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• Travel Advisory on COVID-19 coronavirus outbreak

Travellers are advised to monitor and check official websites of World Health Organization, relevant authorities and local government agencies for the latest developments on COVID-19 coronavirus. Do adjust your travel plans based on the latest information provided.

OMAN - Published 23.05.2022

COVID-19 entry regulations lifted on 22 May 2022.

AUSTRALIA - Published 13.03.2023

COVID-19 entry regulations lifted on 11 March 2023.

BAHRAIN – Published 16.03.2022

COVID-19 entry regulations lifted on 15 March 2022.

BANGLADESH - Published 01.12.2022

1. Passengers must have:

• a negative COVID-19 RT-PCR test taken at most 72 hours before departure from the first embarkation point; or
•  a COVID-19 vaccination certificate showing that they were fully vaccinated at least 14 days before departure. Vaccines accepted are AstraZeneca (SK Bioscience), AstraZeneca (Vaxzevria), Convidecia (CanSinoBio), Covaxin, Covishield, Covovax, Janssen, Moderna (Spikevax), Nuvaxovid (Novavax), Pfizer-BioNTech (Comirnaty), Sinopharm or Sinovac.
•  This does not apply to passengers younger than 12 years.

Filling of online health declaration form (HDF) is suspended until further notice.

CANADA - Published 17.03.2023

COVID-19 entry regulations lifted on 17 March 2023.

THE MAINLAND OF CHINA - Published 21.01.2023

1. Entry by foreign nationals holding a visa is suspended. This does not apply to:

• foreign nationals with a visa issued after 28 March 2020;
• foreign nationals with a diplomatic, service, courtesy or C visa.

2. Port visas, 24/72/144-hour visa-free transit policy will be reinstated. 3. Visa exemption for nationals of Brunei Darussalam, Japan and Singapore with a normal passport is suspended. 4. Below table is the visa summaries.

Note: Eletronic/photo copy of a APEC Business Travel Card is not accepted. 5. Passengers are no longer required for quarantine on arrival. 6. Airline crew of foreign airlines:

• are required take PCR test within 48 hours before operating to China.
• are required to have been vaccinated
• are required to wear N95/KN95 mask during the on-board service, on ground when contacting with ground staff, entering the ramp or terminal or ramp transport or transport from/to layover hotel.

7. Passengers shall have negative PCR test within 48 hours before departure of the direct flight to China and test must be negative before applying for a Health Code. The result shall be uploaded on online health declaration. 8. Passenger is required to present the PCR test report (print-out) for airline to check before accepting for travel. The test report must have the name of the traveler, which should be exactly the same as it appears on the travel document used for the flight. Time of the test or time of issue (at least one of them should be within 48 hours before boarding); testing method (which should be nucleic acid testing; antigen testing will not be accepted); test result (which should be negative; 'uncertain’ will not be accepted); and name and contact details of the testing institution. The report must be in the official language of the place of departure of your flight to China, or in English. 9. Airline shall not accept traveler whose PCR test report exceeds 48 hours before their direct flight to China. Airline shall keep a record of traveler’ PCR test report for CAAC’s check. 10. Please refer to Notice issued by The Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the Sultanate of Oman.  Click Here 11. Passenger shall wear face mask during the flight and at the terminal. 12. Passengers must complete an "Exit/Entry Health Declaration Form" and present a QR code before departure. The form can be obtained at  Click Here  or from the WeChat app 'Customs Passenger Fingertip Service'.

EGYPT – Published 17.06.2022

COVID-19 entry regulations lifted on 17 June 2022.

FRANCE - Published 16.02.2023

COVID-19 entry regulations lifted on 16 February 2023.

GEORGIA – Published 16.06.2022

COVID-19 entry regulations lifted on 15 June 2022.

GERMANY – Published 01.03.2023

1. Passengers residing in China (People's Rep.) whose first embarkation point is China (People's Rep.) and traveling as tourists are not allowed to enter.

•  This does not apply to:
•  nationals of Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, Switzerland, Vatican City (Holy See) and EEA Member States, and their children, grandchildren, parents, grandparents and siblings;
•  passengers with a long term "D" visa issued by an EEA Member State or Switzerland, and their children, grandchildren, parents, grandparents and siblings;
•  military personnel;
•  merchant seamen;
•  students;
•  unmarried partners of residents of Germany. They must have a written invitation and a copy of the identity document of the resident in Germany. They must also have a declaration and be able to present proof of their relationship.

INDIA - Published 13.02.2023

Passengers could be subject to a COVID-19 test upon arrival.

BOM 2% testing of RT PCR of arrival passengers under the cost absorbed by the state.

INDONESIA – Published 06.03.2023

1. Passengers must have a COVID-19 vaccination certificate showing that they were fully vaccinated at least 14 days before departure. The certificate must be issued in both English and a local language of the country where passengers were vaccinated.

•  nationals of Indonesia;
•  passengers younger than 18 years;
•  passengers with a COVID-19 recovery certificate stating that they are no longer contagious with COVID-19;
•  passengers with a diplomatic or service visa and an invitation letter issued by an Indonesian Ministry under the Travel Corridor Arrangement (TCA).

2. Passengers must download the 'SatuSehat' mobile app before departure. 3. Passengers could be subject to a COVID-19 PCR test upon arrival. 4. Airline crew must have a COVID-19 vaccination certificate showing that they were fully vaccinated at least 14 days before departure. The certificate must be issued in both English and a local language of the country where the airline crew was vaccinated.

• This does not apply to airline crew transiting without disembarking the aircraft.

IRAN - Published 20.02.2023

• a COVID-19 vaccination certificate in English showing that they were fully vaccinated at least 14 days before arrival; or
• a negative COVID-19 PCR or RT-PCR test taken at most 72 hours before arrival.
• This does not apply to:
• nationals of Iran;
• passengers younger than 12 years.
• Passengers could be subject to a COVID-19 test upon arrival and quarantine at their own expense.

ITALY - Published 01.03.2023

COVID-19 entry regulations lifted on 01 March 2023.

JORDAN – Published 14.03.2023

COVID-19 entry regulations lifted.

KENYA – Published 22.09.2022

1. Passengers:

•  must have a COVID-19 vaccination certificate showing that they were fully vaccinated at least 14 days before arrival; or
•  must have a COVID-19 PCR test in English taken at most 72 hours before departure from the first embarkation point; or
•  are subject to a COVID-19 rapid antigen test upon arrival.

2. Passengers with flu-like symptoms must submit the Travel Health Certificate Application before departure at  Click Here .

KUWAIT – Puplished 01.05.2022 (Source IATA News)

Removed as all measures and restrictions are canceled effective 01st May 2022.

LEBANON - Published 28.09.2022

COVID-19 entry regulations lifted on 27 September 2022.

MALAYSIA – Published 02.08.2022

COVID-19 entry regulations lifted on 1 August 2022.

MALDIVES - Published 18.01.2023

1. Passengers and airline crew must complete a "Traveller Declaration" at most 96 hours before arrival at  Click Here  . 2. Passengers traveling as tourists must have a hotel reservation confirmation for the entire stay in a registered tourist facility. More details can be found at  Click Here .

NEPAL - Published 28.12.2022

•  a COVID-19 vaccination certificate showing that they were fully vaccinated at least 14 days before arrival; or
•  a negative COVID-19 test result taken at most 72 hours before departure from the first embarkation point. Tests accepted are GeneXpert, NAAT, PCR and RT-PCR.
• This does not apply to passengers younger than 5 years.

2. Passengers could be subject to a COVID-19 antigen test upon arrival.

•  passengers with a COVID-19 vaccination certificate showing that they were fully vaccinated at least 14 days before arrival;
•  passengers with a negative COVID-19 test result taken at most 72 hours before departure from the first embarkation point. Tests accepted are GeneXpert, NAAT, PCR and RT-PCR.

NETHERLANDS - Published 28.02.2023

COVID-19 entry regulations lifted on 28 February 2023.

PAKISTAN - Published 14.06.2023

COVID-19 entry regulations lifted on 13 June 2023.

PHILIPPINES – Published 01.12.2022

1. Passengers are subject to a rapid antigen test upon arrival.

•  passengers with a COVID-19 vaccination certificate showing that they were fully vaccinated at least 15 days before departure from the first embarkation point. Vaccines accepted are: AstraZeneca (SK Bioscience), AstraZeneca (Vaxzevria), Convidecia (CanSinoBio), Covishield, Covaxin, Covovax, Janssen, Moderna (Spikevax), Nuvaxovid (Novavax), Pfizer-BioNTech (Comirnaty), Sinopharm and Sinovac;
•  passengers with a negative COVID-19 rapid antigen test taken at most 24 hours before departure from the first embarkation point. The above exemptions also apply to their accompanying minors younger than 15 years.

2. Passengers must register at  Click Here  at most 3 days before arrival. This will generate an 'eTravel' QR code which must be presented at time of check-in and upon arrival. 3. Unaccompanied nationals of the Philippines younger than 4 years must have prior coordination by the airline with the Bureau of Quarantine (BOQ). 4. Suspension of all visa on arrival facilities.

QATAR - Published 04.01.2023

The Ministry of Public Health (MOPH) has announced a new travel requirement for all travelers (Qatar citizens, residents and visitors) entering Qatar who are coming from China. From 6pm Qatar time on Tuesday, 3 January 2023, all travelers coming from China (regardless of vaccination/immunity status) are required to submit a negative PCR test result at the check-in counter taken within 48 hours of the time of departure to the State of Qatar. Transit passengers from China are required to bring a negative COVID-19 PCR test only if they leave the airport and enter Qatar. The same precautionary measures will be applied on passengers coming from Hong Kong and Macau (SAR China). All visitors to the State of Qatar will be exempted form the requirement of Health Insurance if their stay in the country is less than 30 days.

RUSSIAN FED. - Published 21.10.2022

 Passengers must complete an "Application Form" and present it upon arrival. The form can be obtained at  Click Here . 2. Suspension of e-visa issuance.

SAUDI ARABIA – Published on 04.01.2023

1. Passengers who in the past 14 days have been in Iran are not allowed to enter. 2. Passengers with a visit visa must have medical insurance to cover COVID-19 expenses. 3. Passengers traveling to perform Umrah must have a confirmed return ticket. 4. Airlines can check the validity of the exit/entry visas for residents of Saudi Arabia at  Click Here

SRI LANKA - Published 08.12.2022

Switzerland – published 02.05.2022.

COVID-19 entry regulations lifted on 1 May 2022.

TANZANIA – Published 06.02.2023

Passengers are subject to medical screening upon arrival.

THAILAND – Published 01.03.2023

COVID-19 entry regulations lifted on 1 March 2023.

TURKEY- Published 14.02.2023

United arab emirates – published 10.11.2022.

COVID-19 entry regulations lifted on 9 November 2022.

UNITED KINGDOM - Published 17.03.2023

Passengers arriving in England on direct and indirect flights from mainland China will no longer be required to provide notification of a negative pre-departure COVID-19 test result within 2 days of departure. No longer be obliged to check passenger pre-departure test certificates before departure. In addition, from 17/03/23 passengers aged 18 or over travelling from mainland China and arriving at Heathrow Airport will no longer be invited to take a voluntary COVID-19 test on arrival. Please contact [email protected]  for any enquiries. Please note this is not a public enquiries service, please do not direct passengers to contact this inbox.

USA - Published 10.03.2023

1. Passengers entering or transiting through the USA must have a COVID-19 vaccination certificate showing that they were fully vaccinated at least 15 days (day of vaccination + 14 days) before arrival. Passenger details (e.g., name and date of birth) in the certificate must match those stated in the passport/travel document. Vaccines accepted are:

•  AstraZeneca (SK Bioscience), AstraZeneca (Vaxzevria), CanSinoBIO (Convidecia), Covaxin, Covishield, Covovax, Janssen, Moderna (Spikevax), Nuvaxovid (Novavax), Pfizer-BioNTech (Comirnaty), Sinopharm (BIBP) and Sinovac. A combination of these vaccines is accepted if administered at least 17 days apart. More details can be found at  Click Here
•  nationals of the USA;
•  residents of the USA;
•  passengers younger than 18;
•  passengers with an immigrant visa;
•  passengers with the following visas: A-1, A-2, C-2, C-3 (as a foreign government official or immediate family member of an official), E-1 (as an employee of TECRO or TECO or the employee's immediate family members), G-1, G-2, G-3, G-4, NATO-1 through NATO-4, or NATO-6 (or seeking to enter as a nonimmigrant in one of those NATO classifications);
•  passengers with a letter of invitation or other official document, issued by the USA, by other government or by the United Nations, traveling on duty;
•  nationals of Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Congo (Dem. Rep.), Eritrea, Haiti, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Senegal, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Syria, Tanzania and Yemen with a visa issued by the USA, excluding B -1 and B -2 visas;
•  members of the U.S. Armed Forces, their spouses, and children younger than 18 years;
•  merchant seamen with one of the following visas: C1 or D;
•  nationals of Ukraine with an approved Uniting for Ukraine (U4U) authorization.
•  More details can be found at  Click Here

2. Passengers must complete an attestation form before departure. The form can be found at  Click Here  .

• nationals and residents of the USA;
•  passengers younger than 2 years.

3. Passengers are subject to COVID-19 measures set by the state/territory of their final destination. More information can be found at  Click Here 4. DV visas issued in September 2020 that expired are accepted for entry. 5. Passengers could be subject to self-isolation.

•  ppassengers with a COVID-19 recovery certificate proving recovery in the past 90 days; - passengers with a COVID-19 vaccination certificate showing that they were fully vaccinated at least 15 days (day of vaccination + 14 days) before arrival. Passenger details (e.g., name and date of birth) in the certificate must match those stated in the passport/travel document. Vaccines accepted are: - AstraZeneca (SK Bioscience), AstraZeneca (Vaxzevria), CanSinoBIO (Convidecia), Covaxin, Covishield, Covovax, Janssen, Moderna (Spikevax), Nuvaxovid (Novavax), Pfizer-BioNTech (Comirnaty), Sinopharm (BIBP) and Sinovac. A combination of these vaccines is accepted if administered at least 17 days apart. More details can be found at  Click Here

Oman Travel Restrictions

Traveler's COVID-19 vaccination status

Traveling from the United States to Oman

Open for vaccinated visitors

COVID-19 testing

Not required

Not required for vaccinated visitors

Restaurants

Not required in enclosed environments.

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Can I travel to Oman from the United States?

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Oman.

Can I travel to Oman if I am vaccinated?

Fully vaccinated visitors from the United States can enter Oman without restrictions.

Can I travel to Oman without being vaccinated?

Unvaccinated visitors from the United States can enter Oman without restrictions.

Do I need a COVID test to enter Oman?

Visitors from the United States are not required to present a negative COVID-19 PCR test or antigen result upon entering Oman.

Can I travel to Oman without quarantine?

Travelers from the United States are not required to quarantine.

Do I need to wear a mask in Oman?

Mask usage in Oman is not required in enclosed environments.

Are the restaurants and bars open in Oman?

Restaurants in Oman are open. Bars in Oman are .

COVID-19: Oman updates guidelines for travellers

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Here’s what you need to know as Oman eases restrictions

The Sultanate has made a remarkable recovery from the raging Covid-19 pandemic after a successful vaccination drive, with only 61 cases and one death reported in 24 hours.

Only nine people were admitted to hospitals in the last 24 hours.

There will be 100 percent attendance in all government sectors and institutions from Wednesday.

Vaccination mandatory

Individuals and establishments in the country are preparing to return to normalcy from September 1 with mandatory vaccination for entry into government and private establishments and lifting of the travel ban.

Heads of government and private units will be responsible for necessary measures to implement these decisions, a statement from the Supreme Committee said.

The Ministry of Housing and Urban Planning and Muscat Electricity Distribution Company (MEDC) have already issued notifications that visitors to their offices will have to present vaccination certificates through the Tarassud application.

“We will follow the Supreme Committee’s guidelines to allow entry only to vaccinated visitors from September 1. We have formed a dedicated team for this purpose who will be placed at all entry points of our outlets’’, said a senior executive of a hypermarket group.

While the Ministry of Health has expanded the vaccination campaign, it expects “Every citizen to receive the second dose by mid-September, following which it will start implementing the measures issued by the Supreme Committee.”

A mechanism will be put in place for the return of employees who were unable to obtain vaccinations before September 1.

Oman still on UK ban list

While Oman has lifted the ban on arrivals from all countries, it has been not moved from the United Kingdom’s Red list to the amber list in the latest review.

Only seven new countries moved to the green list, with two moving down from amber to the red last week. The next review of the red, green, and amber travel lists is expected to be announced on September 15 or 16.

Oman will open the land borders from the first of September, while adhering to the controls announced by the Supreme Committee, including conducting a Covid-19 examination before arrival.

