italian cruise missile

Italy’s New Type U212 NFS Submarine Program Moving Forward with OCCAR

The italian ministry of defense’s secretariat general/national armaments directorate for naval armaments has announced its intention to proceed, via the organization for joint armament cooperation (occar) agency, with a procurement contract for 2 + 2 type u212 nfs (near future submarine) air independent propulsion (aip) submarines and the related logistic and training support to be awarded to fincantieri shipbuilding group as prime contractor..

Luca Peruzzi 10 Dec 2020

Luca Peruzzi story with additional reporting by Xavier Vavasseur

The information was published on the European public procurement platform on 9 December and released as ‘voluntary ex ante transparency notice’, explaining that ‘the contract can be awarded to Fincantieri using a negotiated procedure without prior publication of a contract notice pursuant to EC (European Commission) regulation, being the Italian shipyard the sole economic operator able to meet the programme requirements both for the technical reasons and for reasons connected with the protection of exclusive rights’, including intellectual property rights, as indicated in the notice.

According to the notice which was published yesteday, the Italian Ministry of Defense (Ministero Della Difesa — Segretariato Generale Della Difesa e Direzione Nazionale Degli Armamenti-direzione Degli Armamenti Navali) intends to purchase, via the Organisation for Joint Armament Cooperation (OCCAR), 2 submarines type U212 NFS, plus 2 as option, the related in service technical — logistic support and the training centre. The contract to be awarded is valued at 1.35 billion Euros.

The notice further explains:

The U212 NFS submarines represent an evolution of U212A submarines (first and second batch) currently operated by the Italian Navy and are the sole undeniable asset that the Italian Navy needs to satisfy its operational requirements in the submarine domain for the accomplishment of the institutional tasks..

The U212 NFS is based on U212A design whose Background Information have been granted, through an Industrial Cooperation Agreement, by the German Design Authority (tKMS) to Fincantieri Spa for the construction in Italy of the NFS submarines for the Italian Navy.

In Europe only TKMS and Fincantieri have the technical know-how for the development and production of U212A submarines; there are no other European shipyards which have built such submarines.

Therefore the contract can be awarded to Fincantieri Spa using the negotiated procedure without prior publication of a contract notice pursuant to Article 28(1)(e) of Directive 2009/81/EC, being the Italian shipyard the sole economic operator able to meet the Program requirements both for technical reasons and for reasons connected with the protection of exclusive rights.

The notice confirms what already reported by Naval News that OCCAR agency will award the contract and manage the program on behalf of Italian MoD as already done with the PPA and LSS programs, as the same agency provides a wider contractual flexibility compared to national management as well as opens these projects to third-parties participation, among the main benefits, as testified by the French joining of the LSS programme. OCCAR has recently changed location and renewed its office in Rome to be able also to ‘shortly host the expected set up of the New NFS PD (Programme Division) in OCCAR, sharing common assets and providing economies of scale’, recently announced the same agency.

The Italian MoD’s directorate of naval armaments and OCCAR are currently on the verge of launching the U212 NFS development and procurement program for four new generation air-independent propulsion submarines with a large national industry’s content. “The contract is expected to be awarded to Fincantieri by year-end” , said the Italian Navy’s Chief of Staff in a Parliament hearing last October, bureaucratic and funding procedure permitting.  

About Type U212 NFS — Near Future Submarine

The Italian Navy currently has four U-212A Todaro-class submarines in service: the Todaro (delivered in 2006), the Sciré (2007), the Pietro Venuti (2016) and the Romeo Romei (2017).

Conceived to maintain advanced capabilities in the underwater domain with a renewed national R&D and industrial cluster participation, and to replace four in-service updated Sauro -class boats maintaining an eight platforms submarine fleet, the NFS program will sees the procurement contract award for two boats plus option for additional two boats in addition to in-service and logistic support. The program funded by the Minister of Economic Development is subdivided into two tranche, as indicated by information provided to the Parliament in 2018 e 2019: the first tranche regards the development and procurement of the first two boats with the related technical-logistic in-service support (10 years) while the second tranche is related to new technologies development and the procurement of the second batch of two boats and the related in-service technical-logistic support. The first tranche also include the technological update of the training ad operational support systems. According to the multi-year planning document 2020-2022 released last October, the funded procurement cost of €1,35 billion indicated in the notice regards the first tranche of the program. The overall program cost, according to the same document, is today indicated in €2,68 billion. No update information on the program schedule was given, but Naval News understood that if the contract will be awarded around year-end, the first U212 NFS could be delivered in 2027 while the second could follow in 2028.

U212 NFS technical characteristics

As a national development of the U212A submarines already in service under the joint German-Italian procurement and support program, the U212 NFS AIP boats will have an hydrodynamic enhanced hull design with an central body 1,2 meters longer compared to in-service platforms, and including a propeller optimized cap combined with pre-swirled rudders, a fluoropolymer foul release hull coating to reduce fuel consumption, all contributing to reduce the acoustic signature, alongside a new emerging blowing system.

The new platforms could potentially also take advantage in the future of the on-going revolutionary Submarine UnderWater Invisible through MetaMaterials (SUWIMM) R&D program. The Italian MoD invested in a nationally-developed energy storage system centred on new-generation Lithium-iron-phosphate (LFP) battery system integrated by Fincantieri and provided by Italian FiB/FAMM company and adds to the in-service AIP propulsion system on the first two new boats to further extend underwater operational endurance. The following batch could benefit from a second-generation fuel cell-based AIP R&D program. All program’s platforms will have a new longer low-profile sail design with seven electrically-actuated mast-raising systems from Calzoni/L3Harris.  The new boats will also feature a new integrated combat system developed and mainly provided by Italian industry alongside a new or enhanced integrated platform management system and up-to-date Avio Aero autopilot. With a new combat information centre arrangement, it will accommodate a new combat management system provided by Leonardo, managing a sensors package centred on an enhanced sonar suite, new masts with new-generation RESM/CESM suite provided by Elettronica and communications equipment, in addition to a new weapon systems package.

U212 NFS weapons

The U212 NFS will feature six 533 mm tubes for the Leonardo Black Shark Advanced (BSA) heavy-weight torpedoes as well as, in the pipeline to be approved and funded, land attack cruise missiles and UUVs.   As we previously reported , the Italian Chief of Navy highlighted the need for a credible deep strike capability to be provided by submarines (and surface platforms), which is under defense review. The DPP 2020-22 include a long-term unfunded and unspecified service-provided ‘Deep Strike New Generation’ capability.

Italy’s U212 NFS program will provide Fincantieri and Italian industry, a strong export push in the underwater platform sector as well as in support of the on-going cooperation in submarines with Germany and potentially other customers.

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Italy signs up for Anglo-French future cruise missile programme

26th June 2023 - 12:39 GMT | by Harry Lye in London

The FC/ASW programme is exploring two missile concepts, one subsonic and one supersonic. (Photo: MBDA)

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The weapon programme, known as Future Cruise/Anti-Ship Weapon (FC/ASW) in the UK seeks to replace the UK’s Harpoon Block 1C and Storm Shadow missiles and France’s Exocet and Scalp missiles.

Italy also operates Storm Shadow – and as such, joining the FC/ASW programme will give Rome a pathway to its replacement.

In a press release, the French MoD said a dialogue phase would now be able to be opened between the three countries and lay out the foundations for future development work.

Rome, London, and Paris are seeking to have an operational deep strike capability by 2030.

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Italy Joins Franco-British Future Missile Program

Italy has joined the Franco-British Future Cruise/Anti-Ship Weapon (FC/ASW) program.

The decision was revealed during a meeting on Tuesday between the Italian Minister of Defense Guido Crosetto and his French counterpart Sebastien Lecornu , La Tribune reported .

Authorities from the three countries later signed a letter of intent for the project on the sidelines of the Paris Air Show the same day, the French outlet added.

FC/ASW Program 

France and the UK launched the FC/ASW program in 2017 to replace the Exocet and Harpoon anti-ship missiles operational in the British and French navies and the air-launched Storm Shadow/SCALP cruise missile with the British and French air forces, starting in 2028.

The next-generation missile program is currently pursuing two complementary missile concepts:  a subsonic, low-observable concept and a supersonic, highly maneuverable concept.

“These concepts are to meet the requirements of France and the UK and will provide a game-changing capability to overcome land-based and maritime threats, hardened targets and air defense systems, at very long ranges and in increasingly contested battle space environments,” MBDA stated in 2022. 

Expected Features

The ramjet-powered MBDA missile is expected to weigh around 800 kilograms (1,763 pounds) with a payload of three 200-kilogram (441 pounds) and two 50-kilogram (110 pounds) warheads.

The warheads will be able to strike a target together for a concentrated impact or be ejected from a lateral bay to strike multiple targets.

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Italy Joins France, UK In Cruise Missile Project

Based in London, Tony covers European defense programs. Prior to joining Aviation Week in November 2012, Tony was at Shephard Media Group where he was deputy editor for Rotorhub and Defence Helicopter magazines.

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Home > Newsroom > Latest News > Letter of Intent signed on Future Cruise/Anti Ship Weapon programme

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Letter of Intent signed on Future Cruise/Anti-Ship Weapon programme

United Kingdom/Italy – Signing of a Letter of Intent between France, the United Kingdom and Italy on the Future Cruise and Anti-Ship Weapon programme – Press communiqué issued by the Ministry for the Armed Forces

Paris, 24 June 2023

Currently at the risk-removal phase, the Franco-British Future Cruise/Anti-Ship Weapon programme (FC/ASW) aims to develop a new generation of missiles to update the two nations’ long-range anti-ship and deep-strike capabilities.

By jointly signing a Letter of Intent on the FC/ASW programme on Tuesday 20 June 2023, the United Kingdom, Italy and France confirmed their desire to extend Franco-British cooperation to include their Italian partner.

The dialogue phase that can now begin between the three countries will lay the foundations of the future development phase. The goal for each of the three countries is to have an operational deep-strike capability by 2030. This new phase of the FC/ASW programme will strengthen the European Defence Technological and Industrial Base centring on the manufacturer MBDA, a European leader in missiles.

The Franco-British FC/ASW programme aims to replace the SCALP/Storm Shadow air-launched cruise missiles, in service in the French and British air forces, as well as the heavy airborne and surface anti-ship missiles Exocet in France and Harpoon in the UK.

It arose from France and the UK’s shared need for a long-range anti-ship capability for use on the high seas, and an ability to engage hard targets deep in the enemy’s defence system.

The programme has been entrusted to the manufacturer MBDA, which is developing technologies and systems aimed at improving the survivability, range and lethality of anti-ship and cruise missiles fired from fighter planes and warships.

The concept phase, costing in the order of €100 million, is funded in equal shares by France and the UK; it is also equally shared in terms of workload between MBDA France and MBDA UK./.

Published on 27/06/2023

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• Missiles of the World

SCALP EG / Storm Shadow / SCALP Naval / Black Shaheen / APACHE AP

The SCALP EG and its variants are a series of French-made air-launched cruise missiles. Variants of the missile have been customized and sold to the United Kingdom, Italy, Greece, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. France has also developed and deployed a sea-launched version for use on its naval ship and submarines.

SCALP EG / Storm Shadow at a Glance

APACHE AP Development

Missile variants, apache ap specifications, scalp eg/ storm shadow specifications.

The SCALP EG/Storm Shadow is guided by a triple navigation system, using inertial navigation, GPS, and Terrain Reference Navigation. 16 These advanced navigation systems, combined with an imaging infrared seeker and automatic target recognition algorithms, allow the missile to effectively hit the targeted impact point in severe conditions.

SCALP Naval Specifications

Black shaheen specifications, service history.

In 1997, the UAE order 600 Black Shaheen missiles, which were believed to be delivered in 2003 and operational by 2007.

• James O’Halloran, IHS Jane’s Weapons: Strategic 2015-2016 , 2015, (United Kingdom: IHS), 140.
• GlobalSecurity.org, “Apache”, 2016, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/apache.htm.”
• James O’Halloran, IHS Jane’s Weapons: Strategic 2015-2016, 2015, (United Kingdom: IHS), 140.
• Air-force Technology, “Storm Shadow/ SCALP Long-Range, Air-Launched, Stand-Off Attack Missile, France”, 2016, http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/storm-shadow-missile/.
• Nuclear Threat Initiative, “United Arab Emirates Overview”, April 2015, http://www.nti.org/learn/countries/united-arab-emirates/.
• MBDA Missile Systems, “Successful First Firing of MBDA’s SCALP Naval Missile”, June 15 2010, http://www.mbda-systems.com/press-releases/successful-first-firing-of-mbdas-scalp-naval-missile/.
• MBDA Missile Systems, “Storm Shadow/SCALP”, 2016, http://www.mbda-systems.com/air-dominance/storm-shadow-scalp/.
• Global Security, “Apache”, 2016, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/apache.htm.
• MBDA Missile Systems, “Storm Shadow/SCALP”, 2016, http://www.mbda-systems.com/air-dominance/storm-shadow-scalp/
• James O’Halloran, IHS Jane’s Weapons: Strategic 2015-2016, 2015, (United Kingdom: IHS), 141.
• James O’Halloran, IHS Jane’s Weapons: Strategic 2015-2016, 2015, (United Kingdom: IHS), 142.
• IHS Jane’s 360, “Falcon flourishes in the desert” 23 February 2015, http://www.janes.com/article/49208/falcon-flourishes-in-the-desert-idx15d1.
• Airforce-Technology.com, “Storm Shadow/SCALP Long-Range, Air-Launched, Stand-Off Attack Missile, France”, 2016, http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/storm-shadow-missile/.
• UK Defense Journal, “The Storm Shadow Cruise Missile”, October 20 2015, https://ukdefencejournal.org.uk/the-storm-shadow-cruise-missile/.

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Italy confirms air defense battery earmarked for Ukraine

ROME — Italy has confirmed it will send a second SAMP/T air defense battery to Ukraine in response to urgent appeals by Kyiv to help defeat Russian missile attacks.

“It is known that we will send SAMP/T, which is an instrument of air defense, therefore of protection, that Ukraine itself asked us for,” Italy’s foreign minister, Antonio Tajani, said late on June 3.

One of five systems now operated by Italy, the battery due for dispatch to Ukraine is reportedly currently deployed in Kuwait. Another system has recently been stationed in Slovakia as part of a NATO program, and another is due to be set up in June in southern Italy to protect a G7 summit.

The battery is set to be included in the ninth package of arms to be delivered to Kyiv since Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022.

Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni has been a keen backer of Kyiv’s campaign to oust Russian forces, but so far the Italian government has kept details of its arms supply secret amid widespread opposition among Italian voters to sustaining the war effort.

The ninth package of arms including the SAMP/T system is unlikely to be approved until after European Union elections this weekend. Italy jointly supplied a battery with France to Ukraine last year.

SAMP/T is a truck-based tactical antimissile system designed to destroy hostile cruise missiles, manned and unmanned aircraft and tactical ballistic missiles.

Tajani said that Italy would not allow Ukraine to use Italian weaponry to strike targets inside Russia. “Italian arms cannot be used against Russian territory, but we will help Ukraine to defend itself from the Russian invasion,” he said.

The United States last week gave Ukraine limited permission to Ukraine to use U.S.-supplied weapons to hit targets inside Russia close to the border with the Kharkiv region.

On June 2 the Russian ministry of defense claimed U.S.-supplied HIMARS artillery had been fired into Russia.

Meanwhile, the Netherlands has been trying to “quickly” pull together an additional Patriot air-defense system for Ukraine, and has called on other European nations to contribute, the Dutch government said last week.

The Netherlands will provide core components and parts for a Patriot system from existing stocks, and has identified which countries could offer additional parts and munitions, the Defence Ministry said in a May 28 statement. The government is in talks with several partners to assemble a complete system, including training of Ukrainian crews.

“With our offer, and consulting with partner countries providing several key parts and munitions, we can provide Ukraine with at least one fully operational system in a short time frame,” Defence Minister Kajsa Ollongren said in a statement.

The Netherlands said that while Patriot systems are admittedly scarce, “Ukraine is also fighting Europe’s fight,” and the country’s war-fighting capability, energy production and infrastructure are under daily attack.

Ollongren cited remarks by NATO Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg that member countries could temporarily move below the alliance’s own defense capability pledges, “so the room for creativity is there.”

The Netherlands is counting on pledges made by industrial suppliers to speed up production and delivery of replacement systems, Ollongren said.

Stoltenberg said in an April 17 speech that if allies face a choice between meeting alliance capability objectives and providing more aid to Ukraine, “my message is clear: send more to Ukraine.”

The Netherlands has so far contributed two Patriot launchers as well as air-defense missiles for the system, according to the Defence Ministry.

Ruitenberg reported from Paris.

Tom Kington is the Italy correspondent for Defense News.

Rudy Ruitenberg is a Europe correspondent for Defense News. He started his career at Bloomberg News and has experience reporting on technology, commodity markets and politics.

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Italy joins Franco-British missile development programme

Welcome (and  bienvenue ) to the future of missiles.  Last week, Italy officially became the third partner in a leading Franco-British project to design the next generation of anti-ship and cruise missiles when French Armed Forces Minister Sébastien Lecornu confirmed Rome’s entrance into the aptly-named Future Cruise and Anti-Ship Weapon (FC/ASW) also known as Future Anti-Ship Missile/Future Cruise Missile programme (or FMAN/FMC through its French acronym).

The details.  The programme is led by MBDA, a European consortium featuring Airbus, BAE Systems and Leonardo. Over the following years, it aims to replace the current generation of missiles (the Storm Shadow and Harpoon on the UK side and the Scalp and Exocet on the French). As it entered the project, Italy is also set to adopt the next-gen missiles, replacing the MBDA-produced Storm Shadow and Teseo-class launchers its Army currently uses.

• Il Giornale  reports the future missiles will be roughly 5 metres long, travel at Mach 5 speed carrying a 200-kilogram load – for a total weight of 800 kg – and feature low radar observability characteristics.
• These launchers will also be compatible with the naval MK41 Vertical Launch System and the French A70, meaning they can potentially be used by most NATO naval vessels.

The ongoing entente.  Italy’s entrance was anticipated by  La Tribune , which wrote that Italian Defence Minister Guido Crosetto had decided to enter the consortium while at the Paris Air Show in Le Bourget, where he met with Minister Lecornu. The  French press release  explains that representatives of the three countries had signed a letter of intent that same day, June 20.

• Meanwhile, French President Emmanuel Macron and Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni were expressing their intention to “work together” beyond the “controversies” that had occasionally cropped up between Rome and Paris over the past months.

A European powerhouse.  France and the UK have already invested € 100 million since the programme’s inception in 2017. The three countries have now entered a dialogue phase to lay the foundations for the development phase to come, explained the French Armed Forces Ministry in a note.

• A provisional has already been established, setting 2024 as the programme’s official launch date, 2028 as the entry into service for the anti-ship missile, and 2030 for the land attack variant.
• All three countries aim to have “an operational deep strike capability” by then, wrote Paris, adding that the programme “will strengthen the European defence industrial and technological base around MBDA, the European leader in missiles.”

European defence?  The alliance also goes towards bolstering the interconnections between Europe’s defence industries – which entails a series of knock-on benefits, from building up a pool of know-how to maintain a technological edge to boosting the quality of exports to allied and like-minded countries.

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Italy has given Ukraine long-range missiles, says UK defense minister

ROME — Britain’s defense minister has stated that Italy has sent Storm Shadow missiles to Ukraine, lifting the lid on months of secrecy surrounding Italy’s supply of weaponry to Kyiv.

