ibn battuta journey to mecca

The Travels of Ibn Battuta

Introduction.

Welcome to this tour of Ibn Battuta's medieval travels!

You will be following in the footsteps of this famous 14th century Muslim traveler, exploring the places he visited and the people he encountered. To help you learn more about his adventures there will be images of the people and places he saw, information on the food he might have tasted, and "side trips" into the past and future.

Ibn Battuta started on his travels in 1325, when he was 20 years old. His main reason to travel was to go on a Hajj, or a Pilgrimage to Mecca, to fulfill the fifth pillar of Isla.. But his traveling went on for around 29 years and he covered about 75,000 miles visiting the equivalent of 44 modern countries which were then mostly under the governments of Muslim leaders of the World of Islam, or "Dar al-Islam".

He met many dangers and had numerous adventures along the way. He was attacked by bandits, almost drowned in a sinking ship, and nearly beheaded by a tyrant ruler. He also had a few marriages and lovers and fathered several children on his travels!

Near the end of Ibn Battuta's life, the Sultan of Morocco insisted that Ibn Battuta dictate the story of his travels to a scholar and today we can read translations of that account, which was originally titled  Tuhfat al-anzar fi gharaaib al-amsar wa ajaaib al-asfar, or  A Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Traveling . 

That title is a bit of a mouthful so the text is generally just called Ibn Battuta's  Rihla,  or  Journey.

Ibn Battuta in Egypt; painting by Hippolyte Leon.

About this Virtual Tour

The Travels of Ibn Battuta: A Virtual Tour  began as a Web resource written in 1999 by Nick Bartel for his students at Horace Mann Middle School, San Francisco, California. It was one of several large online resource units Nick constructed during the early days of curriculum on the internet. Most units were lost during technical changes over the years at San Francisco Unified School District, where the original pages were hosted. Since that time, online resources for teaching world history through traveler's narratives have increased dramatically, but Nick's pages are still some of the most valuable for classrooms. In 2012 he gave permission to ORIAS to rebuild and rehost the site at UCB, where it could be updated and "rescued" from the virtual void. The Center for Middle Eastern Studies provided funding to help in this process.

Special thanks go to Ross Dunn who worked with Nick on the initial project and whose wonderful book, The Adventures of Ibn Battuta , provided much of the content.

Thanks also to World Affairs Council, San Francisco Unified School District CIPD, and many students at Horace Mann for their help with the original pages!

The Setting

Dar al-Islam in the 14th Century

The first map below shows the Muslim World (or Dar al-Islam) about 1300. The second map shows the route of Ibn Battuta's journeys. Ibn Battuta mainly traveled to places with Muslim governments in the areas inside the black border marking the Dar al-Islam. Beyond that, Muslim traders had already ventured out into China, Indonesia and further, and had established small Muslim communities in many regions of the world. Ibn Battuta would seldom be far from fellow Muslims on his travels, and he would greatly benefit from the charity and hospitality offered to Muslim travelers and pilgrims.

The Journey

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Journey to Mecca: In the footsteps of Ibn Battuta

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Journey to Mecca: In the Footsteps of Ibn Battuta

(45 minutes) Journey to Mecca tells the story of Ibn Battuta (played by Chems Eddine Zinoun), a young scholar who leaves Tangier in 1325 on an epic and perilous journey, traveling alone from his home in Morocco to reach Mecca, some 3,000 miles to the east. Ibn Battuta is besieged by countless obstacles as he makes his way across the North African desert to Mecca. Along the route he meets an unlikely stranger, the Highwayman (played by Hassam Ghancy) who becomes his paid protector and eventual friend. During his travels he is attacked by bandits, dehydrated by thirst, rescued by Bedouins, and forced to retrace his route by a war-locked Red Sea.  Ibn Battuta finally joins the legendary Damascus Caravan with thousands of pilgrims bound for Mecca for the final leg of what would become his 5,000 mile, 18 month long journey to Mecca.  When he arrives in Mecca, he is a man transformed. We then experience the Hajj as he did over 700 years ago, and, in recognition of its timelessness, we dissolve to the Hajj as it is still performed today, by millions of pilgrims, in some of the most extraordinary and moving IMAX® footage ever presented.  Ibn Battuta would not return home for almost 30 years, reaching over 40 countries and revisiting Mecca five more times to perform the Hajj. He would travel three times farther then Marco Polo. His legacy is one of the greatest travel journals ever recorded. A crater on the moon is named in his honour.