ROP will start issuing all types of visas from September 1, but the conditions of entry to the Sultanate related to receiving the two doses of the vaccine and other procedures according to CAA will be applied.

All visas issued since the start of 2021 will be extended until the end of the year, and no fees will be charged for the extension. Anyone who is outside the Sultanate can enter the ROP website and will find that these visas have been extended. ROP will start issuing all types of visas from September 1, but the conditions of entry to the Sultanate related to receiving the two doses of the vaccine and other procedures according to CAA will be applied.

Abu Dhabi green list

Abu Dhabi has added 22 new countries to its green list for travel into the emirate, with passengers from Oman, Qatar and the Maldives no longer needing to quarantine upon arrival in the UAE capital.

Oman green list

Apart from India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, travelers from Sudan, Brazil, Nigeria, Tanzania, Sierra Leone, Ethiopia, Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Tunisia, Libya, Argentina, and Colombia can also arrive in Oman.

Vaccine and PCR tests

All passengers arriving in the Sultanate are required to present a vaccine certificate containing a QR Code stating that they have received two doses of a vaccine approved in Oman, or in cases where a single dose is approved by the Health Authorities of the Sultanate, have received one dose of such vaccine. The last dose is required to have been received not less than fourteen (14) days ahead of the estimated arrival time.

The Ministry of Health will continue to publish and update the list of vaccines approved in the Sultanate.

All arriving passengers who present a pre-travel negative result PCR test are exempted from quarantine. “The test shall indicate the medical test result which can be validated and certified with a QR code and the test shall be conducted 96 prior to the scheduled time of arrival in the Sultanate for the international flights of more than eight hours duration, including transit, and 72 hours for shorter flights,

All passengers arriving at the Sultanate without holding a negative PCR test are subject to a PCR test upon arrival where after the traveler shall be required to enter mandatory quarantine with an electronic tracking bracelet until a negative PCR test result is received.

However, in cases of a positive PCR test result, the passenger shall be required to undergo mandatory health isolation for ten days starting from the test date. Passengers who have recovered from Covid-19 but tested positive on arrival are exempted from health isolation providing they are able to submit proof that they have completed the prescribed isolation period in the country where they were infected before traveling to the Sultanate.

Single-dose

Residents and citizens who took the first dose in Oman and travelled abroad can return to the country but will have to follow protocols related to quarantine.

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Security Alert May 17, 2024

Worldwide caution, update may 10, 2024, information for u.s. citizens in the middle east.

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Learn About Your Destination

While Abroad

Emergencies

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Travel Advisory July 13, 2023

Oman - level 2: exercise increased caution.

Reissued with obsolete COVID-19 page links removed.

Exercise increased caution due to  terrorism  and  armed conflict . Some areas have increased risk.  Read the entire Travel Advisory.

Do not travel to:

• The Yemen border area due to  terrorism  and  armed conflict .

Country Summary : Due to risks to civil aviation operating within the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman region, including Oman, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has issued an advisory Notice to Air Missions (NOTAM) and/or a Special Federal Aviation Regulation (SFAR). For more information U.S. citizens should consult the  Federal Aviation Administration’s Prohibitions, Restrictions and Notices .

Read the  country information page  for additional information on travel to Oman.

If you decide to travel to Oman:

• Enroll in the  Smart Traveler Enrollment Program  ( STEP ) to receive Alerts and make it easier to locate you in an emergency.
• Follow the Department of State on  Facebook  and  Twitter .
• Review the  Country Security Report  for Oman.
• Visit the CDC page for the latest  Travel Health Information  related to your travel.
• U.S. citizens who travel abroad should always have a contingency plan for emergency situations. Review the  Traveler’s Checklist .

Yemen Border Area

Terrorist attacks and violence continue in Yemen. Crossing the border into Yemen can be dangerous, and U.S. citizens who attempt to cross the Oman-Yemen border, from either Oman or Yemen, may be detained by Omani authorities.

Visit our website for  High-Risk Travelers .

Embassy Messages

View Alerts and Messages Archive

Quick Facts

1 page per entry stamp

Yellow fever (when coming from an area with yellow fever outbreaks)

Amounts over 20,000 USD must be declared

Embassies and Consulates

U.S. Embassy Muscat

Jamiat A'Duwal Al Arabiya Street, Al Khuwair Area (Shatti Al-Qurum), Muscat Oman Telephone: +(968) 2464-3400 Emergency After-Hours Telephone: +(968) 2464-3400 Fax: +(968) 2464-3535 Email:  [email protected]

Destination Description

Learn about the U.S. relationship to countries around the world.

Entry, Exit and Visa Requirements

COVID-19 Requirements: There are no COVID-related entry requirements for U.S. citizens.

Please visit the  Embassy of Oman website  for the most current visa information.

Requirements for Entry:

• Passport valid for at least six months

Tourist Visas: 

• U.S. citizens should apply for tourist visas in advance via the  Royal Oman Police E-Visa website . Tourist visas are also available upon arrival at airports and land crossings.
• Visas are issued at Mazoonah and Sarfait (Oman-Yemen land borders) on a case-by-case basis.
• The current list of visa types and a schedule of fees are available at the  Royal Oman Police website .
• Have proof of adequate funds and an onward/return ticket.

Penalties for expired passports or visas include fines and/or imprisonment.

Avoid Travel to Yemen:  We strongly advise U.S. citizens against travel to Yemen. Crossing the Yemen-Oman border can be dangerous, and U.S. citizens who do so are routinely detained by Omani authorities. The Department of State and U.S. embassies abroad will not facilitate entry of U.S. citizens into Yemen. See Our  Travel Advisory for Yemen  for further information.

Oman does not recognize dual nationality. Omani authorities may confiscate your U.S. passport if you have Oman/U.S. dual nationality. Should this happen, contact the U.S. Embassy. This does not constitute loss of U.S. citizenship.

Children of Omani fathers automatically acquire Omani citizenship at birth and must enter and exit Oman on their Omani passports.

Omani/U.S. dual nationals are subject to all Omani laws, including those placing special obligations on citizens of Oman.

Expect considerable delays if your U.S. passport is lost or stolen. The Royal Oman Police require entry verification upon departure. If your passport containing your entry stamp is lost or stolen, a police report may be required to exit Oman using a replacement passport. For further details, see the  Royal Oman Police website .

Yellow fever vaccinations are required if you are coming from a country with yellow fever outbreaks.

Some HIV/AIDS entry restrictions exist for visitors and foreign residents of Oman. HIV/AIDS testing is required upon arrival for people on work or immigrant visas. Oman does not accept U.S. HIV/AIDS testing. Verify this information with the  Embassy of Oman  before traveling.

Customs Regulations:

• Pornographic materials and firearms are prohibited.
• Muslim travelers are forbidden to bring in alcohol. Oman does not require visitors to identify with a religion.
• Non-Muslim travelers can bring in two bottles of alcohol bought at a duty-free shop.

Find information on  dual nationality ,  prevention of international child abduction  and  customs regulations  on our websites.

Safety and Security

Terrorism:  Terrorist groups and those inspired by such organizations are intent on attacking U.S. citizens abroad.  Terrorists are increasingly using less sophisticated methods of attack – including knives, firearms, and vehicles – to more effectively target crowds.  Frequently, their aim is unprotected or vulnerable targets, such as: 

• High-profile public events (sporting contests, political rallies, demonstrations, holiday events, celebratory gatherings, etc.) 
• Hotels, clubs, and restaurants frequented by tourists 
• Places of worship 
• Schools 
• Parks 
• Shopping malls and markets 
• Public transportation systems (including subways, buses, trains, and scheduled commercial flights)  

For more information, see our Terrorism page. 

MARAD Report:  According to the United States Maritime Administration (MARAD), U.S. flag vessels in the Gulf of Oman, North Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden, and the Bab el Mandeb regions face an elevated risk of attacks by violent extremists.

U.S. flag vessels should report suspicious activity to:

• COMUSNAVCENT battle watch captain at 011-973-1785-3879
• U.S. Coast Guard National Response Center at 1-800-424-8802 (toll-free), 202-267-2675, or 202-267-4477 (TDD).

Crime : There is minimal street crime in Oman, and violent crime is rare.

See the  Department of State  and the  FBI  pages for information on scams.

Victims of Crime:  U.S. citizen victims of sexual assault are encouraged to contact the U.S. Embassy for assistance. Report crimes to the local police at 9999.  Emergency hotlines are mostly Arabic-speaking.  The U.S. Embassy has received reports from U.S. citizens who were unable to receive assistance due to language barriers.  Contact the U.S. Embassy at +968 2464-3400.  Remember that local authorities are responsible for investigating and prosecuting crimes.

See our webpage on  help for U.S. victims of crime overseas .

• Help you find appropriate medical care
• Assist you in reporting a crime to the police
• Contact relatives or friends with your written consent
• Provide general information regarding the victim’s role during the local investigation and following its conclusion 
• Provide a list of local attorneys
• Provide information on  victim’s compensation programs in the United States
• Provide an emergency loan for repatriation to the United States and/or limited medical support in cases of destitution
• Help you find accommodation and arrange flights home
• Replace a stolen or lost passport

Domestic Violence:  U.S. citizen victims of domestic violence are encouraged to contact the U.S. Embassy for assistance.  The law in Oman does not specifically address domestic violence.  However, charges may be brought under other statutes.  Victims of domestic violence may file a complaint with the police, and reports indicate that police respond promptly and professionally.  The government operates a domestic violence hotline and a shelter for victims.

For additional information please see Oman’s Penal Code and our Human Rights Report for Oman .

Dial 1100 to reach the government-operated domestic violence hotline.

Tourism : The tourism industry is generally well-regulated and rules with regard to best practices and safety inspections are regularly enforced. Hazardous areas/activities are identified with appropriate signage, and professional staff is typically on hand in support of organized activities. In the event of an injury, appropriate medical treatment is widely available throughout the country. Outside of a major metropolitan center, it may take more time for first responders and medical professionals to stabilize a patient and provide life-saving assistance. U.S. citizens are encouraged to purchase medical evacuation insurance . 

Local Laws & Special Circumstances

Criminal Penalties:  You are subject to local laws. If you violate local laws, even unknowingly, you may be expelled, arrested, or imprisoned.  Individuals establishing a business or practicing a profession that requires additional permits or licensing should seek information from the competent local authorities, prior to practicing or operating a business.

Furthermore, some laws are also prosecutable in the U.S., regardless of local law. For examples, see our website on  crimes against minors abroad  and the  Department of Justice website.

Arrest Notification : If you are arrested or detained, ask police or prison officials to notify the U.S. Embassy immediately. Omani authorities typically do not permit foreigners accused of crimes to leave the country while cases are open.

See our  webpage  for further information.

Carry your passport at all times, or you could be detained.

It is illegal to photograph certain buildings.

Alcohol and Drugs:  You may be arrested for possession of alcohol or driving under the influence. Drinking is permitted in some international hotels, bars, homes, and some restaurants.

Penalties for possession, use, or trafficking in illegal drugs include lengthy jail sentences and heavy fines.  Some prescription medications, such as narcotics, available in the United States may be illegal in Oman.  Travelers should check the Oman Ministry of Health’s Medications and Travel webpage before importing prescription medications.

Motor Vehicle Violations:  Traffic laws are strictly enforced and carry heavy penalties. Remote traffic cameras are extensively used to monitor speeding and stop light infractions.

Immigration officials, airports and other ports of entry and exit have ready access to information on traffic offenses, and violators cannot depart Oman unless all fines have been paid in full.

Personal Defamation Charges:

• Using vulgar language or hand gestures can lead to personal defamation charges. 
• An accusation alone, regardless of who files it, can initiate a legal process.
• U.S. citizens can usually resolve these cases with a formal apology and payment of damages to the aggrieved party.

Cultural Heritage Items:  To avoid prosecution, check first with Omani authorities before taking “cultural heritage items” such as archaeological artifacts, meteorites, or stones. 

Notary Services:  All foreign public documents (Birth, Marriage, Death, Divorce, academic records, etc.) need to be apostilled for use in Oman. The U.S. Embassy in Oman cannot apostille any documents issued in the U.S. See  our website  for designated authorities in the United States. That can issue an apostille.

Employment in Oman:  Although a common practice, it is illegal for Omani employers to retain your passport. Such retention could grant undue leverage to your employer in case of a dispute. U.S. passports are the property of the U.S. government.

The U.S. Embassy cannot intervene in labor disputes. At the beginning of any employment, obtain a contract that clearly states the terms of employment. Try to resolve disputes privately with your employer. If this fails, consult our  list of lawyers .

Dress Code : Be sensitive to Islamic culture and do not wear sleeveless shirts, halter-tops, or shorts. Only wear athletic clothing in public when engaged in sports activities.

Currency : U.S. bills printed before 2006 are often not accepted. Local currency is easily available from ATMs or currency exchange counters.

Faith-Based Travelers:  See our following webpages for details:

• Faith-Based Travel Information
• International Religious Freedom Report  – see country reports
• Human Rights Report – see country reports
• Hajj Fact Sheet for Travelers
• Best Practices for Volunteering Abroad

LGBTQI+ Travelers:  Consensual same-sex sexual conduct is illegal and subject to a jail term of six months to three years. See our  LGBTQI+ Travel Information page  and section 6 of our  Human Rights report  for further details.

Travelers with Disabilities:  The law in Oman prohibits discrimination against persons with physical, intellectual, or mental disabilities   Expect accessibility to be limited in older buildings (including government buildings and schools), public transportation, and general infrastructure, and more common in newer medical facilities and public buildings in cities. Outside of urban areas, access is greatly reduced.  Handicapped parking spaces are scarce.

Omanis will generally try to accommodate reasonable requests for assistance.

Students : See our  Students Abroad  page and  FBI travel tips .

Women Travelers:   See our travel tips for  Women Travelers . 

COVID-19 Testing:   For general PCR testing and exiting Oman, various health clinics in Oman offer PCR tests with results within 72 hours as well as 24-hour and 3–6-hour options.  PCR tests are at the expense of the individual/traveler.  Prices vary by clinic and range from 20 – 40 OMR; surcharges often apply for expedited result processing within 24 hours or less.  Drive up testing, walk-in tests, and tests by appointment are all available in Oman.  Test result delivery varies by clinic: e-mail, text, and physical message are commonly used to communicate results.

COVID-19 Vaccines:   The COVID-19 vaccine is available for U.S. citizens to receive in Oman. Please refer to the  Omani Ministry of Health  for additional information on vaccination registration.

Visit the FDA's website to learn more about FDA-approved vaccines in the United States.

For emergency services in Oman, dial 9999.  Emergency hotlines are mostly Arabic-speaking.  The U.S. Embassy has received reports from U.S. citizens who were unable to receive assistance due to language barriers.

Response times for ambulance services vary.  Injured or seriously ill travelers should take a taxi or private vehicle to the nearest major hospital rather than wait for an ambulance.

Modern medical facilities and Western-style pharmacies are available. Local medical treatment varies from average to inadequate, depending on location.

Hospital emergency treatment is available.

We do not pay medical bills.  Be aware that U.S. Medicare/Medicaid does not apply overseas.  Most hospitals and doctors overseas do not accept U.S. health insurance.

Medical Insurance:  Make sure your health insurance plan provides coverage overseas. Most care providers overseas only accept cash payments. See  our webpage  for more information on insurance overseas.  Visit the  U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  for more information on type of insurance you should consider before you travel overseas.

We strongly recommend supplemental insurance to cover medical evacuation.

Always carry your prescription medication in original packaging, along with your doctor’s prescription. Check with the Government of Oman to ensure the medication is legal in Oman.

Vaccinations : Be up-to-date on all  vaccinations  recommended by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Further health information:

• World Health Organization
• U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Air Quality:  Visit  AirNow Department of State  for information on air quality at U.S. Embassies and Consulates.

The U.S. Embassy maintains a  list of doctors and hospitals .  We do not endorse or recommend any specific medical provider or clinic.

Travel and Transportation

Road Conditions:  Road conditions in cities and along major highways are good. Road conditions in rural areas range from good to poor. During rare instances of rain, roads are prone to flash flooding.

Travel between cities can be dangerous due to poor lighting, wandering livestock, and speeding drivers.

Public Transportation:  Public transportation is generally safe, although vehicles may swerve to pick up passengers without warning.

Traffic Violations:

The following traffic violations may result in jail sentences, fines, and/or deportation:

• driving without a license
• running a red light
• driving under the influence of alcohol
• failure to wear a seat belt
• talking on cell phones while driving (hands-free technology is allowed)
• excessive speeding or overtaking another vehicle
• failure to maintain a clean car

When involved in a traffic violation, cooperate with police officers and do not attempt to negotiate payment.

If you are involved in a traffic accident that involves injuries, death, or material damage to vehicles, do not move your vehicle until the police give you permission. Moving your car may be interpreted as an admission of guilt. For minor traffic accidents with no damage or injuries, you may move your vehicle to the side of the road.