Grant Shapps made the announcement while touring the factory in the UK where missile maker MBDA manufactures the Storm Shadow, which has been used by Ukrainian forces against Russian targets in Crimea and elsewhere.

“I do think the Storm Shadow has been an extraordinary weapon,” Shapps told The Times of London.

“It’s the UK, France and Italy positioning those weapons for use, particularly in Crimea. These weapons are making a very significant difference,” he said.

Britain has previously announced sending Storm Shadows to Ukraine, while France has announced sending its version of the missile, known as the SCALP-EG. But Italy has mostly declined to give any details on arms it sends to Ukraine and has never reported dispatching the MBDA missile.

On Monday a spokesperson with the Italian defense ministry declined to comment on Shapps’ remarks when asked by a Defense News reporter.

Italy first purchased the Storm Shadow from European missile house MBDA in 1999 and has received around 200, using them during NATO’s operation in Libya in 2011.

In January, Italy’s parliament voted to extend the supply of weaponry to Ukraine through 2024, despite disquiet amongst voters and opposition from some parties within parliament.

Hitherto, the country’s right-wing government has kept its list of arms packages for Ukraine secret, although it has reportedly planned to send Stinger surface-to-air missiles, mortars, Milan or Panzerfaust anti-tank weapons, Browning heavy machine guns, MG-type light machine guns, systems for countering improvised explosive devices, multiple-launch rocket systems, PzH 2000 howitzers and vehicles.

Last year the government announced it would send one Samp-T air defense system in conjunction with France.

Entering into service with the Italian Army in 2013, Samp-T is a truck-based tactical antimissile system designed to tackle cruise missiles, manned and unmanned aircraft and tactical ballistic missiles.

Italy has five systems.

Asked this month if Italy would respond to Ukrainian requests for another system given the uptick in Russian missile attacks in Ukraine, Italian foreign minister Antonio Tajani was noncommittal, stating, “We are doing everything we can to help Ukraine and give answers through the instruments we have.”

Speaking to The Times in the UK, Shapps also criticized Germany for holding back on sending Ukraine its Taurus cruise missile.

“France, Britain, and Italy have all shown that the Taurus, Storm Shadow, or Scalp are highly effective. While they’re in limited supply, Germany has many available. Therefore, yes, they should absolutely be provided. It would clearly make a significant impact,” he said.

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• Missile cruiser Garibaldi (1960)

About the Montecuccoli

Launched in 1934, Raimondo Montecuccoli was the oldest of the large London treaty ‘Condotierri’ cruisers. At the armistice, Montecuccoli carried out 32 war missions covering 31,590 miles. During the co-belligerence period and until the end of the conflict, she participated in numerous missions of fast transport and repatriation of prisoners. After 1945 she was mothballed, pending her fate during peace negotiations. Granted eventually to Italy but only as a training cruiser, she was available for modernization. R. Montecuccoli resumed her activity from 1947 until 1949 and after a maintenance refit involving minor changes, the admiralty prepared a design fit to best perform her new task of training ship for the students of the Naval Academy of Livorno. She was to carry out summer school cruises from the summer of 1949 in the Mediterranean and beyond, like to Santa Cruz de Tenerife in 1951, London in 1952. In 1953, she resumed her activities in the Mediterranean while the conversion draft was ready. In 1954, she was taken in hands for a reconstruction. This was performed by the Arsenal of La Spezia from June 1954. These modification made her more suitable as a training ship, fully compatible with NATO requirements as Italy just entered the organization. As completed, she was given the new serial number C552 acccording to NATO classification (C for cruiser).

Changes involved the elimination of two boilers, of the nº2 turret, together with its barbette and ammunition storage, the 100mm/47 AA turrets and their FCS, the four twin 20 mm/70 Breda machine guns, while their 37/54 twin mounts. They were all replaced by new 40/56 “Bofors” mounts. Electronics was installed for the first time, a surface radar, aerial surveillance radar, new fire control radars and a new firing center were installed. Fuel tanks were increased by 300 m³ with the space gained in the elimination of two boilers, giving an additional 615 miles of range. The appearance changed much, in particular for the central section of ​​the ship, forward funnel and command bridge remodelled and a sturdy lattice mast installed to carry the radars and antennas and associated equipments.

Career: Alternating fleet exercises activity with training cruises, Montecuccoli visited Copenhagen in 1955, Montreal, Boston and Philadelphia in 1958, Helsinki in 1961. The started a circumnavigation of the world from 1 September 1956 to 1 March 1957 and represented Italy in Australia in conjunction with the Melbourne Olympics at the time the Suez Canal was closed. By then under command of captain Gino Birindelli, she visited 34 ports on four continents, for a grand total of 33,170 miles. She made one more circumnavigtion, this time of the African continent in 1963, but her age meant she was disarmed in Taranto on 31 May 1964. She was mothballed for a time, then towed to La Spezia and in 1972 scrapped for good. In 1965 she was replaced as a training ship by the AA destroyer escort (ex cruiser) San Giorgio.

Reconstruction of the Duca Degli Abruzzi (1949-51)

Together with her sister ship, Garibaldi, Cadorna and Montecuccoli, this was the cruiser force of postwar Italy, spared by events of war reparations. Luigi di Savoia Duca de Abruzzi was called the “cruiser of the exiles” as she carried the royal family of Italy into exile, when King Vittorio Emanuele III first left for Alexandria in Egypt, with the title of “Count of Pollenzo” after signing a formal abdication in Naples, in favor of his son Umberto II. After the war the first modernization came with the installation of an L.W.S. radar installed on top of the mainmast, of the British type 293, characterized by its crossed dipole frame antenna. Between 1951 and 1953, a more extensive modernization started. New Electronics The forward superstructure was completely rebuilt, giving a new aspect to the bridge and the conning tower, while a new and sturdier tripod mast was installed to carry the weight of a larger parabolic air-naval discovery radar of the type SK 42, later replaced in turned by the US-built AN/SPS-6 search radar. An odometer radar was also placed on the mainmast, used as an altitude rangefinder. The same was also installed on San Giorgio as modernized (ex-Capitani Romani class).

Armament: -The cruiser kept her armour and main artillery, the same ten 6-in guns in triple and twin turrets for and aft. However her AA was no longer relevant in the jet age. -The secondary armament therefore was deposed and replaced entirely by twenty-four 40mm/56 pompom guns in four quadruple mounts and four twin, but two 100 mm/47 mm twin guns were kept, aft. This constituted a new, more modern anti-aircraft armament for the 1950s standard. Propulsion The powerplant was modified as well, but no modernized. Priorities changed and the radius of action was now preferred to excessive speeds. Two boilers were retired, reducing the output and max speed to 28 knots.

Back in Action On 26 October 1954, the cruiser was in Trieste, and departed escorted by the destroyers Granatiere, Artigliere and Grecale, back to Italy with the cheering crowd and great joy for the crews returning home. The ship took part in the parade of November 4, held in the presence of President Einaudi, with all ships exhibiting the great pavese, including the cruiser Montecuccoli, the TBs Libra and Cassiopea while Duke of Abruzzi remained in Trieste, Artigliere and Vespucci and the students of the Naval Academy of Livorno on board. Until 1956-57 she was the only full-time cruiser in the Navy, as Cadorna was decommissioned since 1951, Montecuccoli refitted as training ship and Garibaldi in reserve and planned in 1957 for reconstruction. In 1956, Andrea Doria was decommissioned and the Duke of Abruzzi became the headquarters C-in-C and flagship of the Italian Navy, the Marina Militare. In 1961, she was decommissioned, and her moderized sister Garibaldi took the role of flagship in her place.

1st Reconstruction of the Giuseppe Garibaldi (1951-53)

It would be plain false to see all four cruisers spared by the peace treaty operating together after the war: Cadorna was disarmed almost immediately after the war, while Montecuccoli now operated as training ship for the naval academy of Livorno, leaving the Garibaldi pair as active cruisers in the new Republican Marina Italiana.

Giuseppe Garibaldi was taken in hands after Abruzzi, but already in 1946 her torpedo tubes were removed as well as the catapults and aircraft facilities, now obsolete. A British type radio telemeter NSA-1 was installed. In 1947-1948, Garibaldi underwent a larger modernization, with minor changes in the superstructure and a reinforced foremast to accomodate an American SO 8 radar and a SK 42 parabolic radar on their respective platforms, also used by the San Marco, San Giorgio and her sister ship Duca degli Abruzzi, on a lowered mast. In place of the former TTs, two 100/47 mm guns were installed in 1947 for illumination while the secondary armament was completely overhauled: It consisted in ten 100 mm/47 guns and six twin 37mm/ 54 plus four single 20mm/70 Oerlikon guns and four 20mm/65 mm Breda. Well prove, they were easy to use and maintain and came with a large variety of ammunitions, tracer, tracer-explosive, with time-fuse, and others.

Also, an helicopter platform was erected aft, just large enough to accomodate a Bell 47 helicopter. The latter started a testing campaigns of landing and take-off tests, off the coast of Gaeta during the summer of 1953. After the positive outcome Navy made anti-submarine helicopters standard on its destroyers and frigates, and fixed or telescopic hangars depending on the space available. The need for helicopters would just grow exponentially as much was perceived the Soviet submarine threat, which started to appear in the Mediterranean in the 1960s. Some indeed were spotted coming from the Albanian base in Valona. Thus began the development of a new category of helicopter ASW ships, pioneered by Italy. The Bergamini-class frigates much later were a development of a serie of ships started with the first helicopter cruisers in the world, the Doria-class, which pioneered arrangements later adopted for the much larger Vittorio Veneto and became standard for all subsequent constructions.

Further modifications were done on the main bridge superstructure, with the armour partially removed, and new electronic surveillance arrays of American type, plus the navigation radar type S.O. 13, later replaced by the domestic S.M.A. model later, and an air search radar with a large parabolic antenna mounted aft on a dedicated lattice mast. After a short operational life during which she participated in the large scale inter-allied GRAND SLAM exercise, Garibaldi was placed in the reserve in 1953, pending her fate. By December 1954, decision had been taken to convert her completely in La Spezia Arsenal as a missile cruiser.

Garibaldi as a missile cruiser (1960)

In 1957, Garibaldi was scheduled for a scrapping of all the superstructure and most of the hull interior, to left it bare, down to the engine floor level. The transformation work started at the end of 1957 while Cadorna already was disarmed and Montecuccoli in training, leaving the Duca degli Abruzzi aas the sole Italian cruiser in service, used as flagship after the Duilio was disarmed in 1956.

The design of the reconstruction at superstructure level implied new arrangement for the future electronics, heavier masts to support large aerials, antennas and radars, also making provision for a Terrier missile system, which was the main goal of the whole operation and occupied a large portion aft of the hull, also with fire control systems and a central operation. The rest of the hull was also modified to include a new, modern AA arrangement so the old 6-in turrets, barbettes, storage ammunitions were removed. Lots of space were left for future modular adaptations as well. The Arsenal of La Spezia was tasked for this radical reconstruction, completed in 1961 (1957-1961, so five years). It was certainly one of the most radical reconstruction of a WW2 cruiser in Europe, on par with the French Colbert in 1970, the Dutch De Ruyter class or the Swedish Gota Lejon, the British Tiger class, in less extent. But their most direct reference was the reconstruction of the Albany class fleet escorts, former Baltimore class hulls recommissioned in 1962, with a major difference, the latter were much larger and displaced twice as much, and accommodated several missile systems at once, making them far more complex overall.

Reconstruction of the hull

After her radical reconstruction, Garibaldi reached a standard displacement of 9,802 tons, 11,350 fully loaded (vs. 9387 t/11262 t FL in 1937), her keel however slightly less deep at 6.7 meters vs. 6.8 originally. The only part not modified to a great extent was the hull, which retained its original dimensions and configuration. Needless to say, most of the armour was gone, therefore the heavier displacement gives some clues about the equipments that were added to the ship. The hull was lower than the original but kept its forecastle. The aft section of the hull and the stern were rebuilt, notably with a transom stern. The closing of all openings but on the upper forecastle deck allowed the installation of a ventilation and air conditioning system in closed loop, which allowed an efficient NBC defense system, relevant under modern NATO standards. There was a massive superstructure aft starting at the forecastle step, about 90 meters long and this large deckhouse housed the complex Terrier missile system. The volume was increased as well as the ship’s hydrodynamic trim. Armour: What remained concerned only sensitive part of the ship, which was originally slightly better armed than the earlier Condotierre series and optimized against 6-in shells only. The main belt, armoured deck longitudinal and transverse bulkheads were all removed, but armour was kept in places: Vertical armor deck 100 mm, partial central belt 40 mm (notably around the new central operation), artillery turret faces and barbettes 135 mm, internal conning tower 140 mm. The major change for the vertical armor was the commission of a add-on 30 mm stray over the machinery, steering room and ammo storage.

Powerplant and performances

Two boilers of the aft boiler room were removed, while the other engine rooms were unchanged, one funnel eliminated by truncating the exhausts. Exhaust pipes of the six remaining boilers were therefore modified, and auxiliary made, to widen the base of the single funnel. The power dropped to 85,000 hp, top speed to 30 knots (55,56 km/h), which was still very reasonable. This coincided with a reduction in fuel consumption, so the Garibaldi could now reach 4,500 nm at 18 knots (vs. 4,125 nm at 13 kts), while revised arrangements limited maximum fuel capacity, down to 1,700 tons. The boilers were completely overhauled and cleaned anew, as well as all the gauges and indicators, pipes, and the turbines disassembled, cleaned and reassembled. If the revised powerplant did not bring much change, less speed and more range, it was not sufficient to provided the power-hungry new electronics installations. To cope with the energy needs it was necessary to install four Tosi-Brown Boveri turbo-alternators, in addition to two Fiat-Brown Boveri diesel-alternators generating alternating current at 440V for a total of 4,000 Kw, and overall power onboard of 89,000 shp (70 000 kW). It was a provision for future revisions, and sufficient to illuminate a city of 200,000 inhabitants.

Gun Armament

The Garibaldi was yet not a pure missile cruiser, but her armament was modern and dual purpose, although still giving her a silhouette reminiscent of the old conventional vessel. As rebuilt, she was indeed given two twin turrets, with cannone da 135mm/45. This was completed by eight single cannone da 76mm/62 by OTO Melara for pure AA defense, all arranged along the forecastle superstructure bridge.

135/45 mm guns: Distributed in two twin turrets forward these were the same dual purpose guns designed in 1942-43 for the Capitani Romani class and later fitted on the rebuilt Battleship Duilio. The 135mm/45 guns, which in the Garibaldi were installed in fully automated turrets. can be considered the best Italian naval guns in the Second World War, with a range of 19.6 km and a rate of fire of 6 shots per minute, and were capable of performing very precise shots, but, with an elevation of 45 ° however, they lacked satisfactory anti-aircraft capability, if not a barrage. In 1968 the barrels were lengthened and the 135/53 guns had to be installed on the Audace, then in design. The turrets were installed in a superfiring configuration forward, superficially looking like their former artillery. Due to the age of this weapons system, it was seen as a compromise for those in the Navy still trusting a relatively heavy artillery. The Doria and Veneto class will not have any such system and relied on smaller SAMs and antimissile systems. So that was a transitional move.

76mm/62 guns: These were newly designed and extensively tested on the Carabiniere, a rebuilt postwar destroyer, and was introduced to the Navy at large during the sixties. It was soon found onboard the Bergamini class destroyers and Alpino class frigates, Doria and the Vittorio Veneto class cruisers. It was replaced in turn by the classic OTO Melara “super rapido” 76mm/62 Compact first installed on the Audace class destroyers. The 76/62 MMI “Enlarged” were a pure dual purpose weapon, with water-cooled barrels, and mixing electric and hydraulic power for elevation and traverse, with manual backup in emergency. Its range was just 18.4 km with HE shells (6.296 kg) at 45 °, while at 85° it dropped to 4km. Traverse rate was 70°/s, and elevation rate 40°/s. The turret accommodated a single crew member. The Cannone da 76/62 from OTO was the evolution of the SMP-3 model which had been embarked on the introduced first on the Albatros class corvettes of 1955. There was also a tandem version with overlapping barrels of this weapons system tested on the Centauro class frigates, but it was not successful and not adopted elsewhere.

Missile armament

It was quite impressive as well, with missiles that had unique capabilities, rarely seen outside the US. It consisted in: -A twin launcher for the RIM Terrier SAM -Four UGM-27 Polaris in silos (from 1967)

The the installation in an aft deckhouse of the American Terrier missile system, made the Garibaldi the first European missile cruiser, and a landmark for NATO history. The origins of this transformation work was the need of a protective bubble against Soviet bombers, so from medium to long-range. It was needed a missile system capable of launching two double-stage missiles, simultaneously and independently guided towards their own targets. Terrier missiles were at the time the best SAM available, and only the USA possessed them. Other systems were used such like the Bundesmarine with the Lütjens class destroyers and their Tartar SAM. The large Terrier derived from Talos but then evolved independently. More on this on the cold war early USN missile cruisers . The Terrier launched a relatively smaller missile than the Talos, with small opening fins maximizing range and speed and reducing drag. The Garibaldi was fitted with the standard Mk 10 twin launcher ramp also used on USN cruisers, and fully stabilized on three axis, so proven on any sea state. The later Vittorio Veneto adopted the Mk 20 Aster also seen on the Belknap class. Italy was the only country for which these missiles were exported, showing the close ties and trust between this country and the USA. For propulsion, the Terrier had an acceleration booster and additional solid fuel rocket at the rear and carried a 100 kg fragmentation warhead which was placed at the middle of the missile body. First tests started at the ship’s first post-reconstruction cruise on the US coast, on 11 November 1962 in San Juan of Puerto Rico, and this was also the first missile launch by any Italian unit.

The Terrier launch system was assisted by an equally modern electronics and guiding suite, also built in the US and adapted for the Italian cruiser. This was the “Argos” 5000 radar, tasked on locking the target at long distance, and passing the info to a three-dimensional AN/SPS-39 radar which calculated the direction, distance altitude with precision, the data passed on the missile to setup its course. The Terrier’s own guidance systems guided the missing through electromagnetic emission to the target. On board operations of all armaments were managed in the Combat Operations Center, processing process data acquisition and coordination. The Terrier missile were stowed below the twin launcher aft, as in the Boston and Canberra, while subsequent cruisers later had horizontal chain reload systems. According to US practice, the stowage contained as much as 72 missiles, but probably less due to the reduced dimensions of the Italian cruiser compared to its USN counterpart.

The Polaris missiles were another additions made during a partial reconstruction and modernization in 1966-67. All four silos were installed aft of the ship, close to the stern. These UGM-27 systems were the first SLBM fitted on USN Submarines, entering service in 1961 and also used by the British. It was a long range ballistic vector which usually could receive a nuclear warhead. Its first stage used an Aerojet General Solid-fuel rocket and the second stage a solid propellant Hercules rocket. Range was 2,500 nautical miles (4,600 km), enough to strike from the Aegean sea most cities in Ukraine and southern Russia. Its trajectory and speed of 8,000 mph (13,000 km/h) make it unstoppable. It also used thrust vectoring for corrections and accuracy was about 3,000 feet (910 m). This made the Garibaldi the only European surface ship fitted with such system. Details of their adoption is still classified, but it is agreed to be part of a US-led NATO program at the time to more largely distribute the Polaris, including onboard cruisers. Italy did not had any deterrence capability at the time, so basically the Polaris onboard the Garibaldi would have been re-equipped in emergency with nuclear warhead in case of war, “on loan” by US Forces in a nuclear war context. Their accuracy compared to the later Harpoon, was poor, so using conventional warheads would have made little sense. Nevertheless, their installation was made in parrallel to the installation in Italy of the Jupiter SLBMs, the Polaris being their sea-going equivalent, as a compensation for the retirement of Turkish missiles after the Cuban missile crisis.