The Life and Travels of Ibn Battuta, World Explorer and Writer

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Ibn Battuta (1304–1368) was a scholar, theologian, adventurer, and traveler who, like Marco Polo fifty years earlier, wandered the world and wrote about it. Battuta sailed, rode camels and horses, and walked his way to 44 different modern countries, traveling an estimated 75,000 miles during a 29 year period. He journeyed from North Africa to the Middle East and Western Asia, Africa, India and Southeast Asia.

Fast Facts: Ibn Battuta

• Name : Ibn Battuta
• Known For : His travel writing, which described the 75,000-mile journey he took during his rilha.
• Born : February 24, 1304, Tangier, Morocco
• Died : 1368 in Morocco 
• Education : Schooled in the Maliki tradition of Islamic law
• Published Works : A Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling or The Travels (1368

Early Years 

Ibn Battuta (sometimes spelled Batuta, Batouta, or Battutah) was born in Tangier, Morocco on February 24, 1304. He was from a fairly well-to-do family of Islamic legal scholars descended from Berbers, an ethnic group indigenous to Morocco. A Sunni Muslim trained in the Maliki tradition of Islamic law, Ibn Battuta left his home at the age of 22 to begin his rihla , or voyage.

Rihla is one of four forms of travel encouraged by Islam, the best known of which is Hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina. The term rihla refers to both the travel and the genre of literature that describes the journey. The purpose of rihla is to enlighten and entertain readers with detailed descriptions of pious institutions, public monuments and religious personalities of Islam. Ibn Battuta's travelogue was written after he returned, and in it he stretched the conventions of the genre, including autobiography as well as some fictional elements from the 'adja'ib or "marvels" traditions of Islamic literature. 

Setting Off 

Ibn Battuta's journey began from Tangier on June 14, 1325. Originally intending to make a pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina, by the time he reached Alexandria in Egypt, where the lighthouse was still standing, he found himself entranced by the people and cultures of Islam. 

He headed for Iraq, Western Persia, then Yemen and the Swahili coast of East Africa. By 1332 he reached Syria and Asia Minor, crossed the Black Sea and reached the territory of the Golden Horde. He visited the steppe region along the Silk Road and arrived at the oasis of Khwarizm in western central Asia. 

Then he traveled through Transoxania and Afghanistan, arriving in the Indus Valley by 1335. He stayed in Delhi until 1342 and then visited Sumatra and (perhaps—the record is unclear) China before heading home. His return trip took him back through Sumatra, the Persian Gulf, Baghdad, Syria, Egypt, and Tunis. He reached Damascus in 1348, just in time for the arrival of the plague, and returned home to Tangier safe and sound in 1349. Afterwards, he made minor excursions to Granada and the Sahara, as well as to the West African kingdom of Mali.

A Few Adventures

Ibn Battuta was mostly interested in people. He met and talked with pearl divers and camel drivers and brigands. His traveling companions were pilgrims, merchants, and ambassadors. He visited countless courts.

Ibn Battuta lived on donations from his patrons, mostly elite members of Muslim society he met along the way. But he was not just a traveler—he was an active participant, often employed as a judge (qadi), administrator, and/or ambassador during his stops. Battuta took a number of well-placed wives, generally daughters and sisters of the sultans, none of whom are named in the text. 

Visiting Royalty

Battuta met countless royals and elites. He was in Cairo during the reign of the Mamluk Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qalawun. He visited Shiraz when it was an intellectual haven for Iranians fleeing the Mongol invasion. He stayed in the Armenian capital of Staryj Krym with his host, the governor Tuluktumur. He detoured to Constantinople to visit Andronicus III in the company of the Byzantine emperor Ozbek Khan's daughter. He visited the Yuan emperor in China, and he visited Mansa Musa (r. 1307–1337) in West Africa. 

He spent eight years in India as a qadi in the court of Muhammad Tughluq, the Sultan of Delhi. In 1341, Tughluq appointed him to lead a diplomatic mission to the Mongol emperor of China. The expedition was shipwrecked off the coast of India leaving him with neither employment nor resources, so he traveled around southern India, Ceylon and the Maldive islands, where he served as qadi under the local Muslim government.

