health tourism usa

DESTINATION

United States

1. Overview

Brief introduction to the country and its reputation in medical tourism.

The United States of America is known around the world for its cutting-edge medical research, highly qualified healthcare professionals, and state-of-the-art medical facilities. As a result, it has become a leading destination for medical tourism, attracting patients from various countries seeking specialized treatments and procedures not readily available or affordable in their home nations. The U.S. healthcare system is renowned for its high standard of care and offers a broad range of treatments from elective surgeries to life-saving interventions.

Historical and Cultural Significance in Medicine

Historically, the United States has been a pioneer in medical research and innovation. From the discovery of insulin to groundbreaking work in genomics and robotics, the nation has long been at the forefront of medical advancements. Furthermore, American institutions have been the recipients of numerous Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine, signifying its pivotal role in the medical landscape. Culturally, the U.S. is often viewed as a melting pot of diverse medical philosophies, blending various global perspectives to create a comprehensive healthcare system.

Diverse Medical Landscape

One of the unique aspects of medical tourism in the United States is the diversity of treatments and healthcare options available. Whether it's world-class cancer centers, renowned cardiac care facilities, or holistic wellness retreats, the U.S. caters to a wide array of medical needs and preferences. Patients can expect a high level of customization and a patient-centric approach, designed to provide the best possible outcomes.

Access to Pioneering Technologies

The U.S. is home to some of the world’s most advanced medical technologies, many of which were developed within its borders. From the latest MRI and surgical robotics to innovative drug therapies, the country offers medical tourists access to cutting-edge treatments that may be unavailable or unaffordable in their home countries.

2. Popular Medical Procedures

List of procedures.

Medical tourists often visit the United States for specialized treatments that include, but are not limited to:

• Oncology services
• Cardiac surgeries
• Orthopedic procedures
• Cosmetic surgeries
• Transplant surgeries
• Neurological treatments

Specializations and Pioneering Treatments

The United States specializes in precision medicine, genomics, and robotic-assisted surgeries among other advanced treatments. It is also a leader in pioneering minimally invasive surgical techniques and targeted cancer therapies. These innovations not only improve success rates but also reduce recovery time and increase the overall patient experience.

3. Top Hospitals & Clinics

List of renowned hospitals.

• Mayo Clinic
• Cleveland Clinic
• Johns Hopkins Hospital
• Massachusetts General Hospital

Accreditation and Affiliations

Most top hospitals in the United States are accredited by organizations such as the Joint Commission or the Healthcare Facilities Accreditation Program (HFAP). These organizations ensure that healthcare providers maintain high standards of patient care and safety.

Special Features, Awards, or Recognitions

Many American hospitals are recognized globally for their clinical excellence, patient safety, and cutting-edge medical research. Awards such as the Magnet Recognition for Nursing Excellence are often indicators of a high standard of care.

4. Cost Comparison

Comparative data.

Medical procedures in the United States are often more expensive than in other countries. For example, a hip replacement may cost between $30,000 and $40,000 in the U.S., compared to $10,000 to $15,000 in countries like India or Thailand. However, the quality of care and access to advanced technologies can justify the higher costs for some patients.

Price Ranges

Prices for medical procedures can vary widely depending on the hospital and the state. It is crucial to consult various sources and get multiple quotes before making a decision.

5. Quality & Safety

Medical standards and practices.

The United States adheres to some of the strictest medical standards in the world, enforced by federal and state laws. These regulations are designed to ensure the highest quality of patient care and safety.

Accreditation Systems, Regulatory Bodies, and Quality Checks

Organizations like the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) play pivotal roles in ensuring the safety and efficacy of medical treatments and devices.

Patient Safety Protocols and Patient Rights

Patient safety is a high priority, with protocols in place for everything from sanitation and infection control to patient confidentiality. Patients also have the right to informed consent and the right to seek a second opinion.

6. Medical Visa Information

Guidelines and requirements.

For medical treatment in the United States, foreign nationals generally require a B-2 visa. Requirements for this visa include proof of medical appointment and financial ability to pay for treatments.

Duration, Documentation, and Application Process

Typically, a B-2 visa allows for a stay of up to six months, extendable in certain situations. Necessary documentation includes valid passports, medical records, and proof of financial ability to pay for treatments.

Other Travel-related Advisories or Restrictions

It’s important to consult the U.S. embassy or consulate in your home country for the most current travel advisories or restrictions related to health and safety.

7. Cultural Considerations

Local customs and etiquette.

While the United States is generally accommodating and tolerant, it is advisable to understand some basic social norms, such as tipping service providers and respecting personal space.

Language(s) Spoken

English is the primary language spoken in healthcare facilities. However, interpreters are often available for non-English-speaking patients.

Dietary Considerations or Restrictions

Hospitals generally offer a variety of meal options, including those that cater to specific dietary needs or religious restrictions.

8. Travel & Accommodation

Popular and recommended areas to stay.

Major cities with top healthcare facilities often have a range of accommodation options, from budget hotels to luxury resorts.

Proximity to Medical Facilities

Accommodations are often available within close proximity to medical facilities, and some hospitals even offer on-site lodging options for patients and families.

Transportation Facilities and Infrastructure

The United States has a well-developed public and private transportation network, making it convenient for medical tourists to move between accommodations, healthcare facilities, and tourist spots.

Recommendations for Post-procedure Relaxation and Recuperation

Depending on the nature of the treatment, locations near natural reserves, beaches, or wellness retreats are often recommended for relaxation and recovery.

9. Legal & Ethical Considerations

Information about legal rights.

Patients have the right to informed consent, confidentiality, and to seek a second opinion. Legal avenues exist for cases of medical malpractice.

Details About Medical Malpractice Laws

Medical malpractice laws vary by state, but generally, patients have the right to compensation if harmed due to negligence.

Ethical Considerations

Ethical guidelines are strictly adhered to, particularly in sensitive matters like organ transplantation and experimental treatments.

10. Benefits & Risks

Medical tourists can expect high-quality care, access to advanced technologies, and a wide range of specialized treatments.

Potential risks include higher costs and the complexities related to travel, such as the physical stress of long flights.

11. Post-procedure Care

Post-operative care.

American hospitals offer comprehensive post-operative care, including follow-up appointments and access to rehabilitation services.

Availability and Quality of Rehabilitation Centers

Rehabilitation centers, often affiliated with top hospitals, provide specialized care designed to accelerate recovery and improve outcomes.

12. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Typical questions.

• What are the visa requirements for medical treatment in the U.S.?
• How can I verify the credentials of a U.S. healthcare provider?
• What are my rights as a patient?
• How do I plan my stay for medical treatment and recovery?

Global Provider Members

Washington, D.C.

329,705,410

As a huge country, the contiguous United States is home to a wide variety of climates. However, in general, it has a continental climate, with cold winters (often frigid) and hot summers (sometimes very hot), with a different season duration depending on latitude and distance from the sea. There are, however, some exceptions: on the west coast overlooking the Pacific Ocean, the climate is cool and damp in the northern part and Mediterranean in the southern part. On the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, the climate is mild in winter and hot and muggy in summer. In Florida, the weather is near-tropical. Ruggid settings like the Rocky Mountains are cold in winter and often cool, even in summer. The southwest features deserts which are mild in winter and scorchingly hot in summer.