New electronics

The main onboard electronics on the cruiser took place between two large quadruple lattice masts, tailor built for the Garibaldi and reused on the Doria class cruisers. On the first of the two pylons at the top of the bridge-tower complex (reminiscent of the converted Boston class cruisers) was installed a three-dimensional frequency scanning air surveillance radar (FRESCAN) AN/SPS-39. It was commonly adopted on first NATO missile launchers and coupled with the Westinghouse AN/SPS-6 two-dimensional air-naval surveillance radar. Other platforms supported the SET-6B surface surveillance radar and SMA CFL3-C25 navigation radar. The second pylon aft of the funnel carried the large, domestic Selenia Argos 5000 aerial detection radar. Under favourable conditions, frequent in the Mediterranean, it could identify targets up to 500 miles.

The AN/SPS-39 FRESCAN was the only three-dimensional radar excluding the British Type 984 (much heavier, Victorious and Hermes CVs) and only such system in Europe. It used a single antenna to obtain the relative data at altitude, range and bearing or incoming aircraft and was equipped with lightweight electronic stabilizers ensuring stale operation regardless of the roll and pitch. The Westinghouse AN/SPS-6 radar had a range of 250 km and registered itself in a decisive turning point towards standardization and modernization of radars from 1954 in the Italian Navy. The Garibaldi embarked the system at the end of the transformation work. It was also carried by the Gabbiano class corvettes. The top of the deckhouse aft supported two Sperry-RCA AN/SPG-55 lighting and guidance radars managing the twin Mk 9 Mod.1 launch Terrier launchers. It was stabilized on three axes and the firing control systems for guns was of domestic production, also by Selenia.

Second career of the Garibaldi (1961-1972)

At the end of her reconstruction, Garibaldi was recommissioned on November 3, 1961 and sailed to Taranto on February 5, 1962. By September 1962, she carried out a first series of tests in Italy, still without her electronic equipments and missiles. She was sent to the United States for to represent Italy and the final missile arrangements installations, including the guiding systems and radars, loading systems, followed by the completion of the training phase. In early November 1963 she moved to San Juan of Puerto Rico, started her missile launch tests in the waters of the Caribbean Sea. This started on 11 November 1962 and this was successful campaign. She returned to Italy on 23 December 1962, and the next year she was modified, lengthening her remaining funnel to prevent exhaust gases interfering with the new electronic equipment, also inclined and fitted with a remodelled funnel cap, conducting smoke aft. Full operational readiness combat flag was delivered in Naples on 10 June 1964, by the ANMI group of Rome to the commander, Captain Aldo Baldini, ceremony attended by the Commander in Chief Admiral Alessandro Michelagnoli and the Undersecretary of Defense, Natale Santero.

The Garibaldi served for ten years in the first phase of her deployment, as a command ship and flagship of the Italian Naval Squadron, participating in training and representation activities in the Mediterranean and abroad. Garibaldi (C551) would be replaced twenty-four years later by the light aircraft carrier of the same name and numeral, Giuseppe Garibaldi (C551). The Garibaldi was assigned to the 2nd naval group, 2nd Naval Division at Taranto and between the fall of 1964 and 1965 she underwent maintenance work. The massive aft Argos 5000 radar antenna was replaced by an upgraded smaller and and lighter model, notably in order to lessen wind resistance. Her base was built directly above the former armoured command tower. There was another maintenance period between 25 August 1966 and 20 April 1967, made at La Spezia. In this, the Microlambda SET-6B radar was replaced by the new MM/SPQ surface discovery and navigation radar which had a 50 km range and was produced in Italy. The quad foremast was modified, more compact and the support mast for the Terriers radar FCS were moved at the end of ​​the deckhouse, while wells for Polaris missiles were installed.

On June 4, 1968, Garibaldi took part in a naval parade in the Gulf of Naples for the 50th anniversary of the victory in World War I. This was the largest naval parade in Italy after ww2 and she hosted for the occasion the President of the Republic Saragat accompanied by the Minister of Defense Tremelloni, and Diplomatic Advisor Francesco Malfatti, military adviser Admiral Virgilio Spigai. The reception was hosted by the “Basso Tirreno” maritime department head for Naples, admiral Raffaele Barbera. The ship then proceeded to the parade under command of Captain Antonio Scialdone and Admiral Roselli Lorenzini.

The Garibaldi flew during the parade the presidential banner on her main flagpole, and sailed with San Giorgio off the gulf, proceeding towards Procida, Ischia and Capo Miseno, and close to the Vittorio Veneto as the latter was prepared to replace her as flagship in the future. This parade was a national event where most of the government and military officials of all branches were also present. It was followed nation-wide, retransmitted in real time by the RAI. Between 1968 and 1971, Garibaldi resumed her training exercises, but budget cuts decided of her fate as well as pending replacement by Veneto and an ageing weapons system. The Terria was a first-gen SAM and already replaced in the USN by the standard. There was no plan to rearm her with this system, which would have needed extensive modifications.

As a consequence the admiralty chose to program the Garibaldi’s decommission. She was disarmed on February 20, 1971, mostly officially based on budgetary restraints. In February 1970, a press conference was held on board the Garibaldi by the squadron C-in-C Admiral Gino Birindelli, denounced the Navy budget cuts and the state of a profound moral and material malaise for the staff in this ship. Birindelli’s declarations triggered many reactions in the political class but restrictions were maintained and the new Chief of Staff Admiral Virgilio Spigai was forced to withdraw the cruiser from service, justifying the decision as being the oldest in service and for maintenance costs, even ten years after her conversion. This went not well along a tense situation in the Mediterranean, following the Yom Kippur war and increasing Soviet presence. By November 1973, the new Chief of Staff of the Navy, Admiral Gino De Giorgi, published the “White Book of the Navy” in which he underlined the impossible commitments of Marina Militare in possible war scenarios in the region, and towards its obligation to NATO, due to massive budget cuts. The document however had some influence in the Naval Law of 1975 starting a substantial modernization of the fleet.

Many experts, in Italy and abroad, and inside NATO, esteemed the retirement of the ship after a costly and long modernization after just a decade of service was even compounded by the useless Polaris installation, also expensive; In good conditions, Giuseppe Garibaldi was however suitable to be used as a museum ship, given her great historical significance. She was indeed the first European missile cruiser and first surface ship worldwide equipped with ballistic missiles and had a lot of significance for the operational and logistic structures modernization of the modern Italian Navy. The Montecuccoli which was the first Italian cruiser to circumnavigate the globe was also at her time expected to be preserved. The well-trained crew of the Garibaldi would find its place nevertheless in the new helicopter/missile cruiser Vittorio Veneto, as new flagship of the fleet. The Garibaldi was discarded on November 16, 1976 and by November 3, 1978 crossed under the Ponte Girevole and through the Taranto canal to reach La Spezia, for demolition work to proceed. It went on at the Cantieri del Tirreno in Genoa.

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//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raimondo_Montecuccoli_(incrociatore) //it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi_(incrociatore_1936) //www.cherini.eu/mmi/02%20Incrociatori/slides/1953%20-%20%27Duca%20degli%20Abruzzi%27.html

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⛶ pre-industrial eras, ⚔ naval battles.

• Cape Ecnomus
• Battle of the Masts
• Lake Poyang
• Crimean War 1855
• Boshin war 1860s
• US Civil War 1861-65
• The 1898 war
• Santiago July 1898
• Manila June 1898
• Elli & Lemnos (1912-13)
• Königin Luise attack (1914)
• Souchon Escape (1914)
• Antivari (1914)
• Heligoland (1914)
• Odensholm (1914)
• Tsingtao (1914)
• Cape Sarytch (1914)
• Coronel (1914)
• Falklands (1914)
• Gotland (1915)
• Emden's Odyssey (1915)
• Lake Tanganyika (1915)
• Dardanelles (1915)
• Lusitania (1915)
• Adriatic (1915-18)
• Dover Strait (1916-17)
• Jutland (1916)
• Moon Island (1917)
• Otranto Strait (1917)
• Heligoland (1917)
• Imbros (1918)
• Zeebruge raid (1918)
• Scuttling of the Hochseeflotte (1919)
• Dunkirk, May 1940
• Operation Vado 13 June 1940
• Battle of Hanko July 1941
• Battle of the Atlantic
• Malta Invasion
• Midway 4-7 June 1942
• US Amphibious Ops
• British amphibious Ops
• Operation Torch
• Operation Husky
• Operation Baytown
• Operation Avalanche
• Operation Shingle
• Operation Overlord
• Operation Anvil Dragoon
• Operation Watchover
• Goodenough Island Battle
• Operation Cleanslate
• Operation Toenails
• Makin Campaign
• Operation Galvanic
• Operation Flintlock
• Operation Catchpole
• Operation Forager
• Operation Detachment
• Operation Iceberg
• Operation Downfall

⚔ Crimean War

• Radetzky class
• Erzherzog Friedrich class
• Novara class

• Navarin class (1854)
• Duquesne class (1853)
• Fleurus class (1853)
• Montebello (1852)
• Austerlitz (1852)
• Jean Bart (1852)
• Charlemagne (1851)
• Napoleon (1850)
• Valmy (1847)
• Ocean class (1805)
• Hercules class (1836)
• Iéna class (1814)
• Jupiter (1831)
• Duperré (1840)
• Pomone (1845)
• Isly (1849)
• Bellone (1853)
• D’Assas class (1854)
• Primauguet class (1852)
• Roland (1850)

• Duke of Wellington
• Conqueror (1855)
• Marlborough (1855)
• Royal Albert (1854)
• St Jean D’Acre (1853)
• Waterloo (1833
• Sailing ships of the Line
• Sailing Frigates
• Sailing Corvettes
• Screw two deckers
• Screw frigates
• Screw Corvettes
• Screw guard ships
• Paddle frigates
• Paddle corvettes
• Screw sloops
• Paddle sloops
• Screw gunboats

⚑ 1870 Fleets

• Numancia (1863)
• Tetuan (1863)
• Vitoria (1865)
• Arapiles (1864)
• Zaragosa (1867)
• Sagunto (1869)
• Mendez Nunez (1869)
• Spanish wooden s. frigates (1861-65)
• Frigate Tornado (1865)
• Frigate Maria de Molina (1868)
• Spanish sail gunboats (1861-65)
• Ironclad Kaiser (1850-70)
• Drache class BD. Ironclads (1861)
• Kaiser Max class BD. Ironclads (1862)
• Erzherzog F. Max class BD. Ironclads (1865)
• SMS Lissa Ct. Bat. Ships (1869)
• SMS Novara Frigate (1850)
• SMS Schwarzenberg Frigate (1853)
• Radetzky class frigates (1854)
• Erzherzog Friedrich class corvettes (1853)
• SMS Helgoland Sloop (1867)

• Søværnet 1860-1880
• Dannebrog (1863)
• Peder Skram (1864)
• Danmark (1864)
• Rolf Krake (1864)
• Lindormen (1868)
• Jylland CR (1860)
• Tordenskjold CR (1862)
• Dagmar SP (1861)
• Absalon class GB (1862)
• Fylla class GB (1863)

• Basileos Giorgios (1867)
• Basilisa Olga (1869)
• Sloop Hellas (1861)
• Dutch Screw Frigates & corvettes
• De Ruyter Bd Ironclad (1863)
• Prins H. der Neth. Turret ship (1866)
• Buffel class turret rams (1868)
• Skorpioen class turret rams (1868)
• Heiligerlee class Monitors (1868)
• Bloedhond class Monitors (1869)
• Adder class Monitors (1870)
• A.H.Van Nassau Frigate (1861)
• A.Paulowna Frigate (1867)
• Djambi class corvettes (1860)
• Amstel class Gunboats (1860)

• Screw 3-deckers (1850-58)
• Screw 2-deckers (1852-59)
• Screw Frigates (1849-59)
• Conv. sailing frigates
• Screw Corvettes (1846-59)
• Screw Fl. Batteries (1855)
• Paddle Frigates
• Paddle Corvettes
• screw sloops
• screw gunboats
• Sailing ships of the line
• Sailing frigates
• Sailing corvettes
• Sailing bricks
• Gloire class Bd. Ironclads (1859)
• Couronne Bd. Ironclad (1861)
• Magenta class Bd. Ironclads (1861)
• Palestro class Flt. Batteries (1862)
• Arrogante class Flt. Batteries (1864)
• Embuscade class Flt. Batteries (1865)
• Taureau arm. ram (1865)
• Belliqueuse Bd. Ironclad (1865)
• Alma Cent. Bat. Ironclads (1867)
• Ocean class CT Battery ship (1868)
• Cosmao class cruisers (1861)
• Talisman cruisers (1862)
• Resolue cruisers (1863)
• Venus class cruisers (1864)
• Decres cruiser (1866)
• Desaix cruiser (1866)
• Limier class cruisers (1867)
• Linois cruiser (1867)
• Chateaurenault cruiser (1868)
• Infernet class Cruisers (1869)
• Bourayne class Cruisers (1869)
• Cruiser Hirondelle (1869)
• Curieux class sloops (1860)
• Adonis class sloops (1863)
• Guichen class sloops (1865)
• Sloop Renard (1866)
• Bruix class sloops (1867)
• Pique class gunboats (1862)
• Hache class gunboats (1862)
• Arbalete class gunboats (1866)
• Etendard class gunboats (1868)
• Revolver class gunboats (1869)

• Barrozo class (1864)
• Brasil (1864)
• Tamandare (1865)
• Lima Barros (1865)
• Rio de Janeiro (1865)
• Silvado (1866)
• Mariz E Barros class (1866)
• Carbal class (1866)
• Osmanieh class Bd.Ironclads (1864)
• Assari Tewfik (1868)
• Assari Shevket class Ct. Ironclads (1868)
• Lufti Djelil class CDS (1868)
• Avni Illah class cas.ironclads (1869)
• Fethi Bulend class cas.ironclads (1870)
• Barbette ironclad Idjalleh (1870)
• Messudieh class Ct.Bat.ships (1874)
• Hamidieh Ct.Bat.Ironclads (1885)
• Abdul Kadir Battleships (project)
• Frigate Ertrogul (1863)
• Selimieh (1865)
• Rehberi Tewkik (1875)
• Mehmet Selim (1876)
• Sloops & despatch vessels
• Monitor Atahualpa (1865)
• CT. Bat Independencia (1865)
• Turret ship Huascar (1865)
• Frigate Apurimac (1855)
• Corvette America (1865)
• Corvette Union (1865)

• Bartolomeu Dias class (28-guns) steam frigates
• Sagris (14 guns) steam corvette
• Vasco Da Gama (74 guns) Ship of the Line
• Dom Fernando I e Gloria (50) Sailing Frigate
• Dom Joao I class (14 guns) Sailing corvettes
• Portuguese Side-wheel steamers

• Formidabile class (1861)
• Pr. de Carignano class (1863)
• Re d'Italia class (1864)
• Regina maria Pia class (1863)
• Roma class (1865)
• Affondatore (1865)
• Palestro class (1865)
• Guerriera class (1866)
• Cappelini class (1868)
• Sesia DV (1862)
• Esploratore class DV (1863)
• Vedetta DV (1866)

• Ironclad Ruyjo (1868)
• Ironclad Kotetsu (1868)
• Frigate Fujiyama (1864)
• Frigate Kasuga (1863)
• Corvette Asama (1869)
• Gunboat Raiden (1856)
• Gunboat Chiyodogata (1863)
• Teibo class GB (1866)
• Gunboat Mushun (1865)
• Gunboat Hosho (1868)

• Prinz Adalbert (1864)
• Arminius (1864)
• Friedrich Carl (1867)
• Kronprinz (1867)
• K.Whilhelm (1868)
• Arcona class Frigates (1858)
• Nymphe class Frigates (1863)
• Augusta class Frigates (1864)
• Jäger class gunboats (1860)
• Chamaleon class gunboats (1860)

• Ironclad Sevastopol (1864)
• Ironclad Petropavlovsk (1864)
• Ironclad Smerch (1864)
• Pervenetz class (1863)
• Charodeika class (1867)
• Admiral Lazarev class (1867)
• Ironclad Kniaz Pojarski (1867)
• Bronenosetz class monitors (1867)
• Admiral Chichagov class (1868)
• S3D Imperator Nicolai I (1860)
• S3D Sinop (1860)
• S3D Tsessarevich (1860)
• Russian screw two-deckers (1856-59)
• Russian screw frigates (1854-61)
• Russian screw corvettes (1856-60)
• Russian screw sloops (1856-60)
• Varyag class Corvettes (1862)
• Almaz class Sloops (1861)
• Opyt TGBT (1861)
• Sobol class TGBT (1863)
• Pishtchal class TGBT (1866)

• Ericsson class monitors (1865)
• Frigate Karl XIV (1854)
• Frigate Stockholm (1856)
• Corvette Gefle (1848)
• Corvette Orädd (1853)

• Skorpionen class (1866)
• Frigate Stolaf (1856)
• Frigate Kong Sverre (1860)
• Frigate Nordstjerna (1862)
• Frigate Vanadis (1862)
• Glommen class gunboats (1863)

• Union Sailing ships
• USS New Ironsides (1862)
• USS monitor (1862)
• USS Galena (1862)
• Passaic class
• USS Roanoke
• USS Onondaga
• Miantonomoh class
• USS Dictator
• USS Puritan
• Canonicus class
• Kalamazoo class
• Milwaukee class
• Casco class
• USS Keokuk (1862)
• Wampanoag class (1864)
• USS Chattanooga (1864)
• USS Idaho (1864)
• Ossipee class (1862)
• USS Sacramento (1862)
• Ticonderoga class (1862)
• Unadilla class gunboats (1861)
• Kansas class (1862)
• Octorara class (1862)
• Sassacus class (1862)
• Mohongo class (1863)
• USS Spuyten Duyvil (1864)
• USS Alligator (1862)

• CSS Frederickburg (1862)
• CSS Savannah (1863)
• CSS Stonewall (1864)
• CSS Virginia II
• CSS Tennessee
• CSS Nashville
• Commerce Raiders
• Ajax class Iron Gunboats
• CSS David (1862)
• CSS HL Hunley (1863)
• Dunderberg Bd Ironclad (1865)
• Wampanoag class frigates (1864)
• Frigate Chattanooga & Idaho (1864)
• Frigate Idaho (1864)
• Java class frigates (1865)
• Contookook class frigates (1865)
• Frigate Trenton (1876)
• Swatara class sloops (1865)
• Alaska class sloops (1868)
• Galena class sloops (1873)
• Enterprise class sloops (1874)
• Alert class sloops (1873)
• Alarm torpedo ram (1873)
• Intrepid torpedo ram (1874)

⚑ 1890 Fleets

• Parana class (1873)
• La Plata class (1875)
• Pilcomayo class (1875)
• Ferre class (1880)
• Custoza (1872)
• Erzherzog Albrecht (1872)
• Kaiser (1871)
• Kaiser Max class (1875)
• Tegetthoff (1878)
• Radetzky(ii) class (1872)
• SMS Donau(ii) (1874)
• SMS Donau(iii) (1893)
• Erzherzog Friedrich class (1878)
• Saida (1878)
• Fasana (1870)
• Aurora class (1873)
• Hai An class frigates (1872)