History of the Literary Rilha 

In 1536, after Ibn Battuta returned home, the Marinid ruler of Morocco Sultan Abu 'Ina commissioned a young literary scholar of Andalusian origins named Ibn Juzayy (or Ibn Djuzzayy) to record Ibn Battuta's experiences and observations. Over the next two years together, the men wove what would become the Book of Travels , based primarily on Ibn Battuta's memories, but also interweaving descriptions from earlier writers. 

The manuscript was circulated around different Islamic countries, but not much cited by Muslim scholars. It eventually came to the attention of the west by way of two adventurers of the 18th and 19th centuries, Ulrich Jasper Seetzen (1767–1811) and Johan Ludwig Burckhardt (1784–1817). They had separately purchased abridged copies during their travels throughout the Mideast. The first English language translation of those copies was published in 1829 by Samuel Lee.

Five manuscripts were found by the French when they conquered Algeria in 1830. The most complete copy recovered in Algiers was made in 1776, but the oldest fragment was dated 1356. That fragment had the title "Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Traveling," and is believed to have been a very early copy indeed if not an original fragment. 

The complete text of the travels, with parallel Arabic and a French translation, first appeared in four volumes between 1853–1858 by Dufrémery and Sanguinetti. The full text was translated first into English by Hamilton A.R. Gibb in 1929. Several subsequent translations are available today. 

Criticism of the Travelogue

Ibn Battuta recounted tales of his travels throughout his voyage and when he returned home, but it was not until his association with Ibn Jazayy that the stories were committed to formal writing. Battuta took notes during the journey but admitted that he lost some of them along the way. He was accused of lying by some contemporaries, though the veracity of those claims is widely disputed. Modern critics have noted several textual discrepancies which hint at substantial borrowing from older tales. 

Much of the criticism of Battuta's writing is aimed at the sometimes confusing chronology and plausibility of certain parts of the itinerary. Some critics suggest he may have never reached mainland China, but did get as far as Vietnam and Cambodia. Parts of the story were borrowed from earlier writers, some attributed, others not, such as Ibn Jubary and Abu al-Baqa Khalid al-Balawi. Those borrowed parts include descriptions of Alexandria, Cairo, Medina, and Mecca. Ibn Battuta and Ibn Juzayy acknowledge Ibn Jubayr in the descriptions of Aleppo and Damascus. 

He also relied on original sources, relating historical events told to him in the courts of the world, such as the capture of Delhi and the devastations of Genghis Khan.

Death and Legacy 

After his collaboration with Ibn Jazayy ended, Ibn Batuta retired to a judicial post in a small Moroccan provincial town, where he died in 1368.

Ibn Battuta has been called the greatest of all travel writers, having traveled farther than Marco Polo. In his work, he provided priceless glimpses of the various people, courts and religious monuments around the world. His travelogue has been the source of countless research projects and historical investigations.

Even if some of the stories were borrowed, and some of the tales a bit too marvelous to be believed, Ibn Battuta's rilha remains an enlightening and influential work of travel literature to this day.

• Battuta, Ibn, Ibn Juzayy, and Hamilton A.R. Gibb. Ibn Battuta, Travels in Asia and Africa 1325-1354 . London: Broadway House, 1929. Print.
• Berman, Nina. " Questions of Context: Ibn Battuta and E. W. Bovill on Africa ." Research in African Literatures 34.2 (2003): 199-205. Print.
• Gulati, G. D. " Ibn Battuta in Transoxiana. " Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 58 (1997): 772-78. Print.
• Lee, Samuel. "The Travels of Ibn Batuta Translated from the Abridged Arabic Manuscript Copies " . London: Oriental Translation Committee, 1829. Print.
• Morgan, D. O. " Battuta and the Mongols ." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 11.1 (2001): 1-11. Print.
• Norris, Harry. " Ibn Battuta on Muslims and Christians in the Crimean Peninsula ." Iran & the Caucasus 8.1 (2004): 7-14. Print.
• Waines, David. " The Odyssey of Ibn Battuta: Uncommon Tales of a Medieval Adventurer." London: I.B. Tauris & Cp, Ltd, 2010. Print.
• Zimonyi, István. " Ibn Battuta on the First Wife of Özbek Khan ." Central Asiatic Journal 49.2 (2005): 303-09. Print.
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Journey to Mecca: In the Footsteps of Ibn Battuta

It would take Ibn Battuta 18 months to travel the 5,000-mile route to Mecca. Battuta, who would eventually become the best-travelled person in antiquity, would not return home for 30 years. His journeys total three times those of Marco Polo. He would visit 40 countries and revisited Mecca five more times to perform the Hajj. Ibn Battuta sought out knowledge in his breathtaking journeys and eventually compiled his experiences in The Rihla , one of the most significant travel books ever written.

