safari in buffer zone

• Destinations
• Hotels & Homestays
• Food & Drink
• People & Culture
• Mindful Travel
• Readers' Travel Awards
• Escape to Rajasthan
• READERS TRAVEL AWARDS
• #LOVEGREATBRITAIN
• TAJ SAFARIS
• BOUTIQUE HOTELS
• CNT TOP RESTAURANT AWARDS
• DESTINATION WEDDING GUIDE
• DON’T TRAVEL WITHOUT IT
• #UNDISCOVERAUSTRALIA
• ESSENTIALLY RAJASTHAN

Tadoba National Park: A safari guide's tips on the best time to visit, permits, hotels

By Ria Gupta

The wooded flatlands are a treat to navigate. The grassy meadows are where the predators hide in waiting and the undulating hills curtain the glorious sun behind them. Such is the varied beauty of Tadoba National Park in Chandrapur. The tricky part of the journey, though, lies outside its gates, with all the planning and permissions required to enter the park. So we got naturalist and wildlife tour guide Swanand Deshpande to share insider tips  that will help you navigate through the process and make the most of your next safari trip in the forests of Maharashtra.

In a decade of traipsing through the wild, Swanand has spent six years guiding the guests at Waghoba Eco Lodge (Pugdundee Safaris) in Tadoba. He now leads specialised wildlife trips all across India. Here’s what to know when planning your visit to Tadoba Andhari National Park:

What makes Tadoba National Park special?

What sets Tadoba apart from other national parks is the unique mixture of habitats. There are 20 different zones, allowing tourists to explore the national park from all corners while reducing the pressure on any one particular zone. Each zone here has a different topography, with wooded flatlands, grassy meadows, hilly terrains, and even deep valleys and river beds. High coverage of bamboo thickets and teak wood canopies create the ideal habitat for tigers to roam freely.

Tadoba also offers safaris at night. “Few national parks in India offer safaris after dark. One can spot a plethora of wildlife at night at Tadoba, including the Indian flying squirrel, two species of civets, smaller felines like the rusty spotted cat and the jungle cat, owls and nightjars,” says Swanand.

What to spot in Tadoba-Andhari National Park?

Tadoba is the land of Royal Bengal tigers , and spotting one could be a regular sight. But every now and then you could be taken by surprise.  Swanand’s greatest spotting was that of a tiger followed by five cubs at dawn. “We were on our way to the main tar road from where we chart our course of action. Halfway there, and bam! A tiger is spotted in a grass meadow. We figured it was Lara, as she had an unmistakable round face—more like the face of a male tiger. But she wasn’t alone. Following the mother was her cub, and another one, and another two: five of them on the main road, making a move towards us. We kept a distance of about 20 metres. Ultimately after a full memory card and jaw-dropped faces, Lara and the gang exited the road and went into the bushes to head toward the buffer area of the forest."

But apart from tiger sightings, Tadoba is also popular for sheltering a healthy population of Indian leopards (including two black panthers, which are essentially melanistic leopards), Indian wild dogs, sloth bears, marsh crocodiles and the Indian gaur. Among herbivores, the reserve Tadoba has a thriving population of spotted deer, nilgai or the blue bull and northern plains langur.

Tadoba is also a great national park for birding. Close to 250 species of birds reside in and around the park. It’s common to catch sight of the spotted dove, Indian roller, crested honey buzzard, shikra, crested serpent eagle, jungle babblers, spotted owlet, jungle owlet and black hooded oriole, among others. The summer migratory species include blue-tailed bee-eaters, Indian pitta, common hawk-cuckoo, and Jacobin cuckoo, whereas birds like osprey, northern pintails and flycatchers are winter visitors.

“We figured it was Lara, as she had an unmistakable round face—more like the face of a male tiger. But she wasn’t alone. Following the mother was her cub, and another one, and another two: five of them on the main road, making a move towards us.”

What's the best time to visit Tadoba National Park?

March to June is the best time to visit. The summers in Tadoba can be unforgiving–with temperatures touching 40 ° C–which means that the smaller channels of water dry up, forcing mammals to converge towards the larger water bodies. So, the scouting area narrows down naturally. But if you can't bear the scorching summer heat, mid-January to mid-March is also a good time to visit. It is also the fruiting season for a lot of trees, turning the forest into a thriving feeding ground for all sorts of critters.

Julian Manning

Condé Nast Traveller

Jahnavi Bhatt

If you’re interested in birding, head to Tadoba between November to February for winter migrants. This is when the weather is clear and temperatures remain within 20 ° C. March to July is also a good time to spot summer migrants.