Facilitators

American Medical Care

Washington, DC, U.S.A

Fort Lauderdale, United States

St. Thomas, United States

Florida, United States

Beverly Hills, United States

Los Angeles, United States

Newport News, United States

Las Vegas, United States

California, United States

Tennessee, United States

Puerto Rico, United States

Cincinnati, United States

Indianapolis, United States

West Palm Beach, FL USA

Featured Treatments

MedicalTourism.com

MedicalTourism.com is a free, confidential, independent resource for patients and industry providers. Our mission is to provide a central portal where patients, medical tourism providers, hospitals, clinics, employers, and insurance companies can all find the information they need. Our site focuses on patients looking for specific knowledge in the fields of medical tourism, dental tourism, and health tourism.

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Why Patients Are Turning to Medical Tourism

Statistics, Benefits, and Risks

Planning Ahead

Frequently asked questions.

Medical tourism is a term that refers to traveling to another country to get a medical or dental procedure. In some instances, medical tourists travel abroad seeking alternative treatments that are not approved in the United States.

Medical tourism is successful for millions of people each year, and it is on the rise for a variety of reasons, including increasing healthcare costs in the United States, lack of health insurance, specialist-driven procedures, high-quality facilities, and the opportunity to travel before or after a medical procedure.

According to a New York Times article from January 2021, pent-up demand for nonessential surgeries, as well as the fact that many Americans lost their health insurance during the coronavirus pandemic led to a surge in medical tourism once other countries re-opened.

However, there are specific risks that come with traveling overseas for surgery. If you're thinking of pursuing a medical procedure in another country, here's what to know about the benefits and the risks.

Medical Tourism Benefits

The most common procedures Americans go abroad for include dental care, cosmetic procedures , fertility treatments, organ transplants , and cancer treatment.

This is not to be confused with having an unplanned procedure in a foreign country due to an unexpected illness or injury.

Among the reasons a person might choose to go abroad for a medical procedure are:

Lower Costs

Medical tourists can save anywhere from 25% to 90% in medical bills, depending on the procedure they get and the country they travel to. There are several factors that play into this:

• The cost of diagnostic testing and medications is particularly expensive in the United States.
• The cost of pre- and post-procedure labor is often dramatically lower overseas. This includes labor costs for nurses , aides, surgeons , pharmacists, physical therapists , and more.
• High cost of malpractice insurance—the insurance that protects medical professionals against lawsuits—in the United States.
• Hospital stays cost far less in many overseas countries compared to the United States. In other words, quality care, hospital meals, and rehabilitation are far more affordable abroad for many people.

For someone who doesn't have insurance , or someone having a procedure that is not covered by insurance , the difference can be enormous.

Popular Countries for Medical Tourism

Dominican Republic

South Korea

Culture and Language

Many immigrants prefer to have treatments and procedures done in their country of origin—a sensible decision, considering just how much language barriers alone can affect the quality of their care.

Furthermore, at least 25% of immigrants and noncitizen residents in the United States are uninsured, compared to 9% of American citizens. Children with at least one noncitizen parent are also more likely to be uninsured.

Practicalities aside, many people choose to have their procedure done in their country of origin simply because it allows them to be close to family, friends, and caretakers who can assist them through their recovery .

Insurance Incentives

Some insurance companies have started promoting medical tourism. The reason behind this is simple: savings for the insured means savings for the insurance provider and vice versa.

Several insurance providers, including Aetna have programs specifically geared at promoting safe medical tourism. Some insurance providers even offer financial incentives for medical tourism, like discounts on medical bills .

That said, many insurance companies will not pay for surgery performed outside of the country unless it is an emergency.

Luxury and Privacy

Medical tourism is a lucrative business for many countries, and much of the money brought in by medical tourists is reinvested into the local economy and health infrastructure.

The effect of this is apparent in the spa-like luxury that some foreign hospitals offer, providing medical tourists the opportunity to be pampered during their stay for a fraction of the cost they would pay at home.

Some facilities offer hospital rooms that are more like a hotel suite than a traditional hospital room. Other hospitals offer one-on-one private nursing care, which is far more generous and attentive than the staffing ratios that most hospitals allow.

Medical tourists who seek that added layer of privacy can find it abroad. Many can return home from their "vacation" without anyone knowing they had a procedure at all.

Vacation in a Foreign Country

Medical tourists often take advantage of their stay in a foreign country to travel for pleasure by scheduling a vacation before or after their procedure.

This is an especially inexpensive way to travel to a foreign country, especially if their insurance provider is paying for the flight and the cost of staying is low. 

While it seems logical to recover on a beach or in a chalet by the mountains, keep in mind that it's important not to jeopardize your recovery.

Swimming isn't recommended until your incisions are completely closed. You may not feel up to doing much more than napping in the days following your procedure, either.

Don't let your vacation disrupt your recovery. Any time you have a procedure done, especially a surgery, it's important to listen to your body, take your medications as directed, and follow your doctor's recommendations closely.

Bypassing Rules and Regulations

Some travelers seek surgery abroad to bypass rules that are set in place by their own government, insurance company , or hospital. These rules are typically in place to protect the patient from harm, so getting around them isn't always the best idea.

For example, a patient may be told that their weight is too low to qualify for weight loss surgery . A surgeon in a foreign country may have a different standard for who qualifies for weight loss surgery, so the patient may qualify overseas for the procedure they want.

Talented Surgeons

Surgeons in certain countries are known for their talent in a specific area of surgery. For example, Brazilian surgeons are often touted for their strong plastic surgery skills .

Whereas in the United States, insurance companies might only cover cosmetic procedures if it is medically necessary, cosmetic surgery is often free or low-cost in Brazil's public hospitals—giving cosmetic surgeons there ample practice.

Thailand is reported to be the primary medical tourism destination for individuals seeking gender reassignment . It is often easier to qualify for surgery and the cost is significantly reduced. Surgeons are performing the procedures frequently, and as a result, many have become quite specialized in them.

It is often surprising to many medical tourists that their physician was trained in the United States. Not all physicians are, of course, but a surprisingly high percentage of them working in surgery abroad are trained in English-speaking medical schools and residency programs and then return to their home country. These physicians often speak multiple languages and may be board certified in their home country and a foreign country, such as the United States.

Medical tourism isn’t limited to countries outside of the United States, either. Many people travel to the United States for medical care due to the country's cutting-edge technology, prescription medication supply, and the general safety of healthcare.

Medical Tourism Risks

The financial and practical benefits of medical tourism are well known, and you may even know someone who had a great experience. Nonetheless, the downsides of medical tourism can be just as great if not greater. Sometimes, they can even be deadly.

If you are considering a trip abroad for your procedure, you should know that medical tourism isn't entirely without obstacle and risks. These include:

Poorly Trained Surgeons

In any country—the United States included—there will be good surgeons and bad. And just as there are great surgeons abroad, there are also some surgeons who are less talented, less trained, and less experienced.

Regardless of what procedure you are getting or where, you should always do some preliminary research into the surgeon or physician who will be treating you as well as the hospital you will be treated at.

In the United States, it is fairly easy to obtain information about malpractice lawsuits , sanctions by medical boards, and other disciplinary actions against a physician.

Performing this research from afar can be challenging, especially if you don't speak the local language. Yet countless people take the risk anyway, without knowing whether the physicians who will treat them are reputable.

A physician should be trained in the specific area of medicine that is appropriate for your procedure. For example, you should not be having plastic surgery from a surgeon who was trained to be a heart doctor. It isn’t good enough to be a physician, the physician must be trained in the specialty .

Prior to agreeing to surgery, you should also know your surgeon’s credentials : where they studied, where they trained, and in what specialty(s) they are board-certified. Do not rely on testimonials from previous patients; these are easily made up for a website and even if they are correct, one good surgery doesn’t mean they will all be successful.