Traffic Guidelines:

• Traffic circles are common. The driver already in the circle always has priority.
• Drivers flashing high beams are signaling that they want to pass.
• Do not turn right on a red traffic signal.

Driving License Requirements:

• Short-term visitors with a U.S. driver’s license may drive rental vehicles, but not privately registered cars.
• Residents must have an Omani driver's license.
• To obtain an Omani license, you must take a vision test and either have a U.S. license (with proof of being licensed for at least two years) or take a driving test.

Car Insurance:

• Insure rental cars against death, injury, and loss or damage.

Residents may insure their vehicles outside the Sultanate; however, third party liability insurance must be purchased locally.  For all traffic-related emergencies, call the Royal Oman Police at 9999. Have an Arabic speaker call when giving directions to a location, since English-speaking operators are not always available.

See our  Road Safety page  or the  Royal Oman Police website  for further information.

Aviation Safety Oversight:  As there is no direct commercial air service to the United States by carriers registered in Oman, the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has not assessed the Government of Oman’s Civil Aviation Authority for compliance with International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) aviation safety standards. See the  FAA’s safety assessment page  for further information.

Maritime Travel:  Mariners planning travel to Oman should also check for  U.S. maritime advisories and alerts . Information may also be posted to the U.S. Coast Guard homeport website  and the  NGA broadcast warnings .

For additional travel information

• Enroll in the  Smart Traveler Enrollment Program (STEP)  to receive security messages and make it easier to locate you in an emergency.
• Call us in Washington, D.C. at 1-888-407-4747 (toll-free in the United States and Canada) or 1-202-501-4444 (from all other countries) from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m., Eastern Standard Time, Monday through Friday (except U.S. federal holidays).
• See the  State Department’s travel website  for the  Worldwide Caution  and  Travel Advisories .
• Follow us on  Twitter  and  Facebook .
• See  traveling safely abroad  for useful travel tips.

Review information about International Parental Child Abduction in Oman . For additional IPCA-related information, please see the International Child Abduction Prevention and Return Act ( ICAPRA ) report.

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• Passports, travel and living abroad
• Travel abroad
• Foreign travel advice

Warnings and insurance

Before you travel.

No travel can be guaranteed safe. Read all the advice in this guide and any specific travel advice that applies to you:

• women travellers
• disabled travellers
• LGBT+ travellers
• solo and independent travel
• volunteering and adventure travel

Travel insurance

If you choose to travel, research your destinations and get appropriate travel insurance . Insurance should cover your itinerary, planned activities and expenses in an emergency.

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Latest update

Exercise normal safety precautions in Oman.

Higher levels apply in some areas.

Oman (PDF 698.55 KB)

The Middle East (PDF 1.45 MB)

Local emergency contacts

Fire and rescue services, medical emergencies, advice levels.

Exercise normal safety precautions  in Oman overall.

Exercise normal safety precautions

Reconsider your need to travel to border areas with Yemen.

Reconsider your need to travel to border areas with Yemen due to the threat of armed conflict and violence.

See Safety .

• An increased threat of military and terrorist attacks against Israel and Israeli interests across the region and ongoing military action in the Occupied Palestinian Territories could lead to increased tensions in other locations in the Middle East. Demonstration and protest activity may occur, and localised security situations could deteriorate with little notice. Avoid all demonstrations and protests.   This may also result in airspace closures, flight cancellations and flight diversions and other travel disruptions. 
• Terrorist attacks can occur anywhere. Take official warnings seriously.
• Protests can turn violent. Avoid large public gatherings. Take care around the time of Friday prayers.
• Armed conflict is ongoing in neighbouring Yemen. If you travel to border areas, be alert to possible threats. Seek local advice on safe routes.
• The crime rate in Oman is low. Tourists are sometimes targets for burglaries and theft especially in crowded places and from vehicles. Physical, verbal and sexual harassment can occur. 
• Risks increase at night. Secure your accommodation. Don't camp in remote areas. Some women and travellers camping in isolated areas have been assaulted.
• Be prepared for extreme weather conditions. The monsoon season is from June to September. Temperatures can reach 50°C. Flooding and cyclones can happen during this time. Sand and dust storms can occur during the drier months from October to May. Follow the advice of local officials.
• Adventure tourism activities, including hiking and swimming, can be dangerous. Always look out for potential hazards and avoid possible risks. Follow instructions of local authorities. When hiking, follow marked hiking trails and other safety instructions. Make sure your travel insurance policy covers such activities.
• Military tensions remain in neighbouring Yemen. If you decide, against our advice, to travel to border areas, be alert to possible threats and seek local advice on safe routes.

Full travel advice:  Safety

• You'll need health insurance for the full duration of your stay in Oman.
• Malaria, dengue, leishmaniasis and other insect-borne diseases occur in Oman, especially on the Musandam Peninsula. Ensure your accommodation is insect-proof. Use insect repellent. Consider taking anti-malarial medication.
• Dehydration and heat stroke are a risk during summer. Drink plenty of water. Avoid long periods in the heat.

Full travel advice:  Health

• Oman is an Islamic country. Respect local traditions, customs, laws and religions at all times. Dress modestly in public areas like shopping malls – cover the tops of arms and legs and avoid wearing shorts and sleeveless shirts. Penalties, including fines and jail terms, apply to violations of Oman's public decency laws.
• Don't use or carry illegal drugs. Severe penalties for drug offences include the death sentence. Possessing even a small amount attracts a minimum 12 month jail sentence.

If you come to the attention of the local authorities, they may require you to take a blood test, particularly if they suspect you have used drugs or alcohol. If you refuse, you could be arrested for your failure to comply.

• Get professional legal advice if you're involved in legal matters, especially family or business law. You may not be allowed to leave Oman if you're involved in a dispute, have legal proceedings underway or unpaid debts.
• Same-sex relationships, sex outside of marriage and pornography are illegal. Hotels may refuse accommodation to couples who can't prove they're married. You should contact your accommodation provider to seek clarification on the requirements. It is important to respect local customs and act in a culturally appropriate manner.
• Oman has strict dress codes. It's illegal to wear military or similar clothing and accessories.
• Oman has strict laws on public speech, including on social media. It also has a strict code of behaviour. Don't disrespect Islam or any other religion. Take care during Ramadan and Shia festivals. Avoid eating, drinking or smoking in public during Ramadan. 
• Fundraising and charity activities are strictly regulated in Oman. It is illegal to raise funds or organise a crowdfunding campaign without Omani government approval.

Full travel advice:  Local laws

• Entry and exit conditions in Oman can change at short notice. You should contact the  nearest Embassy or Consulate of Oman  for the latest details.
• Australian citizens visiting Oman for up to 14 days for the purpose of tourism may be eligible for a free of charge entry visa. This is subject to certain conditions and requirements. See 'Travel'.
• A visa does not guarantee your entry to Oman. Check visa conditions prior to your arrival.
• You can travel to Oman if you're an Omani citizen or a foreign national who is a resident or a visa holder. This includes those eligible for a visa on arrival. You must also meet additional conditions (see  Travel ).
• You may not be allowed to enter Oman from Yemen without prior approval. Crossing the border into Yemen can be dangerous. If you decide to cross the border from either Oman or Yemen, prior approval may be required. Visit the  Royal Oman Police portal  or contact the  nearest Embassy or Consulate of the Sultanate of Oman  for advice. Read our  Travel Advice for Yemen .

If you need to renew your Omani visa while in Oman, apply for a visa extension through the  Royal Oman Police  website. Penalties may apply if you overstay your visa.

Full travel advice:  Travel

Local contacts

• The  Consular Services Charter  details what we can and can't do to help you overseas.
• The Embassy of Australia in Riyadh is accredited to Oman and can help with consular, passport and notarial enquiries. However, it doesn't have direct access to police, jails, hospitals and other services in Oman.
• We have an Australian Honorary Consulate in Muscat who provides limited consular help. 
• To stay up to date with local information, follow the Embassy’s social media accounts.

Full travel advice:  Local contacts

Full advice

International terrorist groups are active in the Arabian Peninsula. Attacks against targets in Oman may happen.

Be alert to possible threats and:

• report any suspicious activity or items to police
• monitor the media for any new or emerging threats
• take official warnings seriously
• follow local authorities' instructions

If there's an attack, leave the area as soon as it's safe. Avoid the affected area in case of secondary attacks.

Terrorism is a threat worldwide.

More information:

• Terrorist threats

Civil unrest and political tension

The security situation in the region remains unpredictable and could deteriorate with little or no warning.

Demonstrations and protests

Public protests and events that draw large groups of people can turn violent.

• Avoid all protests, demonstrations and large public gatherings.
• Monitor media and other sources for advice on possible unrest. Avoid affected areas.
• Take extra care around the time of Friday prayers.
• Plan your activities to avoid potential unrest on national or commemorative days.
• Be prepared to change your travel plans in case civil unrest disrupts them. 
• If transport disruptions affect you, contact your airline, travel agent or insurer for help.
• Demonstrations and civil unrest

Armed conflict in Yemen

Military tensions remain in neighbouring Yemen. 

If you travel to border areas, be alert to possible threats.

Seek local advice on routes to minimise security threats.

There is a military response to Houthi militants' attacks on international shipping in the Red Sea. Although military activity is currently limited to the Red Sea and Yemen, Oman's travel advice could change quickly. You should monitor the travel advice and follow instructions from local authorities.

Oman has a low crime rate.

Petty criminals sometimes target tourists for burglaries and theft, especially in crowded places and from vehicles.

Physical, verbal and sexual harassment can occur. Risks increase at night. Secure your accommodation. Don't camp in remote areas. Take care when travelling outside towns and cities and in crowded places.

Reported cases of sexual assault and rape against foreign nationals are low, but they do happen. Take care when travelling alone particularly at night. 

Women have been detained when reporting sexual assault, as they must prove that the sex was not consensual to avoid being charged. It is illegal to have extramarital sex. Some travellers camping in small groups in remote areas have been assaulted.

To stay safe:

• secure all doors and windows at your accommodation
• avoid camping in remote areas alone or in small groups

Cyber security 

You may be at risk of cyber-based threats during overseas travel to any country. Digital identity theft is a growing concern. Your devices and personal data can be compromised, especially if you’re connecting to Wi-Fi, using or connecting to shared or public computers, or to Bluetooth.

Social media can also be risky in destinations where there are social or political tensions, or laws that may seem unreasonable by Australian standards. Travellers have been arrested for things they have said on social media, even for comments published many years earlier. Don't comment on local or political events on your social media.

Cyber security when travelling overseas

Kidnapping can happen anywhere, anytime, including in destinations that are typically at lower risk. 

The Australian Government's longstanding policy is that it doesn't make payments or concessions to kidnappers.

Tours and adventure activities

Transport and tour operators don't always follow safety and maintenance standards. This includes operators of adventure activities.

If you plan to do an  adventure activity, including hiking and swimming:

• check if your travel insurance policy covers it
• ask about and insist on minimum safety requirements
• always use available safety gear, such as life jackets or seatbelts
• follow the advice of local authorities
• follow marked hiking trails and other safety instructions.

If proper safety equipment isn't available, use another provider.

Climate and natural disasters

Oman often experiences extremely high temperatures. From June to September, the temperature can reach 50°C.

Dehydration is common in summer. To avoid heat stroke and dehydration:

• drink plenty of water
• avoid long periods in the heat.

Flooding may occur during the monsoon season, from June to September. 

Oman may experience  cyclones , especially during the monsoon season.

Rain can cause flooded roads, including in mountain areas and river valleys.

Sand and dust storms can occur during the drier months from October to May.

If a  natural disaster  or  severe weather  occurs:

• secure your passport in a safe location
• monitor local news and other sources such as the  Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System
• keep in contact with friends and family

Travel insurance

Get comprehensive  travel insurance  before you leave. You must have valid health insurance to cover your stay in Oman. 

Your policy needs to cover all overseas medical costs, including medical evacuation. The Australian Government won't pay for these costs.

If you can't afford travel insurance, you can't afford to travel. This applies to everyone, no matter how healthy and fit you are.

If you're not insured, you may have to pay many thousands of dollars up-front for medical care.

• what activities and care your policy covers (particularly if proposing to undertake adventure activities)
• that your insurance covers you for the whole time you'll be away

Physical and mental health

Consider your physical and mental health before you travel, especially if you have an existing medical condition. 

See your doctor or travel clinic to:

• have a basic health check-up
• ask if your travel plans may affect your health
• plan any vaccinations you need

Do this at least 8 weeks before you leave.

If you have immediate concerns for your welfare, or the welfare of another Australian, call the 24-hour Consular Emergency Centre on +61 2 6261 3305 or contact your  nearest Australian Embassy, High Commission or Consulate  to discuss counselling hotlines and services available in your location .

• General health advice
• Healthy holiday tips  (Healthdirect Australia)

Medications

Not all medication available over the counter or by prescription in Australia is available in other countries. Some may even be considered illegal or controlled substances, even if prescribed by an Australian doctor.

If you plan to bring medication, check if it's legal in Oman by visiting the Omani Ministry of Health website or the Oman airports website . Take enough legal medication for your trip.

Carry a copy of your prescription or a letter from your doctor stating:

• what the medication is
• your required dosage
• that it's for personal use

Omani authorities may detain or deport travellers for:

• carrying medication to treat HIV/AIDS or hepatitis
• testing positive for HIV/AIDS or hepatitis - see  Health .
• Medi cation

Health risks

Insect-borne diseases.

Dengue ,  leishmaniasis  and other insect-borne diseases occur, especially on the Musandam Peninsula.

Malaria  is a low ongoing risk due to Oman's high temperature and humidity.

To protect yourself from illness:

• make sure your accommodation is insect-proof
• use insect repellent
• wear long, loose, light-coloured clothing
• consider taking medication that prevents malaria

Get medical advice if you have a fever, muscle pain, a rash or a severe headache.

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus

Cases of  Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)  have been reported in Oman.

Avoid contact with camels. Don’t consume raw camel milk, undercooked camel meat, or anything contaminated with camel secretions.

Get medical advice if you have a fever, cough, breathing difficulties or diarrhoea.

• MERS information card

Other health risks

There's a risk of Hepatitis A and typhoid through contaminated food or water.

• drink boiled water or bottled water with sealed lids
• avoid ice cubes
• avoid raw and undercooked food, such as salads

Get medical advice if you have a fever or diarrhoea.

• Infectious diseases
• COVID-19  

Medical care

Medical facilities.

Health care is generally good but can vary from region to region.

Hospitals and clinics in larger cities are better equipped.

Treatment costs can be high.

If you become seriously ill or have an accident, you may have to be evacuated to a place with better facilities. Medical evacuation can be very expensive.

There's no reciprocal healthcare agreement between Australia and Oman. Before treating patients, hospitals often ask for:

• guarantee of payment
• proof of medical insurance
• an upfront deposit

You're subject to all local laws and penalties, including those that may appear harsh by Australian standards. Research local laws before travelling.

Omani law applies to you even if you're transiting and don't leave the airport.

You may be detained and fined if you drink alcohol in public.

Behaviour that may be considered offensive or antisocial, but not criminal, in Australia could break Omani law. See 'Other laws' below.

If you're arrested or jailed, the Australian Government will do what it can to help you under our  Consular Services Charter . But we can't get you out of trouble or out of jail.

• Arrested or jailed

The Embassy of Australia in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, is accredited to Oman. The Embassy in Riyadh doesn't have direct access to Omani Government institutions such as police stations, jails and hospitals. The Australian Government must formally seek access via the Omani Embassy in Riyadh. This can cause delays if you need consular help.

Penalties for drug offences are severe and include the death penalty. Possessing even a small amount of drugs can result in lengthy jail terms and heavy fines. These laws also apply if you're transiting through Oman. 

Police may detain you if you are accompanied by a person who is involved in drug cases, including trafficking, possessing or using drugs. You may remain in detention until investigations are concluded for all parties.

• Carrying or using drugs

If you're involved in legal matters, get professional legal advice. This especially includes family law regarding divorce, child custody and child support. 

Know your rights and responsibilities.

Authorities may not let you leave Oman if you:

• are involved in business or labour disputes
• have unpaid debts
• have legal proceedings underway

Serious offences, such as murder, may attract the death penalty.

The following activities are illegal:

• same-sex sexual acts or having sex outside marriage
• using aggressive, obscene or abusive language or gestures in public, including on social media
• insulting Oman, Islam, the royal family, the local government and its policies or local officials
• taking photos near, or at, government buildings or other sensitive infrastructure, including oilfields
• possessing pornographic material
• wearing military or similar clothing and accessories
• using or importing e-cigarettes or vape products

Always ask people for permission if you want to take their photo. 

LGBTQIA+ information

Same-sex relationships are illegal and may lead to severe punishment, including prison and fines.

Cross-dressing is also illegal.