How many safaris should you do during a three-night stay?

If you want to maximise your animal sightings, a minimum of four to five safaris are recommended during a three-night stay.

What are the safari slots?

At Tadoba, one can book a permit for a regular safari  for a duration of four to five hours. There are two slots–one in the morning and one in the evening. The park remains closed during the monsoon months from July to September. In other months, the timings for each slot vary as per season:

October and November : Morning - 6am to 10am; Evening - 2.30pm to 6.30pm December to February : Morning - 6.30am to 10.30am; Evening - 2.00pm to 6.00pm March and April:  Morning - 5.30am to 10am; Evening - 3pm to 6.30pm May and June:  Morning - 5am to 9.30am; Evening - 3.30pm to 7pm

Apart from this, one can also book a full-day safari. The night safari, which runs from 7pm to 10pm, is popular in the summer. With the grounds burning up at 48°C, animals avoid the infernal outdoors during the day and instead step out at night. To make the best of your trip the forest expert suggests booking multiple consecutive safaris.

How to book a safari permit at Tadoba and how much does it cost?

To book a permit, visit the national park’s  official website . The cost of the regular permit ranges between Rs5,000* and Rs6,000*, depending on the gate. The night safari can be booked at around Rs4,200*. Note: you can book normal half-day safaris and night safaris on the official website. For full-day safari permits, contact the forest department office in Chandrapur ( call 9420672791 ) in advance.

How to book a jeep and guide?

The booking for a safari includes the vehicle, guide and entry fees. But the key to a complete experience is when you book it. Bookings open 120 days prior to the date of the safari and are fast sold. Hence, planning the tour in advance is necessary. One can alternatively opt for tatkal booking, which is also available on the website.

At the time of the safari, resorts usually assist you by calling the jeep to the resort itself to take you to the park and back. These transfers are only available if your place of stay is close to the park gate. It could be chargeable if your hotel is located far from the gate. Once you reach the gate, present the permit at the ticket counter. Your guide will be appointed to you by the forest department.

Which zones are the best?

There are 20 different zones or gates in the park, each with its own animal activity. 14 are buffer zones, while the other six are core zones. Buffer is often misunderstood by a lot of people as being an inferior forest. But Tadoba's buffer is quite rich, and in some cases, even prettier than the core area, says Swanand.

The most popular zone in Tadoba National Park is the Moharli zone/gate, followed by Khutvanda, Kolara, and Navagao. These gates have been around for a while now, and several lodges have come up in these areas to cater to tourists. Zari and Pangdi gates are comparatively less visited. Agzarzari and Devada-Adegaon are said to be the best zones for tiger sightings, and night safaris happen in Devada-Adegaon. The buffer gates include Devada-Adegaon, Junona, Agarzari, Ramdegi-Navegaon, Alizanza, Madnapur, Mamla, Pangdi, Sirkada, Kesalghat, Chora Chincholi, Nimdela and Ballarshah.

When you are booking the permit, it’s important to keep accessibility and connectivity from nearby airports and railway stations in mind while selecting a zone. For instance, gates such as Kolara and Moharli are about 75km away from each other. So, if one has a safari permit from Kolara gate, it would be impractical for them to stay near Moharli gate.

Besides jeep drives, what else can you do at Tadoba?

Boat safaris are available but not recommended if you want to spot wildlife.

The boats are motorised and make a lot of noise, so they are typically a joy ride, says Swanand. Apart from this, walking tours are good for bird enthusiasts .

What are the best hotels to stay at?

Svasara Jungle Lodge

Tigress@Ghosri

About six kilometres from the Khutvanda gate stands  Limban Resort  ( doubles from Rs23,000*, book here ), where everything from the tiger-striped chests to the Gond-inspired art adds a touch of local aesthetic to your stay. For a taste of the local life outside the jungle, stay at the  Irai Safari Retreat  ( doubles from Rs14,000*, book here )—about two kilometres from the Moharli gate—where each of the 14 cottages and tents comes with a sit-out. For a taste of local Varadi cuisine, you can head to  Svasara Jungle Lodge ( book here ), which is a stone’s throw away from the Kolara gate.  Bamboo Forest Safari Lodge  ( doubles from Rs23,000*, book here )  is also about 10 minutes from the gate and features open-air bathtubs for you to unwind after a long day of sightings. Set in the buffer zone of the park,  Wagobha Eco Lodge  ( doubles form Rs19,500*, book here ) is your escape into the wild. It has no WiFi or TVs and the highlight of the stay is the vast stretch of grassland extending on all four sides of the property. Tigress@Ghosri ( price on request, book here ) is situated on an untainted forest on the periphery of the park. The green belt is used by wild animals to navigate between various parts of the forest, making it an everyday affair to spot wildlife from the comfort of your room.