Quality of Staff

Nurses are a very important part of healthcare, and the care they provide can mean the difference between a great outcome and a terrible one.

A well-trained nurse can identify a potential problem and fix it before it truly becomes an issue. A poorly trained nurse may not identify a problem until it is too late. The quality of the nursing staff will have a direct impact on your care.

Once again, it's important to research the hospital staff where you will be having your procedure done. Read the reviews but don't trust them blindly. If you can, seek out a recommendation from someone who can vouch for the medical staff where you will be going.

Quality of the Facility

While researching healthcare facilities for your procedure, you want to learn not just about the quality of the facilities themselves, but about the country's healthcare system as a whole.

In some countries, there is a marked distinction between public hospitals and private hospitals. In Turkey, for example, private hospitals are considered on-par with hospitals in the states, while many locals will advise you to steer clear of public hospitals if you can.

You will also want to seek out facilities that are internationally accredited. In the United States, the Joint Commission evaluates hospitals and certifies those that provide safe, quality care. The international division does the same for hospitals outside the United States.

Once you have a few options for potential facilities, you can start to investigate specifics. For one, you should find as many pictures and reviews of the facility as you can. Ask yourself whether the facility is state of the art or whether it seems dirty and outdated.

You will also need to find out if the facility has ICU level care available, in case something goes wrong. If not, there should be a major hospital nearby so that you can be transferred quickly.

To learn more about a healthcare facility, consider joining expat groups on social media for the city or country you will be traveling to. Ask the group for recommendations, or inquire about any positive or negative experiences they may have had at a particular facility.

Flying Home After Surgery

Any surgery comes with risks, including infection and blood clots . Flying home increases the risk of blood clots, especially on long-haul flights that are longer than four hours.

Try to avoid flying home in the days immediately after surgery; waiting a week will decrease the chances of developing a blood clot or another serious complication during the flight.

For longer flights, plan on getting up and walking up and down the aisles each hour to improve blood flow in your legs. You might also benefit from wearing compression socks with your doctor's approval.

If you are taking blood thinners or are at-risk of blood clots , be sure to talk to your doctor about how you can reduce your risk of blood clots after your procedure and while traveling.

Furthermore, you should know the symptoms of blood clots and stay alert.

Unplanned Illness

Any time you travel abroad, you run the risk of catching an illness that you have never been exposed to or that your body is not prepared to fight off. This is especially a concern when spending time in a foreign hospital.

If you have a sensitive stomach, you may also want to think long and hard about having surgery abroad. The food is often very different in foreign hospitals, and in some areas, there is a risk that even the water will be upsetting to your body.

Having diarrhea or postoperative nausea and vomiting makes for a miserable recovery experience, especially if you do not have a friend or family member nearby who can help you through it.

Before you travel abroad, check with your doctor to see if you need any vaccines to travel to your destination or if there are any foreign illnesses you should be aware of. Picking up an illness abroad, particularly after your surgery, can potentially be life-threatening.

Language Barriers

If you are having surgery in a country where English is not the primary language, you will need to make preparations in order to be able to communicate with the staff.

You may be pleasantly surprised to learn that the staff speaks your primary language well. If not, then you will need to consider how you will make your wishes and needs known to the surgeon, the staff, and others you will meet.

Whether you are at home or abroad, remember to speak up and advocate for yourself to make sure your needs are met. If you don't speak the local language, download a language translation app on your smartphone and don't hesitate to use it to communicate your needs. Hiring a translator is another option.

A Word About Transplant Tourism

Transplant tourism is one area of medical tourism that is strongly discouraged by organ and tissue transplant professionals in multiple countries. Most international transplants are considered “black market” surgeries that are not only poor in quality, but ethically and morally wrong.

China, for example, the country that is believed to perform more international kidney transplants than any other country, is widely believed to take organs from political prisoners after their execution.

In India, living donors are often promised large sums of money for their kidney donation, only to find out they have been scammed and never receive payment. Selling an organ in India is illegal, as it is in most areas of the world, so there is little recourse for the donor.

Then there is the final outcome: how well the organ works after the surgery is complete. With black market transplants, less care is often taken with matching the donor and recipient, which leads to high levels of rejection and a greater risk of death. Furthermore, the new organ may not have been screened for diseases such as cytomegalovirus , tuberculosis , hepatitis B , and hepatitis C . It is often the new disease that leads to death, rather than the organ rejection itself.

Finally, transplant surgeons are often reluctant to care for a patient who intentionally circumvented the donor process in the United States and received their transplant from an unknown physician.

It is important to arrange your follow-up care prior to leaving your home country.

Many physicians and surgeons are hesitant to take care of a patient who received care outside the country, as they are often unfamiliar with medical tourism and have concerns about the quality of care overseas.

Arranging for follow-up care before you leave will make it easier to transition to care at home without the stress of trying to find a physician after surgery .

Just be sure to inform your follow-up care physician where you are having your procedure done. After you return, they will also want to know what prescription medications you were given, if any.

What are popular countries for medical tourism? 

Mexico, India, Costa Rica, Turkey, Singapore, Canada, and Thailand are among the many countries that are popular for medical tourism.

How safe is medical tourism?

Medical tourism is generally considered safe, but it's critical to research the quality of care, physician training, and surgical specialties of each country. There are several medical tourism organizations that specialize in evaluating popular destinations for this purpose.

What countries have free healthcare? 

Countries with free healthcare include England, Canada, Thailand, Mexico, India, Sweden, South Korea, Israel, and many others.

A Word From Verywell

If you are considering medical tourism, discuss the risks and benefits with your doctor, and consider working with your insurance provider to arrange a trip that balances financial savings with safety. (Also, before you embark on a trip overseas for your procedure, make sure you are financially prepared for unexpected events and emergencies. Don't go abroad if you don't have enough money to get yourself home in a crisis.)

A medical tourism organization such as Patients Without Borders can help you evaluate the quality and trustworthiness of healthcare in various countries. Making sure a high level of care is readily available will lead to a safer, more relaxing experience.

Centers For Disease Control and Prevention. Medical Tourism: Getting medical care in another country . Updated October 23, 2017.

University of the Incarnate Word. Center for Medical Tourism Research .

Patients Beyond Borders. Facts and figures .

Kaiser Family Foundation. Health coverage of immigrants . Published July 2021.

Paul DP 3rd, Barker T, Watts AL, Messinger A, Coustasse A. Insurance companies adapting to trends by adopting medical tourism . Health Care Manag (Frederick). 2017 Oct/Dec;36(4):326-333. doi: 10.1097/HCM.0000000000000179

Batista BN. State of plastic surgery in Brazil .  Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open . 2017 Dec;5(12):1627. doi:10.1097/GOX.0000000000001627

Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health - Global Health Now. Brazilians' risky right to beauty . Published May 2018.

Chokrungvaranont P, Selvaggi G, Jindarak S, et al. The development of sex reassignment surgery in Thailand: a social perspective .  Sci World J . 2014 Mar;2014(1):1-5. doi:10.1155/2014/182981

The Joint Commission. For consumers .

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Blood clots and travel: what you need to know . Reviewed February 2021.

Hurley R. China harvested organs from political prisoners on substantial scale, says tribunal . BMJ . 2018 Dec;363(1):5250. doi:10.1136/bmj.k5250

Ambagtsheer F, Van Balen L. I'm not Sherlock Holmes: suspicions, secrecy, and silence of transplant professionals in the human organ trade . Euro J Criminol . 2019 Jan;17(6):764-783. doi:10.1177/1477370818825331

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Transplant Surgery. Key facts . Reviewed January 2019.