Ibn Battuta did not join a caravan, which was the normal way to perform pilgrimage 700 hundred years ago. At that time, there weren’t cars, airplanes, hotels, and air conditioning, luxuries afforded to today’s Hajj pilgrim. It was only you, the desert, and the sky above you.

Ibn Battuta decided to take the most difficult path to Mecca, as he had seen it in a dream. The voyage was not an easy one. Battuta sets out alone and is soon set upon by bandits who rob and almost kill him, until their leader recognizes his quest. “Pilgrim,” he says, “you may go.” He even offered to protect Ibn Battuta from additional bandits, however, for a fee. During his travels, the main character is attacked by bandits, dehydrated by thirst, rescued by Bedouins, and forced to retrace his route by a war-locked Red Sea.

As a viewer you will find yourself thrilled and enchanted by this beautiful piece of art. The detail, in everything from clothing to architecture, is meticulously researched. The re-creation of the storied Damascus camel caravan that took pilgrims across the desert to Mecca for centuries is so well researched that for a moment, it feels as if we too are there. The film runs for about 45 minutes, so don’t expect it to provide some groundbreaking insight into Islam; however, religious consultants ensured that the filmmakers accurately represented the Muslim faith.

In one of the final scenes, a close-up view of millions of pilgrims performing this year’s Hajj appears to be something similar to a human whirlpool so amazing and yet so intense. It’s at this moment we come to realize how much Journey to Mecca succeeds in capturing the everlasting wonder, pageantry, and beauty that are the symbols of any religion’s rituals and events. The true achievement of this film is that it takes us from the 14th century and ends up in modern times. The audience is able to live through his dream in a relatively short film, thanks to the aerial filming and profound dedication of the cast and crew of this film.

Islamic Insights Recommendation: This is a great movie that everyone regardless of his/her faith must see. The film’s main actor Chems Eddine Zinoun died in a car accident before the film was released, and in honor of his fantastic work, we should all see this film. The only complaint is that the film is too short and leaves you hungry for wanting more. Both history enthusiasts and your everyday popcorn lovers will enjoy this film.

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Journey to Mecca in the Footsteps of Ibn Battuta Reviews

Bruce Neibaur’s IMAX extravaganza merges recreations of Ibn Battuta’s first 14th-century Hajj with spectacular contemporary footage

Full Review | Dec 29, 2023

As far as promoting a better understanding of the religion of Islam to the Western world, I think "Journey to Mecca" has provided a valiant beginning.

Full Review | Aug 21, 2010

While "Journey to Mecca" was filmed specifically for exhibition in Imax theaters, it is not quite the visual treat that other Imax films have been. Still, it is the true, inspiring story -----

Only the splendid visuals offer much that is fresh.

Full Review | Original Score: 2/5 | Jun 18, 2010

It mixes historic reconstruction with modern footage, and it could be a little cheesy were it not for the spectacular images of Mount Arafat covered with white-clad pilgrims...

Full Review | Original Score: 3/5 | Jun 17, 2010

The storytelling may be pedestrian, but the swooping aerial images of the massed pilgrims journeying on camels and circling the Kabba are wondrous to behold.

While there's stunning scenery in the movie, it's mostly a backdrop to a narrative that's more about spirit than spectacle. In this case, the subject of the film is something that can't be captured on any size screen.

Full Review | Original Score: 2.5/4 | Jan 15, 2010

Journey to Mecca is sure to gladden the hearts of spiritual-seekers. Mere popcorn enthusiasts will like it too.

Full Review | Original Score: 3/4 | Feb 6, 2009

In a complex world of religious mistrust, misunderstanding and violence, the new IMAX film Journey to Mecca: In the Footsteps of Ibn Battuta is about peace and enlightenment.