Tadoba versus Pench

"Both Tadoba National Park and Pench National Park are only three and two hours away from Nagpur International airport respectively. Tadoba, though, offers a more rustic experience, with even higher end hotels posing an underlying breath of eco-consciousness. At Pench, in contrast, you get to taste all kinds of creature comforts during your stay. Tadoba is currently known to have one of the highest tiger densities in the country, with a chance to view sloth bears and "blackie" the resident panther. In comparison, Pench has fewer tigers in a larger area, some bears and a high number of leopards. The best season to visit both parks depends on what you are looking for," says wildlife enthusiast Aarti Cooper.

How to get there?

Travellers flying in from major metropolitans can land at Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport in Nagpur. The park, which is in the Chandrapur district of Maharashtra, is a three-hour drive from the airport. The closest railway stations are Chandrapur (35km away) and Wardha (118km away). To travel within the city/village, one has to book or rent a cab, which can be done with the help of the hotel/lodge that they are staying in.

How to reach the guide

Contact Swanand Deshpande at  [email protected] . You can also follow his journeys in the wild on his YouTube channel  Naturalist Diaries .

*Prices are subject to change.

All products are independently selected by our editors. If you buy something, we may earn an affiliate commission.

    |     FOLLOW US:

WILDLIFE SAFARIS

Book a safari, safari: regular, safari: tatkal.

NOTE: (1) You can use the INTERACTIVE MAP here to see what Zone best fits your travel plans. (2) Offline (on-the-spot) bookings can only be made at Buffer Gates and are subject to availability of slots. (3) Visitors are required to adhere to the tiger reserve’s rules and regulations . Click here for the CORE and BUFFER rules. (4) Click here for details about our Booking CANCELLATION and REFUND policies.

SAFARI TIMINGS

Safari fees, a virtual safari.

News, interviews and expert insights into TATR and its wildlife. Subscribe to Tadoba Diaries , our monthly newsletter!

MyTadoba.org is the official website of the Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve, Forest Department, Government of Maharashtra

QUICK LINKS

> SAFARI BOOKINGS

> ACTIVITY BOOKINGS

> ABOUT TATR

> MAKE A DONATION

GET IN TOUCH Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve Mul Road, Chandrapur – 442401 Maharashtra, India   +91-9579160778 / 7172277116 [email protected]

QUICK LINKS: SAFARI BOOKINGS   |  ACTIVITY BOOKINGS   |  ABOUT TATR   |    MAKE A DONATION

THE BEST TADOBA SAFARI GATES

ACCOMMODATION OPTIONS NEAR THE BEST GATES IN TADOBA

Introduction.

Tadoba National Park has grown to become a popular wildlife destination in the last decade. It lures thousands of travellers who hope to witness the charismatic tiger in its natural habitat. But while planning a tour here, you may wonder which are the best tadoba safari gates?

In this blog, we try to shed some light on the matter. We hope to help you find the shortest route to the forest reserve, access the best safari gates and find suitable accommodation options. So, let’s dive right in!

FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN CHOOSING THE BEST TADOBA SAFARI GATES

Distance between nagpur and tadoba safari gates.

Tadoba National Park is easily accessible via road and it is best connected to Nagpur. Different Tadoba safari gates have varying distances between them and the  Nagpur airport  as explained in the chart at the end of this section.

ACCESSIBILITY OF TADOBA SAFARI GATES IN EACH ZONE

Each core zone has multiple entry gates. And around each core zone, there are several entry gates to access the adjacent buffer zones. Night safaris are available in the buffers of Junona, Palasgaon and Navegaon Ramdegi.

There is a plethora of choices when it comes to accommodation options near all the Tadoba safari gates. Find the option that best suits your travel style and budget! To help you make the most of your trip without breaking into a sweat, we have made this table chart for you. Hope it helps you plan your trip efficiently.

Please note that for the sake of convenience, we have mentioned only a few stay options in the chart down below.

MOHARLI RANGE

Tadoba north range, kolsa south range, conclusion: the best tadoba safari gates.