• Tordenskjold (1880)
• Iver Hvitfeldt (1886)
• Skjold (1896)
• Cruiser Fyen (1882)
• Cruiser Valkyrien (1888)

• Spetsai class (1889)
• Nauarchos Miaoulis (1889)
• Greek Torpedo Boats (1881-85)
• Greek Gunboats (1861-84)
• Gunboat St Michael (1970)
• Gunboat "1804" (1875)
• Gunboat Dessalines (1883)
• Gunboat Toussaint Louverture (1886)
• Konigin der Netherland (1874)
• Draak, monitor (1877)
• Matador, monitor (1878)
• R. Claeszen, monitor (1891)
• Evertsen class CDS (1894)
• Atjeh class cruisers (1876)
• Cruiser Sumatra (1890)
• Cruiser K.W. Der. Neth (1892)
• Banda class Gunboats (1872)
• Pontania class Gunboats (1873)
• Gunboat Aruba (1873)
• Hydra Gunboat class (1873)
• Batavia class Gunboats (1877)
• Wodan Gunboat class (1877)
• Ceram class Gunboats (1887)
• Combok class Gunboats (1891)
• Borneo Gunboat (1892)
• Nias class Gunboats (1895)
• Koetei class Gunboats (1898)
• Dutch sloops (1864-85)

• Friedland CT Battery ship (1873)
• Richelieu CT Battery ship (1873)
• Colbert class CT Battery ships (1875)
• Redoutable CT Battery ship (1876)
• Courbet class CT Battery ships (1879)
• Amiral Duperre barbette ship (1879)
• Terrible class barbette ships (1883)
• Amiral Baudin class barbette ships (1883)
• Barbette ship Hoche (1886)
• Marceau class barbette ships (1888)
• Cerbere class Arm.Ram (1870)
• Tonnerre class Br.Monitors (1875)
• Tempete class Br.Monitors (1876)
• Tonnant ironclad (1880)
• Furieux ironclad (1883)
• Fusee class Arm.Gunboats (1885)
• Acheron class Arm.Gunboats (1885)
• Jemmapes class (1892)
• Bouvines class (1892)
• La Galissonière Cent. Bat. Ironclads (1872)
• Bayard class barbette ships (1879)
• Vauban class barbette ships (1882)
• Prot. Cruiser Sfax (1884)
• Prot. Cruiser Tage (1886)
• Prot. Cruiser Amiral Cécille (1888)
• Prot. Cruiser Davout (1889)
• Forbin class Cruisers (1888)
• Troude class Cruisers (1888)
• Alger class Cruisers (1891)
• Friant class Cruisers (1893)
• Prot. Cruiser Suchet (1893)
• Descartes class Cruisers (1893)
• Linois class Cruisers (1896)
• D'Assas class Cruisers (1896)
• Catinat class Cruisers (1896)
• R. de Genouilly class Cruisers (1876)
• Cruiser Duquesne (1876)
• Cruiser Tourville (1876)
• Cruiser Duguay-Trouin (1877)
• Laperouse class Cruisers (1877)
• Villars class Cruisers (1879)
• Cruiser Iphigenie (1881)
• Cruiser Naiade (1881)
• Cruiser Arethuse (1882)
• Cruiser Dubourdieu (1884)
• Cruiser Milan (1884)
• Parseval class sloops (1876)
• Bisson class sloops (1874)
• Epee class gunboats (1873)
• Crocodile class gunboats (1874)
• Tromblon class gunboats (1875)
• Condor class Torpedo Cruisers (1885)
• G. Charmes class gunboats (1886)
• Inconstant class sloops (1887)
• Bombe class Torpedo Cruisers (1887)
• Wattignies class Torpedo Cruisers (1891)
• Levrier class Torpedo Cruisers (1891)

• Siete de Setembro class (1874)
• Riachuleo class (1883)

• ☍ See the Page
• Coastal Battleship Vasco da Gama (1875)
• Portuguese Torpedo Boats
• Portuguese Gunboats

• GB Indipendencia (1874)
• GB Democrata (1875)
• Cruiser Heibtnuma (1890)
• Cruiser Lufti Humayun (1892)
• Cruiser Hadevendighar (1892)
• Shadieh class cruisers (1893)
• Turkish TBs (1885-94)

• Pr. Amadeo class (1871)
• Caio Duilio class (1879)
• Italia class (1885)
• Ruggero di Lauria class (1884)
• Carracciolo (1869)
• Vettor Pisani (1869)
• Cristoforo Colombo (1875)
• Flavio Goia (1881)
• Amerigo Vespucci (1882)
• C. Colombo (ii) (1892)
• Pietro Micca (1876)
• Tripoli (1886)
• Goito class (1887)
• Folgore class (1887)
• Partenope class (1889)
• Giovanni Bausan (1883)
• Etna class (1885)
• Dogali (1885)
• Piemonte (1888)
• Staffeta (1876)
• Rapido (1876)
• Barbarigo class (1879)
• Messagero (1885)
• Archimede class (1887)
• Guardiano class GB (1874)
• Scilla class GB (1874)
• Provana class GB (1884)
• Curtatone class GB (1887)
• Castore class GB (1888)

• Ironclad Fuso (1877)
• Kongo class Ironclads (1877)
• Cruiser Tsukushi (1880)
• Cruiser Takao (1888)
• Cruiser Yaeyama (1889)
• Cruiser Chishima (1890)
• Cruiser Tatsuta (1894)
• Cruiser Miyako (1898)
• Frigate Nisshin (1869)
• Frigate Tsukuba (acq.1870)
• Kaimon class CVT (1882)
• Katsuragi class SCVT (1885)
• Sloop Seiki (1875)
• Sloop Amagi (1877)
• Corvette Jingei (1876)
• Gunboat Banjo (1878)
• Maya class GB (1886)
• Gunboat Oshima (1891)

• Main article
• Ironclad Hansa (1872)
• G.Kurfürst class (1873)
• Kaiser class (1874)
• Sachsen class (1877)
• Ironclad Oldenburg (1884)
• Ariadne class CVT (1871)
• Leipzig class CVT (1875)
• Bismarck class CVT (1877)
• Carola class CVT (1880)
• Corvette Nixe (1885)
• Corvette Charlotte (1885)
• Schwalbe class Cruisers (1887)
• Bussard class (1890)
• Aviso Zieten (1876)
• Blitz class Avisos (1882)
• Aviso Greif (1886)
• Wacht class Avisos (1887)
• Meteor class Avisos (1890)
• Albatross class GBT (1871)
• Cyclop GBT (1874)
• Otter GBT (1877)
• Wolf class GBT (1878)
• Habitch class GBT (1879)
• Hay GBT (1881)
• Eber GBT (1881)
• Rhein class Monitors (1872)
• Wespe class Monitors (1876)
• Brummer class Arm.Steamers (1884)

• Petr Velikiy (1872)
• Ekaterina class ICL (1886)
• Imperator Alexander class ICL (1887)
• Ironclad Gangut (1890)
• Admiral Ushakov class (1893)
• Navarin (1893)
• Petropavlovsk class (1894)
• Sissoi Veliky (1896)
• Minin (1866)
• G.Admiral class (1875)
• Pamiat Merkuria (1879)
• V.Monomakh (1882)
• D.Donskoi (1883)
• Adm.Nakhimov (1883)
• Vitiaz class (1884)
• Pamiat Azova (1886)
• Adm.Kornilov (1887)
• Rurik (1895)
• Svetlana (1896)
• Gunboat Ersh (1874)
• Kreiser class sloops (1875)
• Gunboat Nerpa (1877)
• Burun class Gunboats (1879)
• Sivuch class Gunboats (1884)
• Korietz class Gunboats (1886)
• Kubanetz class Gunboats (1887)
• TGBT Lt.Ilin (1886)
• TGBT Kp.Saken (1889)
• Kazarski class TGBT (1889)
• Grozyaschi class AGBT (1890)
• Gunboat Khrabri (1895)
• T.Gunboat Abrek (1896)
• Amur class minelayers (1898)
• Lima class Cruisers (1880)
• Chilean TBs (1879)

• Monitor Loke (1871)
• Svea class Coast Defence Ships (1886)
• Berserk class (1873)
• Sloop Balder (1870)
• Blenda class GB (1874)
• Urd class GB (1877)
• Gunboat Edda (1885)

• Gorm (1870)
• Odin (1872)
• Helgoland (1878)

• Hotspur (1870)
• Glatton (1871)
• Devastation class (1871)
• Cyclops class (1871)
• Rupert (1874)
• Neptune class (1874)
• Dreadnought (1875)
• Inflexible (1876)
• Agamemnon class (1879)
• Conqueror class (1881)
• Colossus class (1882)
• Admiral class (1882)
• Trafalgar class (1887)
• Victoria class (1890)
• Royal Sovereign class (1891)
• Centurion class (1892)
• Renown (1895)
• HMS Shannon (1875)
• Nelson class (1876)
• Iris class (1877)
• Leander class (1882)
• Imperieuse class (1883)
• Mersey class (1885)
• Surprise class (1885)
• Scout class (1885)
• Archer class (1885)
• Orlando class (1886)
• Medea class (1888)
• Barracouta class (1889)
• Barham class (1889)
• Pearl class (1889)
• 1870-90 Torpedo Boats

• Ironclad Pelayo (1887)
• Aragon class (1879)
• Velasco class (1881)
• Isla de Luzon (1886)
• Alfonso XII class (1887)
• Reina Regentes class (1887)
• Infanta Maria Teresa class (1890)
• Emperador Carlos V (1895)
• Cristobal Colon (1896)
• Princesa de Asturias class (1896)
• Destructor class (1886)
• Temerario class (1891)
• TGunboat Filipinas (1892)
• De Molina class (1896)
• Furor class (1896)
• Audaz class (1897)
• Spanish TBs (1878-87)
• Fernando class gunboats (1875)
• Concha class gunboats (1883)

• USS Maine (1889)
• USS Texas (1892)
• Indiana class (1893)
• USS Iowa (1896)
• Amphitrite class (1876)
• USS Puritan (1882)
• USS Monterey (1891)
• Atlanta class (1884)
• USS Chicago (1885)
• USS Charleston (1888)
• USS Baltimore (1888)
• USS Philadelphia (1889)
• USS San Francisco (1889)
• USS Newark (1890)
• USS New York (1891)
• USS Olympia (1892)
• Cincinatti class (1892)
• Montgomery class (1893)
• Columbia class (1893)
• USS Brooklyn (1895)
• USS Vesuvius (1888)
• USS Katahdin (1893)
• USN Torpedo Boats (1886-1901)
• GB USS Dolphin (1884)
• Yorktown class GB (1888)
• GB USS Petrel (1888)
• GB USS Bancroft (1892)
• Machias class GB (1891)
• GB USS Nashville (1895)
• Wilmington class GB (1895)
• Annapolis class GB (1896)
• Wheeling class GB (1897)
• Small gunboats (1886-95)
• St Louis class AMC (1894)
• Harvard class AMC (1888)
• USN Armoured Merchant Cruisers
• USN Armed Yachts

☉ Entente Fleets

• WW1 American Battleships
• USS Texas (1891)
• Indiana class battleships (1898)
• Kearsage class battleships (1898)
• Illinois class (1898)
• Maine class (1901)
• Virginia class (1904)
• Connecticut class (1905)
• Mississippi class (1906)
• South Carolina class battleships (1908)
• Delaware class battleships (1909)
• Florida class battleships (1910)
• Arkansas class battleships (1911)
• New York class Battleships (1912)
• Nevada class Battleships (1914)
• Pennsylvania class (1915)
• New Mexico class battleships (1917)
• Tennessee class battleships (1919)
• Colorado class battleships (1920)
• South Dakota class battleships (1920)
• WW1 US Cruisers
• Atlanta class (1885)
• USS Charleston (1887)
• Baltimore class (1888)
• Montgomery class (1891)
• New Orleans class (1896)
• USS Maine (1896)
• Denver class (1902)
• Pittsburg (Pennslvania) class (1903)
• St Louis class (1904)
• Memphis (Tennessee) class (1904)
• Chester class (1907)
• Omaha class (1920)
• WW1 USN Destroyers
• Bainbridge Class
• Truxtun Class
• Smith Class
• Paulding Class
• Cassin Class
• O'brien Class
• Tucker Class
• Sampson Class
• Caldwell Class
• Wickes Class
• Clemson Class
• WW1 American Submarines
• USS Holland 1897
• A class subs 1901
• B class subs 1906
• C class subs 1907
• D class subs 1909
• E class subs 1911
• F class subs 1911
• G class subs 1911
• H class subs 1913
• K class subs 1914
• L class subs 1915
• M class subs 1915
• N class subs 1916
• O class subs 1917
• R class subs 1917
• S class subs 1918
• T(AA) class subs 1918
• American Torpedo Boats (1885-1901)
• WW1 USN Gunboats
• WW1 USN Monitors
• WW1 USN Armed Merchant cruisers
• WW1 USN armed Yachts
• Eagle Boats (1918)
• SC 110 ft (1917)
• Shawmut class minelayers (1907)
• Bird class minesweepers (1917)

• WW1 British Battleships
• Majestic class (1894)
• Canopus class (1897)
• Formidable class (1898)
• London class (1899)
• Duncan class (1901)
• King Edward VII class (1903)
• Swiftsure class (1903)
• Lord Nelson class (1906)
• HMS Dreadnought (1906)
• Bellorophon class (1907)
• St Vincent class (1908)
• HMS Neptune (1909)
• Colossus class (1910)
• Orion class (1911)
• King George V class (1911)
• Iron Duke class (1912)
• Queen Elizabeth class (1913)
• HMS Canada (1913)
• HMS Agincourt (1913)
• HMS Erin (1915)
• Revenge class (1915)
• N3 class (1920)
• WW1 British Battlecruisers
• Invincible class (1907)
• Indefatigable class (1909)
• Lion class (1910)
• HMS Tiger (1913)
• Renown class (1916)
• Courageous class (1916)
• G3 class (1918)
• ww1 British cruisers
• Blake class (1889)
• Edgar class (1890)
• Powerful class (1895)
• Diadem class (1896)
• Cressy class (1900)
• Drake class (1901)
• Monmouth class (1901)
• Devonshire class (1903)
• Duke of Edinburgh class (1904)
• Warrior class (1905)
• Minotaur class (1906)
• Hawkins class (1917)
• Apollo class (1890)
• Astraea class (1893)
• Eclipse class (1894)
• Arrogant class (1896)
• Pelorus class (1896)
• Highflyer class (1898)
• Gem class (1903)
• Adventure class (1904)
• Forward class (1904)
• Pathfinder class (1904)
• Sentinel class (1904)
• Boadicea class (1908)
• Blonde class (1910)
• Active class (1911)
• 'Town' class (1909-1913)
• Arethusa class (1913)
• 'C' class series (1914-1922)
• 'D' class (1918)
• 'E' class (1918)
• WW1 British Seaplane Carriers
• HMS Ark Royal (1914)
• HMS Campania (1893)
• HMS Argus (1917)
• HMS Furious (1917)
• HMS Vindictive (1918)
• HMS Hermes (1919)
• WW1 British Destroyers
• 26-knotters (1893)
• 27-knotters (1894)
• 30-knotters (1895-99)
• 33-knotters (1896-1901)
• HM Turbinia (1897)
• HMS Viper (1897)
• HMS Cobra (1899)
• HMS Velox (1899)
• River class (1903)
• Tribal class (1907)
• Cricket class (1906)
• HMS Swift (1907)
• Albacore class (1906)
• Beagle class (1909)
• Acorn class (1910)
• Acheron class (1911)
• Acasta class (1912)
• Laforey class (1913)
• M/repeat M class (1914)
• Faulknor class FL (1914)
• Lightfoote class FL (1914)
• Medea class (1914)
• Talisman class (1915)
• Parker claqs FL (1916)
• R/Mod R class (1916)
• V class FL (1917)
• Skakespeare class FL (1917)
• Scott class FL (1917)
• V class (1917)
• W/Mod W class (1917)
• S class (1918)
• WW1 British Torpedo Boats
• 125ft series (1885)
• 140ft series (1892)
• 160ft series (1901)
• WW1 British Submarines
• Nordenfelt Submarines (1885)
• Holland Type (1901)
• A-Class Type (1902)
• B-Class Type (1904)
• C-Class Type (1906)
• D-Class Type (1908)
• E-Class Type (1912)
• S-Class Type (1914)
• V-Class Type (1914)
• W-Class Type (1914)
• F-Class Type (1915)
• H-class Type (1914)
• HMS Nautilus (1914)
• HMS Swordfish (1916)
• G-Class Type (1915)
• J-Class Type (1915)
• K-Class Type (1916)
• L-Class Type (1917)
• M-Class Type (1917)
• R-Class Type (1918)
• WW1 British Monitors
• Flower class sloops
• British Gunboats of WWI
• British P-Boats (1915)
• Kil class (1917)
• British ww1 Minesweepers
• Z-Whaler class patrol crafts
• British ww1 CMB
• British ww1 Auxiliaries

• WW1 French Battlecruisers (Projects)
• WW1 French Battleships
• Charles Martel class (1891)
• Charlemagne class (1899)
• Henri IV (1899)
• Iéna (1898)
• Suffren (1899)
• République class (1902)
• Liberté class (1904)
• Danton class Battleships (1909)
• Courbet class (1911)
• Bretagne class (1914)
• Normandie class battleships (1914)
• Lyon class battleships (planned)
• WW1 French Cruisers
• Dupuy de Lôme (1890)
• Admiral Charner class (1892)
• Pothuau (1895)
• Dunois class (1897)
• Jeanne d'Arc arm. cruiser (1899)
• Gueydon class arm. cruisers (1901)
• Dupleix class arm. cruisers (1901)
• Gloire class arm. cruisers (1902)
• Gambetta class arm. cruisers (1901)
• Jules Michelet arm. cruiser (1905)
• Ernest Renan arm. cruiser (1905)
• Lamotte Picquet class cruisers (planned)
• Cruiser D'Entrecasteaux (1897)
• D’Iberville class (1893)
• Jurien de la Gravière (1899)
• Seaplane Carrier La Foudre (1895)
• Kersaint class sloops (1897)
• WW1 French Destroyers
• WW1 French ASW Escorts
• WW1 French Submarines
• Plongeur (1863)
• Gymnôte (1888)
• Gustave Zédé (1893)
• Morse (1899)
• Narval (1899)
• Sirène class (1901)
• Farfadet class (1901)
• Morse class (1901)
• Naiade class (1904)
• Aigrette class (1904)
• Omega (1905)
• Emeraude class (1906)
• Circe class (1907)
• Pluviose class (1909)
• Brumaire class (1910)
• Archimede (1909)
• Mariotte (1911)
• Amiral Bourgeois (1912)
• Charles Brun (1910)
• Clorinde class (1913)
• Zédé class (1913)
• Amphitrite class (1914)
• Bellone class (1914)
• Dupuy de Lome class (1915)
• Diane class (1915)
• Joessel class (1917)
• Lagrange class (1917)
• Armide class (1915)
• O'Byrne class (1919)
• Maurice Callot (1921)
• Pierre Chailley (1921)
• WW1 French Torpedo Boats
• WW1 French river gunboats
• WW1 French Motor Boats
• WW1 French Auxiliary Warships