Full Review | Original Score: 4/5 | Feb 6, 2009

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Journey to Mecca

One of the greatest travellers in human history, twenty-one-year-old law student Ibn Battutah set out alone to Mecca from Tangiers in 1325 and returned to Morocco almost thirty years later. ... Read all One of the greatest travellers in human history, twenty-one-year-old law student Ibn Battutah set out alone to Mecca from Tangiers in 1325 and returned to Morocco almost thirty years later. This is the story of his first pilgrimage, book-ended with never-before seen documentary f... Read all One of the greatest travellers in human history, twenty-one-year-old law student Ibn Battutah set out alone to Mecca from Tangiers in 1325 and returned to Morocco almost thirty years later. This is the story of his first pilgrimage, book-ended with never-before seen documentary footage of the contemporary Hajj. Filmed for initial presentation in IMAX and other giant s... Read all

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Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Battuta , a Moroccan Muslim scholar and traveler, gained fame for embarking on extensive voyages known as the Rihla in the 14th century. His travels spanned across the entirety of the recognized Islamic realm, encompassing regions from North and West Africa, Southern and Eastern Europe in the western reaches, to the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, and extending all the way to China in the east.

See the fact file below for more information about Ibn Battuta, or you can download our 26-page Ibn Battuta worksheet pack to utilize within the classroom or home environment.

Key Facts & Information

• Ibn Battuta was born in Tangier in 1304 to a family of judges (qadis). Expectedly, he received the traditional juristic and literary education. He started undertaking the pilgrimage ( hajj ) to Mecca at age 21 to fulfill his religious duty and broaden his education. 
• He became qualified for judicial office after studying with famous scholars in western Arabia, which made him a respected guest at many courts.

FIRST VOYAGE

• His journey commenced as he ventured to Egypt , arriving there via the overland route through Tunis and Tripoli. He established a personal rule during this period to never traverse the same path twice. This newfound perspective not only brought him immense happiness but also became a means of livelihood. 
• As he shifted from being known primarily as a scholar to an accomplished traveler, he not only gained growing recognition but also encountered the benevolence of prominent individuals in the nations he traversed.
• Starting his journey in Cairo , he proceeded to explore upper Egypt. He reached the Red Sea before returning to Syria to join a caravan heading for Mecca. In 1326, he successfully completed the pilgrimage and embarked on a journey that took him across the Arabian Desert, leading him through Iraq , southern Iran, Azerbaijan , and finally, Baghdad . It was there that he had the opportunity to meet with the last Mongol khans of Iran, including Abū Saʿīd, along with other regional rulers.
• Setting sail from Jiddah, he embarked on a maritime journey with a group of companions, tracing the shores of the Red Sea on both sides until they reached Yemen . There, they crossed overland and then resumed their sea voyage from Aden. 
• On this leg of the journey, they followed the eastern coast of Africa, making stops at the prosperous trading city-states, reaching as far as Kilwa in Tanzania . His return voyage led him through southern Arabia, Oman , Hormuz, the southern regions of Persia , and eventually across the Persian Gulf, bringing him back to Mecca in the year 1332.

SECOND VOYAGE

• He continued his journey to the north, bypassing Egypt and Syria before embarking on a ship bound for Asia Minor (Anatolia) from Latakia. His objective was to reach the sultan of Delhi, Muhammad ibn Tughluq. 
• In his travel accounts, he detailed his extensive travels through the diverse regions of the “land of the Turks” during a period when Anatolia was fragmented into numerous small sultanates. This account later proved to be an invaluable historical source, shedding light on the region’s history between the decline of Seljuq power and the ascent of the Ottoman Empire .
• He continued across the Black Sea to the Crimean Peninsula, northern Caucasus, and Saray on the lower Volga River, the capital of the khan of the Golden Horde, Öz Beg. 
• In his narratives, he asserts that he journeyed from Saray to Bulgary, tracing the upper Volga and Kama rivers. However, there are reasons to question the accuracy of this assertion. On the other hand, his firsthand account of visiting Constantinople (now Istanbul) as part of the Khan’s wife’s entourage, a Byzantine princess, appears to be a credible eyewitness record, notwithstanding some minor discrepancies in chronology. 
• His depiction of Byzantine as a capital city is vivid and precise. While he held strong beliefs in line with the prevailing opinions of his fellow Muslims regarding non-believers, his portrayal of the “second Rome” presents that he was a relatively tolerant individual with a keen curiosity. Nonetheless, he consistently felt more at ease within the domain of Islam than in regions outside of it, whether they were Christian, Hindu, or pagan.
• He continued his journey to India through a caravan to Central Asia. On the journey, he visited the ancient towns of Bukhara, Samarkand, and Balkh, showing the scars of the Mongol invasion.
• He traversed intricate paths through Khorasan and Afghanistan, ultimately crossing the formidable Hindu Kush mountain range. His arrival in India on the banks of the Indus River is recorded as September 12, 1333. However, the accuracy of this date raises doubts due to the vast distances involved in his journey.

