part of this group. More and more startups in tourism are focused on the introduction of digital technologies. Nevertheless, large business players are not ready to risk their reputation and introduce technological innovations into their production, since they focus on relatively outdated technologies that have been tested by time.

All these problems affect the decision-making process and the speed of the introduction of digital technologies into production.

More widespread use of information technologies in tourism will have a positive impact on the experience and impressions of tourists both about the destination and about individual tourist resources, products and services.

Technologies represent a wide range of technical and engineering achievements. Digital technologies make it possible to reduce costs, increase operational efficiency, improve the quality of services and the quality of customer service.

Today there is a great potential for the introduction of digital technologies into most business processes in order to increase the competitiveness of the enterprise and improve the overall welfare of society.

For developing economies, tourism is a strategic tool for ensuring economic growth. Increasing the competitiveness of the tourism industry in the global market of tourist services is becoming an important goal. Technological development, the creation of new, unique offers, goods and services, increasing access to tourist resources is becoming a factor in the growth of the attractiveness of destinations for tourists of different categories.

Since there is not a large number of studies showing the effectiveness of the introduction of digital technologies in tourism, entrepreneurs do not have confidence in the need to use them in their activities. Nevertheless, in the conditions of digitalization of society, it is necessary to adapt the sphere of leisure, entertainment and recreation to new technological realities.

Bafadhal, A. S. (2021). Virtual Tourism Initiative for Visitor Flow Management in the New Normal Era. Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research, 191, 162–167. DOI:

Chhotua, I. Z. (2021). Strategic directions of development of the tourism industry in the digital economy. Management Consulting, 4(148), 81–96. DOI:

Dianova, E. S., & Sharifullina, A. I. (2020). The development of financial regulation and the introduction of digital technologies in the service sector (using the example of the tourism industry). SNK-2020. Materials of the Jubilee LXX open international Student Scientific Conference of the Moscow Polytechnic University (pp. 601–606). Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Moscow Polytechnic University”.

Guttentag, D. A. (2010). Virtual reality: Applications and implications for tourism. Tourism Management, 31(5), 637–651. DOI:

Khurramov, O. K. (2020). The role of the tourism sector in the digitalization of the service economy. Economics and Innovative Technologies, 1, 6. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/336866916.pdf

Lu, J., Xiao, X., Xu, Z., Wang, C., Zhang, M., & Zhou, Y. (2022). The potential of virtual tourism in the recovery of tourism industry during the COVID-19 pandemic. Current Issues in Tourism, 25(3), 441–457. DOI:

Merkx, C., & Nawijn J. (2021). Virtual reality tourism experiences: Addiction and isolation. Tourism Management, 87(5), 1–4. DOI:

Mofokeng, N., & Fatima, T. (2018). Future tourism trends: Utilizing non-fungible tokens to aid wildlife conservation. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 7(4), 1–20. https://www.ajhtl.com/uploads/7/1/6/3/7163688/article_21_vol_7_4__2018.pdf

Trindade, Y., Rebelo, F., & Noriega, P. (2018). Tourism and Virtual Reality: User experience Evaluation of a Virtual Environment Prototype. In: Design, User Experience, and Usability: Users, Contexts and Case Studies (pp. 730–742). Springer. DOI:

Valeri, M., & Baggio, R. (2021). A critical reflection on the adoption of blockchain in tourism. Information Technology & Tourism, 23, 121–132. DOI: 10.1007/s40558-020-00183-1

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25 November 2022

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Sociolinguistics, linguistics, semantics, discourse analysis, translation, interpretation

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Levchenko, K. V., Dianova, E. S., & Sharifullina, A. I. (2022). Problems And Prospects Of Using Digital Technologies In Tourism. In D. Bataev, S. A. Gapurov, A. D. Osmaev, V. K. Akaev, L. M. Idigova, M. R. Ovhadov, A. R. Salgiriev, & M. M. Betilmerzaeva (Eds.), Social and Cultural Transformations in the Context of Modern Globalism (SCTCMG 2022), vol 128. European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences (pp. 568-575). European Publisher. https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2022.11.78

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Problem Statement of Indian Tourism Project

Problem statement:.