By Jennifer Whitlock, RN, MSN, FN Jennifer Whitlock, RN, MSN, FNP-C, is a board-certified family nurse practitioner. She has experience in primary care and hospital medicine.

Medical Tourism and Healthcare Agency Services in USA

Health records.

Secured & HIPAA Compliant

Trip Planning

Concierge Medical Travel Options

Accommodation

Private Luxury Suite

Price Quote

Personalized Treatment Plan

Hospitality

24-Hour Service Providers

Gundars Katlaps, MD

Craig Daley

Eniye woods, ms, rn, msn, guna mahalingham, michael adler, american medical care, leading medical travel agent in the us.

The medical care system in the US is one of the best in the world. There are no two ways about it – even though treatment and care facilities in the US are costlier than many other nations of the world, still, owing to the high quality of American medical services, US medical tourism is on the rise, has steadily grown in recent years – people arriving in the US have doubled in the last few years. It is no surprise that about 0.5% of all tourists arriving by air to the US annually list medical tourism in the USA as the main reason for visiting the country.

American Medical Care – top Medical Tourism agent in the US Being a part of the USA medical tourism industry is a matter of great pride because we believe strongly that we make a difference in someone’s life. With thousands of patients queuing up for Medical tourism USA, top-quality US healthcare treatment from across the world, we are doing our part by facilitating many such people access relevant medical services in the US.

• Ensuring patients worldwide can access different medical procedures in the US – elective, non-elective, and cosmetic procedures.
• As a seasoned medical travel agent, we ensure patients have a smooth entry into the country.
• We aim to help our clients get personalized treatment from the best medical facilities in the country as a top priority for our medical tourism agency in the USA.
• Ensuring patients and their families have their medical appointments scheduled appropriately and with the best healthcare provider amongst our listed providers.
• We take care of your accommodation, local transportation, and other logistics-related needs.
• One of our key focus areas as one of the premier medical tourism companies in the USA is to handle all relevant documentation on your behalf.

As an established medical tourism agent, we specialize in offering end-to-end medical tourism in the United States, ensuring that our patients never feel out of place and in an ecosystem offering the right ambiance for their wellbeing and rapid recovery.

Why hire us as a medical tourism agent?

1. Network of healthcare providers We are well-connected with some of the premier hospitals and medical facilities in the US. The American Medical Care is a seasoned medical tourism agency with strong connections with reputed and credible facilities across the country – Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Washington DC, Canada, Costa Rica, Mexico, and Nigeria.

2. Affordable healthcare services

We understand the emotional and mental trauma and stress of the client and their families. To top it if the treatment costs are way too expensive, the situation can become even more challenging. Hence, at American Medical Care, a leading Medical tourism company, we sincerely try to suit the most reasonable cost estimates so that you can budget accordingly and try consistently to match your pocket. As leading medical travel agents in the US, it is one of the core endeavors of our team to help our clients find the best medical care services at affordable prices.

3. In the foreign land, we ensure you get decent accommodation.

Surrounded by medical uncertainties, arranging an affordable and decent place to stay for an unlimited period can be daunting. Being a top medical tourism travel agency, we handhold so that you get the best place to stay within your budget. We ensure:

• The best place to stay as per the limits of your pocket.
• The place is close to the hospital and is also centrally located.
• The place has affordable and good places to eat in and around the hotel.
• Ensure that all other logistics-related matters are addressed well for a stress-free stay.

Medical tourism companies like us are not just facilitators but an integral part of your treatment plan. We offer comprehensive services that begin from planning your trip to the US till the very end – when you recover and reach back home. Always at your service, we are a health tourism agency accessible round-the-clock. You can never feel lost and out of place in the US.

As a responsible healthcare tourism agency, when you get in touch with us, we help save your time, money, and efforts, taking care end-to-end of all your needs to have a seamless trip and treatment in the US.

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• Section 6 - Perspectives : Avoiding Poorly Regulated Medicines & Medical Products During Travel
• Section 7 - Pregnant Travelers

Medical Tourism

Cdc yellow book 2024.

Author(s): Matthew Crist, Grace Appiah, Laura Leidel, Rhett Stoney

• Categories Of Medical Tourism

The Pretravel Consultation

Risks & complications, risk mitigation, additional guidance for us health care providers.

Medical tourism is the term commonly used to describe international travel for the purpose of receiving medical care. Medical tourists pursue medical care abroad for a variety of reasons, including decreased cost, recommendations from friends or family, the opportunity to combine medical care with a vacation destination, a preference to receive care from a culturally similar provider, or a desire to receive a procedure or therapy not available in their country of residence.

Medical tourism is a worldwide, multibillion-dollar market that continues to grow with the rising globalization of health care. Surveillance data indicate that millions of US residents travel internationally for medical care each year. Medical tourism destinations for US residents include Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Germany, India, Malaysia, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, Singapore, and Thailand. Categories of procedures that US medical tourists pursue include cancer treatment, dental care, fertility treatments, organ and tissue transplantation, and various forms of surgery, including bariatric, cosmetic, and non-cosmetic (e.g., orthopedic).

Most medical tourists pay for their care at time of service and often rely on private companies or medical concierge services to identify foreign health care facilities. Some US health insurance companies and large employers have alliances with health care facilities outside the United States to control costs.

Categories of Medical Tourism

Cosmetic tourism.

Cosmetic tourism, or travel abroad for aesthetic surgery, has become increasingly popular. The American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) reports that most cosmetic surgery patients are women 40–54 years old. The most common procedures sought by cosmetic tourists include abdominoplasty, breast augmentation, eyelid surgery, liposuction, and rhinoplasty. Popular destinations often are marketed to prospective medical tourists as low cost, all-inclusive cosmetic surgery vacations for elective procedures not typically covered by insurance. Complications, including infections and surgical revisions for unsatisfactory results, can compound initial costs.

Non-Cosmetic Medical Tourism

Cancer treatment.

Oncology, or cancer treatment, tourism often is pursued by people looking for alternative treatment options, better access to care, second opinions, or a combination of these. Oncology tourists are a vulnerable patient population because the fear caused by a cancer diagnosis can lead them to try potentially risky treatments or procedures. Often, the treatments or procedures used abroad have no established benefit, placing the oncology tourist at risk for harm due to complications (e.g., bleeding, infection) or by forgoing or delaying approved therapies in the United States.

Dental Care

Dental care is the most common form of medical tourism among US residents, in part due to the rising cost of dental care in the United States; a substantial proportion of people in the United States do not have dental insurance or are underinsured. Dentists in destination countries might not be subject to the same licensure oversight as their US counterparts, however. In addition, practitioners abroad might not adhere to standard infection-control practices used in the United States, placing dental tourists at a potential risk for infection due to bloodborne or waterborne pathogens.

Fertility Treatments

Fertility tourists are people who seek reproductive treatments in another country. Some do so to avoid associated barriers in their home country, including high costs, long waiting lists, and restrictive policies. Others believe they will receive higher quality care abroad. People traveling to other countries for fertility treatments often are in search of assisted reproductive technologies (e.g., artificial insemination by a donor, in vitro fertilization). Fertility tourists should be aware, however, that practices can vary in their level of clinical expertise, hygiene, and technique.

Physician-Assisted Suicide

The practice of a physician facilitating a patient’s desire to end their own life by providing either the information or the means (e.g., medications) for suicide is illegal in most countries. Some people consider physician-assisted suicide (PAS) tourism, also known as suicide travel or suicide tourism, as a possible option. Most PAS tourists have been diagnosed with a terminal illness or suffer from painful or debilitating medical conditions. PAS is legal in Belgium, Canada, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and New Zealand, making these the destinations selected by PAS travelers.