HIS TIME IN INDIA

• Ibn Battuta served as the Qadi to the Sultan of Delhi for a span of eight years, during which he found great pleasure in the diversity of architecture and the people he encountered. 
• His growing importance and fame led to the establishment of his own harem, which included legal wives and concubines, and he was accompanied by a substantial entourage. However, it became increasingly evident that his position as Qadi was fraught with danger.
• Sultan Muhammad, a complex figure characterized by a blend of generosity and cruelty, ruled with an iron fist that spared no one, affecting both high-ranking individuals and common citizens, regardless of their religious affiliation. 
• Ibn Battuta witnessed the highs and lows of the Sultan’s rule, and a growing fear of becoming a victim himself took hold. Fortunately, he gained favor and was appointed the Sultan’s envoy to the Chinese emperor in 1342.
• During his journey, Ibn Battuta faced peril from insurgents in India and got entangled in conflicts along the Malabar Coast in the southwestern region. Furthermore, he encountered a shipwreck near Calicut (now Kozhikode), leading to the loss of his belongings and gifts meant for the Chinese emperor. Instead of returning to the Indian Sultan, he opted to spend approximately two years in the Maldives , actively participating in political matters.
• Subsequently, he departed for Sri Lanka , where he visited the local ruler and the renowned Adam’s Peak. After another shipwreck on the Coromandel Coast in southeastern India, he joined a conflict led by his brother-in-law. He then journeyed again to the Maldives, then to Bengal and Assam. Eventually, he resumed his mission to China and set sail for Sumatra.
• Upon reaching the significant Chinese port of Zaytun (Quanzhou, near Xiamen), he embarked on inland waterways to reach Beijing and back, although his narratives may contain some inconsistencies.
• From his account, he returned to voyage via Sumatra, Malabar, and the Persian Gulf to Baghdad and Syria, where he witnessed the ravages of the 1348 Black Death .

FINAL VOYAGE

• In the year 1348, Ibn Battuta completed his final pilgrimage to Mecca. Subsequently, he embarked on his journey back home, traveling from Alexandria to Tunisia, then to Sardinia and Algiers, ultimately arriving in Fes, the capital of the Marinid Sultanate, in November of 1349.
• Ibn Battuta’s insatiable curiosity led him to plan another expedition to explore two Muslim regions he had not yet visited: the Kingdom of Granada and western Sudan. Acting upon the sultan’s directives, he undertook a daunting Sahara crossing and spent a year in the Mali Empire. His accounts of this sojourn later became a valuable historical source for a part of Africa.
• Upon his return to Morocco in the year 1353, he responded to a request from the ruler and enlisted the services of a skilled scribe to narrate his extensive travel experiences. The result was a comprehensive work titled “A Gift to Those who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Traveling,” which is commonly referred to as the “Rihla of Ibn Battuta.”
• Ibn Battuta’s narratives suggest that he passed away in either 1368/69 or 1377, having served as a qadi in a Moroccan town. He was laid to rest in his hometown of Tangier.
• He earned the title of “the traveler of Islam” for his remarkable journey spanning approximately 75,000 miles (120,000 km), a feat rarely surpassed before the era of steam power. Although he visited nearly all Muslim nations, he did not explore new or uncharted territories. While his contributions to scientific geography were modest, the enduring historical and geographical significance of his work lies in its documentary value, particularly his interactions with over sixty rulers.
• His book, the Rihlah, stands as a significant document, shedding light on various aspects of the social, cultural, and political history of a substantial portion of the Muslim world. His travel accounts in Asia Minor, East and West Africa, the Maldives, and India are primary sources for the histories of those regions. Simultaneously, the sections focusing on the Arab and Persian Middle East offer valuable insights into the rich tapestry of social and cultural life in those areas.

Ibn Battuta Worksheets

This fantastic bundle includes everything you need to know about Ibn Battuta across 26 in-depth pages. These ready-to-use worksheets are perfect for teaching kids about I bn Battuta, a Moroccan Muslim scholar and traveler, gained fame for embarking on extensive voyages known as the Rihla in the 14th century.