According to the problem statement in research has its own importance which deals with present problems and possible solutions to those. This section gives the motivation of the researcher to conduct research. This section explains in detail why this research is mandatory for the researcher. This section must be treated with caution in order to give a simple and powerful solution to this problem else it will fail to justify this research.

This makes researcher to refer to the areas of problem or to capture the problem and solve them in a convincing manner, and it only complicates the problem, not a solution. There are many factors that affect consumer behavior on tourism in India. The main factor is to study the consumer behavior that deals with potential customers, and tourism that deals with the requirements of the consumer. 

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Tourism Management Research Project Examples

Disclaimer: Some posts on Tourism Teacher may contain affiliate links. If you appreciate this content, you can show your support by making a purchase through these links or by buying me a coffee . Thank you for your support!

In my recent post ‘ how to get inspiration for your research project topic ’ I gave lots of tips on way to think of a great research project idea that suits you. In this post I will give you some tourism management research project examples to give you some guidance on what makes a suitable research project topic .

Remember, you can use a hypothesis or a research question, you will find examples of both below. Visit this post for more on the difference between a research question and a hypothesis .

Tourism management is a broad subject and you have the flexibility to explore a wide numbers of areas that interest you. Here are some previous topics that I have supervised to give you an idea of a suitable tourism management research project topic:

• Perception and attitude towards ecotourism in Albania among tourists .
• Does ecotourism economically benefit local communities: The Case Study of Nicaragua .
• Sustainable tourism practices in developing countries.
• The role of destination management organisation in promoting tourism in the European Union .
• Prices versus the environment: An analysis of consumer motivations.
• The sustainability practices within Formula One tourism.
• Why do young tourists prefer dynamic packaging to traditional package holidays?
• What can be done to help the fragile ecosystems of the Hawaiian Islands’ endangered plant and animal species?
• Does visiting a site of suffering and death socially and commercially benefit local communities?
• Perception and attitude of tourists towards the Jack the Ripper site.
• The ethics of dark tourism in Cambodia.
• Perception and attitude of foreign tourists towards the Edinburgh Dungeon.
• How to develop a marketing plan for the London Dungeon.
• Why do customers choose leisure hotels when they plan overseas holidays?
• Perception and attitude of British customers toward the Hilton Hotel in London.
• The impact of hotel brand on consumer choice in the UK.
• Examining the implications of the Internet towards online travel agents: The case study of Lastminute.com.
• The growth of the easy brand and its’ impact on market share.
• Examining perception and attitude of British customers towards online travel agents.
• Motivations for solo travel amongst millennials.
• Perception and attitude of millennials toward cruise holidays.
• Perception and attitude of tourist experiencing the sex economy in Thailand .
• Role of global terrorism in shaping the image of tourism destinations – Case study of Egypt .
• Perception and attitude toward Beijing’s world heritage tour among British tourists.
• Use of sporting events to develop tourism branding – Analysis of Qatar with regards to the FIFA World Cup.
• Perception and attitude toward extreme plastic surgery makeovers in South Asia among British customers.
• Emergence of Poland as medical tourism destination.
• How British customers choose medical tourism destinations for dental tour packages.
• Perception and attitude of international students towards work and study in the UK.
• The impacts of a gap year on skills and competencies in the workplace

Things to remember when choosing your tourism management research project topic

Whilst you might like the sound of some of the tourism management research project examples given above, remember that they might not always be feasible. Here are a list of things to consider:

• Can I gain access to the respondents that I will need?
• Can I complete this research project given the word count?
• Can I complete this research project given the time-frame?
• Is this research project realistic in terms of access (i.e. if you need to travel to a particular destination, is this possible?)
• Am I able to develop a conceptual framework to form a literature review?
• Is this a topic that is worthy of investigation?