If you're transgender or intersex, or your gender on your passport doesn't match your appearance, you may:

• be questioned at immigration
• be denied entry into Oman
• Advice for LGBTQIA+ travellers

Australian laws

Some Australian criminal laws still apply when you're overseas. If you break these laws, you may face prosecution in Australia.

• Staying within the law and respecting customs

Dual citizenship

Oman doesn't recognise dual nationality.

If you're a dual citizen, and entered Oman using your non Australian passport, this limits the  consular services we may be able to provide including if you are arrested or detained .

• Dual nationals

Local customs

Oman has strict Islamic dress and behaviour codes.

Hotels may refuse accommodation to couples who can't prove they're married. You should contact your accommodation provider to seek clarification on the requirements. It is important to respect local customs and act in a culturally appropriate manner.

Take extra care during Ramadan  and Shia religious festivals.

The Omani weekend is Friday and Saturday.

To ensure you don't offend:

• avoid disrespecting Islam or any other religion
• avoid bad language, rude gestures and public displays of affection
• respect restrictions on alcohol and pork products.

If in doubt, seek local advice.

To observe dress codes:

• dress modestly in public when not at tourist beaches, hotels or resorts
• avoid wearing tight clothes, shorts or low-cut tops
• choose loose-fitting clothes that cover your shoulders and legs.  

Penalties including fines and jail terms apply to violations of Oman’s public decency laws

The Islamic holy month of Ramadan is observed in Oman. Respect religious and cultural customs and laws at this time.

During Ramadan, eating, drinking (including water) and smoking may be illegal in public during the day. If you're not fasting, avoid these activities around people who are. Seek local advice to avoid offence.

More information

Visas and border measures

Every country or territory decides who can enter or leave through its borders. For specific information about the evidence you'll need to enter a foreign destination, check with the nearest embassy, consulate or immigration department of the destination you're entering. 

Australian citizens visiting Oman for up to 14 days for the purpose of tourism may be eligible for a free-of-charge entry visa. This is subject to the following conditions/requirements:

• evidence of your confirmed accommodation booking
• evidence of health insurance to cover your stay 
• evidence of your return ticket
• your passport is valid for more than six months

The Omani 14-day free entry visa may not be extendable. You'll need to leave Oman before the end of 14 days to avoid visa violation penalties. See  Royal Oman Police  for up-to-date information.

 If you're staying in Oman for more than 14 days, you'll need to get a valid visa, and fees will apply. Oman is issuing visas on arrival and accepting applications for work and tourist visas. Please check the requirements with  Royal Oman Police . 

You'll need travel insurance for the duration of your stay.

Entry and exit conditions can change at short notice. You should contact the  nearest Embassy or Consulate of the Sultanate of Oman  for the latest details.

Entry to Oman

You need a valid visa to enter Oman if you're planning to stay for more than 14 days. Visit visas are available on arrival at the airport. However, it's recommended you apply for a visa before you travel. You can apply for an e-visa through the  Royal Oman Police portal . When applying for a visa, make sure you choose the right type of visa. The type of visa you need will depend on your country of residence and the purpose of your travel. Visit the  Royal Oman Police portal  or  contact the  nearest Embassy or Consulate of the Sultanate of Oman  for advice.

Your airline may have rules in addition to those set out by the Omani authorities.

Visit the  Oman Airports portal  for information on Security and Customs requirements. 

Other formalities

If your passport contains evidence of entry to Israel, or another country's border crossing points with Israel, authorities will deny you entry to Oman.

Omani authorities may not allow you to enter Oman from Yemen without prior approval. Crossing the border into Yemen can be dangerous due to the threat of armed conflict and violence. If you decide to cross the border from either Oman or Yemen, prior approval may be required. For advice, visit the  Royal Oman Police portal  or contact the  nearest Embassy or Consulate of the Sultanate of Oman .

Yellow fever vaccination

You need a valid yellow fever vaccination certificate to enter Oman if you're arriving from a country where it's a risk.

• Countries with a risk of yellow fever (PDF)

Travel with children

Under Omani law, children with an Omani father are Omani nationals. They will need their father's permission to leave Oman.

• Embassy or Consulate of the Sultanate of Oman

Some countries won't let you enter/leave unless your passport is valid for 6 months after you plan to leave that country. This can apply even if you're just transiting or stopping over.

Some foreign governments and airlines apply the rule inconsistently. Travellers can receive conflicting advice from different sources.

You can end up stranded if your passport is not valid for more than 6 months.

Oman may require a minimum validity of 6 months on passports to be able to renew your Omani Residence Permit.

The Australian Government does not set these rules. Check your passport's expiry date before you travel. If you're not sure it'll be valid for long enough, consider getting  a new passport .

Authorities may not allow you to exit or enter Oman if you're travelling on an emergency passport. Contact the nearest E mbassy or Consulate of the Sultanate of Oman  for advice.

Lost or stolen passport

Your passport is a valuable document. It's attractive to people who may try to use your identity to commit crimes.

Some people may try to trick you into giving them your passport. Always keep it in a safe place.

If you lose your passport before arriving in Oman (before you pass through passport control):

• You will not be able to enter the country
• The Embassy of Australia may not be able to provide you with a new passport, as personal lodgement is compulsory to obtain a new passport
• You may have to return to Australia.

If your passport is lost or stolen, tell the Australian Government as soon as possible:

• In Australia, contact the  Australian Passport Information Service .
• If you're overseas, contact the nearest  Australian embassy or consulate .

Passport with ‘X’ gender identifier 

If your passport shows 'X' in the gender field, Omani authorities may refuse you entry. 'X' refers to those who are indeterminate, intersex or unspecified sex. Contact the  Royal Oman Police  or  contact the  nearest Embassy or Consulate of Oman  before you arrive at the border to confirm if authorities will accept passports with 'X' gender markers.

• LGBTQIA+ travellers

The local currency is the Omani Rial (OMR).

Declare all precious metals, local and foreign currency valued OMR6000 or more when you arrive and depart. This covers all forms of currency, not only cash. More information is available here: Traveller Services

You can easily exchange US dollars and euros at commercial banks and currency bureaus.

Credit card facilities and ATMs are widely available.

Ask your bank if your cards will work in Oman.

Local travel

Driving permit.

If you hold an Omani residence permit and an Australian driver licence, you should obtain an Omani driver licence.

If you're in Oman on a visit visa, you should hold an International Driving Permit (IDP). Your IDP should be endorsed by the Oman road authorities. This is usually be done at the rental car company at the airport.

Road travel

The annual death toll on Omani roads is high. You're more likely to die in a motor vehicle accident in Oman than in Australia.

Safety hazards include:

• drivers ignoring road rules
• bad weather limiting visibility
• poor road conditions in some parts of the country
• camels straying onto roads

Dangers are higher if you drive outside major cities, especially after dark, and on unsealed roads.

Oman restricts travel to some areas, including the Yemeni borders. You'll need authorisation from Omani authorities to travel to restricted areas.

You may be detained and fined if you drink alcohol in public, or if you drive under the influence of alcohol.

If you plan to drive: 

• check your travel insurance policy covers you
• learn local traffic laws and practices
• Driving or riding

Motorcycles

Check your travel insurance covers you for riding motorbikes, quad bikes or similar.

Always wear a helmet.

Only use registered taxis and limousines. Arrange these through your accommodation if you can.

Use a meter taxi or agree on the fare with the driver before getting in a taxi.

Public transport

Long-distance shared taxis and minibuses operate between major centres.

These services aren't networked or scheduled.

• Transport and getting around safely

Territorial disputes and security issues in many of the waters near Oman make sea travel in these areas risky, especially around the islands of Abu Musa and Tunbs in the southern Gulf. Piracy occurs in the waters around Oman, Yemen and Saudi Arabia. If you travel by sea, monitor the International Maritime Bureau piracy reports.

If you travel by sea to or near Oman:

• monitor piracy reports for the region
• be cautious and alert to possible threats
• avoid confrontation
• Travelling by boat

DFAT doesn't provide information on the safety of individual commercial airlines or flight paths.

Check  Oman's air safety profile  with the Aviation Safety Network.

Emergencies

Depending on what you need, contact your:

• family and friends
• travel agent
• insurance provider

Always get a police report when you report a crime.

Your insurer should have a 24-hour emergency number.

Consular contacts

Read the  Consular Services Charter  for what the Australian Government can and can't do to help you overseas.

We have an Australian Consulate in Oman that provides limited consular help.

For consular, passport and notarial enquiries, contact the Embassy of Australia in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Australian Honorary Consul, Muscat

Behind Centara Hotel United Towers Building Way no.5007 Compound no.250 Ghala, Muscat Sultanate of Oman

Phone: +968 24763350 Email: [email protected] The working week is Sunday to Thursday.

Embassy of Australian, Riyadh

Abdullah Bin Hozafa Al-Shami Avenue Diplomatic Quarter Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Phone: (+966) 11 250 0900 Fax: (+966) 11 250 0902 Website:  www.saudiarabia.embassy.gov.au X:  @AusAmbKSA Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/AusEmbKSA  

The working week is Sunday to Thursday.

Check the Embassy website for detail about opening hours and any temporary closures.

24-hour Consular Emergency Centre

In a consular emergency, if you can't contact an embassy, call the 24-hour Consular Emergency Centre on:

• +61 2 6261 3305 from overseas
• 1300 555 135 in Australia

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Oman Traveler View

Travel health notices, vaccines and medicines, non-vaccine-preventable diseases, stay healthy and safe.

• Packing List

After Your Trip

There are no notices currently in effect for Oman.

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Check the vaccines and medicines list and visit your doctor at least a month before your trip to get vaccines or medicines you may need. If you or your doctor need help finding a location that provides certain vaccines or medicines, visit the Find a Clinic page.

Routine vaccines

Recommendations.

Make sure you are up-to-date on all routine vaccines before every trip. Some of these vaccines include

• Chickenpox (Varicella)
• Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis
• Flu (influenza)
• Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR)

Immunization schedules

All eligible travelers should be up to date with their COVID-19 vaccines. Please see  Your COVID-19 Vaccination  for more information. 

COVID-19 vaccine

Hepatitis A

Recommended for unvaccinated travelers one year old or older going to Oman.

Infants 6 to 11 months old should also be vaccinated against Hepatitis A. The dose does not count toward the routine 2-dose series.

Travelers allergic to a vaccine component or who are younger than 6 months should receive a single dose of immune globulin, which provides effective protection for up to 2 months depending on dosage given.

Unvaccinated travelers who are over 40 years old, immunocompromised, or have chronic medical conditions planning to depart to a risk area in less than 2 weeks should get the initial dose of vaccine and at the same appointment receive immune globulin.

Hepatitis A - CDC Yellow Book

Dosing info - Hep A

Hepatitis B

Recommended for unvaccinated travelers younger than 60 years old traveling to Oman. Unvaccinated travelers 60 years and older may get vaccinated before traveling to Oman.

Hepatitis B - CDC Yellow Book

Dosing info - Hep B

Cases of measles are on the rise worldwide. Travelers are at risk of measles if they have not been fully vaccinated at least two weeks prior to departure, or have not had measles in the past, and travel internationally to areas where measles is spreading.

All international travelers should be fully vaccinated against measles with the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, including an early dose for infants 6–11 months, according to  CDC’s measles vaccination recommendations for international travel .

Measles (Rubeola) - CDC Yellow Book

Rabid dogs are commonly found in Oman. However, if you are bitten or scratched by a dog or other mammal while in Oman, rabies treatment is often available. 

Consider rabies vaccination before your trip if your activities mean you will be around dogs or wildlife.

Travelers more likely to encounter rabid animals include

• Campers, adventure travelers, or cave explorers (spelunkers)
• Veterinarians, animal handlers, field biologists, or laboratory workers handling animal specimens
• Visitors to rural areas

Since children are more likely to be bitten or scratched by a dog or other animals, consider rabies vaccination for children traveling to Oman. 

Rabies - CDC Yellow Book

Recommended for most travelers, especially those staying with friends or relatives or visiting smaller cities or rural areas.

Typhoid - CDC Yellow Book

Dosing info - Typhoid

Yellow Fever

Required for travelers ≥9 months old arriving from countries with risk for YF virus transmission, with the addition of Rwanda and Tanzania; this includes >12-hour airport transits or layovers in countries with risk for YF virus transmission. 1

Yellow Fever - CDC Yellow Book

• Avoid contaminated water

Leptospirosis

How most people get sick (most common modes of transmission)

• Touching urine or other body fluids from an animal infected with leptospirosis
• Swimming or wading in urine-contaminated fresh water, or contact with urine-contaminated mud
• Drinking water or eating food contaminated with animal urine
• Avoid contaminated water and soil

Clinical Guidance

Schistosomiasis

• Wading, swimming, bathing, or washing in contaminated freshwater streams, rivers, ponds, lakes, or untreated pools.

Avoid bug bites

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic fever

• Tick bite 
• Touching the body fluids of a person or animal infected with CCHF
• Avoid Bug Bites
• Mosquito bite

Leishmaniasis

• Sand fly bite

Airborne & droplet

• Breathing in air or accidentally eating food contaminated with the urine, droppings, or saliva of infected rodents
• Bite from an infected rodent
• Less commonly, being around someone sick with hantavirus (only occurs with Andes virus)
• Avoid rodents and areas where they live
• Avoid sick people

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)

• Scientists do not fully understand how the MERS virus spreads
• May spread from to others when an infected person coughs or sneezes
• May spread to people from camels.

Middle East Respiratory virus syndrome (MERS)

Tuberculosis (TB)

• Breathe in TB bacteria that is in the air from an infected and contagious person coughing, speaking, or singing.

Learn actions you can take to stay healthy and safe on your trip. Vaccines cannot protect you from many diseases in Oman, so your behaviors are important.

Eat and drink safely

Food and water standards around the world vary based on the destination. Standards may also differ within a country and risk may change depending on activity type (e.g., hiking versus business trip). You can learn more about safe food and drink choices when traveling by accessing the resources below.

• Choose Safe Food and Drinks When Traveling
• Water Treatment Options When Hiking, Camping or Traveling
• Global Water, Sanitation and Hygiene | Healthy Water
• Avoid Contaminated Water During Travel

You can also visit the Department of State Country Information Pages for additional information about food and water safety.

Prevent bug bites

Bugs (like mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas) can spread a number of diseases in Oman. Many of these diseases cannot be prevented with a vaccine or medicine. You can reduce your risk by taking steps to prevent bug bites.

What can I do to prevent bug bites?

• Cover exposed skin by wearing long-sleeved shirts, long pants, and hats.
• Use an appropriate insect repellent (see below).
• Use permethrin-treated clothing and gear (such as boots, pants, socks, and tents). Do not use permethrin directly on skin.
• Stay and sleep in air-conditioned or screened rooms.
• Use a bed net if the area where you are sleeping is exposed to the outdoors.

What type of insect repellent should I use?

• FOR PROTECTION AGAINST TICKS AND MOSQUITOES: Use a repellent that contains 20% or more DEET for protection that lasts up to several hours.
• Picaridin (also known as KBR 3023, Bayrepel, and icaridin)
• Oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE) or para-menthane-diol (PMD)
• 2-undecanone
• Always use insect repellent as directed.

What should I do if I am bitten by bugs?

• Avoid scratching bug bites, and apply hydrocortisone cream or calamine lotion to reduce the itching.
• Check your entire body for ticks after outdoor activity. Be sure to remove ticks properly.

What can I do to avoid bed bugs?

Although bed bugs do not carry disease, they are an annoyance. See our information page about avoiding bug bites for some easy tips to avoid them. For more information on bed bugs, see Bed Bugs .

For more detailed information on avoiding bug bites, see Avoid Bug Bites .

Stay safe outdoors

If your travel plans in Oman include outdoor activities, take these steps to stay safe and healthy during your trip.

• Stay alert to changing weather conditions and adjust your plans if conditions become unsafe.
• Prepare for activities by wearing the right clothes and packing protective items, such as bug spray, sunscreen, and a basic first aid kit.
• Consider learning basic first aid and CPR before travel. Bring a travel health kit with items appropriate for your activities.
• If you are outside for many hours in heat, eat salty snacks and drink water to stay hydrated and replace salt lost through sweating.
• Protect yourself from UV radiation : use sunscreen with an SPF of at least 15, wear protective clothing, and seek shade during the hottest time of day (10 a.m.–4 p.m.).
• Be especially careful during summer months and at high elevation. Because sunlight reflects off snow, sand, and water, sun exposure may be increased during activities like skiing, swimming, and sailing.
• Very cold temperatures can be dangerous. Dress in layers and cover heads, hands, and feet properly if you are visiting a cold location.