Complete List of Included Worksheets

Below is a list of all the worksheets included in this document.

• Ibn Battuta Facts 
• Tangier, the Hometown
• History’s Greatest Traveller
• Measured in Miles
• Medieval Travelers
• Two Great Adventurers
• Themed Mall
• Storytelling, the Ibn Way
• The Pandemic
• Gen Z on Marriage

Frequently Asked Questions

Who was ibn battuta.

Ibn Battuta was a 14th-century Moroccan scholar and traveler known for his extensive journeys across the Islamic world and beyond. He is considered one of the greatest travelers in history.

Where did Ibn Battuta travel?

Ibn Battuta embarked on a remarkable journey that took him through much of the Islamic world, including North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, India, Southeast Asia, and parts of sub-Saharan Africa. He visited numerous cities and regions during his travels.

Why did Ibn Battuta undertake his travels?

Ibn Battuta’s primary motivation for traveling was to fulfill his desire to perform the Hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca, which is a religious obligation for Muslims. However, his journeys extended far beyond this initial goal, driven by a thirst for adventure, a desire for knowledge, and a sense of wanderlust.

What is Ibn Battuta’s most famous work?

Ibn Battuta’s most famous work is “Rihla” (sometimes spelled “Rihlah”), which is an account of his travels and adventures. The Rihla provides valuable insights into the social, cultural, and political landscapes of the regions he visited.

How did Ibn Battuta’s travels impact the world?

Ibn Battuta’s travels had a significant impact on the world by contributing to a greater understanding of the interconnectedness of different societies and cultures in the medieval period. His writings continue to be studied and valued as historical sources that shed light on the diverse and dynamic world of the 14th century.

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Journey to Mecca: Scenes from the Haj pilgrimage

Muslim faithful make the annual haj pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca.

Location MECCA, SAUDI ARABIA

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Muslims start the Hajj against the backdrop of the devastating Israel-Hamas war

Muslim pilgrims have converged on a vast tent camp in the desert near Mecca, Saudi Arabia, officially beginning the annual Hajj pilgrimage

MINA, Saudi Arabia -- In sweltering temperatures, Muslim pilgrims in the Saudi city of Mecca converged on a vast desert tent camp Friday, officially starting the annual Hajj pilgrimage . Earlier, they circled the cube-shaped Kaaba in the Grand Mosque, Islam’s holiest site.

More than 1.5 million pilgrims from around the world have already amassed in and around Mecca for the Hajj, and the number was still growing as more pilgrims from inside Saudi Arabia joined. Authorities expected the number to exceed 2 million this year.

This year’s Hajj comes against the backdrop of the raging Israel-Hamas war in the Gaza Strip , which pushed the Middle East to the brink of a wider conflict.

Palestinians in Gaza were not able to travel to Mecca this year because of the closure of the Rafah crossing in May, when Israel expanded its ground offensive to the coastal strip’s southern city of Rafah, on the border with Egypt.

“We pray for the Muslims, for our country and people, for all the Muslim world, especially for the Palestinian people,” Mohammed Rafeeq, an Indian pilgrim, said as he headed to the tent camp in Mina.

Saudi authorities have apparently been concerned about potential protests or chants against the war during the Hajj pilgrimage. They said they won’t tolerate politicizing the pilgrimage.

“The kingdom resolutely confirms that it will not allow any attempt to turn the sacred sites (in Mecca) into an arena for mob chanting,” Col. Talal Al-Shalhoub, a spokesman for the Interior Ministry, said in a news conference Friday. “The security and safety of the guests of Rahman is a red line.”

Officials aid 4,200 pilgrims from the occupied West Bank went to the Hajj. Saudi authorities said 1,000 more from the families of Palestinians killed or wounded in Gaza also arrived, at the invitation of Saudi King Salman. The invitees were already outside Gaza — mostly in Egypt — before the closure of the Rafah border crossing.

“We are deprived of (performing) the Hajj because the crossing is closed, and because of the raging wars and destruction,” said Amna Abu Mutlaq, a 75-year-old Palestinian woman in Gaza’s southern city of Khan Younis who had planned to make the pilgrimage this year but was unable to.