• WW1 Japanese Battleships
• Ironclad Chin Yen (1882)
• Fuji class (1896)
• Shikishima class (1898)
• IJN Mikasa (1900)
• Katori class (1905)
• Satsuma class (1906)
• Kawachi class (1910)
• Fusō class (1915)
• Ise class (1917)
• Nagato class (1919)
• Kaga class (1921)
• Kii class (planned)
• Tsukuba class BCs (1905)
• Ibuki class (1907)
• Kongō class (1912)
• Akagi class (planned)
• N°13 class (planned)
• WW1 Japanese Cruisers
• Naniwa class (1885)
• IJN Unebi (1886)
• Matsushima class (1889)
• IJN Akitsushima (1892)
• Suma class (1895)
• Chitose class (1898)
• Asama class (1898)
• IJN Yakumo (1899)
• IJN Adzuma (1899)
• Tsushima class (1902)
• IJN Otowa (1903)
• Kasuga class (1904)
• IJN Tone (1907)
• Yodo class (1907)
• Chikuma class (1911)
• Tenryu class (1918)
• WW1 Japanese Destroyers
• WW1 Japanese Submersibles
• WW1 Japanese Torpedo Boats
• WW1 Japanese gunboats
• IJN Wakamiya seaplane carrier (1905)
• Natsushima class minelayers (1911)
• IJN Katsuriki minelayer (1916)
• Japanese WW1 auxiliaries

• WW1 Russian Battleships
• Tri Sviatitelia (1894)
• Poltava (1894)
• Rostislav (1896)
• Peresviet class (1899)
• Pantelimon (1900)
• Retvizan (1900)
• Tsesarevich (1901)
• Borodino class (1901)
• Pervoswanny class (1908)
• Evstafi class (1910)
• Gangut class (1911)
• Imperatritsa Mariya class (1913)
• Borodino class battlecruisers (1915)
• WW1 Russian Cruisers
• Rossia class (1896)
• Pallada class (1899)
• Varyag (1900)
• Askold (1900)
• Novik (1900)
• Bogatyr class (1901)
• Boyarin (1901)
• Izmurud (1903)
• Bayan class (1905)
• Rurik (1906)
• Svetlana class (1915)
• Adm. Nakhimov class (1915)
• WW1 Russian Destroyers
• Pruitki class (1895)
• Bditelni(i) class (1899)
• Grozni class (1904)
• Ukraina class (1904)
• Bukharski class (1905)
• Gaidamak class (1905)
• Lovki class (1905)
• Bditelni class (1905)
• Tverdi class (1906)
• Storozhevoi class (1906)
• Kondratenko class (1906)
• Shestakov class (1907)
• Novik (1911)
• Bespokoiny(Derzki) class (1911)
• Orfey class (1911)
• Izyaslav class (1911)
• Fidonisy(Kerch) class (1911)
• WW1 Russian Submarines
• WW1 Russian TBs (1877-1918)
• WW1 Russian Minelayers
• WW1 Russian Minesweepers
• Amur class Minelayers (1906)

• WW1 Italian Battleships
• Re Umberto class (1883)
• Amiraglio Di St Bon class (1897)
• Regina Margherita class (1900)
• Regina Elena class (1904)
• Dante Alighieri (1909)
• Cavour class (1915)
• Doria class (1916)
• Caracciolo class battleships (1917)
• WW1 Italian Cruisers
• Umbria class (1891)
• Calabria (1894)
• Vettor Pisani class (1895)
• Agordat class (1899)
• Garibaldi class (1901)
• Marco Polo (1892)
• Nino Bixio class ()
• Pisa class (1907)
• San Giorgio class (1907)
• Quarto (1911)
• Libia (1912)
• Campania class (1914)
• WW1 Italian Gunboats
• Governolo GB (1897)
• Brondolo class (1909)
• Sebastiano Caboto (1912)
• Ape class (1918)
• Erlanno Caboto (1918)
• Bafile class (1921)
• Esploratori (scouts)
• Poerio class scouts
• Mirabello class scouts
• Aquila class scouts
• Leone class scouts
• WW1 Italian Destroyers
• Soldati class
• Indomito class
• Sirtori class
• La Masa class
• Palestro class
• "Generali" class
• Curtatone class
• WW1 Italian Torpedo Boats
• WW1 Italian Submarines
• WW1 Italian Monitors
• WW1 Italian Minesweepers
• WW1 Italian MAS
• Grillo class tracked torpedo launches

✠ Central Empires

• WW1 German Battleships
• Siegfried class (1889)
• Brandenburg class (1892)
• Wittelsbach class (1900)
• Braunschweig class (1902)
• Kaiser Friedrich III class (1904)
• Deutschland class (1905)
• Nassau class (1906)
• Helgoland class (1909)
• Kaiser class (1911)
• König class (1913)
• Bayern class battleships (1916)
• Sachsen class (launched)
• L20 Alpha (project)
• WW1 German Battlecruisers
• SMS Blücher (1908)
• Von der Tann (1909)
• Moltke class (1910)
• Seydlitz (1912)
• Derrflinger class (1913)
• Hindenburg (1915)
• Mackensen class (1917)
• Ersatz Yorck class (started)
• WW1 German Cruisers
• Irene class (1887)
• SMS Kaiserin Augusta (1892)
• SMS Gefion (1893)
• SMS Hela (1895)
• Victoria Louise class (1896)
• Fürst Bismarck (1897)
• Gazelle class (1898)
• Prinz Adalbert class (1901)
• Prinz heinrich (1900)
• Bremen class (1902)
• Könisgberg class (1905)
• Roon class (1905)
• Scharnhorst class (1906)
• Dresden class (1907)
• Nautilus class (1906)
• Kolberg class (1908)
• Magdeburg class (1911)
• Karlsruhe class (1912)
• Graudenz class (1914)
• Pillau class (1914)
• Brummer class (1915)
• Wiesbaden class (1915)
• Königsberg(ii) class (1915)
• Cöln class (1916)
• WW1 German Commerce Raiders
• SMS Seeadler (1888)
• WW1 German Destroyers
• WW1 German Submarines
• Brandtaucher
• U-139 class
• U-142 class
• UB-II class
• UB-III class
• UC-II class
• Deutschland
• UE-II class
• WW1 German Torpedo Boats
• ww1 German gunboats
• ww1 German minesweepers
• ww1 German MTBs
• Monarch class coastal BS (1895)
• Habsburg class
• Herzherzog Karl class
• Radetzky class (1908)
• SMS Kaiser Karl IV (1898)
• SMS Sankt Georg (1903)
• Tegetthoff class (1911)
• Kaiser Franz Joseph I class (1889)
• Kaiserin und Königin Maria Theresia
• Admiral Spaun/Novara
• Panther class (1885)
• Zara class (1880)
• Austro-Hungarian Destroyers
• Tatra class Destroyers
• Austro-Hungarian Submarines
• Austro-Hungarian Torpedo Boats
• Versuchsgleitboot
• Barbarossa class battleships (1892)
• Yavuz (1914)
• Cruiser Mecidieh (1903)
• Cruiser Hamidieh (1903)
• Cruiser Midilli (1914)
• Namet Torpedo cruisers (1890)
• Sahahani Deria Torpedo cruisers (1892)
• Destroyers class Berk-Efshan (1894)
• Destroyers class Yarishar (1907)
• Destroyers class Muavenet (1909)
• Berk i Savket class Torpedo gunboats (1906)
• Marmaris gunboat (1903)
• Sedd ul Bahr class gunboats (1907)
• Isa Reis class gunboats (1911)
• Preveze class gunboats (1912)
• Turkish WW1 Torpedo Boats
• Turkish Armed Yachts (1861-1903)
• Turkish WW1 Minelayers

⚑ Neutral Countries

• Alm. Brown Corvette (1880)
• Cruiser Patagonia (1885)
• Libertad class CBC (1890)
• Cruiser 25 de Mayo (1890)
• Cruiser Nueve de Julio (1892)
• Cruiser Buenos Aires (1895)
• Garibaldi class cruisers (1895)
• Espora class TGB (1890)
• Patria class TGB (1893)
• Argentinian TBs (1880-98)
• Marsh. Deodoro class (1898)
• Riachuelo (1883)
• Minas Geraes class (1908)
• Cruiser Alm. Tamandaré (1890)
• Cruiser Republica (1892)
• Cruiser Alm. Barrozo (1892)
• TT Gunboat Talayo (1892)
• Brazilian TBs (1879-1893)
• BS Alm. Latorre (1913)
• BS Capitan Prat (1890)
• Pdt. Errazuriz class (1890)
• Blanco Encalada (1893)
• Esmeralda (1894)
• Ministro Zenteno (1896)
• O'Higgins (1897)
• Chacabuco (1898)
• TGB Almirante Lynch (1890)
• TGB Alm. Sampson (1896)
• Chilean TBs (1880-1902)
• Gunboat Baire (1906)
• Gunboat Patria (1911)
• Diez de octubre class GB (1911)
• Sloop Cuba (1911)
• GB Toussaint Louverture (1886)
• GB Capois la Mort (1893)
• GB Crete a Pierot (1895)

• Cruiser Zatagosa (1891)
• GB Plan de Guadalupe (1892)
• Tampico class GB (1902)
• N. Bravo class GB (1903)

• Almirante Grau class (1906)
• Ferre class subs. (1912)
• Cruiser Nadezhda (1898)
• Drski class TBs (1906)
• Skjold class (1896)
• Herluf Trolle class (1899)
• Herluf Trolle (1908)
• Niels Iuel (1918)
• Hekla class cruisers (1890)
• Valkyrien class cruisers (1888)
• Fyen class crusiers (1882)
• Danish TBs (1879-1918)
• Danish Submarines (1909-1920)
• Danish Minelayer/sweepers
• Kilkis class
• Giorgios Averof class
• Eversten class (1894)
• Konigin Regentes class (1900)
• De Zeven Provincien (1909)
• Dutch dreadnought (project)
• Holland class cruisers (1896)
• Fret class destroyers
• Dutch Torpedo boats
• Dutch gunboats
• Dutch submarines
• Dutch minelayers
• Haarfarge class (1897)
• Norge class (1900)
• Norwegian Monitors
• Cr. Frithjof (1895)
• Cr. Viking (1891)
• DD Draug (1908)
• Norwegian ww1 TBs
• Norwegian ww1 Gunboats
• Sub. Kobben (1909)
• Ml. Fröya (1916)
• Ml. Glommen (1917)

• Cruiser Adamastor (1896)
• Sao Gabriel class (1898)
• Cruiser Dom Carlos I (1898)
• Cruiser Rainha Dona Amelia (1899)
• Portuguese ww1 Destroyers
• Portuguese ww1 Submersibles
• Portuguese ww1 Gunboats
• Elisabeta (1885)

• España class Battleships (1912)
• Velasco class (1885)
• Cataluna class (1896)
• Plata class (1898)
• Estramadura class (1900)
• Reina Regentes class (1906)
• Spanish Destroyers
• Spanish Torpedo Boats
• Spanish Sloops/Gunboats
• Spanish Submarines
• Spanish Armada 1898
• Svea class (1886)
• Oden class (1896)
• Dristigheten (1900)
• Äran class (1901)
• Oscar II (1905)
• Sverige class (1915)
• J. Ericsson class (1865)
• Gerda class (1871)
• Berserk (1873)
• HMS Fylgia (1905)
• Clas Fleming class (1912)
• Swedish Torpedo cruisers
• Swedish destroyers
• Swedish Torpedo Boats
• Swedish gunboats
• Swedish submarines
• Dingyuan class Ironclads (1881)
• Hai Ching class (1874)
• Wei Yuan class (1878)
• Chao Yung class (1880)
• Nan T'an class (1883)
• Pao Min (1885)
• King Ching class (1885)
• Tung Chi class (1895)
• Hai Yung class (1897)
• Hai Tien class (1898)
• Chao Ho class (1911)
• Gunboats (1867-1918)
• Fu Po class Gunboats (1870)
• Torpedo gunboats (1891-1900)
• Destroyers (1906-1912)
• Torpedo boats (1883-1902)
• Maha Chakri (1892)
• Thoon Kramon (1866)
• Makrut Rajakumarn (1883)

⚏ WW1 3rd/4th rank navies

✪ allied ww2 fleets.

• WW2 US Battleships
• Wyoming class (1911)
• New York class (1912)
• Nevada class (1914)
• New Mexico class (1917)
• Tennessee Class (1919)
• Colorado class (1921)
• North Carolina class (1940)
• South Dakota class (1941)
• Iowa class (1942)
• Montana class (cancelled)
• WW2 American Cruisers
• Omaha class cruisers (1920)
• Pensacola class heavy Cruisers (1928)
• Northampton class heavy cruisers (1929)
• Portland class heavy cruisers (1931)
• New Orleans class cruisers (1933)
• Brooklyn class cruisers (1936)
• USS Wichita (1937)
• Atlanta class light cruisers (1941)
• Cleveland class light Cruisers (1942)
• Baltimore class heavy cruisers (1942)
• Alaska class heavy cruisers (1944)
• WW2 USN Aircraft Carriers
• USS Langley (1920)
• Lexington class CVs (1927)
• USS Ranger (CV-4)
• USS Wasp (CV-7)
• Yorktown class aircraft carriers (1936)
• Long Island class (1940)
• Independence class CVs (1942)
• Essex class CVs (1942)
• Bogue class CVEs (1942)
• Sangamon class CVEs (1942)
• Casablanca class CVEs (1942)
• Commencement Bay class CVEs (1944)
• Midway class CVs (1945)
• Saipan class CVs (1945)
• WW2 USN destroyers
• Farragut class (1934)
• Porter class (1935)
• Mahan class (1935)
• Gridley class (1936)
• Bagley class (1936)
• Somers class (1937)
• Benham class (1938)
• Sims class (1939)
• Benson class (1939)
• Gleaves class (1940)
• Fletcher class (1942)
• Sumner class (1943)
• Gearing class (1944)
• GMT Evarts class (1942)
• TE Buckley class (1943)
• TEV/WGT Rudderow class (1943)
• DET/FMR Cannon class
• Asheville/Tacoma class
• WW2 US Submarines
• Barracuda class
• USS Argonaut
• Narwhal class
• USS Dolphin
• Cachalot class
• Porpoise class
• Shark class
• Perch class
• Salmon class
• Sargo class
• Tambor class
• Mackerel class
• USS Terror (1941)
• Raven class Mnsp (1940)
• Admirable class Mnsp (1942)
• Eagle class sub chasers (1918)
• PC class sub chasers
• SC class sub chasers
• PCS class sub chasers
• YMS class Mot. Mnsp
• ww2 US gunboats
• ww2 US seaplane tenders
• USS Curtiss ST (1940)
• Currituck class ST
• Tangier class ST
• Barnegat class ST
• US Coast Guard
• Northland class
• Treasury class
• Owasco class
• Algonquin class
• Thetis class
• Active class
• US Amphibious ships & crafts
• US Amphibious Operations
• Doyen class AT
• Harris class AT
• Dickman class AT
• Bayfield class AT
• Windsor class AT
• Ormsby class AT
• Funston class AT
• Sumter class AT
• Haskell class AT
• Andromeda class AT
• Gilliam class AT
• APD-1 class LT
• APD-37 class LT
• LSV class LS
• LSD class LS
• Landing Ship Tank
• LSM class LS
• LSM(R) class SS
• LCV class LC
• LCVP class LC
• LCM(3) class LC
• LCP(L) class LC
• LCP(R) class SC
• LCL(L)(3) class FSC
• LCS(S) class FSC

• WW2 British Battleships
• Queen Elisabeth class (1913)
• Nelson class (1925)
• King George V class (1939)
• Lion class (Started)
• HMS Vanguard (1944)
• HMS Hood (1920)
• WW2 British Cruisers
• British C class cruisers (1914-1922)
• Hawkins class cruisers (1917)
• British D class cruisers (1918)
• Enterprise class cruisers (1919)
• HMS Adventure (1924)
• County class cruisers (1926)
• York class cruisers (1929)
• Surrey class cruisers (project)
• Leander class cruisers (1931)
• Arethusa class cruisers (1934)
• Perth class cruisers (1934)
• Town class cruisers (1936)
• Dido class cruisers (1939)
• Abdiel class cruisers (1939)
• Fiji class cruisers (1941)
• Bellona class cruisers (1942)
• Swiftsure class cruisers (1943)
• Tiger class cruisers (1944)
• WW2 British Aircraft Carriers
• HMS Eagle (1918)
• Courageous class aircraft carriers (1928)
• HMS Ark Royal (1937)
• Illustrious class (1939)
• HMS Indomitable (1940)
• Implacable class (1942)
• Malta class (project)
• HMS Unicorn (1941)
• Colossus class (1943)
• Majestic class (1944)
• Centaur class (started 1945)
• HMS Archer (1939)
• HMS Audacity (1941)
• HMS Archer (1941)
• HMS Activity (1941)
• HMS Pretoria Castle (1941)
• Avenger class (1941)
• Attacker class (1941)
• Ameer class (1942)
• Merchant Aircraft Carriers (1942)
• Nairana class (1943)
• WW2 British Destroyers
• Shakespeare class (1917)
• Scott class (1818)
• W class (1918)
• A/B class (1926)
• C/D class (1931)
• G/H/I class (1935)
• Tribal class (1937)
• J/K/N class (1938)
• Hunt class DE (1939)
• L/M class (1940)
• O/P class (1942)
• Q/R class (1942)
• S/T/U//V/W class (1942)
• Z/ca class (1943)
• Ch/Co/Cr class (1944)
• Battle class (1945)
• Weapon class (1945)
• WW2 British submarines
• L9 class (1918)
• HMS X1 (1923)
• Odin (O) class (1926)
• Parthian (P) class (1929)
• Rainbow (R) class (1930)
• River (Thames) class (1932)
• Swordfish (S) class (1932)
• Grampus class (1935)
• Shark class (1934)
• Triton class (1937)
• Undine class (1937)
• U class (1940)
• S class (1941)
• T class (1941)
• X-Craft midget (1942)
• A class (1944)
• WW2 British Amphibious Ships and Landing Crafts
• LSI(L) class
• LSI(M/S) class
• LSI(H) class
• Boxer class LST
• LST(2) class
• LST(3) class
• LSH(L) class
• LSF classes (all)
• LCI(S) class
• LCI(L) class
• LCS(L2) class
• LCG(M)(1) class
• WW2 British MTB/gunboats
• WW2 British MTBs
• MTB-1 class (1936)
• MTB-24 class (1939)
• MTB-41 class (1940)
• MTB-424 class (1944)
• MTB-601 class (1942)
• MA/SB class (1938)
• MTB-412 class (1942)
• MGB 6 class (1939)
• MGB-47 class (1940)
• MGB 321 (1941)
• MGB 501 class (1942)
• MGB 511 class (1944)
• MGB 601 class (1942)
• MGB 2001 class (1943)
• WW2 British Gunboats
• Denny class (1941)
• Fairmile A (1940)
• Fairmile B (1940)
• HDML class (1940)
• WW2 British Sloops
• Bridgewater class (2090)
• Hastings class (1930)
• Shoreham class (1930)
• Grimsby class (1934)
• Bittern class (1937)
• Egret class (1938)
• Black Swan class (1939)
• River class (1942)
• Loch class (1944)
• Bay class (1944)
• Kingfisher class (1935)
• Shearwater class (1939)
• Flower class (1940)
• Castle class (1943)
• WW2 British Misc.
• Roberts class monitors (1941)
• Halcyon class minesweepers (1933)
• Bangor class minesweepers (1940)
• Bathurst class minesweepers (1940)
• Algerine class minesweepers (1941)
• Motor Minesweepers (1937)
• ww2 British ASW trawlers
• Basset class trawlers (1935)
• Tree class trawlers (1939)
• HMS Albatross seaplane carrier
• WW2 British river gunboats
• HMS Guardian netlayer
• HMS Protector netlayer
• HMS Plover coastal mines.
• Medway class sub depot ships
• HMS Resource fleet repair
• HMS Woolwhich DD depot ship
• HMS Tyne DD depot ship
• Maidstone class sub depot ships
• HmS Adamant sub depot ship
• Athene class aircraft transport
• British ww2 AMCs
• British ww2 OBVs
• British ww2 ABVs
• British ww2 Convoy Escorts
• British ww2 APVs
• British ww2 SSVs
• British ww2 SGAVs
• British ww2 Auxiliary Mines.
• British ww2 CAAAVs
• British ww2 Paddle Mines.
• British ww2 MDVs
• British ww2 Auxiliary Minelayers
• British ww2 armed yachts