Stay safe around water

• Swim only in designated swimming areas. Obey lifeguards and warning flags on beaches.
• Practice safe boating—follow all boating safety laws, do not drink alcohol if driving a boat, and always wear a life jacket.
• Do not dive into shallow water.
• Do not swim in freshwater in developing areas or where sanitation is poor.
• Avoid swallowing water when swimming. Untreated water can carry germs that make you sick.
• To prevent infections, wear shoes on beaches where there may be animal waste.

Schistosomiasis, a parasitic infection that can be spread in fresh water, is found in Oman. Avoid swimming in fresh, unchlorinated water, such as lakes, ponds, or rivers.

Keep away from animals

Most animals avoid people, but they may attack if they feel threatened, are protecting their young or territory, or if they are injured or ill. Animal bites and scratches can lead to serious diseases such as rabies.

Follow these tips to protect yourself:

• Do not touch or feed any animals you do not know.
• Do not allow animals to lick open wounds, and do not get animal saliva in your eyes or mouth.
• Avoid rodents and their urine and feces.
• Traveling pets should be supervised closely and not allowed to come in contact with local animals.
• If you wake in a room with a bat, seek medical care immediately. Bat bites may be hard to see.

All animals can pose a threat, but be extra careful around dogs, bats, monkeys, sea animals such as jellyfish, and snakes. If you are bitten or scratched by an animal, immediately:

• Wash the wound with soap and clean water.
• Go to a doctor right away.
• Tell your doctor about your injury when you get back to the United States.

Consider buying medical evacuation insurance. Rabies is a deadly disease that must be treated quickly, and treatment may not be available in some countries.

Reduce your exposure to germs

Follow these tips to avoid getting sick or spreading illness to others while traveling:

• Wash your hands often, especially before eating.
• If soap and water aren’t available, clean hands with hand sanitizer (containing at least 60% alcohol).
• Don’t touch your eyes, nose, or mouth. If you need to touch your face, make sure your hands are clean.
• Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when coughing or sneezing.
• Try to avoid contact with people who are sick.
• If you are sick, stay home or in your hotel room, unless you need medical care.

Avoid sharing body fluids

Diseases can be spread through body fluids, such as saliva, blood, vomit, and semen.

Protect yourself:

• Use latex condoms correctly.
• Do not inject drugs.
• Limit alcohol consumption. People take more risks when intoxicated.
• Do not share needles or any devices that can break the skin. That includes needles for tattoos, piercings, and acupuncture.
• If you receive medical or dental care, make sure the equipment is disinfected or sanitized.

Know how to get medical care while traveling

Plan for how you will get health care during your trip, should the need arise:

• Carry a list of local doctors and hospitals at your destination.
• Review your health insurance plan to determine what medical services it would cover during your trip. Consider purchasing travel health and medical evacuation insurance.
• Carry a card that identifies, in the local language, your blood type, chronic conditions or serious allergies, and the generic names of any medications you take.
• Some prescription drugs may be illegal in other countries. Call Oman’s embassy to verify that all of your prescription(s) are legal to bring with you.
• Bring all the medicines (including over-the-counter medicines) you think you might need during your trip, including extra in case of travel delays. Ask your doctor to help you get prescriptions filled early if you need to.

Many foreign hospitals and clinics are accredited by the Joint Commission International. A list of accredited facilities is available at their website ( www.jointcommissioninternational.org ).

In some countries, medicine (prescription and over-the-counter) may be substandard or counterfeit. Bring the medicines you will need from the United States to avoid having to buy them at your destination.

Select safe transportation

Motor vehicle crashes are the #1 killer of healthy US citizens in foreign countries.

In many places cars, buses, large trucks, rickshaws, bikes, people on foot, and even animals share the same lanes of traffic, increasing the risk for crashes.

Be smart when you are traveling on foot.

• Use sidewalks and marked crosswalks.
• Pay attention to the traffic around you, especially in crowded areas.
• Remember, people on foot do not always have the right of way in other countries.

Riding/Driving

Choose a safe vehicle.

• Choose official taxis or public transportation, such as trains and buses.
• Ride only in cars that have seatbelts.
• Avoid overcrowded, overloaded, top-heavy buses and minivans.
• Avoid riding on motorcycles or motorbikes, especially motorbike taxis. (Many crashes are caused by inexperienced motorbike drivers.)
• Choose newer vehicles—they may have more safety features, such as airbags, and be more reliable.
• Choose larger vehicles, which may provide more protection in crashes.

Think about the driver.

• Do not drive after drinking alcohol or ride with someone who has been drinking.
• Consider hiring a licensed, trained driver familiar with the area.
• Arrange payment before departing.

Follow basic safety tips.

• Wear a seatbelt at all times.
• Sit in the back seat of cars and taxis.
• When on motorbikes or bicycles, always wear a helmet. (Bring a helmet from home, if needed.)
• Avoid driving at night; street lighting in certain parts of Oman may be poor.
• Do not use a cell phone or text while driving (illegal in many countries).
• Travel during daylight hours only, especially in rural areas.
• If you choose to drive a vehicle in Oman, learn the local traffic laws and have the proper paperwork.
• Get any driving permits and insurance you may need. Get an International Driving Permit (IDP). Carry the IDP and a US-issued driver's license at all times.
• Check with your auto insurance policy's international coverage, and get more coverage if needed. Make sure you have liability insurance.
• Avoid using local, unscheduled aircraft.
• If possible, fly on larger planes (more than 30 seats); larger airplanes are more likely to have regular safety inspections.
• Try to schedule flights during daylight hours and in good weather.

Medical Evacuation Insurance

If you are seriously injured, emergency care may not be available or may not meet US standards. Trauma care centers are uncommon outside urban areas. Having medical evacuation insurance can be helpful for these reasons.

Helpful Resources

Road Safety Overseas (Information from the US Department of State): Includes tips on driving in other countries, International Driving Permits, auto insurance, and other resources.

The Association for International Road Travel has country-specific Road Travel Reports available for most countries for a minimal fee.

Maintain personal security

Use the same common sense traveling overseas that you would at home, and always stay alert and aware of your surroundings.

Before you leave

• Research your destination(s), including local laws, customs, and culture.
• Monitor travel advisories and alerts and read travel tips from the US Department of State.
• Enroll in the Smart Traveler Enrollment Program (STEP) .
• Leave a copy of your itinerary, contact information, credit cards, and passport with someone at home.
• Pack as light as possible, and leave at home any item you could not replace.

While at your destination(s)

• Carry contact information for the nearest US embassy or consulate .
• Carry a photocopy of your passport and entry stamp; leave the actual passport securely in your hotel.
• Follow all local laws and social customs.
• Do not wear expensive clothing or jewelry.
• Always keep hotel doors locked, and store valuables in secure areas.
• If possible, choose hotel rooms between the 2nd and 6th floors.

Healthy Travel Packing List

Use the Healthy Travel Packing List for Oman for a list of health-related items to consider packing for your trip. Talk to your doctor about which items are most important for you.

Why does CDC recommend packing these health-related items?

It’s best to be prepared to prevent and treat common illnesses and injuries. Some supplies and medicines may be difficult to find at your destination, may have different names, or may have different ingredients than what you normally use.

If you are not feeling well after your trip, you may need to see a doctor. If you need help finding a travel medicine specialist, see Find a Clinic . Be sure to tell your doctor about your travel, including where you went and what you did on your trip. Also tell your doctor if you were bitten or scratched by an animal while traveling.

For more information on what to do if you are sick after your trip, see Getting Sick after Travel .

Map Disclaimer - The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on maps do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement are generally marked.

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OMAN - Published 23.05.2022

Australia - published 13.03.2023, bahrain – published 16.03.2022, bangladesh - published 01.12.2022.

• a negative COVID-19 RT-PCR test taken at most 72 hours before departure from the first embarkation point; or
• a COVID-19 vaccination certificate showing that they were fully vaccinated at least 14 days before departure. Vaccines accepted are AstraZeneca (SK Bioscience), AstraZeneca (Vaxzevria), Convidecia (CanSinoBio), Covaxin, Covishield, Covovax, Janssen, Moderna (Spikevax), Nuvaxovid (Novavax), Pfizer-BioNTech (Comirnaty), Sinopharm or Sinovac.
• This does not apply to passengers younger than 12 years.

CANADA - Published 17.03.2023

The mainland of china - published 21.01.2023.

• foreign nationals with a visa issued after 28 March 2020;
• foreign nationals with a diplomatic, service, courtesy or C visa.
• are required take PCR test within 48 hours before operating to China.
• are required to have been vaccinated
• are required to wear N95/KN95 mask during the on-board service, on ground when contacting with ground staff, entering the ramp or terminal or ramp transport or transport from/to layover hotel.

EGYPT – Published 17.06.2022

France - published 16.02.2023, georgia – published 16.06.2021, germany – published 01.03.2023.

• This does not apply to:
• nationals of Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, Switzerland, Vatican City (Holy See) and EEA Member States, and their children, grandchildren, parents, grandparents and siblings;
• passengers with a long term "D" visa issued by an EEA Member State or Switzerland, and their children, grandchildren, parents, grandparents and siblings;
• military personnel;
• merchant seamen;
• unmarried partners of residents of Germany. They must have a written invitation and a copy of the identity document of the resident in Germany. They must also have a declaration and be able to present proof of their relationship.

INDIA - Published 13.02.2023

Indonesia – published 06.03.2023.

• nationals of Indonesia;
• passengers younger than 18 years;
• passengers with a COVID-19 recovery certificate stating that they are no longer contagious with COVID-19;
• passengers with a diplomatic or service visa and an invitation letter issued by an Indonesian Ministry under the Travel Corridor Arrangement (TCA).
• This does not apply to airline crew transiting without disembarking the aircraft.

IRAN - Published 20.02.2023

• a COVID-19 vaccination certificate in English showing that they were fully vaccinated at least 14 days before arrival; or
• a negative COVID-19 PCR or RT-PCR test taken at most 72 hours before arrival.
• nationals of Iran;
• passengers younger than 12 years.

ITALY - Published 01.03.2023

Jordan – published 14.03.2023, kenya – published 22.09.2022.

• must have a COVID-19 vaccination certificate showing that they were fully vaccinated at least 14 days before arrival; or
• must have a COVID-19 PCR test in English taken at most 72 hours before departure from the first embarkation point; or
• are subject to a COVID-19 rapid antigen test upon arrival.

KUWAIT – Puplished 01.05.2022 (Source IATA News)

Lebanon - published 28.09.2022, malaysia – published 02.08.2022, maldives - published 18.01.2023, nepal - published 28.12.2022.

• a COVID-19 vaccination certificate showing that they were fully vaccinated at least 14 days before arrival; or
• a negative COVID-19 test result taken at most 72 hours before departure from the first embarkation point. Tests accepted are GeneXpert, NAAT, PCR and RT-PCR.
• This does not apply to passengers younger than 5 years.
• passengers with a COVID-19 vaccination certificate showing that they were fully vaccinated at least 14 days before arrival;
• passengers with a negative COVID-19 test result taken at most 72 hours before departure from the first embarkation point. Tests accepted are GeneXpert, NAAT, PCR and RT-PCR.

NETHERLANDS - Published 28.02.2023

Pakistan - published 13.06.2023, philippines – published 01.12.2022.

• passengers with a COVID-19 vaccination certificate showing that they were fully vaccinated at least 15 days before departure from the first embarkation point. Vaccines accepted are: AstraZeneca (SK Bioscience), AstraZeneca (Vaxzevria), Convidecia (CanSinoBio), Covishield, Covaxin, Covovax, Janssen, Moderna (Spikevax), Nuvaxovid (Novavax), Pfizer-BioNTech (Comirnaty), Sinopharm and Sinovac;
• passengers with a negative COVID-19 rapid antigen test taken at most 24 hours before departure from the first embarkation point. The above exemptions also apply to their accompanying minors younger than 15 years.

QATAR - Published 04.01.2023

Russian fed. - published 21.10.2022, saudi arabia – published on 04.01.2023, sri lanka - published 08.12.2022, switzerland – published 02.05.2022, tanzania – published 06.02.2023, thailand – published 01.03.2023, turkey- published 14.02.2023, united arab emirates – published 10.11.2022, united kingdom - published 17.03.2023, usa - published 10.03.2023.

• AstraZeneca (SK Bioscience), AstraZeneca (Vaxzevria), CanSinoBIO (Convidecia), Covaxin, Covishield, Covovax, Janssen, Moderna (Spikevax), Nuvaxovid (Novavax), Pfizer-BioNTech (Comirnaty), Sinopharm (BIBP) and Sinovac. A combination of these vaccines is accepted if administered at least 17 days apart. More details can be found at Click Here
• nationals of the USA;
• residents of the USA;
• passengers younger than 18;
• passengers with an immigrant visa;
• passengers with the following visas: A-1, A-2, C-2, C-3 (as a foreign government official or immediate family member of an official), E-1 (as an employee of TECRO or TECO or the employee's immediate family members), G-1, G-2, G-3, G-4, NATO-1 through NATO-4, or NATO-6 (or seeking to enter as a nonimmigrant in one of those NATO classifications);
• passengers with a letter of invitation or other official document, issued by the USA, by other government or by the United Nations, traveling on duty;
• nationals of Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Congo (Dem. Rep.), Eritrea, Haiti, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Senegal, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Syria, Tanzania and Yemen with a visa issued by the USA, excluding B -1 and B -2 visas;
• members of the U.S. Armed Forces, their spouses, and children younger than 18 years;
• merchant seamen with one of the following visas: C1 or D;
• nationals of Ukraine with an approved Uniting for Ukraine (U4U) authorization.
• More details can be found at Click Here
• nationals and residents of the USA;
• passengers younger than 2 years.
• ppassengers with a COVID-19 recovery certificate proving recovery in the past 90 days; - passengers with a COVID-19 vaccination certificate showing that they were fully vaccinated at least 15 days (day of vaccination + 14 days) before arrival. Passenger details (e.g., name and date of birth) in the certificate must match those stated in the passport/travel document. Vaccines accepted are: - AstraZeneca (SK Bioscience), AstraZeneca (Vaxzevria), CanSinoBIO (Convidecia), Covaxin, Covishield, Covovax, Janssen, Moderna (Spikevax), Nuvaxovid (Novavax), Pfizer-BioNTech (Comirnaty), Sinopharm (BIBP) and Sinovac. A combination of these vaccines is accepted if administered at least 17 days apart. More details can be found at Click Here

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• COVID-19 travel restrictions: Oman
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Travel restrictions

By Kiwi.com May 10, 2022

By Kiwi.com | May 10, 2022

Last update: May 2, 2023

This article was published on May 10, 2022, and all the information in the article is correct as of this time. Before you book your trip, we highly recommend that you also check official sources for the most up-to-date travel requirements, as they are subject to constant change.

Can I enter Oman?

As of April 2022, Oman is open for tourism to all countries. Please learn the information presented below to find out all COVID-19 restrictions. 

Can I enter Oman if I am vaccinated? 

You can enter Oman if you are fully vaccinated. You are considered fully vaccinated if you have received a full course of your vaccine(s) at least 14 days before entering Oman.

Currently, the following vaccines are approved in Oman:

• Pfizer-BioNTech (Comirnaty)
• Astrazeneca ( Vaxzevria, Covishield)
• Moderna (Spikevax or Takeda Japan )
• Sinopharm ( Beijing ) (Covilo)
• Sinovac (CoronaVac)
• CanSinBio (Convidecia)
• Novavax (Nuvaxovid) (Covovax)
• Gamaleya Research Institute (Sputnik V)
• Sputnik Light
• Johnson & Johnson

Travel documents if I am vaccinated 

• A certificate confirming your vaccination status
• International health insurance to cover the cost of one month’s treatment in case you get COVID-19

Health insurance is not required for:

• Omani citizens
• GCC citizens (Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia , United Arab Emirates)
• Travelers with free treatment cards

Can I enter Oman if I am unvaccinated? 

Foreign travelers are not permitted to enter Oman if they are unvaccinated.

However, if you have recovered from COVID-19, you can enter Oman according to third sources . Please, contact your airline or travel agency to find out up-to-date information. 

Can I leave Oman?

As of April 2022, both vaccinated and unvaccinated travelers can leave Oman. Please ensure to learn the requirements about presenting a negative test result for vaccinated or recovered visitors of your destination country in advance. 

Travel documents if I am vaccinated

• A certificate of full vaccination against COVID-19 in paper or electronic format

Travel documents if I am unvaccinated

• A certificate of recovery from COVID-19 (no more than 180 days old before the day of crossing the border of a particular country) or
• A negative COVID-19 test result (the relevant period and kind of test may vary, please check the requirements of your destination country)

COVID-19 situation in Oman currently

As of April 2022, Oman is considered one of the safest tourist places. Nevertheless, several local regulations are in place.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is it safe to travel to oman right now.

International travel to Oman is safe provided you follow the main current COVID-19 requirements:

• Wearing masks indoors is obligatory
• Keeping social distance
• Showing your vaccination certificate to enter many public establishments

Is Muscat open for travel?