This year's Hajj also saw Syrian pilgrims traveling to Mecca on direct flights from Damascus for the first time in more than a decade. The change is part of an ongoing thaw in relations between Saudi Arabia and conflict-stricken Syria. Syrians in rebel-held areas used to cross the border into neighboring Turkey to travel from there to the Hajj.

“This is the natural thing: Pilgrims go to Hajj directly from their home countries,” said Abdel-Aziz al-Ashqar, a Syrian coordinator of the group of pilgrims who left Damascus.

The Hajj is one of the five pillars of Islam , and all Muslims are required to make it at least once in their lives if they are physically and financially able to do so. It is a moving spiritual experience for pilgrims who believe it absolves sins and brings them closer to God.

Uniting the world’s more than 2 billion Muslims, it’s also a chance to pray for peace in many conflict-stricken Arab and Muslim countries, including Yemen and Sudan, where more than a year of war has created the world's largest displacement crisis.

For many Muslims, the Hajj is the only major journey they make in their lives. Some spend years saving up and waiting for a permit to make the Hajj in their 50s and 60s, after raising their children.

The rituals during the Hajj largely commemorate the Quran’s accounts of Prophet Ibrahim, his son Prophet Ismail and Ismail’s mother Hajar — or Abraham and Ismael as they are named in the Bible.

Male pilgrims wear an ihram, two unstitched sheets of white cloth that resemble a shroud, while women dress in conservative, loose-fitting clothing with headscarves and forgo makeup and perfume. The pilgrims have been circling around the cube-shaped Kaaba in the seven-minaret Grand Mosque since arriving in Mecca over recent days.

Saudi authorities have adopted security restrictions in and around Mecca, with checkpoints on roads leading to the city to prevent those who don’t have Hajj permits from reaching the holy sites.

Many who attempted to take pilgrims without Hajj permits have been arrested, said Lt. Gen. Muhammad al-Bassami, head of the Hajj Security Committee. Most were expelled from the country, while travel agents face up to six months in prison, the Interior Ministry said.

More than 256,000 visitors were not allowed to reach the holy sites because they lacked Hajj permits, Col. Talal Al-Shalhoub, an Interior Ministry spokesman, said at a news conference Friday.

Others who had incomplete papers paid fines to be allowed into Mecca. Mohammed Ramadan, an Egyptian who came to Saudi Arabia to perform Hajj along with his parents, said he found that the type of visa they had didn't allow them into Mecca. They paid 500 Saudi riyals ($133) each to be able to reach the holy sites.

“We were mistreated,” he said while heading to their tent in Mina. “But we forgot everything when we saw the Grand Mosque.”

On Friday, the pilgrims made their way to Mina, to officially start the Hajj. They will then move for a daylong vigil Saturday on Mount Arafat, a desert hill where the Prophet Muhammad is said to have delivered his final speech. Healthy pilgrims make the trip on foot, others use a bus or train.

The time of year when the Hajj takes place varies as it's set for five days in the second week of Dhu al-Hijjah, the last month in the Islamic lunar calendar.

Most of the Hajj rituals are held outdoors with little if any shade. When it falls in the summer, temperatures can soar to over 40 degrees Celsius (104 degrees Fahrenheit). The Health Ministry has cautioned that temperatures at the holy sites could reach 48 C (118 F).

Many pilgrims carried umbrellas for protection from the burning sun, and in Mina, charities handed out cold water. Cooling stations sprayed pilgrims with water to cool them down. The faithful set up in their tents, resting and praying together to prepare for the coming rituals.

After Saturday’s warship in Arafat, pilgrims travel a few kilometers (miles) to a site known as Muzdalifa, to collect pebbles to use in the symbolic stoning of pillars representing the devil back in Mina.

Pilgrims then return to Mina for three days, coinciding with the festive Eid al-Adha holiday , when financially able Muslims around the world slaughter livestock and distribute the meat to the poor. Afterward, they return to Mecca for a final circumambulation.

In recent years, the annual pilgrimage has returned to its monumental scale after three years of heavy restrictions stemming from the coronavirus pandemic. In 2023, more than 1.8 million pilgrims performed the Hajj, approaching the 2019 level, when more than 2.4 million participated.

Associated Press journalist Wafaa Shruafa in Gaza Strip contributed to this report.

Associated Press religion coverage receives support through the AP’s collaboration with The Conversation US, with funding from Lilly Endowment Inc. The AP is solely responsible for this content.

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Journey To Mecca (2009)

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