For more guidance on writing your research project you might be interested in my posts how to write awesome aims and objectives and the difference between a research question and a hypothesis .  I also recommend that you use some of the excellent research methods books available to you- I recommend Social Research Methods by Bryman and Research Methodology: A Step by Step Guide for Beginners by Kumar . 

Do you have any good tourism management research project examples? I’d love to hear them- drop them in the comments box below!

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• News Releases

Tourism is Back to Pre-Pandemic Levels, but Challenges Remain

World Economic Forum, [email protected]

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• High-income economies in Europe and Asia-Pacific continue to lead the World Economic Forum Travel and Tourism Index, with the United States, Spain and Japan topping the rankings again.
• Despite post-pandemic growth, the global tourism sector still faces complex challenges, with recovery varied by region; only marginal overall score improvements since the 2021 edition.
• Developing economies are making strides – who account for 52 out of 71 economies improving since 2019 – but significant investment is needed to bridge gaps and increase market share.
• Read the report here .

New York, USA, 21 May 2024 – International tourist arrivals and the travel and tourism sector’s contribution to global GDP are expected to return to pre-pandemic levels this year, driven by the lifting of COVID-19-related travel restrictions and strong pent-up demand, as per the new World Economic Forum travel and tourism study, released today.

Topping the 2024 list of economies are the United States, Spain, Japan, France and Australia. The Middle East had the highest recovery rates in international tourist arrivals (20% above the 2019 level), while Europe, Africa and the Americas all showed a strong recovery of around 90% in 2023.

These are some of the top findings of the Travel & Tourism Development Index 2024 (TTDI) , a biennial report published in collaboration with the University of Surrey, which analyses the travel and tourism sectors of 119 countries around a range of factors and policies.

“This year marks a turning point for the travel and tourism sector, which we know has the capacity to unlock growth and serve communities through economic and social transformation,” said Francisco Betti, Head of the Global Industries team at the World Economic Forum. “The TTDI offers a forward-looking window into the current and future state of travel and tourism for leaders to navigate the latest trends in this complex sector and sustainably unlock its potential for communities and countries across the world.”

Post-pandemic recovery

The global tourism industry is expected to recover from the lows of the COVID-19 pandemic and surpass the levels seen before the crisis. This is largely being driven by a significant increase in demand worldwide, which has coincided with more available flights, better international openness, and increased interest and investment in natural and cultural attractions.

However, the global recovery has been mixed. While 71 of the 119 ranked economies increased their scores since 2019, the average index score is just 0.7% above pre-pandemic levels.

Although the sector has moved past the shock of the global health crisis, it continues to deal with other external challenges, from growing macroeconomic, geopolitical and environmental risks, to increased scrutiny of its sustainability practices and the impact of new digital technologies, such as big data and artificial intelligence. In addition, labour shortages are ongoing, and air route capacity, capital investment, productivity and other sector supply factors have not kept up with the increase in demand. This imbalance, worsened by global inflation, has increased prices and service issues.

TTDI 2024 highlights Out of the top 30 index scorers in 2024, 26 are high-income economies, 19 are based in Europe, seven are in Asia-Pacific, three are in the Americas and one (the United Arab Emirates) is in the Middle East and North Africa region (MENA). The top 10 countries in the 2024 edition are the United States, Spain, Japan, France, Australia, Germany, the United Kingdom, China, Italy and Switzerland.

The results highlight that high-income economies generally continue to have more favourable conditions for travel and tourism development. This is helped by conducive business environments, dynamic labour markets, open travel policies, strong transport and tourism infrastructure, and well-developed natural, cultural and non-leisure attractions.

Nevertheless, developing countries have seen some of the greatest improvements in recent years. Among the upper-middle-income economies, China has cemented its ranking in the top 10; major emerging travel and tourism destinations of Indonesia, Brazil and Türkiye have joined China in the top quartile of the rankings. More broadly, low- to upper-middle-income economies account for over 70% of countries that have improved their scores since 2019, while MENA and sub-Saharan Africa are among the most improved regions. Saudi Arabia and the UAE are the only high-income economies to rank among the top 10 most improved economies between 2019 and 2024.