Rehab Tourism for Substance Use Disorders

Rehab tourism involves travel to another country for substance use disorder treatment and rehabilitation care. Travelers exploring this option might be seeking a greater range of treatment options at less expense than what is available domestically (see Sec. 3, Ch. 5, Substance Use & Substance Use Disorders , and Box 3-10 for pros and cons of rehab tourism).

Transplant Procedures

Transplant tourism refers to travel for receiving an organ, tissue, or stem cell transplant from an unrelated human donor. The practice can be motivated by reduced cost abroad or an effort to reduce the waiting time for organs. Xenotransplantation refers to receiving other biomaterial (e.g., cells, tissues) from nonhuman species, and xenotransplantation regulations vary from country to country. Many procedures involving injection of human or nonhuman cells have no scientific evidence to support a therapeutic benefit, and adverse events have been reported.

Depending on the location, organ or tissue donors might not be screened as thoroughly as they are in the United States; furthermore, organs and other tissues might be obtained using unethical means. In 2009, the World Health Organization released the revised Guiding Principles on Human Cell, Tissue, and Organ Transplantation, emphasizing that cells, tissues, and organs should be donated freely, in the absence of any form of financial incentive.

Studies have shown that transplant tourists can be at risk of receiving care that varies from practice standards in the United States. For instance, patients might receive fewer immunosuppressive drugs, increasing their risk for rejection, or they might not receive antimicrobial prophylaxis, increasing their risk for infection. Traveling after a procedure poses an additional risk for infection in someone who is immunocompromised.

Ideally, medical tourists will consult a travel medicine specialist for travel advice tailored to their specific health needs 4–6 weeks before travel. During the pretravel consultation, make certain travelers are up to date on all routine vaccinations, that they receive additional vaccines based on destination, and especially encourage hepatitis B virus immunization for unvaccinated travelers (see Sec. 2, Ch. 3, Vaccination & Immunoprophylaxis & General Principles , and Sec. 5, Part 2, Ch. 8, Hepatitis B ). Counsel medical tourists that participating in typical vacation activities (e.g., consuming alcohol, participating in strenuous activity or exercise, sunbathing, swimming, taking long tours) during the postoperative period can delay or impede healing.

Advise medical tourists to also meet with their primary care provider to discuss their plan to seek medical care outside the United States, to address any concerns they or their provider might have, to ensure current medical conditions are well controlled, and to ensure they have a sufficient supply of all regular medications to last the duration of their trip. In addition, medical tourists should be aware of instances in which US medical professionals have elected not to treat medical tourists presenting with complications resulting from recent surgery, treatment, or procedures received abroad. Thus, encourage medical tourists to work with their primary care provider to identify physicians in their home communities who are willing and available to provide follow-up or emergency care upon their return.

Remind medical tourists to request copies of their overseas medical records in English and to provide this information to any health care providers they see subsequently for follow-up. Encourage medical tourists to disclose their entire travel history, medical history, and information about all surgeries or medical treatments received during their trip.

All medical and surgical procedures carry some risk, and complications can occur regardless of where treatment is received. Advise medical tourists not to delay seeking medical care if they suspect any complication during travel or after returning home. Obtaining immediate care can lead to earlier diagnosis and treatment and a better outcome.

Among medical tourists, the most common complications are infection related. Inadequate infection-control practices place people at increased risk for bloodborne infections, including hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV; bloodstream infections; donor-derived infections; and wound infections. Moreover, the risk of acquiring antibiotic-resistant infections might be greater in certain countries or regions; some highly resistant bacterial (e.g., carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales [CRE]) and fungal (e.g., Candida auris ) pathogens appear to be more common in some countries where US residents travel for medical tourism (see Sec. 11, Ch. 5, Antimicrobial Resistance ).

Several infectious disease outbreaks have been documented among medical tourists, including CRE infections in patients undergoing invasive medical procedures in Mexico, surgical site infections caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria in patients who underwent cosmetic surgery in the Dominican Republic, and Q fever in patients who received fetal sheep cell injections in Germany.

Noninfectious Complications

Medical tourists have the same risks for noninfectious complications as patients receiving medical care in the United States. Noninfectious complications include blood clots, contour abnormalities after cosmetic surgery, and surgical wound dehiscence.

Travel-Associated Risks

Traveling during the post-operative or post-procedure recovery period or when being treated for a medical condition could pose additional risks for patients. Air travel and surgery independently increase the risk for blood clots, including deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary emboli (see Sec. 8, Ch. 3, Deep Vein Thrombosis & Pulmonary Embolism ). Travel after surgery further increases the risk of developing blood clots because travel can require medical tourists to remain seated for long periods while in a hypercoagulable state.

Commercial aircraft cabin pressures are roughly equivalent to the outside air pressure at 6,000–8,000 feet above sea level. Medical tourists should not fly for 10 days after chest or abdominal surgery to avoid risks associated with changes in atmospheric pressure. ASPS recommends that patients undergoing laser treatments or cosmetic procedures to the face, eyelids, or nose, wait 7–10 days after the procedure before flying. The Aerospace Medical Association published medical guidelines for air travel that provide useful information on the risks for travel with certain medical conditions.

Professional organizations have developed guidance, including template questions, that medical tourists can use when discussing what to expect with the facility providing the care, with the group facilitating the trip, and with their own domestic health care provider. For instance, the American Medical Association developed guiding principles on medical tourism for employers, insurance companies, and other entities that facilitate or incentivize medical care outside the United States ( Box 6-07 ). The American College of Surgeons (ACS) issued a similar statement on medical and surgical tourism, with the additional recommendation that travelers obtain a complete set of medical records before returning home to ensure that details of their care are available to providers in the United States, which can facilitate continuity of care and proper follow-up, if needed.

Box 6-07 American Medical Association’s guiding principles on medical tourism 1

• Employers, insurance companies, and other entities that facilitate or incentivize medical care outside the United States should adhere to the following principles:
• Receiving medical care outside the United States must be voluntary.
• Financial incentives to travel outside the United States for medical care should not inappropriately limit the diagnostic and therapeutic alternatives that are offered to patients or restrict treatment or referral options.
• Patients should only be referred for medical care to institutions that have been accredited by recognized international accrediting bodies (e.g., the Joint Commission International or the International Society for Quality in Health Care).
• Prior to travel, local follow-up care should be coordinated, and financing should be arranged to ensure continuity of care when patients return from medical care outside the United States.
• Coverage for travel outside the United States for medical care should include the costs of necessary follow-up care upon return to the United States.
• Patients should be informed of their rights and legal recourse before agreeing to travel outside the United States for medical care.
• Access to physician licensing and outcome data, as well as facility accreditation and outcomes data, should be arranged for patients seeking medical care outside the United States.
• The transfer of patient medical records to and from facilities outside the United States should be consistent with Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Action (HIPAA) guidelines.
• Patients choosing to travel outside the United States for medical care should be provided with information about the potential risks of combining surgical procedures with long flights and vacation activities.

1 American Medical Association (AMA). New AMA Guidelines on Medical Tourism . Chicago: AMA; 2008.

Reviewing the Risks

Multiple resources are available for providers and medical tourists assessing medical tourism–related risks (see Table 6-02 ). When reviewing the risks associated with seeking health care abroad, encourage medical tourists to consider several factors besides the procedure; these include the destination, the facility or facilities where the procedure and recovery will take place, and the treating provider.