No fixed answers can help decide the best gates in Tadoba. Wildlife thrives in the entire Reserve and tigers are frequently sighted across zones, in the core as well as in the buffer.  C lick here  to know what animals you can sight in Tadoba!

As you saw in the chart, Tadoba National Park is divided into 3 core zones, i.e. Moharli, Tadoba and Kolsa. Each of these core zones have multiple safari gates or entry points to access different areas of the forest. Around each core zone, visitors can also go on safaris in the buffer zones.

When planning your trip, the several Tadoba safari gates options may seem confusing. We would suggest exploring one range (core and buffer) per trip rather than clubbing them all together. The best gates in Tadoba are the ones that are most conveniently accessible to you, depending on where you are travelling from and where you choose to stay.

CHECK OUT UPCOMING TOURS

We would love to be the ones to take you to Tadoba. Check out our upcoming tours! If the dates are not suitable to you, we can design a trip for you, completely based on your needs! For any further questions, feel free to contact us!

Best Gates In Tadoba | Best Zones In Tadoba

Tadoba national park as the locals call it is “the real land of the tiger” and all gates lead you to this ever-so-exciting forest which guarantees an adventure of a lifetime.

The National Park is Divided into 3 Forest Ranges :

1. Tadoba North Range

2. Moharli Range

3. Kolsa South Range

These ranges are interconnected and can be covered during a tiger Safari in India from either of their gates. Each of these ranges has core zones and buffer zones.

The core zone of Tadoba has 6 gates and the buffer zone of Tadoba has 12 gates of entry to the park currently.

The 6 Best Entry Gates of the Tadoba Core Zone are:-

The core zone is the protected demarcated area of the forest department where the natural resources and wildlife are highly conserved and human activity is extremely limited.

The 14 Entry Gates of the Buffer Zone of Tadoba are:-

The buffer zone is the area surrounding or adjoining the Core Zone where conservation takes place along with some limited human activity.

In Tadoba, both the core and the buffer zones have excellent sightings due to the rich and bountiful wildlife species of approximately 62 mammals, 291 birds, 9 amphibians, 34 Reptile Species, and 174 species of butterflies. The highlight for most being the 115 tigers and the 151 leopards and yes the elusive black leopard is also amongst them.

Do keep in mind that these gates may be very far from each other and it is advisable to book safaris at gates which are closer to where you are staying. Below are the gates that can be booked according to the zone that is closest to where you are staying.

Waghoba Eco Lodge is closest to Khutwanda gate (15 minutes) and Moharli gate (30 minutes) of  Moharli Zone and hence it is advisable to book safaris from this zone while staying at Waghoba Eco Lodge.

1 . Moharli Zone

· Core gate – Moharli, Khutwanda

· Buffer gates – Devada, Adegao, Agarzari, Junona & Mamla gates.

2. Kolara Zone

· Core gate – Kolara

· Buffer gates – Alizanza, Madnapur, Sirkheda, Kolara Chauradeo, Palasgaon & Belara gates

3. Navegaon Zone

· Core gate – Navegaon

· Buffer gates – Navegaon Ramdegi & Nimdela gates.

4. Pangadi and Zari Zone

· Core gate – Pangadi & Zari

· Buffer gates – Pangadi Aswal Chuha, Keslaghat & Zari Peth gates

Although there are around 18 water bodies in Tadoba, the significant lakes are Tadoba Lake, Jamani Lake, and Telia Lake that is brimming with wildlife and breathtaking landscapes.

These lakes are not only vital for the flora and fauna of the park but also for several human inhabitants around the park. Of course the dominant species the big cats have declared these as their lair.

Amongst the 115 tigers in Tadoba, 3 main tigresses and two melanistic leopards, or as the local guides call it, “Blacky” rule these important areas of Tadoba. These fearless, bold and extremely alluring cats can be seen in their respective domains.

• Tadoba Lake and surrounding areas right up to Panderpauni are currently dominated by Tigress Maya & her cubs.  This areas can be reached fastest through the Khutwanda Gate of Moharli zone. This is also the area where Blacky the black leopard has been frequently sighted.
• Jamani lake and around is Chhoti Tara’s current territory. Choti Tara is currently radio-collared and has 3 cubs. This area again is closest to the Khutwanda & Kolara gate of the Moharli zone.
• Telia lake and around is currently dominated by Sonam & her cubs. This area has quick access from the Moharli gate via the old metal road inside the park.