• WW2 French Battleships
• Dunkerque class (1935)
• Richelieu class (1940)
• Gascoigne class (Project)
• WW2 French cruisers
• Duguay Trouin class (1923)
• Duquesne class (1925)
• Suffren class (1927)
• Pluton (1929)
• Jeanne d’Arc (1930)
• Algérie (1930)
• Emile Bertin (1933)
• La Galissonnière class (1934)
• De Grasse class (started)
• St Louis class (started)
• WW2 French Destroyers
• Chacal class
• Guepard class
• Aigle class
• Vauquelin class
• Le Fantasque class
• Mogador class
• Bourrasque class
• L'Adroit class
• Le Hardi class
• La Melpomene class TBs
• Le fier class TBs
• WW2 French Submarines
• Requin class
• 600/630 Tonnes class
• Redoutable class
• Saphir class (1928)
• Surcouf (1929)
• Aurore class (1939)
• Morillot class (1940)
• Emeraude class (project)
• Phenix class (project)
• Aircraft Carrier Béarn (1923)
• Ct Teste seaplane carrier (1929)
• Joffre class CVs (started)
• French ASW sloops
• Bougainville class Avisos
• Elan class Minesweepers
• Chamois class Minesweepers
• French ww2 sub-chasers
• Sans souci class seaplane tenders
• ww2 French river gunboats
• ww2 French AMCs

• Sovetsky Soyuz class (started)
• Kronstadt class battlecruisers
• Krasny Kavkaz (1916)
• Svetlana class cruisers (1920)
• Kirov class cruisers (1934)
• Chapayev class cruisers (1940)
• WW2 Soviet Destroyers
• Sverdlov (Novik 1911)
• Leningrad class (1933)
• Tashkent (1937)
• Kiev class (1940)
• Gnevnyi class (1936)
• Storozhevoi class (1936)
• Opytinyi (1935)
• Ognevoi class (1940)
• WW2 Soviet submarines
• AG class (1920)
• Series I (1928)
• Series II (1931)
• Series III (1930)
• Series IV (1934)
• Series V/V bis (1933)
• Series VI/VI bis (1933)
• Series IX/IX bis (1935)
• Series X/X bis (1936)
• Series XI (1935)
• Series XIII/XIII bis (1937)
• Series XV (1940)
• Series XIV (1938)
• Series XVI (1947)
• Soviet ww2 Gunboats and Monitors
• Soviet ww2 guardships
• Soviet ww2 Minesweepers
• Soviet ww2 Minelayers
• Soviet ww2 MTBs
• Soviet ww2 sub-chasers
• Yosif Stalin class icebreakers

• Royal Canadian Navy
• IROQUOIS class destroyers
• Canadian RIVER class
• Canadian LOCH class
• Canadian FLOWER class
• Improved Flower class
• Canadian armed trawlers
• Canadian MACS

• Arunta class destroyers (1940)
• HMAS Albatros (1928)
• Barcoo class frigates (1943)
• Yarra class sloops (1935)

• HNLMS De Ruyter (1935)
• Java class cruisers (1921)
• Tromp Class Cruisers (1937)
• Holland class battecruisers (project)
• Eendracht class cruisers (project)
• Dutch Submarines
• Admiralen class destroyers
• Tjerk Hiddes class destroyers
• Dutch minelayers/minesweepers
• Ning Hai class (1931)
• WW2 Chinese Gunboats

✙ Axis ww2 Fleets

• WW2 Japanese Battleships
• Kongō class Fast Battleships (1912)
• Fuso class battleships (1915)
• Ise class battleships (1917)
• Nagato class Battleships (1919)
• Yamato class Battleships (1941)
• B41 class Battleships (project)
• B64/65 Battlecruiser (1939-41)
• WW2 Japanese cruisers
• Tenryū class cruisers (1918)
• Kuma class cruisers (1919)
• Nagara class (1921)
• Sendai class Cruisers (1923)
• IJN Yūbari (1923)
• Furutaka class Cruisers (1925)
• Aoba class heavy cruisers (1926)
• Nachi class Cruisers (1927)
• Takao class cruisers (1930)
• Mogami class cruisers (1934)
• Tone class cruisers (1937)
• Katori class cruisers (1939)
• Agano class cruisers (1941)
• Oyodo (1943)
• Seaplane & Aircraft Carriers
• IJN Hōshō (1921)
• IJN Akagi (1925)
• IJN Kaga (1927)
• IJN Ryujo (1931)
• IJN Soryu (1935)
• IJN Hiryu (1937)
• Shokaku class (1940)
• Zuiho class (1937)
• Ruyho (1933)
• Hiyo class (1941)
• Chitose class (1943)
• IJN Taiho (1944)
• IJN Shinano (1944)
• Unryu class (1944)
• IJN Ibuki (1942)
• Taiyo class (1940)
• IJN Kaiyo (1938)
• IJN Shinyo (1934)
• Notoro (1920)
• Kamoi (1922)
• Chitose class (1936)
• Mizuho (1938)
• Nisshin (1939)
• IJN Aux. Seaplane tenders
• Akistushima (1941)
• Shimane Maru class (1944)
• Yamashiro Maru class (1944)
• Imperial Japanese Navy Aviation
• WW2 Japanese Destroyers
• Mutsuki class (1925)
• Fubuki class (1927)
• Akatsuki class (1932)
• Hatsuharu class (1932)
• Shiratsuyu class (1935)
• Asashio class (1936)
• Kagero class (1938)
• Yugumo class (1941)
• Akitsuki class (1941)
• IJN Shimakaze (1942)
• WW2 Japanese Submarines
• KD1 class (1921)
• Koryu class
• Kaiten class
• Kairyu class
• IJN Midget subs
• WW2 Japanese Amphibious ships/Crafts
• Shinshu Maru class (1935)
• Akistu Maru class (1941)
• Kumano Maru class (1944)
• SS class LS (1942)
• T1 class LS (1944)
• T101 class LS (1944)
• T103 class LS (1944)
• Shohatsu class LC (1941)
• Chuhatsu class LC (1942)
• Moku Daihatsu class (1942)
• Toku Daihatsu class (1944)
• WW2 Japanese minelayers
• IJN Armed Merchant Cruisers
• WW2 Japanese Escorts
• Tomozuru class (1933)
• Otori class (1935)
• Matsu class (1944)
• Tachibana class (1944)
• WW2 Japanese Sub-chasers
• WW2 Japanese MLs
• Shinyo class SB

• WW2 Italian battleships
• Littorio class battleships
• Cavour class battleships
• Doria class battleships (1916)
• WW2 Italian Cruisers
• Alberto di Giussano class
• Trento class (1927)
• Cadorna class (1931)
• Zara class Cruisers (1931)
• R. Montecuccoli class (1934)
• Duca d'Aosta class (1935)
• Duca degli Abruzzi class (1937)
• Costanzo Ciano class (1939)
• Capitani Romani class (1941)
• Giuseppe Miraglia
• Aircraft carrier Aquila
• WW2 Italian Destroyers
• Leone class destroyers
• Sella class
• Sauro class
• Turbine class
• Navigatori class
• Freccia class
• Folgore class
• Maestrale class
• Oriani class
• Cdt Medaglie d'Oro class
• WW2 Italian TBs
• Spica class
• Pegaso class
• Ciclone class
• Ariete class
• WW2 Italian Submarines
• Mameli class
• Balilla class
• Archimede class
• Glauco class
• Marcello class
• Liuzzi class
• Marconi class
• Cagni class
• Romolo class
• Pisani class
• Bandiera class
• Squalo class
• Bragadin class
• Settembrini class
• Argonauta class
• Sirena class
• Perla class
• Acciaio class
• Flutto class
• ww2 Italian light MBs
• MS class boats
• VAS class ASW boats
• MTS class (1940)
• SLC/SSB class
• Eritrea sloop (1936)
• Diana sloop (1942)
• Gabbaiano class Corvettes (1942)
• Italian minelayers
• Italian gunboats

• ww2 german battleships
• Bismarck class Battleships (1940)
• Scharnhorst class battleships (1936)
• Deutschland class Cruisers (1931)
• K class Battleships
• ww2 german cruisers
• KMS Emden (1925)
• Königsberg class cruisers (1927)
• Leipzig class cruisers (1929)
• Hipper class cruisers (1937)
• KMS Graf Zeppelin (1939)
• WW2 German submarines: U-Boats
• Seeteufel (1944)
• Type Ia U-Boats (1936)
• Type II U-Boats (1935)
• Type IX U-Boats (1936)
• Type VII U-Boats (1933)
• Type XB U-Boats (1941)
• Type XIV U-Boats (1941)
• Type XVII U-Boats (1945)
• Type XXI U-Boats (1944)
• Type XXIII U-Boats (1944)
• Prototype U-Boats (1942-45)
• German mini-subs and human torpedoes
• WW2 German Destroyers
• 1934/34A Type
• Beute Zerstörer
• Spähkreuzer (1940)
• WW2 German Torpedo Boats
• F class escorts
• ww2 German minesweepers
• S-Bootes (E-Boats)
• Other Light Boats
• Manta (paper project, 1944)
• WW2 German Amphibious Ships
• German Commerce Raiders
• Bremse minelayer
• Brummer minelayer
• Brummer(II) minelayer
• Saar U-tender
• Bauer class U-tenders
• Nordsee S-tender
• Tsingtau S-tender
• Tanga S-tender
• Lüderitz class S-tenders
• Nachtigal class tenders
• Grille staadtjacht/minelayer
• Hela tender
• Castor minelayer
• Togo AA Cd ship

⚑ Neutral Navies

• Rivadavia class Battleships
• Cruiser La Argentina
• Veinticinco de Mayo class cruisers
• Argentinian Destroyers
• Santa Fe class sub.
• Bouchard class minesweepers
• King class patrol vessels

• Minas Gerais class Battleships (1912)
• Bahia class cruisers
• Brazilian Destroyers
• Humaita class sub.
• Tupi class sub.
• Almirante Latorre class battleships
• Cruiser Esmeralda (1896)
• Cruiser Chacabuco (1911)
• Chilean DDs
• Fresia class subs
• Capitan O’Brien class subs
• Danish ww2 Torpedo-Boats
• Danish ww2 submarines
• Danish ww2 minelayer/sweepers

• Coastal BB Vainamoinen
• Finnish ww2 submarines
• Finnish ww2 minelayers
• Greek ww2 Destroyers
• Greek ww2 submarines
• Greek ww2 minelayers

• Cruiser ORP Dragon
• Cruiser ORP Conrad
• Brislawicka class Destroyers
• Witcher ww2 Destroyers
• Minelayer Gryf
• Wilk class sub.
• Orzel class sub.
• Jakolska class minesweepers
• Polish Monitors

• Douro class DDs
• Delfim class sub
• Velho class gb
• Albuquerque class gb
• Nunes class sloops
• Romanian ww2 Destroyers
• Romanian ww2 Submarines

• Norwegian ww2 Torpedo-Boats

• España class Battleships
• Blas de Lezo class cruisers
• Canarias class cruisers
• Cervera class cruisers
• Cruiser Navarra
• Dédalo Seaplane Carrier
• Spanish Gunboats
• Spanish Minelayers

• Sverige class CBBs (1915)
• Gustav V class CBBs (1918)
• Interwar Swedish CBB projects
• Tre Kronor class (1943)
• Gotland (1933)
• Fylgia (1905)
• Ehrernskjold class DDs (1926)
• Psilander class DDs (1926)
• Klas Horn class DDs (1931)
• Romulus class DDs (1934)
• Göteborg class DDs (1935)
• Mode class DDs (1942)
• Visby class DDs (1942)
• Öland class DDs (1945)
• Swedish ww2 TBs
• Swedish ww2 Submarines
• Swedish ww2 Minelayers
• Swedish ww2 MTBs
• Swedish ww2 Patrol Vessels
• Swedish ww2 Minesweepers

• Kocatepe class Destroyers
• Tinaztepe class Destroyers
• İnönü class submarines
• Submarine Dumplumpynar
• Submarine Sakarya
• Submarine Gur
• Submarine Batiray
• Atilay class submarines

• Cruiser Dalmacija
• Dubrovnik class DDs
• Beograd class DDs
• Osvetnik class subs
• Hrabi class subs
• Gunboat Beli Orao
• Taksin class
• Ratanakosindra class
• Sri Ayuthia class
• Puket class
• Tachin class
• Sinsamudar class sub

☢ The Cold War

☭ warsaw pact.

• Chapayev class (1945)
• Kynda class (1961)
• Kresta I class (1964)
• Kresta II class (1968)
• Kara class (1969)
• Kirov class (1977)
• Slava class (1979)
• Moksva class (1965)
• Kiev class (1975)
• Kusnetsov class aircraft carriers (1988)
• Skoryi class destroyers (1948)
• Neustrashimyy (1951)
• Kotlin class (1953)
• Kildin class (1959)
• Krupny class (1959)
• Kashin class (1963)
• Kanin class (1967)
• Sovremenny class (1978)
• Udaloy class (1980)
• Project Anchar DDN (1988)
• Kola class (1951)
• Riga class (1954)
• Petya class (1960)
• Mirka class (1964)
• Grisha class (1968)
• Krivak class (1970)
• Koni class (1976)
• Neustrashimyy class (1988)
• Poti class (1962)
• Nanuchka class (1968)
• Pauk class (1978)
• Tarantul class (1981)
• Dergach class (1987)
• Svetlyak class (1989)
• Whiskey SSK (1948)
• Zulu SSK (1952)
• Quebec SSK (1950)
• Romeo SSK (1957)
• November SSN (1957)
• Golf SSB (1957)
• Hotel SSBN (1959)
• Echo I SSGN (1959)
• Echo II SSGN (1961)
• Juliett SSG (1962)
• Foxtrot SSK (1963)
• Victor SSN I (1965)
• Yankee SSBN (1966)
• Alfa SSN (1967)
• Charlie SSGN (1968)
• Papa SSGN (1968)
• Victor II SSN (1971)
• Tango SSK (1972)
• Delta I SSBN (1972)
• Delta II SSBN (1975)
• Victor III SSN (1977)
• Delta III SSBN (1976)
• Delta IV SSBN (1980)
• Typhoon SSBN (1980)
• Oscar SSGN (1980)
• Sierra SSN (1982)
• Mike SSN (1983)
• Akula SSN (1984)
• Kilo SSK (1986)
• P2 class FACs
• P4 class FACs
• P6 class FACs
• P8 class FACs
• P10 class FACs
• Komar class FACs (1960)
• Project 184 FACs
• OSA class FACs
• Shershen class FACs
• Mol class FACs
• Turya class HFL
• Matka class HFL
• Pchela class FACs
• Sarancha class HFL
• Babochka class HFL
• Mukha class HFL
• Muravey class HFL
• MO-V sub-chasers
• MO-VI sub-chasers
• Stenka class sub-chasers
• kronstadt class PBs
• SO-I class PBs
• Poluchat class PBs
• Zhuk clas PBs
• MO-105 sub-chasers
• Project 191 River Gunboats
• Shmel class river GB
• Yaz class river GB
• Piyavka class river GB
• Vosh class river GB
• Saygak class river GB
• Yurka class
• Gorya class
• Project 255 class
• Sasha class
• Vanya class
• Zhenya class
• Almaz class
• Sonya class
• Yevgenya class
• Andryusha class
• Ilyusha class
• Alesha class
• Rybak class
• Baltika class
• SChS-150 class
• Project 696 class
• MP 10 class
• Polocny class
• Ropucha class
• Alligator class
• Ivan Rogov class
• Aist class HVC
• Pomornik class HVC
• Gus class HVC
• T-4 class LC
• Ondatra class LC
• Lebed class HVC
• Tsaplya class HVC
• Utenov class

• Parchim class corvettes (1985)
• Hai class sub-chasers (1958)
• Volksmarine's minesweepers
• Volksmarine's FAC
• Volksmarine's Landing ships

• ORP Warzsawa (1970)
• ORP Kaszub (1986)
• Polish Landing ships
• Polish FACs
• Polish Patrol ships
• Polish Minesweepers

• Missile Destroyer Muntenia (1982)
• Tetal class Frigates (1981)
• Romanian river patrol crafts

✦ NATO

• Zerstorer class DDs (1958)
• Hamburg class DDs (1960)
• Lütjens class missile DDs (1965)
• Gneisenau class FFs (1958)
• Scharnhorst class FFs (1959)
• Köln class FFs (1958)
• Deutschland FFG (1960)
• Bremen class FFs (1979)
• Brandenbug class FFs (1992)
• Hai class SSK (1957)
• Type 201 class SSK (1961)
• Type 202 class SSK (1965)
• Type 205 class SSK (1962)
• Type 206 class SSK (1971)
• Type 209 class SSK (1972)
• Bundesmarine amphibious ships
• Thetis class corvettes
• Corvette Hans Burkner
• Rhein class suppert ships
• Mosel class support ships
• Lahn class support ships
• Silbermöwe class FACs
• Jaguar class FACs
• Hugin/Pfeil FACs
• Zobel class FACs
• S41 class FACs
• S61 class FACs
• S71 class FACs
• KW class PBs
• Kw 15 class PBs
• Neustadt class PBs
• Bamberg class minelayers
• Sachsenwald class mine transports
• Type 319 minesweepers
• Lindau class minesweepers
• Vegesack class minesweepers
• Schutze class minesweepers
• Bundesmarine R Boote
• Hansa inshore Ms.
• Ariadne class inshore Ms.
• Frauenlob class inshore Ms.
• Holnis class indhore Ms.
• Hameln class indhore Ms.
• Frankentahl class indhore Ms.
• Hvidbjornen class Frigates (1962)
• Frigate Beskytteren (1976)
• Peder Skram class Frigates (1965)
• Thetis class frigates (1989)
• Bellona class corvettes (1955)
• Niels Juel class corvettes (1979)
• Delfinen class submarines (1958)
• Narhvalen class submarines (1970)
• Bille class Torpedo Boats (1946)
• Flyvefisken class Torpedo Boats (1954)
• Falken class Torpedo Boats (1960)
• Soloven class Torpedo Boats (1962)
• Willemoes class FAC (1976)
• Flyvefisken class FAC (1989)
• Daphne class Patrol Boats (1960)
• Danish Minelayers
• Danish Minesweepers
• CV Karel Doorman (1948)
• De Zeven Provinciën class cruisers (1945)
• Holland class DDs (1953)
• Friesland class DDs (1953)
• Roodfier class Frigates (1953)
• Frigate Lynx (1954)
• Van Speijk class Frigates (1965)
• Tromp class Frigates (1973)
• Kortenaer class frigates (1976)
• Van H. class Frigates (1983)
• K. Doorman class Frigates (1988)
• Dolfijn clas sub. (1959)
• Zwaardvis class subs. (1970)
• Walrus class subs. (1985)
• ATD Rotterdam (1990s)
• Dokkum class minesweepers (1954)
• Alkmaar class minesweepers (1982)
• Hydra class FFs (1990)
• Greek cold war Subs
• Greek Amphibious ships
• Greek MTBs/FACs
• Greek Patrol Vessels