Presently, Muscat is open for travelers. Basic COVID-19 restrictions in the capital are the same as nationwide rules.

Do I have to quarantine if I go to Oman?

Currently, travelers are not obliged to undergo self-isolation or quarantine in Oman.

How do I get a health pass to travel to Oman?

There is no standard health pass for international travelers in Oman.

Visit our   Travel Restriction section at Kiwi.com Stories   to read   more travel restrictions articles

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Oman Covid Entry Requirements

COVID-19 impacted tourism worldwide . Local authorities have followed World Health Organization protocols and developed COVID-19 entry rules. Besides the usual travel documents, presenting proof of vaccination status and a negative PCR test result became mandatory to visit Oman during the pandemic. But since the virus is under control, Omani authorities have relaxed these travel restrictions.

Since February 21, 2022, the Oman Health Declaration is no longer necessary to enter the country. The local government eliminated the vaccine, testing, and quarantine requirements too.

This article will provide further information about the current local laws regarding COVID-19 and helpful advice for your trip to Oman .

Frequently Asked Questions

What are oman covid requirements.

Currently, Oman has no restrictions or requirements related to COVID-19 . All you need to visit the country is a visit visa. In many cases, travelers can apply online for Oman Tourist Visas and don’t need consular services.

WHAT IS THE QUARANTINE REQUIREMENT WHEN ENTERING OMAN?

All travelers used to quarantine for seven days upon entering Oman during the pandemic. Air travelers had to reserve a room in licensed hotels for three nights at their own cost and take a COVID-19 molecular test on arrival at their own cost as well.

But the good news is that there are no longer quarantine requirements on arrival for foreign nationals. The government has liftedCOVID-19 restrictions.

If you tested positive for COVID, you should exercise caution and be isolated.

ARE THERE ANY QUARANTINE EXEMPTIONS?

Since quarantine on arrival is no longer a requirement in Oman , all travelers are exempted from it. If you want to be cautious, you may purchase travel insurance in case of needing medical treatment during the trip.

DO I NEED A COVID VACCINE OR VACCINATION CERTIFICATE TO TRAVEL TO OMAN?

The Omani government used to require a vaccination certificate indicating that the traveler was up-to-date with the vaccine doses. But proof of COVID vaccination is not required for entry into Oman anymore. Vaccinated travelers and unvaccinated ones can enter the country.

DO I NEED A NEGATIVE COVID-19 TEST RESULT TO ENTER?

Passengers traveling in Oman had to submit a negative COVID-19 PCR test performed within 72 hours before their arrival time in Oman. The COVID-19 PCR test had to be a validated and certified by a medical test result written in Arabic or English. But since the virus is under control, Omani authorities no longer have COVID-19 testing requirements . There aren't current international travel restrictions related to the virus.

DO I NEED A HEALTH INSURANCE TO ENTER OMAN?

During the COVID-19 pandemic crisis, all passengers arriving at the Sultanate of Oman were required to have international insurance for medical emergency assistance covering the cost of treatment from COVID‑19 for one month. The service had to come from a licensed health care provider.

Nowadays, since the Oman authorities lifted the COVID-19 restrictions, medical insurance is no longer mandatory for this trip. But here’s a piece of travel advice: It’s always better to travel with insurance, so if you have any misfortunes, you don’t need to worry about expensive medical bills.

WHAT ARE THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE ENTRY OF FOREIGNERS INTO THE SULTANATE OF OMAN WITHOUT A VISA?

You have your international driving permit on hand, and you are ready to explore Oman. But first, you need to meet the requirements for Oman entry. They are the following:

• The visitor must hold a passport valid for a period not less than six months.
• The traveler must hold a confirmed return travel ticket , a confirmed hotel reservation, health insurance (optional), and a sum of money that enables the visitor to cover the cost of living during the stay in the Sultanate of Oman.
• The visitor must agree not to work in the Sultanate of Oman .
• It’s necessary to present an Oman Visa .

Since there are no COVID-19 restrictions, you don’t need to present a Health Declaration on arrival.

CAN I APPLY ONLINE FOR AN OMAN VISA?

The answer for most travelers is yes, you can. Since February 2018, the Royal Oman Police (ROP) has offered an online system and visa policy for visitors to apply for their Oman tourist visa. This eVisa facilitates the process for tourists traveling to Oman and reduces the waiting time at the arrival terminal.

There are options for multiple-entry and single-entry visas , but they are all for tourism and business purposes only. The application process is simple and quick, and you submit all information on the iVisa application page in just a few minutes. You will receive the document via email and you will be ready to travel.

If you are a GCC resident , you can also apply online for an Oman Visa, but the requirements are a bit different. Click here to read more about it.

WHAT ARE THE REQUIRED DOCUMENTS TO APPLY FOR AN OMAN EVISA?

You have to provide a few documents to apply for visit visas online. The travel advice is to have all of them hand to apply, and during arrival as well.

• Personal information - Name, date of birth, gender, nationality, and contact details.
• A valid passport - The passport validity must be at least six months after the arrival date to Oman.
• A recent digital passport photo - You can use the iVisa Photo Service if you need one.

Sometimes, the Omani government may ask for supporting documents, such as proof of accommodation and airline confirmation, and especially the return flight ticket. It’s a measure to ensure your intention to leave before your visa expires.

HOW CAN I APPLY?

The local laws allow most travelers to apply for an Oman eVisa. The authorities developed this process to facilitate visa application, and when you count on iVisa services, it’s effortless. Applicants can fill out the eVisa form in three easy steps with iVisa. Using our fully online application form shouldn't take you longer than 5 minutes to complete!

• First , fill out the eVisa application form with all personal and travel information, including the same passport you are traveling with. Attach any documents requested.
• Second , choose the processing speed that best suits you and pay the Oman visa price with a credit or debit card.
• Third , sit back, relax, and wait for your Oman eVisa to arrive via email.

Our experts will double-check your visa information and make sure everything looks good. If we have any questions, we will contact you via email. You will receive your approved eVisa via email in your chosen time frame.

WHAT ARE THE COSTS AND PROCESSING TIMES OF THE OMAN EVISA APPLICATION?

The prices and processing times will depend on which Oman eVisa you are eligible for or which one suits your traveler’s needs the most. iVisa offers the following options:

Single-entry eVisa:

• Standard processing time is 4 days , costing USD $66.99 .
• Rush processing time of 2 days , costing USD $163.99 .
• Super rush processing time of 24 hours for USD $225.99 .

Multiple-entry eVisa:

• Rush processing time of 2 days for USD $163.99 .
• Super rush processing of 24 hours for USD $225.99 .

GCC Resident Visa:

• Standard processing time is 10 days costing USD $45.99 .
• Rush processing time of 8 days for USD $73.99 .
• Super rush processing of 6 days for USD $106.99 .

Oman eVisa sample

Is it safe to use ivisa’s online services.

iVisa has created a system that protects you from internet dangers incurred from utilizing online services. We know how important security is, and you can be sure that we put a lot of effort into keeping your data safe. You can check out our reviews from customers worldwide.

WHAT IF I HAVE MORE QUESTIONS?

Do you still have questions about the COVID-19 requirements or Oman eVisa? You can chat with our experts from customer service , or send an email to [email protected] . They will be happy to assist you with anything you need 24/7.

Oman Travel Tips

Before traveling to Oman, there is some important information to have to avoid problems with the local police. It’s ordinary things, but it’s important to show that you respect local traditions.

• It’s prohibited to wear military or similar clothing in Oman.
• There are strict traffic laws, with penalties for the possession, use, or trafficking of illegal drugs . Convicted offenders can expect lengthy jail sentences and heavy fines. Even the death penalty could apply.
• You can't drink alcohol outside hotels that are licensed for that. Be aware that public intoxication is an offense.
• Dress conservatively, behave discreetly and respect religious and local customs to avoid offending residents.
• During Ramadan , avoid eating, drinking, and smoking in public places.
• Be aware that dual citizenship is not legally recognized in Oman.

Related Articles

Muscat International airport guide: Navigating arrivals and departures in Oman

Oman Visa for Israeli citizens

Documents Required for the Oman Visa

Southeast Asian tourists flock to China after visa rules ease

• Beijing in recent months loosened visa restrictions for people from Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore in a bid to boost tourism and investment
• China reported 82 million tourist arrivals last year, returning to about 56 per cent of pre-Covid level

China is regaining its status as a hotspot for Southeast Asian tourists lured by new visa-free entry programmes and easier access to the mainland's cashless payment systems, according to booking platform Klook Travel Technology Ltd.

Reservations from Southeast Asia into the mainland so far in 2024 have been "several times" higher than pre-pandemic levels, Ethan Lin, Klook's chief executive, said in an interview at the UBS Asian Investment Conference in Hong Kong. Overall inbound travel to the mainland could fully recover to pre-Covid figures by 2025, he added.

People from parts of the region "don't have that many places they can go that are visa-free," Lin said. "So China has now become one of the major places that they really travel to."

Do you have questions about the biggest topics and trends from around the world? Get the answers with SCMP Knowledge , our new platform of curated content with explainers, FAQs, analyses and infographics brought to you by our award-winning team.

China in recent months loosened visa restrictions for people from Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore, along with some European countries and cruise ship passengers, in an apparent bid to boost both inbound tourism and investment.

Officials have also begun easing access to the country's largely cashless payment system, which can be unfriendly to people without Chinese bank accounts and payment apps, and last week warned hotels and hostels against rejecting overseas customers.

Some smaller Chinese accommodation providers often turn away foreigners on the grounds they're not well-equipped or licenced to host them.

China reported 82 million tourist arrivals last year - returning to about 56 per cent of the 2019 level, before the pandemic closed mainland borders - according to the country's National Bureau of Statistics. The number of visits made by people from outside Hong Kong and Macau was only at 13.8 million, lagging pre-Covid figures by some 57 per cent.

More Articles from SCMP

Brunello Cucinelli’s designer daughter Carolina knows style: the fashion heiress reveals her top sources of inspo, from Chanel nail varnish and Jackie Kennedy, to Milan museums and Hollywood holidays

Jamie Richards eases pressure with 220-1 dirt double: ‘I’m just glad to train winners’

Tech war: China’s Big Fund III brings US$47.5 billion in fresh outlay for nation’s semiconductor supply chain, analysts say

Open, candid US-China dialogue ‘more crucial than ever’ and Hong Kong has key role in bay area ties, finance chief Paul Chan says

This article originally appeared on the South China Morning Post (www.scmp.com), the leading news media reporting on China and Asia.

Copyright (c) 2024. South China Morning Post Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved.

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General election latest: Starmer pays tribute to 'trailblazer' Abbott as he denies left-wing cull

Sir Keir Starmer has paid tribute to "trailblazer" Diane Abbott, but has had to deny he's carrying out a left-wing cull as several would-be election candidates bemoan their deselections. Meanwhile, the Greens have launched their campaign with a call for the Labour leader to be "bolder".

Thursday 30 May 2024 12:26, UK

• General Election 2024

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Election news

• Starmer pays tribute to Abbott as he denies left-wing cull
• Greens launch campaign with vow to push 'disappointing' Labour
• Hunt defends PM's call for public to back him for low interest rates
• Tories accuse Labour of 'flip-flopping' on tax and plotting VAT 'raid'
• Politics At Jack And Sam's:  The Day... Labour finds a bit taxing
• Live reporting by Ben Bloch  and Katie Williams

Expert analysis

• Sam Coates: Polling suggests trouble over Abbott row
• Tamara Cohen: Starmer takes warmer tone but battle still on
• Matthew Thompson: Why polls don't tell full story for Lib Dems

Election essentials

• Trackers: Who's leading polls? | Is PM keeping promises?
• Campaign Heritage: Memorable moments from elections gone by
• Follow Sky's politics podcasts: Electoral Dysfunction | Politics At Jack And Sam's
• Read more: What happens next? | Who is standing down? | Key seats to watch | How to register to vote | What counts as voter ID? | Check if your constituency's changing | Your essential guide to election lingo | Sky's election night plans

Over in central London, Reform UK is launching the party's legal immigration policy.

Leader Richard Tice begins by saying the economy has a "deadly addiction" to the "drug" of "cheap overseas labour".

"This drug is being pushed on every street corner by the Labour Party and by the Tories," he says, adding the "cure" is an "employer immigration tax".

Mr Tice says businesses should be incentivised to employ British workers.

Explaining how the immigration tax would work, he says employers would have to pay a "perfectly reasonable" premium on national insurance - with exemptions, including for small businesses and health care.

"This will change people's thoughts and behaviour," he says, adding the tax would raise £20bn over one term.

"Don't tell me there's a shortage of labour… we've got to overcome this addiction," he says.

Faiza Shaheen, who was removed last night as Labour's candidate in Chingford and Woodford Green, is launching a legal challenge against the decision, Sky News understands.

She was selected by local party members to contest the seat in July 2022, but Labour's National Executive Committee (NEC) decided last night the party would not endorse her candidacy.

Following the decision, it is understood she has instructed legal counsel to challenge the validity of the process, who we understand believes the process to have been "abhorrent, unprofessional and unfair".

In a statement on social media, Ms Shaheen said she was only informed of her removal last night, and described it as a "huge injustice".

"This is not the end of my story, and I will be releasing all the detail of what has happened to me publicly very soon," she added.

While other party leaders have been giving speeches - Sir Ed Davey has been having a bit more fun.

The Lib Dem leader went to Frome in Somerset where he went down a Slip N Slide with his party's candidate in the constituency.

More seriously, Sir Ed is unveiling his party's plans to for a mental health professional to work in every school, as data shows that 336,886 children are on mental health waiting lists.

Watch Sir Ed on the slide here:

 By Tomos Evans , Wales reporter

Plaid Cymru has said "no more to ignoring Wales at Westminster" as the party launched its general election campaign.

The pro-Welsh independence party's leader, Rhun ap Iorwerth, said it was "time to kick the Conservatives out of power”"

But he also said Labour - who are in government in Wales - had taken the country "for granted".

"For too long, Wales has been overlooked at Westminster," told supporters at the launch in Bangor.

"Plaid Cymru says no more to austerity. Plaid Cymru says no more to empty promises.

"Plaid Cymru says no more to narrow-minded nostalgia and we say no more to ignoring Wales at Westminster."

The leader was joined by Liz Saville Roberts, the Dwyfor Meirionnydd candidate, and Llinos Medi who is standing for the party in Ynys Mon.

He said Plaid Cymru would "fight for Wales, day in, day out" and would offer a "real Welsh alternative".

Mr ap Iorwerth claimed Wales's voice at Westminster was being "diluted" after the number of Welsh constituencies was reduced from 40 to 32.

"We will not allow Plaid Cymru's voice to be silenced," he added.

"The message is clear, if you do want change, and goodness knows I do, think about how best to bring about that change."

Labour's "safety first" campaign has been overshadowed by "internal wrangling" about which candidates will be able to run in the election, says our political correspondent Tamara Cohen .

A public war of words over Diane Abbott's status as a potential candidate also remains unresolved, she says.

While it's "par for the course in politics" for certain candidates to be favoured by a party leadership, Labour has "gone further" with Ms Abbott, who is one of its best-known politicians and the first black woman MP, she says.

Other left-wing candidates "closer to Jeremy Corbyn's politics" being told they can't run "has seemed to many Labour MPs to increase the self-inflicted wound of having this battle over Diane Abbott", Cohen says.

The battle, which looks like it won't be resolved until next week, is "still very much on" despite Sir Keir Starmer's "warmer tone" towards her today, she adds.

 After his campaign launch in Wales, Sir Keir Starmer spoke to broadcasters, and was asked if he is blocking left-wing candidates from standing.

It comes after an Lloyd Russell-Moyle, who was poised to content Brighton Kemptown, was suspended from the party last night following a complaint.

Faiza Shaheen, a candidate selected by local members in Chingford and Woodford Green has also been removed by the National Executive committee.

And there continues to be uncertainty about the future of Diane Abbott.

The Labour leader replied: "No. I've said repeatedly over the last two years... that I want the highest quality candidates - that's been the position for a very long time."

On Ms Abbott, he repeated that "no decision has been taken to bar her".

He praised her as a "trailblazer" who overcame "incredible challenges" and "carved out the path for others to come into politics".

"And she did all that whilst being one of the most abused MPs across all political parties."

 Green Party co-leaders Carla Denyer and Adrian Ramsay are speaking at the party's campaign launch, taking place in Bristol.

Ms Denyer welcomes the election being called, declaring the party is "ready" and "excited" for the campaign.

She tells the gathered activists: "We've got something to offer that no other party has - real hope and real change."

Mr Ramsay says the election is "historic" because the polling is "clear" that the Tories are going to lose, and hits out at the "chaotic and disruptive" governance of the last few years.

Ms Denyer also hits out at Labour, say people are "not offering that change", and are "disappointed by the way Starmer has backtracked on his promises of green investment, his weak offer on housing", and "more privatisation" of the NHS.