Make patients aware that medical tourism websites marketing directly to travelers might not include (or make available) comprehensive details on the accreditations, certifications, or qualifications of advertised facilities or providers. Local standards for facility accreditation and provider certification vary, and might not be the same as those in the United States; some facilities and providers abroad might lack accreditation or certification. In some locations, tracking patient outcome data or maintaining formal medical record privacy or security policies are not standard practices.

Medical tourists also should be aware that the drugs and medical products and devices used in other countries might not be subject to the same regulatory scrutiny and oversight as in the United States. In addition, some drugs could be counterfeit or otherwise ineffective because the medication expired, is contaminated, or was improperly stored (for more details, see the previous chapter in this section, . . . perspectives: Avoiding Poorly Regulated Medicines & Medical Products During Travel ).

Table 6-02 Online medical tourism resources

Checking credentials.

ACS recommends that medical tourists use internationally accredited facilities and seek care from providers certified in their specialties through a process equivalent to that established by the member boards of the American Board of Medical Specialties. Advise medical tourists to do as much advance research as possible on the facility and health care provider they are considering using. Also, inform medical tourists that accreditation does not guarantee a good outcome.

Accrediting organizations (e.g., The Joint Commission International, Accreditation Association for Ambulatory Health Care) maintain listings of accredited facilities outside of the United States. Encourage prospective medical tourists to review these sources before committing to having a procedure or receiving medical care abroad.

ACS, ASPS, the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, and the International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery all accredit physicians abroad. Medical tourists should check the credentials of health care providers with search tools provided by relevant professional organizations.

Travel Health Insurance

Before travel, medical tourists should check their domestic health insurance plan carefully to understand what services, if any, are covered outside the United States. Additionally, travelers might need to purchase supplemental medical insurance coverage, including medical evacuation insurance; this is particularly important for travelers going to remote destinations or places lacking medical facilities that meet the standards found in high-income countries (see Sec. 6, Ch. 1, Travel Insurance, Travel Health Insurance & Medical Evacuation Insurance ). Medical tourists also should be aware that if complications develop, they might not have the same legal recourse as they would if they received their care in the United States.

Planning for Follow-Up Care

Medical tourists and their domestic physicians should plan for follow-up care. Patients and clinicians should establish what care will be provided abroad, and what the patient will need upon return. Medical tourists should make sure they understand what services are included as part of the cost for their procedures; some overseas facilities and providers charge substantial fees for follow-up care in addition to the base cost. Travelers also should know whether follow-up care is scheduled to occur at the same facility as the procedure.

Health care facilities in the United States should have systems in place to assess patients at admission to determine whether they have received medical care in other countries. Clinicians should obtain an explicit travel history from patients, including any medical care received abroad. Patients who have had an overnight stay in a health care facility outside the United States within 6 months of presentation should be screened for CRE. Admission screening is available free of charge through the Antibiotic Resistance Laboratory Network .

Notify state and local public health as soon as medical tourism–associated infections are identified. Returning patients often present to hospitals close to their home, and communication with public health authorities can help facilitate outbreak recognition. Health care facilities should follow all disease reporting requirements for their jurisdiction. Health care facilities also should report suspected or confirmed cases of unusual antibiotic resistance (e.g., carbapenem-resistant organisms, C. auris ) to public health authorities to facilitate testing and infection-control measures to prevent further transmission. In addition to notifying the state or local health department, contact the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention at [email protected] to report complications related to medical tourism.

The following authors contributed to the previous version of this chapter: Isaac Benowitz, Joanna Gaines

Bibliography

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Al-Shamsi, H, Al-Hajelli, M, Alrawi, S. Chasing the cure around the globe: medical tourism for cancer care from developing countries. J Glob Onc. 2018;4:1–3.

Kracalik I, Ham C, Smith AR, Vowles M, Kauber K, Zambrano M, et al. (2019). Notes from the field: Verona integron-encoded metallo-β-lactamase–producing carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in U.S. residents associated with invasive medical procedures in Mexico, 2015–2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68(20):463–4.

Pavli A, Maltezou HC. Infectious complications related to medical tourism. J Travel Med. 2021;28(1):taaa210.

Pereira RT, Malone CM, Flaherty GT. Aesthetic journeys: a review of cosmetic surgery tourism. J Travel Med. 2018;25(1):tay042.

Robyn MP, Newman AP, Amato M, Walawander M, Kothe C, Nerone JD, et al. Q fever outbreak among travelers to Germany who received live cell therapy & United States and Canada, 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015;64(38):1071–3.

Salama M, Isachenko V, Isachenko E, Rahimi G, Mallmann P, Westphal LM, et al. Cross border reproductive care (CBRC): a growing global phenomenon with multidimensional implications (a systematic and critical review). J Assist Reprod Genet. 2018;35(7):1277–88.

Schnabel D, Esposito DH, Gaines J, Ridpath A, Barry MA, Feldman KA, et al. Multistate US outbreak of rapidly growing mycobacterial infections associated with medical tourism to the Dominican Republic, 2013–2014. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016;22(8):1340–7.

Stoney RJ, Kozarsky PE, Walker AT, Gaines JL. Population-based surveillance of medical tourism among US residents from 11 states and territories: findings from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2022;43(7):870–5.

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Medical Tourism Statistics and Facts | Health-Tourism.com

An essential fact sheet and guide on medical tourism statistics, medical tourism: the full picture, medical tourism facts: why do people go abroad to get medical treatment.

• Approximately 2.5 million foreign patients traveled to hospitals in Thailand in 2013. In Bangkok's prestigious Bumrungrad International Hospital, over 520,000 international patients received treatment at the hospital.
• Singapore has been a growing medical tourism center in South East Asia with 850,000 medical tourists arriving in 2012. In January 2019 however, a report was released by RHB Research , the article quotes analyst Juliana Cai saying "As healthcare costs in neighbouring countries like Malaysia and Thailand are much lower, they have been attracting medical tourists from the region – thereby eating into Singapore's market share."
• Latin America , particularly Costa Rica and Panama , are fast becoming tourist spots for medical travelers with approximately 40,000 foreign patients seeking healthcare in Costa Rica in 2011.
• Due to its close proximity to the U.S., Mexico has become a top medical tourism destination with 40,000 to 80,000 American seniors spending their retirement there with a considerable number receiving nursing home and health care. According to Politico however, the recent events with Donald Trump and the wall could damage the flow of medical tourism across the border.
• After visitors number more than doubling in the last 5 years, Malaysia is also becoming a famous destination with 770,134 medical travelers in 2013. In 2016 Malaysia received numerous awards and global recognition from International Medical Travel Journal . Among the awards won by The Malaysia Healthcare Travel Council (MHTC) were ‘Health & Medical Tourism: Destination of the Year’, International Hospital of the Year, ‘International Cosmetic Surgery Clinic of the Year, ‘International Dental Clinic of the Year’, ‘International Fertility of the Year’, and ‘Best Marketing Initiative of the Year’.
• India has become a medical tourism hot spot, with 166,000 international patients in 2012 coming to the country due to the selection of highly skilled doctors and improved medical infrastructure. In 2016 the numbers kept rising, with over 170,000 medical visas awarded . This represents only a fraction of the total medical tourists entering the country.
• South Korea has now entered the top ten countries in the world in terms of tourist volume. At the last available count in 2016, 390,000 people travelled to Korea as a medical tourist compared to the overall patient volume of 14 million.
• The UK has recently announced the need for improved quality standards for cross border care. There seems to be room for more private inbound medical tourism but there needs to be a change in the cap on numbers allowed currently.
• In Spain , the demand for medical tourism has skyrocketed, especially in the town of Marbella. Over 330 million euros a year are generated in the province. The Quirón business group is the biggest medical supplier in Spain and it treats up to 20,000 foreign patients a year, with most of the patients coming from the UK, Netherlands and Finland.
• As fertility decreases in the MENA region the demand for IVF and related services grows. In North Africa and the Middle East there is a $1 billion market, serviced by Turkey but also increasingly by the United Arab Emirates and Saudi.