• Eithne class PBs (1983)
• Cliona class PBs
• Deidre/Emer class PBs
• Orla class fast PBs

• Giuseppe Garibaldi (1983)
• Conte di Cavour (2004)*
• Trieste (2022)*
• Doria class H. cruisers (1962)
• Vittorio Veneto (1969)
• Impetuoso class (1956)
• Impavido class (1957)
• Audace class (1971)
• De La Penne class (1989)
• Orizzonte class (2007)*
• Grecale class (1949)
• Canopo class (1955)
• Bergamini class (1960)
• Alpino class (1967)
• Lupo class (1976)
• Maestrale class (1981)
• Bergamini class (2013)*
• Thaon di Revel class (2020)*
• Albatros class (1954)
• De Cristofaro class (1965)
• Minerva class (1987)
• Cassiopeia class (1989)
• Esploratore class (1997)*
• Sirio class (2003)*
• Commandanti class (2004)*
• Toti class (1967)
• Sauro class (1976)
• Pelosi class (1986)
• Sauro class (1992)*
• Todaro class (2006)*
• San Giorgio LSD (1987)
• Gorgona class CTS (1987)
• Italian Landing Crafts (1947-2020)
• Folgore PB (1952)
• Lampo class PBs (1960)
• Freccia class PBs (1965)
• Sparviero class GMHF (1973)
• Stromboli class AOR (1975)
• Anteo SRS (1980)
• Etna class LSS (1988)
• Vulcano AOR (1998)*
• Elettra EWSS (2003)*
• Etna AOR (2021)*
• Lerici class (1982)
• Gaeta class (1992)*

• Jean Bart (1949)
• Dixmude (1946)
• Arromanches (1946)
• Lafayette class light carriers (1954)
• PA 28 class project (1947)
• Clemenceau class (1957)
• Jeanne d'Arc (1961)
• PA 58 (1958)
• PH 75/79 (1975)
• Charles de Gaulle (1994)
• De Grasse (1946)
• Chateaurenault class (1950)
• Colbert (1956)
• Surcouf class (1953)
• Duperre class (1956)
• La Galissonniere class (1960)
• Suffren class (1965)
• Aconit (1970)
• Tourville class (1972)
• G. Leygues class (1976)
• Cassard class (1985)
• Le Corse class (1952)
• Le Normand class (1954)
• Cdt Riviere class (1958)
• Estiennes D'Orves class (1973)
• Lafayette class (1990)
• Floreal class (1990)
• La Creole class (1940)
• Narval class (1954)
• Arethuse class (1957)
• Daphne class (1959)
• Gymnote test SSBN (1964)
• Le Redoutable SSBN (1967)
• Agosta SSN (1974)
• Rubis SSN (1979)
• Amethyste SSN (1988)
• Le Triomphant SSBN (started 1989)
• Issole (1958)
• EDIC class (1958)
• Trieux class (1958)
• Ouragan lass (1963)
• Champlain lass (1973)
• Bougainville (1986)
• Foudre class (1988)
• CDIC lass (1989)
• Le Fougueux class (1958)
• La Combattante class (1964)
• Trident class (1976)
• L'Audacieuse class (1984)
• Grebe class (1989)
• Sirius class (1952)
• Circe class (1972)
• Eridan class (1979)
• Vulcain class (1986)

• HCMS Bonaventure (1957)
• St Laurent class DDE (1951)
• Algonquin class DDE (1952)
• Restigouche class DDs (1954)
• Mackenzie class DDs (1961)
• Annapolis class DDH (1963)
• Iroquois class DDH (1970)
• River (mod) 1955
• Tribal class FFs (Pjct)
• City class DDH (1988)
• Ojibwa class sub. (1964)
• Kingston class MCFV (1995)

• Cold War Aircraft Carriers
• Centaur class (1947)
• HMS Victorious (1957)
• HMS Eagle (1946)
• HMS Ark Royal (1950)
• HMS Hermes (1953)
• CVA-01 class (1966 project)
• Invincible class (1977)
• Tiger class (1945)
• Daring class (1949)
• 1953 design (project)
• Cavendish class (1944)
• FADEP program (1946)
• County class GMD (1959)
• Bristol class GMD (1969)
• Sheffield class GMD (1971)
• Manchester class GMD (1980)
• Type 43 GMD (1974)
• Rapid class (1942)
• Tenacious class (1941)
• Whitby class (1954)
• Blackwood class (1953)
• Leopard class (1954)
• Salisbury class (1953)
• Tribal class (1959)
• Rothesay class (1957)
• Leander class (1961)
• BB Leander class (1967)
• HMS Mermaid (1966)
• Amazon class (1971)
• Broadsword class (1976)
• Boxer class (1981)
• Cornwall class (1985)
• Duke class (1987)
• T (conv.) class (1944)
• T (Stream) class (1945)
• A (Mod.) class (1944)
• Explorer class (1954)
• Strickleback class (1954)
• Porpoise class (1956)
• Oberon class (1959)
• HMS Dreanought SSN (1960)
• Valiant class SSN (1963)
• Resolution class SSBN (1966)
• Swiftsure class SSN (1971)
• Trafalgar class SSN (1981)
• Upholder class (1986)
• Vanguard class SSBN (started)
• Fearless class (1963)
• HMS Ocean (started)
• Sir Lancelot LLS (1963)
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• Ardennes/Avon class (1976)
• Brit. LCVPs (1963)
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• Ton class (1952)
• Ham class (1947)
• Ley class (1952)
• HMS Abdiel (1967)
• HMS Wilton (1972)
• Hunt class (1978)
• Venturer class (1979)
• River class (1983)
• Sandown class (1988)
• HMS Argus ATS (1988)
• Ford class SDF (1951)
• Cormorant class (1985)
• Kingfisger class (1974)
• HMS Jura OPV (1975)
• Island class OPVs (1976)
• HMS Speedy PHDF (1979)
• Castle class OPVs (1980)
• Peacock class OPVs (1982)
• MBT 538 class (1948)
• Gay class FACs (1952)
• Dark class FACs (1954)
• Bold class FACs (1955)
• Brave class FACs (1957)
• Tenacity class PCs (1967)
• Brave class FPCs (1969)

• Dédalo aircraft carrier (1967)
• Principe de Asturias (1982)
• Alava class DDs (1946)
• Audaz class DDs (1955)
• Oquendo class DDs (1956)
• Roger de Lauria class (1967)
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• Descubierta class FFs (1978)
• Numancia class FFs (1987)
• Pizarro class gunboats (1944)
• Artevida class Cvs (1952)
• Serviola class Cvs (1990)
• Spanish cold-war submarines
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• Tre Kronor class (1946)
• Halland class DDs (1952) (1945)
• Ostergotland class DDs (1956)
• Spica III class Corvettes (1984)
• Goteborg class Corvettes (1989)
• U1 class subs (mod.1963)
• Hajen class subs (1954)
• Sjoormen class subs (1967)
• Nacken class subs (1978)
• Vastergotland class subs (1986)
• Gotland class subs (1995)
• T32 class MTBs (1951)
• T42 class MTBs (1955)
• Plejad class FACs (1951)
• Spica I class FACs (1966)
• Spica II class FACs (1972)
• Hugin class FACs (1973)
• Swedish Patrol Boats
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• Swedish Icebreakers

• Kwang Hua class FFs (1991)
• Kwang Hua II class FFs (1993)
• Hai Lung class sub. (1986)
• LCU 1466 class LCU (1955)
• Fuh Chow class FAC
• Lung Chiang class FAC
• Hai Ou class FAC(M)
• MWW 50 class minehunters

• Berk class FFs (1971)
• Atilay class sub. (1974)
• Cakabey class LST
• Osman Gazi class LST
• Turkish Fast Attack Crafts
• Turkish Patrol Boats

• Aircraft carriers
• United States class (1950)
• Essex SBC-27 (1950s)
• Midway class (mod)
• Forrestal class (1954)
• Kitty Hawk class (1960)
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• Iowa Class (cold war)
• Des Moines Class (1947)
• Worcester Class (1948)
• Boston Class (1955)
• Galveston Class (1958)
• Providence Class (1958)
• Albany Class (1962)
• USS Long Beach (1960)
• Leahy Class (1961)
• USS Bainbridge (1961)
• Belknap Class (1963)
• USS Truxtun (1964)
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• Virginia Class (1974)
• CSGN Class (1976)
• Ticonderoga Class (1981)
• Mitscher class (1952)
• Fletcher DDE (1950s)
• USS Norfolk (1953)
• F. Sherman class (1956)
• Farragut class (1958)
• Charles F. Adams class (1958)
• Gearing FRAM I class (1960s)
• Sumner FRAM II class (1970s)
• Spruance class (1975)
• Dealey class (1953)
• Claud Jones class (1958)
• Bronstein class (1962)
• Garcia class (1963)
• Brooke class (1963)
• Knox class (1966)
• OH Perry class (1976)
• Guppy class Submarines (1946-59)
• Barracuda class SSK (1951)
• Tang class SSK (1951)
• USS Darter SSK (1956)
• Mackerel (T1) class SSK (1953)
• USS Albacore SSK (1953)
• USS X1 Midget subs (1955)
• Barbel class SSK (1958)
• USS Nautilus SSN (1954)
• USS Seawolf SSN (1955)
• Skate class SSN (1957)
• Skipjack class SSN (1958)
• USS Tullibee SSN (1960)
• Tresher/Permit class SSN (1960)
• Sturgeon class SSN (1963)
• Los Angeles class SSN (1974)
• Seawolf class SSN (1989)
• Grayback class SSBN (1957)
• USS Halibut SSBN (1959)
• Gato SSG (1960s)
• E. Allen class SSBN (1960)
• G. Washington class SSBN (1969)
• Lafayette class SSBN (1962)
• Ohio class SSBN (1979)
• Migraine class RP (1950s)
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• USS Triton class RP (1958)
• Iwo Jima class HC (1960)
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• Parish class LST (1952)
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• Minesweeping boats/launches
• USS Northampton CS (1951)
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• PT812 class (1950)
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• Asheville class FACs (1966)
• USN Hydrofoils (1962-81)
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• Hamilton class (1965)
• Reliance class (1963)
• Bear class (1979)
• cold war CG PBs

☯ ASIA

• Type 7 Anshan class (1955)
• Type 051 Luda class (1972)
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• Type 065 Chengdu class (1956)
• Type 065 Jiangnan class (1967)
• Type 053K Jiangdong class (1973)
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• Type 053H2G Jiangwei I class (1990)
• Type 03 class (1956)
• Type 033 class (1963)
• Ming class (1973)
• Han class SSN (1970)
• Xia class SSBN (1981)
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• Huchuan class THF (1966)
• Hoku class FAC (1965)
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• Hola class FAC (1966)
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• Yu Ling class LST (1971)
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• Yudao class LST (1980)
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• Chinese Minesweepers

• Vikrant class CVs (1961)
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• Nilgiri class FFs (1968)
• Godavari class FFs (1980)
• Kusura class subs (1970)
• Shishumar class subs (1984)
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• Indian Amphibious ships
• Indian corvettes (1969-90)
• Khukri class corvettes (1989)
• SDB Mk.2 class PBs (1977)
• Vikram class OPVs (1979)
• Sukanya class OPVs (1989)

• Fatahilla class Frigates (1977)
• Pattimura class corvettes (1956)
• Indonesian Marines
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• Harukaze class DD (1955)
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• Murasame class DD (1958)
• Akizuki class DD (1959)
• Amatukaze missile DD (1963)
• Yamagumo class DDE (1965)
• Takatsuki class DD (1966)
• Minegumo class DDE (1967)
• Haruna class DDH (1971)
• Tachikaze class DD (1974)
• Shirane class DDH (1978)
• Hatsuyuki class DDs (1980)
• Hatakaze class DDs (1984)
• Asigiri class DDs (1986)
• Kongo class DDs (started 1990)
• Akebono class FFs (1955)
• Isuzu class FFs (1961)
• Chikugo class FFs (1970)
• Ishikari class FFs (1980)
• Yubari class FFs (1982)
• Abukuma class FFs (1988)
• Oyashio class Sub. (1959)
• Hayashio class Sub. (1961)
• Natsushio class Sub. (1963)
• Oshio class Sub. (1964)
• Uzushio class Sub. (1970)
• Yushio class Sub. (1979)
• Harushio class Sub. (1989)
• Japanese Landing Ships
• Japanese Large Patrol Ships
• Japanese Patrol Crafts
• Japanese Minesweepers
• Japanese Sub-chasers

• Najin class Frigates
• Experimental Frigate Soho
• Sariwan class Corvettes
• Sinpo class subs.
• Sang-O class subs.
• Yono class subs.
• Yugo class subs.
• Hungnam class LCM
• Hante class LST
• Songjong class HVC
• Sin Hung/Ku Song FACs
• Anju class FACs
• Iwon class FACs
• Chaho class FACs
• Hong Jin class FAC-G
• Sohung class MTBs
• Sinpo class MTBs
• Nampo class FALC

• Datu Kalantian class Frigates (1976)
• Bacolod City class LS(L)
• Philippino Patrol Crafts

• Ulsan class frigates (1980)
• Pohang class corvettes (1984)
• Dong Hae class corvettes (1982)
• Han Kang class patrol corvettes (1985)
• Chamsuri (PKM 268) PBs (1978)
• ROKS coast guard vessels
• Paek Ku class FAC (1975)
• Kang Keong class minehunters (1986)

☪ MIDDLE EAST

• Eilat class Corvettes (1993)
• SAAR 5 Project
• SAAR 4.5 FAC
• Dvora class FAC
• Shimrit class MHFs
• IDF FACs/PBs
• Etzion Geber LST
• Ash class LCT

• Destroyer Artemiz (1965)
• Bayandor class FFs (1963)
• Alvand class FFs (1969)
• Khalije Fars class DDs (2016)*

♅ OCEANIA

• HMAS Sydney (1948*)
• HMAS Melbourne (1955*)
• Tobruk class DDs (1947)
• Voyager class DDs (1952)
• Perth class MDD (1963)
• Quadrant class FFs (1953)
• Yarra class FFs (1958)
• Swan class FFs (1967)
• Adelaide class MFFs (1978)
• Anzac class MFFs (1990s)
• Oxley class subs (1965)
• Collins class subs (1990s)
• Australian Amphibious ships
• Fremantle class PBs

• HMNZS Royalist (1956)
• Pukaki class patrol Crafts (1974)
• Moa class patrol crafts (1983)
• HMNZS Aotearoa (2019)*

☩ South America

• ARA Independencia (1958)
• ARA Veinticinco de Mayo (1968)
• Belgrano class cruisers (1951)
• Almirante Brown class Frigates (1981)
• Mantilla class corvettes (1981)
• Espora class corvettes (1982)
• Salta class submarines (1972)
• Santa Cruz class submarines (1982)

• Minas Gerais aircraft carrier (1956)
• Cruiser Barroso (1951)
• Cruiser Tamandare (1951)
• Acre class destroyers (1945)
• Niteroi class Frigates (1974)
• Ihnauma class Frigate (1986)
• Tupi class submarines (1987)
• Brazilian patrol ships
• O'Higgins class cruisers
• Lattore Cruiser (1971)
• Almirante class destroyers (1960)
• Prat class M. Destroyers (1982)
• Almirante Lynch class Frigates (1972)
• Thomson class subs (1982)
• Small surface combatants

• Almirante Grau(ii) class
• Almirante Grau(iii) class
• Abtao class sub.
• PR-72P class corvettes
• Velarde class OPVs

℣ AFRICA

• October class FAC/M (1975)
• Ramadan class FAC/M (1979)

• Wager class destroyers (1950)
• President class Frigates (1960)
• Maria Van Riebeeck class subs (1969)
• Astrant class subs (1977)
• Minister class FAC(M) (1977)
• SANDF Minesweepers

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U.S. Navy F/A-18 Super Hornet Spotted With SM-6 Missile Under Its Right Wing

Originally developed as a surface-to-air missile, the Standard Missile 6 has been now installed, once again, on a Super Hornet. The reasons remain unknown so far.

A US Navy F/A-18 Super Hornet was spotted with a rather uncommon payload under its wings, an inert Standard Missile 6 (SM-6) surface-to-air missile. The weapon, also known as the RIM-174 Standard Extended Range Active Missile (ERAM), has been designed to be used on Navy ships in conjunction with the Aegis Combat System.

The photos which you can see in this article were shared with us by photographer @StinkJet, who spotted the aircraft about 60 miles north of Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake on Apr. 17, 2024. Based on the radio communications which he heard shortly before sighting the aircraft overheard, StinkJet says the Super Hornet might belong to Air Test and Evaluation Squadron (VX) 9.

Vampire Rhino with what looks like an AGM-84H/K SLAM-ER painted in the orange test paint. Maybe someone else can give a better ID of what it is? pic.twitter.com/kIMiWFXcBo — StinkJet (@StinkJet) June 3, 2024

“I was shooting other aircraft in the R-2508 and heard some activity from VX-9 on the radio,” @StinkJet told us. “10 or 15 minutes later we heard the jet overhead and I took a couple shots because we don’t usually see aircraft with orange test armament. I also thought the missile looked much larger than standard stuff we are used to seeing so I kept the shots”.

Although the photos don’t allow to visually identify the aircraft insignias, StinkJet says he’s fairly confident that the F/A-18 is assigned to VX-9 because of the earlier radio communications. He also added that the jet did three orbits while overhead before leaving the area.

That’s an SM-6; normally featuring a booster for launch from a Naval Mk.41 vertical launch system. Would potentially allow hugely longer range engagements than possible with AMRAAM, possibly targeted by either F/A-18E/F, or E-2D or Aegis ships via NIFC-CA… serious capability https://t.co/HMLVjK5SC0 pic.twitter .com/wuwx7vjoWu — Justin Bronk (@Justin_Br0nk) June 3, 2024

This is actually not the first time an SM-6 missile is spotted installed on a Super Hornet .

In 2021, an F/A-18F assigned to VX-31 was photographed with the same missile under its wings. Similarly to this April’s sighting, the missile had its first stage booster removed.

As soon as the photos circulated online , discussion started about a possible integration of the weapon as a long-range air-to-air or anti-surface missile on the Super Hornet. The US Navy, however, has never acknowledged similar plans, so that possibility was to be considered as pure speculation.

The Standard Missile 6

The RIM-174 Standard Extended Range Active Missile (ERAM), or Standard Missile 6 (SM-6), is one of the weapons employed for the air defense of the US Navy ships. Integrated in the Aegis Combat System, the weapon was designed for extended-range anti-air warfare, but it can also be employed for terminal phase ballistic missile defense and as anti-ship missile .