"Labour is failing to offer the real change needed," she argues.

"We have the practical solutions to the cost of living crisis, building new affordable homes, protecting our NHS from creeping privatisation, and cleaning up our toxic rivers and seas.

"That's why it's so important that when Labour form the next government, they are pushed beyond the timid change they are offering."

Mr Ramsay says their goal is to "elect at least four Green MPs" at this election - up from just one.

They start unveiling their key pledges, including pushing for reform of the tax system, building homes "for the right price in the right place", cleaning up the UK's waterways, ensuring a strong NHS, and stopping the "backsliding" on tackling the climate crisis.

Ms Denyer says voters are "excited that they have a genuine choice", saying the "incremental change Labour have put on the table just isn't going to cut it to get this country back on track".

The Green Party campaign launch is also under way this morning in Bristol.

Caroline Lucas, who is making a speech at the launch, calls it the most "ambitious campaign ever".

She says it was the "privilege of my life" to have been elected four times as a Green Party MP for Brighton Pavilion.

Ms Lucas says the election will see the Conservatives "shown the door" by voters.

"We think this is good news," she says, adding: "But what would be even better news would be that when a Labour government is formed, that government was pushed to be bolder and braver on everything from housing to the NHS to the accelerating climate crisis."

"That would happen by having more Green MPs in parliament," she says, saying the party is offering "bolder politics" and "real change".

 Sir Keir Starmer has just delivered a speech in Monmouthshire in South Wales to launch Labour's general election campaign.

Here is what he said, as he said it (this post was updated live):

• The Labour leader opens by praising a voter who spoke just before him who is switching from the Tories to Labour, saying it "vindicates" the work of the last four years;
• He says "Wales has been waiting for this general election for a very, very long time", and as has the Labour Party;
• He rejects the notion that Sunak was laying an "ambush" by calling the vote early, and says: "He didn't catch us";
• Sir Keir reiterates his message of "change" and "national renewal", and appeals to families and businesses who are struggling to "rebuild Wales" and the whole country by voting Labour;
• He turns to Port Talbot where thousands of workers are facing the prospect of job losses in the steel industry, telling Rishi Sunak: "Go and look those people in the eyes, as I've done, and you'll see their anxiety about the damage that's being done by a government that doesn't have a plan, that's too divided";
• "I will fight for every single job that they have there, and the future of steel here in Wales," he declares;
• "Imagine what could be delivered in Wales" with Labour governments in the Senedd and in Westminster, he says;
• Sir Keir acknowledges that achieving his missions will be "difficult", but argues that he has done "difficult" work in previous roles, and says Labour "will never shy away" from the work that's needed, discussing at length  his "first steps for change" ;
• In closing, Sir Keir says this is "a change election where we can stop the chaos and division, we can turn the page and rebuild Wales and the United Kingdom together".

Shadow Welsh secretary Jo Stevens is next to take the stage.

She says she is "hugely proud" to be in the position, and adds that Labour is "back in the service of working people".

Wales is "brimming with potential" and punches "way above [its] weight" in culture and sport, she says.

She then jokes that "unlike Rishi Sunak" she knows who is playing in the Euros this year- referencing a gaffe by the prime minister last week in which he asked Welsh voters if they will watch the football tournament, even though Wales did not qualify.

Ms Stevens says her country has been held back by "14 years of chaos and incompetence" at the hands of the Tory government.

She says Labour's first steps, which the party is launching today, are the "antidote".

"If you want to see the economy grow after years of stagnation, if you're struggling to pay for your food and your energy bills, if you want an NHS that is fit for the future and opportunities for your children, if you want safe streets and secure borders, then our changed Labour party is proudly for you," she says.

There is now a "once in a generation opportunity" to deliver a Labour government "at both ends of the M4," she says, calling it "the prize we fight for".

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• Open access
• Published: 23 May 2024

Public perspectives on COVID-19 public health and social measures in Japan and the United Kingdom: a qualitative study

• Saki Kawamitsu 1   nAff5 ,
• Tin Zar Win 1 ,
• Su Myat Han 1 , 2   nAff6 ,
• Tomoka Nakamura 1 , 2 ,
• Melissa Jogie 3 &
• Chris Smith 1 , 4  

BMC Public Health volume  24 , Article number:  1393 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

227 Accesses

Metrics details

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, was one of the greatest modern public health crises that the world has faced. Countries undertook sweeping public health and social measures (PHSM); including environmental actions such as disinfection and ventilation; surveillance and response, such as contact tracing and quarantine; physical, such as crowd control; and restrictions on travel. This study focuses on the public perceptions of PHSM in two countries, Japan and the United Kingdom (UK) as examples of high-income countries that adopted different measures over the course of the pandemic.

This study was conducted between November 2021 and February 2022, a period in which the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 was predominant. Fourteen online focus group discussions were conducted in each country. Overall, 106 total participants (50 from the UK and 56 from Japan) participated in 23 focus groups (11 in the UK and 12 in Japan) with an average of three to six participants per group. Both countries were compared using a thematic analysis method.

Both countries’ participants agreed that vaccination was an effective measure. However, they did not favor mandatory vaccination policies. Working from home was well accepted by both sides, but they reported that schools should have continued to be opened as before COVID-19. Both sides of participants expressed that temperature testing alone in indoor facilities was ineffective as a COVID-19 control measure. There were contrasting views on face covering rules in public spaces, international and domestic movement restrictions. High acceptance of mask-wearing was reflective of Japanese customs, while it was accepted as a strong recommendation for participants in the UK. Japanese participants favored quarantine for international travel, while the UK participants supported banning non-essential travel.

Similar and contrasting views on PHSM against COVID-19 between Japan and the UK demonstrated how policies in controlling an epidemic should be tailored by country with respect to its norms, cultures, economic and disease burden. Our findings may guide how policy makers can engage with the public through effective health communication and consider regulations that are aligned with the public’s views and capacities in changing their behavior for future pandemic preparedness.

Peer Review reports

Introduction

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 was one of the greatest public health crises the world has faced, and in response countries undertook considerable public health and social measures (PHSM). PHSM is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as measures or actions by individuals, institutions, communities, local and national governments, and international bodies to slow or stop the spread of infectious disease, such as COVID-19 [ 1 ]. PHSMs include but are not limited to vaccination policies, face covering rules, working and teaching hours for businesses and schools, testing requirements to access indoor events, and international and domestic travel restrictions. The adoption of PHSMs was the subject of much debate during the COVID-19 pandemic [ 2 ]. Although all countries aimed to achieve the same outcome – to stop or dampen the spread of the diseases and death without burdening their health resources and economic vigor – there was a recognition that there exists no one-size fits all policy.

In 2021 the British Academy funded a small portfolio of projects focusing on vaccine engagement across the G7 countries [ 3 ]. The funded project; Adapting to the ‘New Normal’: Implications for post-COVID-19 Health Communication and Education [ 4 ], specifically focused on Japan and the United Kingdom (UK) as the only G7 island nations. Despite with similar constitutional governments, these nations were influenced by distinct socio-cultural and economic factors. This allowed for a comparative analysis of population responses to public health measures across diverse social-cultural settings but under similar government policy frameworks.

In align with this, the current study focused on Japan and the United Kingdom (UK), countries that adopted different PHSM over the course of the pandemic; albeit with slight variations within different prefectures of Japan and regions of the UK. Both Japan and the UK are islands, high-income countries, with similar demographic profiles including large proportions of elderly in their populations. The study aimed to identify why public voices should be considered when designing long-term plans for PHSMs to help prepare for future pandemics, and to identify culturally specific traits of populations as displaying homogenous behaviors. This could help with the curation of messages in terms of knowing when and how to approach the public about policy changes.

Study setting and study participants

The funded project; Adapting to the ‘New Normal’: Implications for post-COVID-19 Health Communication and Education used a mixed methods design; (i) survey with experimental design and (ii) focus groups. The discrete choice experiment aimed to assess the cost-benefit preferences the public would make while the focus groups provided a sample of qualitative insights creating a rationale for making these choices. While the large-scale survey provided patterns of choices, the focus groups were important to complement the survey as it helped us understand the rationale behind these choices.

In this study, we utilized the mixed-gender focus group discussions (FGDs) part only with the aim of providing insights into the public assessment and understanding of the advantages and disadvantages that individuals may envision when considering COVID-19 public health and social measures (PHSMs). Six PHSM categories were chosen (Table  1 ) for the FGDs. The discussions were held online, because the study was conducted when the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 was predominant, and the prevailing COVID-19 preventive measures prohibited group gatherings.

The participants were recruited through snowball sampling and online platforms (Facebook, Twitter, and website introducing the project) by purposive convenience sampling between November 2021 and February 2022. The study obtained information on age, gender, ethnicity, residence, occupation, the number of COVID-19 vaccinations that they had received and specific dates and times if and when they could participate for focus group discussions. Individuals aged more than 18 years old were eligible for FGDs, if they lived in the Kansai region (Japan) or Greater London (the UK). The Kansai region is located on the west side of Japan and consists of six prefectures: Osaka, Hyogo, Kyoto, Nara, Wakayama, and Shiga. Approximately 20.4 million people lived in the region, which comprised 16.7% of the total population of Japan in 2021 [ 5 ]. Osaka is the second largest city after the capital of Tokyo. The population and businesses are mainly dispersed among the three major cities of Osaka (Osaka prefecture), Kobe (Hyogo prefecture), and Kyoto (Kyoto prefecture). Greater London is the administrative area of London, the capital of the United Kingdom and England. It is organized into 33 local administrative divisions, consisting of 32 London boroughs and the City of London. The population of Greater London was approximately 9 million in 2021 [ 6 ]. The researchers then grouped the participants according to the available dates and times so that they were as mixed in age and gender as possible, in anticipation of the group dynamics that would emerge from interactions among participants with diverse backgrounds.

Data collection

Online focus groups were conducted separately in Japan and the UK. The focus group topic guides included questions on the six main categories of PHSMs: (1) vaccination; (2) face covering rules; (3) working and teaching hours for businesses, schools, and universities; (4) testing required to access indoor events; (5) domestic movement restriction; and (6) border closure and international travel restrictions. The participants were asked to select the level of control measures for each category according to the type of COVID-19 scenarios that differed in epidemiological profiles with varying cases, death rates, and hospitalization trends (Table  1 ). As these scenarios changed, the participants were asked anew whether they would alter their preference level of measures to adapt to these changes. This process provided participant views of PHSMs responding to ‘shocks’, or sharp changes in the headline levels of infections, hospitalizations, and deaths. The epidemiological profile of COVID-19 scenarios was based on (i) the number of new cases per million people per week (ranging from 200 to 4000), (ii) the percentage of excess deaths per month (ranging from − 10 to 25%), and (iii) the overall trend in the number of hospitalizations over the previous 2 weeks (either ‘rising’ or ‘falling’). The participants were asked to explore the reasons for the selections in each phase. Based on the principle of focus group design, the PI was able to customize a design for the focus group integrated within the larger mixed-method design of the study [ 7 ]. The focus groups used similar prompts and references of the scenarios in the survey to elicit participants’ detailed thought processes and choices, enhancing the validity of the overall mixed-methods design. Each group discussion lasted between 100 and 120 min.

The discussion guide was initially created in English, and then it was translated into Japanese to fit the Japanese context. A pilot test was conducted to scrutinize the content of the discussion guide. Before starting the data collection, the principal investigator (PI) conducted training sessions for the research assistants (RAs) on how to conduct the focus group discussions (FDGs). Specifically, the moderators were trained to ask participants individually and by name for their thoughts (promoting inclusivity), and to defuse any political contexts. Participants were given the option to turn the camera on or off, but were encouraged to keep them on as much as possible to allow for the observation of facial expressions. The study addressed the possibility of bias in data collection by training moderators to ensure that participants responded using their own words and phrases, and elaborated on their thoughts independently before being prompted by researchers.

In each country, the PI and/or the RAs moderated the group discussions. Each focus group had two researchers; specifically, one was mainly a moderator who ensured the smooth progression of the sessions and note taking, while the other was mainly an observer who made sure that all of the topics and questions were covered. The observer was responsible for recording the time, providing technical support, observing remarks and facial expressions, note taking, and had decision-making authority in the event of a tie in the number of votes. Each focus group conducted was moderated by native Japanese speaker in Japan and by native English speaker in the UK .

Overall, 106 participants were recruited and participated in the FDGs. In Japan, 56 participants participated in 12 FGDs, with an average of three to six participants per group. They were conducted between 8th January 2022 and 12th February 2022.

In the UK, 50 participants participated in 11 focus groups, with an average of three to six participants per group. FGDs in the UK were conducted between 28th December 2021 and 21st January 2022.

Data analysis

All recorded video and audio were transcribed by NVivo transcription software and checked by RAs. Japanese FGD transcripts were translated into English by the RAs. To ensure data consistency, this study had two researchers in each session to compare each note and recorded data for the accuracy and consistency in the data collected. Additionally, to ensure data reliability, this study introduced variations in the scenarios to assess the participants’ consistency in their choices. The transcripts were read multiple times to develop a deeper understanding of the data. Then, thematic analysis was used to analyze the data and present the results according to the main themes that emerged together with illustrative quotes.During the analysis phase, discussions were held between native speakers of Japanese and English to capture the nuances of the speakers and the cultural background necessary to interpret and discuss the results of all focus groups conducted in Japan and the UK.

Characteristics of the participants in the focus group discussions are shown in Table  2 . Findings from the FGDs in Japan are reported first, followed by the UK.

Response to COVID-19 preventive measures in Japan

In general, Japanese participants mainly emphasized the number of cases and hospitalizations rather than the number of deaths. There was a preference to maintain restrictions regardless of the number of cases, because they expected that the numbers would increase again. Many participants recognized the economic damage and agreed that economic activities should be prioritized when the number of cases decreased.

Vaccination is an effective measure but should not be mandatory

The majority of Japanese participants believed in the effectiveness of the vaccine; but even under high infectious scenarios, they opposed making vaccination mandatory, in consideration of respect for human rights and the differing situations of individuals. Although 60% of participants chose the option of strongly recommending against limiting services to the unvaccinated, they preferred to make advantages for those who were vaccinated instead of imposing penalties or restrictions on those who were unvaccinated.

“We need to guarantee individual freedom, so I chose Level 2 (Vaccine strongly advised and limited service if unvaccinated). Rather than restricting services to the unvaccinated, I thought that vaccination would go more smoothly if there were benefits to those who had been vaccinated.” (Female, 18–39 s, FG2) .

However, in the scenario that cases decreased, some participants who had experienced adverse reactions to vaccination reported preferring a general information campaign versus mandatory vaccination.

“I choose level 1(General information campaign, No penalties if unvaccinated). I had a very strong side effect from the vaccine, and my fever was not so bad, about 38 degrees Celsius, but I felt muscle pain so much that I was bedridden for about three days. Since I know the situation, I think that if more and more people get vaccinated twice, they will probably ask for a third and fourth vaccination. If it became a requirement and I was restricted from doing many things, I would not be happy.” (Female, 18–39 s, FG5) .

Quarantine as an effective measure to control imported cases

Around 60% of participants in Japan believed that COVID-19 was repeatedly brought in from outside the country; and because of the effectiveness of quarantine, more emphasis should be placed on the quarantine period for international travel under high infectious scenarios.

“People are coming from overseas anyway. Even if there are restrictions on non-essential overseas travel, people will enter the country even if they don’t need to, so it is better to have a quarantine period.” (Male, 40–59 s, FG11) .

In the scenario that COVID-19 became stable, such as under low infectious scenarios, many participants reported preferring to have frequent or regular flights which provided for a quarantine period, because a total ban on unnecessary international travels was impossible given the economic damage.

“I have a very similar opinion to the person who just said, and that is level 2 (Frequent/regular flights (but long quarantine)). I think it is a compromise between the two. I think that setting a quarantine period will lead to a decrease in unnecessary travel, such as travel for entertainment and sightseeing. We can’t eliminate such things. If we focus on the effect of drastically restricting such activities, I think this is better.” (Male, 18–39 s, FG5) .

Domestic travel restrictions play a role in reducing the spread of infection

Many people in Japan thought that under high infectious scenarios, commuting limited to local towns, cities, or prefectures would be appropriate because the number of cases was large; and activities should be restricted during the daytime, when there was a lot of human activity. However, some thought that due to the economic impact, and based on their experience, restricting activities during the daytime would be too severe.

“…domestic travel should be restricted during the day. The number of infected people is high, exceeding 10,000. It depends on the virulence of the virus, but it is important not to spread the infection. The infection has spread without restrictions during the day.” (Male, 18–39 s, FG10) .