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Traveling for health and wellness has grown in popularity in recent years, but it's not just a trend. It's caught on because health-focused vacations can benefit your mind and body. Whether you want to relax at a spa, practice yoga, or improve your wellness routine, there’s a destination for you.

To narrow down all of the options, USA TODAY 10Best editors and a panel of experts made nominations in five categories, and now it's your turn to vote for your favorites. Voting ends on Monday, July 1 at noon ET, and you can vote once per day, per category.

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Visiting a meditation center allows you to engage with a practice that has been shown to have numerous health benefits. They provide a tranquil environment conducive to reflection and introspection, allowing individuals to step away from the daily grind and focus on personal well-being.

At these meditation centers — nominated by an expert panel as the best in the U.S. — structured programs often include guided meditation sessions, teachings on mindfulness, and other stress-reducing activities. Plus, many centers are situated in picturesque locations that enhance the experience, making it not only a journey inward but also an opportunity to connect with nature.

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Bird flu has been detected in a Michigan farmworker, marking the third human case tied to a dairy outbreak, the CDC and state health department announced Thursday.

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Negotiators plan to ask for more time. Among the sticking points are equitable access to vaccines and financing to set up surveillance systems.

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Countries around the globe have failed to reach consensus on the terms of a treaty that would unify the world in a strategy against the inevitable next pandemic, trumping the nationalist ethos that emerged during Covid-19.

The deliberations, which were scheduled to be a central item at the weeklong meeting of the World Health Assembly beginning Monday in Geneva, aimed to correct the inequities in access to vaccines and treatments between wealthier nations and poorer ones that became glaringly apparent during the Covid pandemic.

Although much of the urgency around Covid has faded since the treaty negotiations began two years ago, public health experts are still acutely aware of the pandemic potential of emerging pathogens, familiar threats like bird flu and mpox, and once-vanquished diseases like smallpox.

“Those of us in public health recognize that another pandemic really could be around the corner,” said Loyce Pace, an assistant secretary at the Department of Health and Human Services, who oversees the negotiations in her role as the United States liaison to the World Health Organization.

Negotiators had hoped to adopt the treaty next week. But canceled meetings and fractious debates — sometimes over a single word — stalled agreement on key sections, including equitable access to vaccines.

The negotiating body plans to ask for more time to continue the discussions.

“I’m still optimistic,” said Dr. Jean Kaseya, director general of Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “I think the continent wants this agreement. I think the world wants this agreement.”

Once adopted, the treaty would set legally binding policies for member countries of the W.H.O., including the United States, on surveillance of pathogens, rapid sharing of outbreak data, and local manufacturing and supply chains for vaccines and treatments, among others.

Contrary to rhetoric from some politicians in the United States and Britain , it would not enable the W.H.O. to dictate national policies on masking, or use armed troops to enforce lockdowns and vaccine mandates.

Next week’s deadline was self-imposed, and some public health experts have said it was far too ambitious — most treaties take many years — for such a complex endeavor. But negotiators were scrambling to ratify the treaty before elections in the United States and multiple European countries.

“Donald Trump is in the room,” said Lawrence Gostin, director of the W.H.O. Center on Global Health Law, who has helped to draft and negotiate the treaty.

“If Trump is elected, he will likely torpedo the negotiations and even withdraw from W.H.O.,” Mr. Gostin said.

During his tenure as president, Mr. Trump severed ties with the W.H.O. , and he has recently signaled that, if re-elected, he might shutter the White House pandemic preparedness office.

Among the biggest bones of contention in the draft treaty is a section called Pathogen Access and Benefits Sharing, under which countries would be required to swiftly share genetic sequences and samples of emerging pathogens. This information is crucial for rapid development of diagnostic tests, vaccines and treatments.

Low-income nations, including those in Africa, want to be compensated for the information with quick and equitable access to the developed tests, vaccines and treatments. They have also asked that pharmaceutical manufacturers share information that would allow local companies to manufacture the products at low cost.

“We don’t want to see Western countries coming to collect pathogens, going with pathogens, making medicines, making vaccines, without sending back to us these benefits,” Dr. Kaseya said.

Member countries have only ever agreed to one other health treaty, the 2003 Framework Convention on Tobacco Control , which strengthened control of the tobacco industry and decreased smoking rates in participating countries. But they were jolted by the devastation of the Covid pandemic and the inequities it reinforced to embark on a second.

The countries are also working on bolstering the W.H.O.’s International Health Regulations, which were last revised in 2005 and set detailed rules for countries to follow in the event of an outbreak that may breach borders.

In May 2021, an independent review of the global reaction to Covid-19 “found weak links at every point in the chain of preparedness and response.”

The pandemic also deepened mistrust between wealthier nations and poorer ones. By the end of 2021, more than 90 percent of people in some high-income countries had received two doses of Covid vaccines, compared with less than 2 percent in low-income nations. The lack of access to vaccines is thought to have caused more than a million deaths in low-income nations.

The treaty would be an acknowledgment of sorts that an outbreak anywhere threatens the entire globe, and that providing vaccines and other resources is beneficial to everyone. Variants of the coronavirus that emerged in countries with large unvaccinated populations swiftly swept across the world.

“Nearly half of U.S. deaths came from variants, so it’s in everybody’s interest to have a strong accord,” said Peter Maybarduk, who directs Public Citizen’s Access to Medicines program.

In December 2021, the W.H.O. established a group of negotiators to develop a legally binding treaty that would enable every country to prevent, detect and control epidemics, and allow for equitable allocation of vaccines and drugs.

More than two years into the negotiations, negotiators have agreed, at least in principle, on some sections of the draft.

But much of the good will generated during Covid has evaporated, and national interests have returned to the fore. Countries like Switzerland and the United States have been reluctant to accept terms that may affect the pharmaceutical industry; others like Argentina have fought against strict regulations on meat exports.

“It’s evident that people have very short memories,” said Dr. Sharon Lewin, director of the Cumming Global Center for Pandemic Therapeutics in Melbourne.

“But it can happen again, and it can happen with a pathogen that is far trickier to deal with than Covid was,” she warned.

One proposal for the Pathogen Access and Benefits Sharing section would require manufacturers to set aside 10 percent of vaccines to be donated, and another 10 percent to be provided at cost to the W.H.O. for distribution to low-income nations.

But that idea proved to be too complicated, said Roland Driece, who is one of the leaders of the negotiations. “We found along the way that that was too ambitious in the time frame.”

Instead, a working group established by the World Health Assembly will be tasked with hammering out the details of that section by May 2026, Mr. Driece said.

The terms of the proposed agreement have generated some confusion. In Britain, Nigel Farage, the conservative broadcaster and populist politician, and some other conservative politicians have claimed that the W.H.O. would force richer countries to give away 20 percent of their vaccines.

But that is an incorrect reading of the proposed agreement, Mr. Driece said. “It’s not the countries that have to come up with those vaccines, it’s the companies,” he said. Pharmaceutical companies would commit to the system in exchange for guaranteed access to data and samples needed to make their products.

Britain will not sign the treaty unless “it is firmly in the U.K. national interest and respects national sovereignty,” a spokesperson for the country’s health department told Reuters earlier this month.

In the United States, Republican senators have demanded that the Biden administration reject the treaty because it would “potentially weaken U.S. sovereignty.”

Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, W.H.O.’s director general, has roundly criticized what he called the “the litany of lies and conspiracy theories,” noting that the organization does not have the authority to dictate national public health policies, nor does it seek such power.

The secrecy surrounding the negotiations has made it difficult to counter misinformation, said James Love, director of Knowledge Ecology International, one of the few nonprofits with a window into the negotiations.

Having more people allowed into the discussion rooms or to see the drafts as they evolve would help clarify complicated aspects of the treaty, Mr. Love said.

“Also, the public could relax a bit if they’re actually reading the actual agreement on a regular basis,” he said.

Some proposals in the draft treaty would require massive investments, another sticking point in the negotiations.

To monitor emerging pathogens, wealthier nations endorse a so-called One Health strategy, which recognizes the interconnections between people, animals, plants and their shared environment. They want low-income countries to regulate live animal markets and limit trade in animal products — a big economic blow for some nations.

Last month, the Biden administration released its own strategy for global health security , with a focus on bilateral partnerships aimed at helping 50 countries bolster their pandemic response systems. The administration hopes to expand the list to 100 countries by the end of the year.

American support would help the countries, most of which are in Asia and Africa, strengthen their One Health systems and better manage outbreaks.

The U.S. strategy is meant to be complementary to the global treaty, and cannot serve as an alternative, public health experts said.

“In my view, this is the most important moment in global health since W.H.O. was founded in 1948,” Mr. Gostin said. “It would just be an unforgivable tragedy if we let this slip away after all the suffering of Covid.”

Apoorva Mandavilli is a reporter focused on science and global health. She was a part of the team that won the 2021 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service for coverage of the pandemic. More about Apoorva Mandavilli

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The rise of medical tourism: A global perspective

Medical tourism, a rapidly evolving industry, has been making headlines worldwide. It has become an increasingly popular choice for millions of patients seeking accessible, affordable, and high-quality healthcare. In this article, we will explore the reasons behind the rise of medical tourism, the current trends shaping the industry, and the challenges and opportunities facing stakeholders in this ever-expanding market.

I. The origins and growth of medical tourism

Medical tourism is not a new phenomenon, as people have traveled for medical treatment for centuries. However, advancements in transportation, communication, and medical technology have transformed the industry, making it more accessible to a broader range of people.

• Factors driving the growth of medical tourism:

a) High cost of healthcare in developed countries: The rising cost of healthcare in countries like the United States has prompted many individuals to seek more affordable alternatives abroad. For instance, a heart bypass surgery in the United States can cost up to $100,000, while the same procedure in India may only cost around $10,000.

b) Long waiting times: Lengthy waiting periods for elective surgeries and specialist consultations in countries with public healthcare systems, such as Canada and the United Kingdom, have driven patients to seek faster treatment in other countries.

c) Accessibility to advanced treatments: Some patients choose medical tourism to access cutting-edge treatments unavailable or not yet approved in their home countries.

d) Improved quality of healthcare services: The quality of healthcare services in developing countries has significantly improved in recent years, with many facilities achieving international accreditations and certifications.

e) Increasing ease of travel: Air travel has become more accessible and affordable, allowing people to travel long distances for medical treatment without significant inconvenience.

II. Popular medical tourism destinations and treatments

The global landscape of medical tourism is diverse, with different regions specializing in various treatments and offering unique advantages to international patients.

• Asia: Countries such as India, Thailand, and Singapore have emerged as major medical tourism hubs in Asia. They offer a wide range of treatments, from orthopedic surgeries and cardiac procedures to cosmetic surgeries and dental treatments. These countries are known for their state-of-the-art facilities, highly skilled medical professionals, and relatively low costs.
• Latin America: Mexico, Costa Rica, and Brazil are among the top medical tourism destinations in Latin America. Patients from the United States and Canada often choose these countries for their proximity and lower cost of treatments. Popular procedures in this region include bariatric surgery, dental care, and cosmetic surgery.
• Europe: Turkey, Hungary, and Poland are gaining prominence in the European medical tourism market. They offer advanced treatments, such as oncology, fertility treatments, and dental care, at competitive prices.

III. The role of technology in the rise of medical tourism

Technology has played a critical role in the growth of medical tourism. The internet and social media have facilitated easier access to information about medical facilities, treatments, and medical professionals. Telemedicine and virtual consultations have also enabled patients to connect with healthcare providers remotely, further increasing the appeal of medical tourism.

IV. Challenges and opportunities in medical tourism

Despite the rapid growth of medical tourism, the industry faces several challenges that must be addressed to ensure its continued success.

• Legal and ethical issues: Differences in medical standards, regulations, and malpractice laws across countries can pose challenges for patients and healthcare providers alike. Ensuring the highest level of care and addressing ethical concerns, such as organ trafficking, will be crucial in maintaining the reputation of the industry.
• Quality and safety concerns: Ensuring the quality and safety of medical treatments and facilities is paramount. International accreditation and certification bodies, such as the Global Healthcare Accreditation(GHA), play a vital role in maintaining high standards.
• Coordination and communication: Effective coordination and communication between healthcare providers, insurance companies, and medical tourism facilitators are essential to ensure a smooth experience for patients. Addressing language barriers and cultural differences can further enhance the patient's overall experience.
• Competition: As the medical tourism industry expands, competition among destinations increases. Countries must invest in the development of their healthcare infrastructure, marketing strategies, and workforce to remain competitive.

V. The future of medical tourism

As the global medical tourism market continues to grow, new trends and opportunities will emerge for both patients and industry stakeholders.

• Personalized medicine and genomics: Advances in personalized medicine and genomics are expected to play a significant role in the future of medical tourism. Patients may travel abroad to access tailored treatments based on their genetic makeup.
• The rise of wellness tourism: Wellness tourism, which focuses on preventive care and holistic well-being, is a growing market. Destinations that offer a combination of medical and wellness services may have a competitive advantage in attracting medical tourists.
• Digital health and virtual care: The integration of digital health technologies, such as telemedicine and AI-driven diagnostics, will likely play a critical role in the expansion of medical tourism. These technologies can help patients access care remotely and provide more personalized, efficient services.
• Sustainable medical tourism: As environmental concerns become increasingly prominent, medical tourism destinations will need to prioritize sustainability and eco-friendly practices in their healthcare infrastructure and facilities.

The rise of medical tourism is a testament to the global demand for accessible, affordable, and high-quality healthcare. As the industry continues to evolve, new challenges and opportunities will shape its future trajectory. By addressing these challenges and capitalizing on emerging trends, medical tourism destinations can secure a sustainable and successful place in the global healthcare landscape.

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Patients are advised to seek hospitals that are accredited by Global Healthcare and only work with medical tourism facilitators who are certified by Global Healthcare Accreditation or who have undergone certification from the Certified Medical Travel Professionals (CMTP). This ensures that the highest standards in the industry are met. Click the link to check out hospitals accredited by the Global Healthcare Accreditation: https://www.globalhealthcareaccreditation.com/

It is recommended that consumers do not share their personal and confidential information on random medical tourism platforms as they may not be secure. Consumers must be cautious when disclosing their private information as some organizations may not protect their privacy and could misuse their information. Additionally, there are agencies that may prioritize their commissions over the well-being of the patients. Consumers should avoid choosing the cheapest price and instead make a thorough comparison across multiple facilitators to make an informed decision.

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The Medical Tourism Magazine (MTM), known as the “voice” of the medical tourism industry, provides members and key industry experts with the opportunity to share important developments, initiatives, themes, topics and trends that make the medical tourism industry the booming market it is today.