The missile uses the airframe of the SM-2ER Block IV (RIM-156A) missile, with the addition of an active radar homing seeker derived from the one of the AIM-120 AMRAAM air-to-air missile . The Mach 3.5 weapon has a published range of 130 nautical miles.

The SM-6, also designated Standard Extended Range Active Missile, greatly expands the AEGIS Weapon System battlespace . SM-6 provides not only an extended range anti-air warfare capability, but also an anti-surface warfare capability to be expressed against enemy ships.

The weapon has been officially employed in combat for the first time earlier this year, when the Department of Defense acknowledged that the USS Carney used the SM-6 to shoot down an anti-ship ballistic missile in the Gulf of Aden fired by Houthi rebels on Jan. 30.

Integrating a long-range anti-shipe missile

As said, among the various options, there is also the possibility that testing of a new air-to-surface missile for the Super Hornet is underway for quite some time.

While Super Hornets can employ the Harpoon missiles for such missions, the SM-6 offers a substantial improvement. With a range potentially exceeding three times that of the Harpoon, it presents a formidable challenge for adversaries to defend against. Combining SM-6s with anti-ship cruise missiles creates a layered defense that significantly complicates the protection of targeted vessels or fleets, thus increasing the likelihood of successfully neutralizing them. Moreover, the ability of aircraft to launch from less predictable angles compared to traditional warships further amplifies the difficulty of defending against such attacks.

Generally speaking, integrating a long-range anti-ship missile onto an aerial platform like the F/A-18E Super Hornet holds significant strategic importance for several reasons:

Enhanced Maritime Strike Capability : The F/A-18E Super Hornet is primarily a multirole fighter aircraft, capable of both air-to-air and air-to-ground missions. By integrating a long-range missile, it gains a potent anti-ship capability, significantly enhancing its maritime strike capabilities. This allows the aircraft to engage surface targets, including enemy ships, from standoff distances, reducing its vulnerability to enemy air defenses and increasing its lethality in naval warfare scenarios.

Extended reach : The SM-6 missile is designed with a long-range capability, allowing it to engage targets at extended distances, typically beyond the reach of traditional anti-ship missiles. By integrating such a weapon onto the F/A-18E Super Hornet, it extends the aircraft’s operational reach, enabling it to strike targets further out at sea, thereby expanding the area of influence and enhancing its effectiveness in controlling maritime spaces.

Flexibility and Versatility : The integration of the SM-6 missile onto the Super Hornet provides greater flexibility and versatility in mission planning and execution. The aircraft could switch seamlessly between various mission profiles, including air superiority, close air support, and maritime strike, based on evolving tactical situations and strategic objectives. This versatility enhances the overall effectiveness and adaptability of the platform in dynamic operational environments.

Force Multiplier : The combination of a capable aerial platform like the F/A-18E Super Hornet with a long-range anti-ship missile could serve as a force multiplier for naval forces. It would enhance the effectiveness of carrier strike groups and expeditionary forces by providing them with an additional layer of offensive capability against surface threats, thereby increasing their survivability and combat effectiveness in contested maritime environments. It would also have a deterrence value as it would send a clear message to potential adversaries about the ability and willingness of naval forces to project power and protect maritime interests.

As said, the current anti-ship missile carried by the Super Hornet is the Harpoon.

The A/U/RGM-84 Harpoon is a versatile and reliable anti-ship missile system, designed to be launched from various platforms including ships, submarines, shore batteries, and aircraft. Originally introduced in 1977, it has undergone significant upgrades, including the development of the Harpoon Block II variant in 1998.

This version integrates GPS-assisted inertial navigation, expanding its capabilities to include both anti-ship and land attack missions. While the Block II variant was not adopted by the US Navy, it has found use among foreign military partners, particularly on F-16 and F-15 aircraft.

The latest iteration, the Harpoon Block II+, represents a rapid capability improvement for the Navy, featuring improvements in GPS guidance, reliability, survivability, data link interface, target selectivity, abort options, and resistance to electronic countermeasures. This updated version ensures that the Harpoon missile system remains a potent and adaptable weapon in modern naval warfare scenarios.

Long range air-to-air missile

As explained, someone believes the SM-6 seen in the recent photo might be a long-range AAM (Air-to-Air Missile).

The AIM-54 Phoenix, which was a long-range air-to-air missile used primarily by the U.S. Navy’s F-14 Tomcat fighter aircraft, was retired from service in 2004 with the retirement of the F-14 itself. The AIM-54 was a large missile with an impressive range and multiple-target engagement capability.

There isn’t a direct replacement for the AIM-54 Phoenix in terms and the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet and the F-35C Lightning II, use different air-to-air missiles.

However, the U.S. military has been working on developing advanced air-to-air missiles to enhance the capabilities of its fighter aircraft. The AIM-260 Joint Advanced Tactical Missile (JATM) is one such development intended to replace the AIM-120 AMRAAM (which is a medium range AAM). While not directly replacing the AIM-54 Phoenix, the AIM-260 aims to provide improved range and performance compared to the AIM-120, which could partially fill the capability gap left by the retirement of the AIM-54.

Thanks again to @StinkJet for allowing us to use the photos and make sure to follow him on Instagram or X for more!

• F/A-18E/F Super Hornet

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Ukraine-Russia war latest: Vladimir Putin repeats warning he could send weapons to adversaries of the West

Speaking at the St Petersburg International Economic Forum, Vladimir Putin also says he does not see the conditions for the use of nuclear weapons as set out in Russia's nuclear doctrine - but adds he could not rule out a change to it.

Friday 7 June 2024 17:15, UK

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• Russia economically strong despite 'illegitimate sanctions'
• Ukraine has right to strike targets in Russia - NATO chief
• Russian vessels to make port in Cuba in 'hopes of invoking memory of missile crisis'
• Biden to discuss $225m package with Zelenskyy in France
• Ivor Bennett:  Why is Lavrov in Africa?
• Big picture:  Everything you need to know about the war right now
• Your questions answered: Are there any signs of an underground resistance in Russia?
• Live reporting by Andy Hayes and  Ollie Cooper

Thank you for reading.

We will be back soon with more updates from the war in Ukraine.

Vladimir Putin has said he does not see the conditions for the use of nuclear weapons as set out in Russia's nuclear doctrine - but added he could not rule out a change to the doctrine.

"We have a nuclear doctrine which states that the use of nuclear arms is possible in an exceptional case, when the sovereignty and territorial integrity of our country is threatened," he told the St Petersburg International Economic Forum.

"But the doctrine can be changed.

"The same applies to nuclear tests. We will carry out tests if needed, but so far there is no such need."

Russia could send weapons to adversaries of the West, Vladimir Putin has warned for a second time.

The Russian president repeated the warning from earlier this week during the St Petersburg Economic Forum.

He did not say what countries or entities he was referring to, and he stressed that Moscow is not doing it currently.

"If they supply (weapons) to the combat zone and call for using these weapons against our territory, why don't we have the right to do the same?" he told the crowds. 

"But I'm not ready to say that we will be doing it tomorrow, either."

On Wednesday, Putin told international journalists that Russia could provide long-range weapons to others to strike Western targets in response to NATO allies allowing Ukraine to use their arms to attack Russian territory.

He also reaffirmed Moscow's readiness to use nuclear weapons if it sees a threat to its sovereignty.

Joe Biden has apologised to Volodymyr Zelenskyy for the recent delay in approving new US aid for Ukraine.

Last month, following months of political disagreements, the Senate passed $95bn (£76.2bn) in war aid to Ukraine, Israel and Taiwan .

"I apologise for those weeks of not knowing," the US president said.

"Some of our very conservative members [of Congress] were holding it up. 

"But we got it done, finally. We're still in - completely, totally." 

The Ukrainian president thanked his counterpart for American assistance.  

"It's very important that you stay with us," he said. 

"It's very important that in this unity, the United States of America, all American people stay with Ukraine, like it was during World War Two - how the United States helped to save human lives, to save Europe." 

The two men were speaking in Paris, the day after D-Day commemorations in Normandy.

Russia needs to boost its use of non-Western currencies, Vladimir Putin said as he addressed the St Petersburg International Economic Forum.

He also said his country needs to reduce imports while calling for a major expansion of its domestic financial markets.

Trade with Asia is soaring, he told delegates, adding that almost two fifths of Russian external trade is now in roubles.

The share conducted in US dollars, euros and other Western currencies has declined.

Russia will try to boost the share of settlements conducted in the currencies of BRICS countries - which include Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, Mr Putin said.

"Last year, the share of payments for Russian exports in the so–called 'toxic' currencies of unfriendly states halved, while the share of the rouble in export and import transactions is growing - it is approaching 40% today," the president said.

Russia has referred to nations that imposed sanctions on it as "unfriendly".

 The session begins with an address by the Russian president. 

Vladimir Putin says there is a race among world powers to establish sovereignty. 

He speaks of the need for countries to both establish partnerships and also to look internally to tackle challenges presented by the current global economic landscape. 

Despite all the "obstacles and illegitimate sanctions", Russia remains one of the world's economic leaders, he says. 

He adds that "friendly countries" - those that have not joined sanctions against Moscow - account for three quarters of Russia's mutual trade turnover, and praises them for that. 

Countries including India and China have strengthened economic ties since Mr Putin launched his war in Ukraine. 

Vladimir Putin has taken to the stage in St Petersburg to address the International Economic Forum there.

He's joined by Zimbabwean President Emmerson Mnangagwais and Bolivian President Luis Alberto Arce Catacora. 

Chairing the session is Sergey Karaganov - a Russian political scientist. 

We'll bring you any key lines here in this live blog. 

A T-shirt is on sale at the St Petersburg International Economic Forum printed with a phrase attributed to Vladimir Putin, Sky News has discovered. 

"If a fight is inevitable, throw the first punch," it says.

The Russian president reportedly said it in 2015.

He apparently explained that it was something he had learned while growing up on the streets of Leningrad - a former name of St Petersburg. 

The Russian defence ministry has accused Ukraine of injuring 20 people, including children, in a missile attack on the Russian-controlled eastern Ukrainian city of Luhansk, using US-supplied ATACMS missiles.

Four of five missiles were shot down by air defence systems, the ministry said in a statement.

However, one of the missiles damaged two residential apartment blocks, it added, claiming it was deliberate.

Sky News is unable to verify the allegations.

There has been no immediate comment from Ukraine. 

The European Commission supports starting EU accession talks with Ukraine, the country's prime minister has said.

Denys Shmyhal said the commission had confirmed in a report that Kyiv had fulfilled the remaining steps required to start negotiations. 

"Now we expect our European partners to take the next step - to start negotiations on European Union membership this month," Mr Shmyhal said on Telegram. 

Earlier (7.43am post) we reported that the commission was reportedly ready to recommend that accession talks get underway.

It is part of an attempt to signal support for Kyiv before Hungary takes over the rotating presidency of the EU next month, the Financial Times reported.

The EU announced earlier this year that it was sending an additional £42bn in aid to Ukraine - but only after  weeks of resistance from Hungary , which reportedly has concerns about minority rights in Ukraine. 

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Cruise missile, apparently fired from Iraq, shot down over northern Israel – IDF

I sraeli air defenses shot down a cruise missile fired at the southern Golan Heights “from the east,” the Israel Defense Forces said Thursday.

The army has described past attacks from Iraq as “from the east.”

The projectile had originally been thought to be a drone and triggered sirens.

No injuries or damage were caused in the attack.

There was no claim of responsibility from Iran-backed militias in Iraq. The groups have claimed a number of drone attacks on the southern city of Eilat in the last several months.

The Islamic Resistance in Iraq — a loose formation of armed groups affiliated with the Popular Mobilization Forces, itself a coalition of former paramilitary forces integrated into Iraq’s regular armed forces — has claimed dozens of drone attacks on Israel amid the Israel-Hamas war in Gaza.

Many of the militia’s claims have been exaggerated, but in one case it managed to hit an Israeli Navy base in Eilat, causing damage. The Iran-backed group said it had struck a “vital target” in Israel “with appropriate weapons,” without elaborating further.

Along with the Islamic Resistance in Iraq, Iran-backed groups in Yemen and Syria have claimed to have launched dozens of drones and missiles at Israel during the ongoing war sparked by Hamas’s devastating October 7 terror onslaught.

Additionally, Lebanon’s Hezbollah has attacked communities and IDF positions in northern Israel on a near-daily basis in attacks it says are in support of Gazans amid Israel’s war against Hamas.

Iran also carried out an unprecedented attack on Israel last month with hundreds of drones and missiles.

Also on Thursday, Israeli air defenses mistakenly shot down an IDF drone over the northern border community of Shlomi.

The IDF said it was investigating the incident.

Sirens had sounded in Shlomi due to fears of falling shrapnel.

Before that incident, an apparent drone launched from Lebanon was intercepted by the Iron Dome over northern Israel.

The post Cruise missile, apparently fired from Iraq, shot down over northern Israel – IDF appeared first on The Times of Israel .

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Russian Missiles Hit Ukraine’s Energy System, Again

The large-scale air assault struck several sites in western Ukraine, including places near the borders with NATO member countries.

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By Constant Méheut

Reporting from Kyiv, Ukraine

Russian forces struck several of Ukraine’s energy facilities with drones and missiles early Saturday, in a major air assault that targeted cities across the country, including some near the borders with NATO members.

The Ukrainian Air Force said that Russia had fired 53 missiles at its territory, that it had shot down two-thirds, and that some had been heading toward the western Zakarpattia and Lviv regions, which border Hungary, Poland and Slovakia, countries that are part of NATO. The Polish Army said its fighter jets and those of other allies had been scrambled to protect their borders in case a Russian weapon crossed them, as has happened in the past .

The strike on Saturday was Russia’s sixth attack on energy facilities in Ukraine since March, part of a wider campaign seemingly aimed at cutting off power to swaths of the country and making life miserable for civilians.

The barrage of missiles, which a top Ukrainian official said had injured about 20 people and which targeted a part of the country that has been less affected by the war, could add urgency to Kyiv’s recent calls for help from allies to protect its vulnerable regions. The attack followed a week in which several NATO allies signaled approval for Ukraine’s limited firing of Western weapons into Russia, culminating with the United States on Thursday .

President Volodymyr Zelensky of Ukraine argued in an interview with The New York Times last month that if Ukraine’s Western neighbors shot down Russian missiles coming close to their own borders — without having their planes cross into Ukrainian airspace — it would ease the burden on the Ukrainian Army, which is facing shortages of air defense ammunition and weapons .

“Technically, all of this is possible,” Mr. Zelensky said. “Shooting down Russian missiles already in Ukrainian territory, from their planes.”

Ukraine’s dearth of air defense systems has left some areas far more exposed than others. Russia has made the most of this situation in recent months, hitting cities and regions that do not enjoy the same protection as Kyiv, the capital, which is shielded by powerful American-made Patriot systems.

That was evident again in Saturday’s attack, which hit energy facilities in five regions in western, central and southeastern Ukraine. DTEK, the country’s largest private electricity company, reported serious damage to two of its power plants. “And again, an extremely difficult night for the Ukrainian energy industry,” the company said in a statement .

The authorities said that Ukraine had lost about eight gigawatts of capacity since March — about half of its generating capacity at the start of the year — prompting them to introduce rolling blackouts in an effort to conserve energy . Ukrenergo, Ukraine’s national electricity operator, said that customers would face power cuts from 6 p.m. to midnight on Saturday.

Saturday’s attack appeared to have particularly affected Ukraine’s western regions, which have been spared heavier bombardment for much of the war.

Maksym Kozytskyi , the governor of the Lviv region, near Poland, said that six cruise missiles had hit three “critical infrastructure facilities” in the region, without specifying exactly what was hit. Just south of Lviv, in the Ivano-Frankivsk region, local officials said that a fire had broken out at an energy facility.

The Ukrainian Air Force also said that missiles were heading toward the city of Mukachevo in the southwestern Zakarpattia region, less than about 25 miles from the borders with Hungary and Slovakia.

Officials in Ukraine have argued that if its allies were to use their own air defense systems to shoot down Russian missiles flying near their borders, it would allow Kyiv to redeploy its air defense weapons stationed in those areas to other areas facing near-daily air assaults.

“It is important to shoot down Russian missiles in the sovereign airspace of Ukraine and thereby allow Ukraine to concentrate its scarce antimissile systems in the east and south of the country,” Mykhailo Podolyak, a senior adviser to Mr. Zelensky, said in a post on the Telegram messaging app on Friday.

The Ukrainian authorities, for example, have discussed with Poland the possibility of shooting down Russian missiles with Polish air defenses.

They have also suggested that a French-Italian SAMP/T air defense system stationed in Romania, which borders southwestern Ukraine, could be used to shoot down Russian missiles. But two French officials, speaking on the condition of anonymity to discuss military matters, said that France was reluctant to do so, in part because the system was needed to protect NATO troops stationed in Romania.

Analysts say that downing Russian weapons from NATO territory is the kind of involvement that the United States and European governments have resisted, because it could provoke retaliation by Russia.

But Ukrainian officials could cite attacks like Saturday’s assault in pressing their case, just as they pointed to Russia’s recent offensive in the northeast when urging their allies to lift a ban on Ukraine’s use of Western weapons to attack inside Russia.

Mr. Zelensky, in his interview with The Times, argued that shooting down Russian missiles from NATO territory would not lead to escalation.

“Why can’t we shoot them down? Is it defense? Yes. Is it an attack on Russia? No. Are you shooting down Russian planes and killing Russian pilots? No,” the Ukrainian leader said. “So what’s the issue with involving NATO countries in the war? There is no such issue. It’s defense.”

Mr. Putin warned this past week, though, that any Western countries helping Ukraine strike into Russia should be aware of “what they’re playing with.”

Constant Méheut reports on the war in Ukraine, including battlefield developments, attacks on civilian centers and how the war is affecting its people. More about Constant Méheut

Our Coverage of the War in Ukraine

News and Analysis

President Biden observed the 80th anniversary of D-Day on the beaches of Normandy by asserting that the allied effort to stand up to Russia  is a direct extension of the battle for freedom that raged across Europe during World War II.

President Vladimir Putin of Russia warned that Western nations supplying Ukraine with long-range missiles and allowing them to be used to attack inside Russia could prompt Moscow to reciprocate against Western targets .

The decision by the Biden administration to allow Ukraine to strike inside Russia  with American-made weapons fulfills a long-held wish by officials in Kyiv  that they claimed was essential to level the playing field.

Zelensky Interview: In an interview with The New York Times, President Volodymyr Zelensky of Ukraine challenged the West  over its reluctance to take bolder action.

Tug of War:  Fueled in part by the Ukraine war, tensions have been mounting in former Soviet states like Georgia and Moldova , pitting those favoring closer relations with Russia against those orientated more toward Europe.

Fleeing a War Zone: A 98-year-old Ukrainian grandmother stumbled past corpses and bomb craters  to escape Russia’s attacks.

How We Verify Our Reporting

Our team of visual journalists analyzes satellite images, photographs , videos and radio transmissions  to independently confirm troop movements and other details.

We monitor and authenticate reports on social media, corroborating these with eyewitness accounts and interviews. Read more about our reporting efforts .

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Vietnam speeding up South China Sea island-building pace, US researchers say

Vietnam has been increasing its dredging and landfill work in the South China Sea, creating almost as much new land as in the previous two years combined, setting the stage for a record year of island-building, U.S. researchers said on Friday.