The participants reported that they might change their preference if the severity of the COVID-19 pandemic were to reduce. Around 50% of participants reported that they may choose an overnight curfew, while the remaining chose commuting limited to local town, city, or prefecture. It was mentioned that it would be difficult to limit movement of people in the Kansai area, where people frequently come and go from neighboring prefectures for commuting to work and school.

“Within Kansai area is close to neighboring prefectures, and many people commute to school and work across the region, so level 2 (Commuting limited to local town, city or prefecture) is difficult.” (Female, 18–39 s, FG6) .

Work from home is an appropriate measure but may not be good for schools

Most participants in Japan agreed that under high infectious scenarios businesspeople and companies should use telework to minimize direct human contact. However, they believed that schooling should be continued, especially for elementary and junior high schools, as virtual learning could impact student social skills, education, and physical activity.

“Even if students take online classes, it’s not good for their health if they stay at home all the time and don’t do any physical activity. School is also important for social skills, so I would like to make it level 1(Regular (maintains economy)) to respect the right of children to learn.” (Female, 18–39 s, FG2) .

Participants reported that if the number of cases decreased, regulations should be loosened by accepting the presence of COVID-19 as the new normal, and schools should be reopened, considering the importance of student education.

“I think it would be good to weaken the restrictions on working/schooling. As everyone mentioned earlier, if commuting is restricted, I think the situation will change to the new normal where people will be able to live with this. If the COVID-19 situation is reduced to this level, I think that schools should return to normal, and everyone should be able to study to some extent.” (Female, 18–39 s, FG4) .

Temperature checks alone are not a sufficient measure for indoor events

Almost all participants had the opinion that in their experience a temperature check alone was not effective. Most participants supported lateral flow or antigen testing due to its reliability.

“I also don’t trust the temperature check alone, so I think the antigen test is more reliable. I think the more checks you do, the more likely you can find people who are positive.” (Female, 60s, FG12) .

In the scenario that cases decreased, most participants reported that they would accept the use of temperature screening, in consideration of the financial costs, human resources, and time taken to implement antigen testing.

“The number of cases has decreased significantly, and the number of hospitalizations has gone down from the previous increase, so I am imagining the last part of a wave that came once. As for the number of deaths, I don’t feel that there is a significant difference between 9% fewer and 3% more deaths, so I’m thinking that we should loosen up the measures. I think vaccination is fine, but I don’t think we need to spend so much money and time on antigen testing for events. I think it’s also the right time to ensure people’s freedom of movement without setting quarantine periods for restrictions on overseas travel.” (Male, 40–59 s, FG11) .

Mask wearing is a custom in Japan and an effective measure

All participants thought that wearing masks in public spaces should be recommended rather than forced, because almost all people in Japan wear masks, and new measures would not likely increase the rate of the mask use. They believed that wearing masks was important and effective in preventing infection.

“Considering the cost of establishing such laws and regulations, I thought it would be fine to leave it as it is, because all Japanese people are currently wearing masks.” (Male, 18–39 s, FG3,)

“I think people will wear masks just because it is cultural. If you look at the U.S., Europe, and other countries, you will find that there are many people who do not wear masks. In Japan, it is not compulsory to wear masks, and even if there is no fine, people would probably wear masks in public places, and I think people can cooperate in wearing masks even if there are no strict rules.” (Female, 18–39 s, FG9) .

Response to COVID-19 preventive measures in the UK

Most participants made decisions based on the hospitalization and death rate rather than the number of cases.

As in Japan, participants in the UK did not recommend compulsory vaccination, out of consideration for human rights. But many participants were in favor of limiting services for the unvaccinated.

“I would go with level 2 (Vaccine strongly advised and limited service if unvaccinated) as well. Also, for this reason I don’t think it should be compulsory to have vaccines, however if it is strongly advised and it’s your choice not to have it then the consequences of you not having it affect what you can do.” (Female, 40–59 s, FG2) .

“To keep such a good condition, I think a vaccine is necessary, but not mandatory because there must be someone who is concerned not to have the vaccine and they can still keep their freedom.” (Female, 40–59 s, FG3) .

Limiting international travel to only essential trips may reduce the spread the viruses

Around 50% of participants reported preferring frequent or regular flights with long quarantine times; whilst the other half preferred a government ban on all non-essential international travel, with the expectation that the policy would impede the entry of new variants into the country.

“I would also choose level 3 (bans on all non-essential entry and exit). Just like [name removed] had said, there are people carrying viruses from other countries. So, I think, in regard to the case study, I think if we ban all non-essential entries and exits, then hopefully that’ll crack down on any additional new variants.” Female, 18–39 s FG6)

Domestic travel restrictions do not have any impact on control measures

Most of the participants did not see any difference between an overnight curfew and limited commuting. They thought that both options still allowed people to contact each other.

“I think what we’d want to do is reduce contact as much as possible, so with the third kind of question with commuting limited to local towns versus not seeing each other, the curfew after hours, those two again I don’t feel strongly about because they don’t really make a difference. You’re still seeing people either way. I guess still staying with the commuting within a limited local town reduces it from spreading to another geographical area.” (Female, 18–39 s, FG9) .

Limited working hours is effective, but it may not be a good choice for the long term

Roughly 60% of the participants believed that activities such as schools, universities, and business should be reduced; as they could increase the number of cases and hospitalizations due to close contact. However, some participants were concerned about mental health issues and domestic violence resulting from isolation at home.

“You understand, when you reduce the number of times in school and businesses, people will not be in contact, hence the reduction in the number of people who would be going to hospital.” (Male, 18–39 s, FG11) .

“At the same time, I’ve also noticed within my profession that domestic abuse has risen and mental health has risen, and people have taken their lives and people have been very hurt in domestic abuse situations. So, that’s the only reason I would go with regular.” (Female, 18–39 s, FG1) .

Around 70% of participants preferred lateral flow or antigen testing, as they believed that a temperature check alone was not reliable. However, it was reported that lateral flow or antigen tests may be uncomfortable for some people.

“For me, I’d say level 2 (Lateral flow/antigen (uncomfortable but more reliable)) because it is a little uncomfortable but to get reliable data is quite important.” (Male, 18–39 s, FG4) .

“I would definitely choose level 1 (Temperature checks (easy but unreliable)). Because it’s easy and I don’t see if lateral flow or antigen tests can be comfortable for everyone.” (Male, 18–39 s, FG4) .

Mask wearing prevents transmission but recommendation alone is not effective to public behavior changes

The majority of participants (88%) supported mandatory fines for non-compliance, since they were concerned that recommendations alone may be insufficient to change behaviors, and trusted that masks could reduce transmission due to a respiratory tract infection. However, there were disagreements about human rights if the government made mask-wearing a mandatory measure.

“I have somebody that I know that is from China background and they said that even before COVID, they’ve always had to wear masks in public transport, and they don’t really get much colds and flu’s anyway. Yes, I’ll go with level 2 (Mandatory fines for non-compliance).” (Female,18–39 s, FG1) .

“I think based on the data above that there’s a lot of cases and hospital admissions are rising, I think I would opt for level 2 (Mandatory fines for non-compliance) because experience told me when it’s recommended then most people don’t follow. But if you have to then you may get slightly more people follow the rules.” (Female, 40–59 s, FG2) .

Table  3 describes the overall similarities and differences in the responses of participants to the selected PHSM of COVID-19.

In this study we conducted focus group discussions with 106 people in Japan and the United Kingdom (UK), to investigate public perceptions of levels of COVID-19 prevention measures under different hypothetical degree scenarios of the pandemic. The study spanned from late 2021 to early 2022, a time at which the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 was predominant. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comparative study of its kind.

In the FGDs, participants in the UK judged the level of countermeasures based on the number of deaths and hospitalizations, while those in Japan focused on the number of cases and hospitalizations. There were similarities and differences between Japanese and the UK perspectives on different PHSMs.

Most participants in both countries accepted the strong recommendation for vaccination, and limiting services to the unvaccinated. However, a collective resistance to mandatory vaccination persisted across all conceivable COVID-19 scenarios. These findings were consistent with a discrete choice survey conducted in the USA, which explored preferences for strategies related to COVID-19 vaccine distribution [ 8 ]. The most common reasons against mandatory vaccination were human rights and the right to freedom of choice, and also considering those who were physically unable to be vaccinated. The perceptions of participants from both countries on rewarding the vaccinated were in line with a study in the Netherlands in which respondents particularly disliked the policies penalizing those who abstain from vaccination, while favoring approaches that reward vaccine acceptance [ 9 ]. The opposition to mandatory vaccination may be in consideration of human rights and the preservation of individual freedom of choice; as well as in recognition of those who had legitimate medical reasons for being ineligible for vaccination. Within the UK, the issue of mandated COVID-19 vaccination was a divisive one, leading to a polarization of public sentiment [ 10 ]. It is crucial to recognize that mandates and restrictions carry profound ethical implications [ 11 ]; and possess the potential to elicit a strong and often negative public reaction [ 12 , 13 ].

The high acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination observed in our study is likely attributed to the widespread recognition that vaccination is the foremost efficacious measure for curtailing the incidence of COVID-19 cases and mitigating hospitalizations. It was reported that 64–70% in the UK [ 14 ], and 56–62% of individuals in Japan [ 15 ], had COVID-19 vaccine confidence; and the acceptance is related to the high effectiveness of the vaccine during the time of the study [ 16 , 17 ]. Positive and pervasive media attention regarding the effectiveness of the vaccine may have influenced opinions; particularly in Japan where the government or media is perhaps the main source of information [ 8 ]. However, the participants suggested that there is a room for improvement in the transparency and clarity of government health communications to the public.

Travel restrictions

Both countries are geographically islands, and this might have influenced the shared concerns regarding the implementation of international and domestic travel restrictions. Participants in both countries recognized the importance of quarantine periods. Due to the economic impact of flight bans, most Japanese respondents focused on the quarantine system; while about half of respondents in the UK preferred to ban all non-essential travel, as they thought that every entry could bring the virus, or a new variant. It was estimated that in tourism revenue, Japan could lose 1.29 billion USD during the first quarter of 2020 [ 18 ]; and the UK could lose £7 billion during the Omicron pandemic [ 19 ]. Although both countries suffered from the economic impact, differences in participant responses could have been influenced by their governments’ response to the pandemic and the current COVID-19 situation in their countries. It is worth noting that in Japan, a national lockdown is not possible by law, and therefore the willingness of the public to adhere to suggestions was considered important for the flattening of the COVID-19 curve [ 12 ]. In contrast, in the UK, a national lockdown required residents to stay home unless there was an essential need to go out. Public business activities may have a large impact on the behaviors of individuals.

Working hours

Individuals from both countries were adapting to new ways of teleworking under COVID-19 measures. They were in favor of continuing remote work situations beyond the conclusion of the pandemic. In the UK, telework was mainly discussed, with support for its introduction and minimizing the use of public transportation to reduce human contact as an essential infection control measure. On the other hand, in Japan, schooling was mainly discussed rather than telework. Participants expressed concerns about the negative impact of school closures on children’s development and stressed the importance of schooling, even if it slightly increases the risk of infection, assuming that other policies such as vaccines are in place. Thisdifference could potentially be attributed to the relatively youthful composition of the Japanese participants, coupled with the potential challenges in effectively instituting online learning at the time of data collection comparing to the UK situation.

COVID-19 testing

Participants from both countries did not agree that temperature screening alone was an effective method for identifying suspected cases, especially when the COVID-19 cases were high, as was the case at the time of the study. Previous studies [ 20 , 21 , 22 ] supported this response, stating that temperature screening methods alone should not be the sole measure for case detection. A systematic review and meta-analysis found that 40–50% of confirmed COVID-19 cases were asymptomatic [ 23 ]; thus, perhaps undermining the reliability of temperature checks as a diagnostic tool. However, Japanese participants accepted the idea of taking temperature readings only, in the scenario with low number of COVID-19 cases; as they assumed that the lateral flow tests or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests required significant financial, human, and time resources.

Mask wearing

Participants from both countries acknowledged the effectiveness of wearing masks in preventing infection. In Japan, the participants indicated that there was no need for such regulations, citing the longstanding Japanese custom of wearing masks [ 24 ]. In contrast, the participants from the UK advocated for stricter regulation on mask-wearing, as the population is not as accustomed to this practice as in Japan. In 2020, approximately 80% of people in Japan wore masks to prevent COVID-19 transmission [ 25 ]. The cultural emphasis on self-restraint to curb the spread of infection may have contributed to the high compliance rate for mask-wearing as a control measure against COVID-19. Given the widespread acceptance of mask-wearing, the general population in Japan and in other Asian countries may have been strongly motivated to adhere to policies and guidelines that encourage the wearing of face masks in public spaces to combat the COVID-19 pandemic [ 26 ].

Strengths and limitations

This study captured the real-time opinions during the period of the Omicron pandemic, when infection levels and concerns about new variants were high. Although public opinions were dynamic, our findings retained significance as a historical record, and reflected individual viewpoints within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. These insights could prove valuable to policymakers when contemplating hypothetical scenarios for future COVID-19 re-emergence or outbreaks of other pathogens.

Our study had some limitations. First, the study was conducted online, to avoid gathering people under COVID-19. This left us with online recruitment of participants, and convenience sampling restricted the group to only those with internet access and the capacity to engage in online interactions; and this was particularly noticeable among the younger participants in Japan. Second, the study was conducted during a specific period where the preferences of participants may have depended on their availabilities and the epidemiological situation when a new SARS-CoV-2 variant had just begun to circulate. Third, data collection occurred during a transitional phase in both countries and spanned a period of evolving infection scenarios and response strategies. Despite the guidance of the moderator to anchor responses to the hypothetical scenarios rather than current circumstances, the infection conditions at the time of the FGDs may still have influenced perceptions and replies. Fourth, inherent bias could arise from the likelihood of participation being skewed toward individuals interested in COVID-19 control measures; and leaving out the opinions of those entirely disinterested or those who may delineate from the views of the majority. Finally, there were slight variations to PHSMs within different prefectures of Japan and regions of the UK. Hence the public perspectives obtained from the Kansai and Greater London areas may not be representative those throughout both countries. Despite these limitations, our findings provide valuable information on the similar and contrasting views of COVID-19 measures in Japan and the UK.

Conclusions

Our study revealed similarities and differences in preferences for preventive measures among the respondents from both countries. While both groups agreed on certain PHSM categories (vaccination, working and teaching hours, and COVID-19 testing policy), the responses differed on face-covering rules in public spaces and international and domestic movement restrictions. This indicates that policy to control infection cannot be homogenous across the world. Our findings implicated how policy makers engage in health communication with the public; and for future pandemic preparedness could encourage policy makers to consider regulations which are in alignment with public capacities. Although the specific reasons of similarities and differences were not explored in this study, they warrant future studies to cover various aspects – such as norms, cultures, and the economic and disease burdens of each country – in understanding the public opinions on the PHSM responses.

Data availability

The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

Focus Group Discussion

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Public Health Social Measures

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Dr. James Gilleen, Mr. Kieron Scott Singh, Dr. Miho Sato, the research assistants Ms. Kimiko Uchiyama, Mr. Shun Okino, and all participants in Japan and the UK for partaking in this study.

Financial support for this study was provided by the British Academy (Ref: COVG7210041, ‘Adapting to the ‘New Normal’: Implications for post-COVID-19 Health Communication and Education). CS was supported by a Japan Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology Young Researcher award on ‘Improving the international travel experience in the time of COVID-19’ (KAKENHI 22K18104). SMH and TN were supported by the WISE Program (Doctoral Program for World-leading Innovative & Smart Education) of Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. The funders of the study had no role in the study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or the writing of the report. The corresponding author had full access to all the data in the study and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication.

Author information

Saki Kawamitsu

Present address: School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Health Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

Su Myat Han

Present address: National Centre for Infectious Disease, Novena, Singapore

Authors and Affiliations

School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan

Saki Kawamitsu, Tin Zar Win, Su Myat Han, Tomoka Nakamura & Chris Smith

Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK

Su Myat Han & Tomoka Nakamura

University of Roehampton, London, UK

Melissa Jogie

Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK

Chris Smith

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Contributions

SK: data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, and writing the original draft; TZW: data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, and writing the original draft; SMH: data interpretation and writing the original draft; TN: study design and conceptualization, data collection, data interpretation and translation, writing review, and editing; MJ: Principal Investigator (PI), study design and conceptualization, data collection, data interpretation, supervision, writing review, and editing; CS: study design and conceptualization, supervision, writing review, and editing. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Chris Smith .

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The study received ethical approval from the ethics committee of University of Roehampton London, UK (Ref: EDU 21/ 222) and the School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health (TMGH), Nagasaki University, Japan (Ref: NU_TMGH_2021_192_1). All participants provided informed consent.

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Kawamitsu, S., Win, T.Z., Han, S.M. et al. Public perspectives on COVID-19 public health and social measures in Japan and the United Kingdom: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health 24 , 1393 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-18866-3

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-18866-3

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