Despite these strides, the TTDI warns that significant investment is needed to close gaps in enabling conditions and market share between developing and high-income countries. One possible pathway to help achieve this would be sustainably leveraging natural and cultural assets – which are less correlated with country income level than other factors – and can offer developing economies an opportunity for tourism-led economic development.

“It’s essential to bridge the divide between differing economies’ ability to build a strong environment for their travel and tourism sector to thrive,” said Iis Tussyadiah, Professor and Head of the School of Hospitality and Tourism Management at the University of Surrey. “The sector has big potential to foster prosperity and mitigate global risks, but that potential can only be fully realized through a strategic and inclusive approach.”

Mitigating future global challenges

According to the World Economic Forum’s 2024 Global Risks Report, the travel and tourism sector faces various complex risks , including geopolitical uncertainties, economic fluctuations, inflation and extreme weather. Balancing growth with sustainability also remains a major problem, due to high seasonality, overcrowding, and a likely return of pre-pandemic emissions levels. The report also analyses persistent concerns about equity and inclusion. While the tourism sector offers a major source of relatively high-wage jobs, particularly in developing countries, gender parity remains a major issue for regions such as MENA and South Asia.

Despite these challenges, the sector can play a significant role in addressing them. To achieve this, decision-makers should prioritize actions such as leveraging tourism for nature conservation efforts; investing in skilled, inclusive and resilient workforces; strategically managing visitor behaviour and infrastructure development; encouraging cultural exchange between visitors and local communities; and using the sector to bridge the digital divide, among other policies.

If managed strategically, the travel and tourism sector – which has historically represented 10% of global GDP and employment – has the potential to emerge as a key contributor to the well-being and prosperity of communities worldwide.

About the Travel and Tourism Development Index 2024

The 2024 edition of the TTDI includes several improvements based on newly available data and recently developed indicators on the environmental and social impact of travel and tourism. The changes made to the 2024 Index limit its comparability to the previously published TTDI 2021. This year's report includes recalculated 2019 and 2021 results, using new adjustments. TTDI 2024 reflects the latest available data at the time of collection – end of 2023. The TTDI is part of the Forum’s broader work with industry communities actively working to build a better future enabled by sustainable, inclusive, and resilient industry ecosystems.

Notes to editors

Read the Forum Agenda also in Spanish | Mandarin | Japanese Learn about the Forum’s impact Check out the Forum’s Strategic Intelligence Platform and Transformation Maps Follow the Forum on social media: @wef | Instagram | LinkedIn | Facebook | TikTok | Weibo | Threads | WhatsApp Watch Forum videos at wef.ch/videos | YouTube Get Forum podcasts at wef.ch/podcasts | YouTube Subscribe to Forum news releases

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Tourism Management System in C/C++

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The Tourism Management System is implemented by C programming . It is as same as one can see while going for online booking. Here, the underlying idea is to present users with two choices International or India Tour packages. Then according to the choice, the available packages will be displayed.  The next step is to mention the total number of passengers and all the necessary details of the passengers. The total amount will be evaluated and a receipt will be generated on the screen.

• A structure is implemented for taking the details of the passengers like name, gender, and age.
• Six functions – void details(), void add_node(char, char, int), void receipt(), void heading(), void inter(), void india() are created to handle different functionality.
• The heading() function is declared that will make the heading of the portal.
• The system(“cls”) is used to clear our screen.
• Three elements are added in the structure like two strings one for taking passenger name and gender, and one integer for taking passenger age. Also, the structure pointer will be used that will help to link the next node of another passenger. It is similar to a linked list .
• Some character arrays are defined and some integer arrays as globally.
• The user has to give choice for International or Indian Tour packages.
• If the user choose International tour packages then inter() function will be called. Here, the user has to choose certain packages from a list.
• If the user choose the India tour package then india() function will be called. Here, the user has to choose certain packages from a list.
• The details() function will be called to take the number of passengers.
• A for loop will be executed to take details of each passenger. Then the taken details will be sent to the add_node() function.
• In the add_node function, every detail will store into a node for each passenger. This node will link each other. This is based on the linked list concept.
• At last, the receipt() function will be called, which will display all the necessary details.

Source Code: Below is the implementation of the above approach

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From the Last Decade, India has increased travel and tourism by over 10 million. The Indian travel and tourism industry is prospering enormously. It contributed 7.3% to India’s total GDP (Gross Domestic Product) in 2021. And it also provided 90 million jobs to the people.

But, we are relatively far behind several other small countries like  Singapore  and  Hong Kong . This study will help you with more knowledge about the struggles and difficulties alongside the deep prospects of the Indian tourism industry.

“Challenges & Problems Of Indian Tourism”

1. lack of proper infrastructure or foundation.

An established framework of the foundation includes lots of elements. Proper transportation facilities, health facilities, stability. Also, uninterrupted connectivity and other human resources are mandatory for enduring tourism. 

India is positioned 48th in the ICT readiness component . And India also has 34th rank in the health and hygiene components of the WEF’s Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index, 2020 . But, this is not a proud moment for us. This mirrors the poor quality of infrastructure in our nation. And the main cause for this is the improper allocation of financial resources for the tourism sector . 

In 2020-21, India has raised the budget for Tourism and travel. India has raised funds of  2026.77 crores  allocated for a prospering and promising sector like tourism. 

2. Human Resources & Planning

Highly skillful and potential men or women hold an inevitable part of the tourism sector . A Huge number of skilled men or women with different levels are required to sustain the growth of our Indian travel and tourism business.   Also, the skill up-gradation of the people already employed is a must.

In the past years, there was an exploding increase in workers for other sectors like banking, engineering, and medicine . Also, this gradually prompted a reduction in the human resources available for the tourism sector. So Currently, there is a high demand for the workforce in both the hospitality and tourism sectors.

3. Insufficient Digital Promotion and Marketing

Grand promotion and suitable digital marketing push are excessively indispensable for a nation’s travel industry improvement. The Digital marketing of the Indian Tourism industry is not to the point yet.

Also, the travel industry has moderately less contrasted with other tourist destinations. In India, the financial banking sector helped the advancement of the travel and tourism businesses.

Currently, India needs a colossal move from conventional marketing techniques. Also, we need a modern approach to marketing in India Tourism.

4. Taxation issues with Indian Tourism

High taxes on the entire production for the airline facilities, hotels, and tour operators . Those are highly expensive. That is the most significant reason for losses to other less expensive countries when it comes to tourism. For instance, consider the price of air tickets. It varies in all 29 states.

5. Security issues

Security is one of the Major Challenges of Indian Tourism. Increasing the rate of Sexual Abuse of women, Theft, Credit Card Fraud . Moreover, Identity Theft, Food Poisoning, Terrorism . Also, Public Violence is affecting Indian Tourism to a high intent. Also, Major Crisis Like COVID-19 highly affects Tourism to get Going.

PROSPECTS OF INDIAN TOURISM

India has a gift with the most prominent diversity in culture . In Addition, geography and art pull in a colossal measure of voyagers to the nation. Different new forms of tourism are offering in recent years are also helping to build up the country’s tourism industry.

Medical tourism, eco-tourism, adventure tourism, and cruise tourism have gained tremendous popularity and attention among foreigners . Now and have the potential for high growth shortly. The Himalayas are the greatest assets of India in adventure tourism.

The Tourism industry for India is a beautifully prospering and promising field. Taking sufficient measures to confront the difficulties presented and further enhancing the prospects can guarantee unlimited chances and development of the nation.

Do Check out Our Keynote Courses of Front Office , Housekeeping , Food & Beverage Service , Hotel Law , Food Production and Human Resource Management . Start Reskilling & Upskilling Today. Develop niche skills and make yourself ready for ‘New Normal’. CLICK HERE to know more!

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