Current Safari Timings in Tadoba are as Below:-

Please refer to your tickets for any changes in timings, rules, etc. There are night safaris in Tadoba also from 7 P.M. to 10 P.M. from these gates:

· Kolara zone – Palasgao

· Moharli zone – Junona

. Navegaon zone – Navegaon Ramdegi

The entry gates are extremely well managed by the authorities & completely automated. We however always advise our guests to be the first ones if possible to catch the undisturbed wildlife off-guard and witness the best sightings! The Gates are open what are you waiting for?

Where to Stay in Tadoba National Park – Waghoba Eco Lodge

Waghoba Eco Lodge, the newest property from Pugdundee Safaris and considered one of the best resorts in Tadoba , is only 15 mins away from Khutwanda gate and gives safari seekers a great option of staying closer to a core zone of the park. Waghoba Eco Lodge has 14 cottages constructed with hand-made mud bricks and a vaulted roof giving its guests an eco-sustainable luxurious stay.

Contact us for bespoke safari experiences. Email :  [email protected]   [email protected] Call : +91-11-4013 6332.

2021 First Quarter Newsletter

Related stories.

Wildlife Estimation in Kanha | Wildlife in Kanha National Park

Bagheshur Tiger God | Tiger God of Tribals

Our outreach programme at Denwa Backwater Escape

Start typing and press enter to search, planning for a safari, why not do it in style.. please enable javascript in your browser to complete this form. name * email * contact number * message * submit.

Navigating Tadoba: Understanding the Core Zone and Buffer Zone

• November 27, 2023

When planning a visit to Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve, it’s important to know about the different areas within the park. Tadoba is divided into two main zones: the Core Zone and the Buffer Zone. Let’s break down the simple differences between the two.

Core Zone: Where the Wild Roams Free

• Wildlife Haven: The Core Zone is like the VIP section for wildlife. It’s the heart of Tadoba, where animals like tigers, leopards, and sloth bears live without much human disturbance. It’s their home, and we are the guests.
• Strict Regulations: In the Core Zone, there are stricter rules to ensure the safety and well-being of the animals. The number of vehicles allowed is limited, and there are designated paths to minimize any impact on the natural habitat.
• Exclusive Safari Experience: If you’re after the true wild experience, the Core Zone is where you want to be. The chances of spotting elusive creatures are higher, and the environment is more undisturbed, letting you witness nature at its rawest.

Buffer Zone: Nature with a Human Touch

• Transition Zone: The Buffer Zone is like the neighborhood around the Core Zone. It’s a bit more relaxed and acts as a transition area between the wild and the human-inhabited regions. Animals might venture into this zone, but it’s also where local communities coexist with the wildlife.
• Community Connection: Unlike the Core Zone, the Buffer Zone has villages and human settlements. People live here, and there’s a harmony between the local communities and the natural surroundings. It’s a snapshot of how humans and wildlife can share the same space.
• Safari and More: While safaris are still a big deal in the Buffer Zone, you might also come across a blend of nature and local culture. It’s a chance to see how communities live alongside the incredible biodiversity of Tadoba.

Choosing Your Safari Experience:

For a Wild Odyssey: Core Zone If you’re all about immersing yourself in the untamed beauty of Tadoba, the Core Zone is your go-to. It’s a bit more exclusive, with a focus on the wild side of the reserve.

Nature with a Human Touch: Buffer Zone If you’re curious about the balance between nature and human communities, the Buffer Zone offers a unique perspective. It’s a bit more relaxed and showcases the coexistence of different worlds.

Understanding the difference between the Core Zone and the Buffer Zone helps you tailor your Tadoba experience based on what you’re seeking. Whether it’s the thrill of encountering wild animals or witnessing the harmonious cohabitation of nature and humans, Tadoba has something for everyone in its diverse zones.

What Should My Itinerary Look Like for a 6-day Dubai trip?

When is the Best Time to Visit Ayodhya, and What are the Must-visit Spots Nearby?

How Do I Plan a Tour to Varanasi Ayodhya and Amritsar from Pune?

What Kind of Activities to Explore During a Wildlife Safari in India?

 Your Guide to Planning Varanasi-Ayodhya Trip

27 Places to Visit in Ayodhya in 2024

Send us a message, why choose us, terms and conditions, privacy policy, copyright © 2023 tiger eye | powered by advolve.

• +91 83298 90878
• [email protected]
• Sun Aura, A 402, Sun City, Anand Nagar, Pune, Maharashtra 411051

JungleTrail, an organization born out of the passion for wildlife, was founded by a group of professionals from diverse fields.

• More styles of home presentation
• Custom image title and font
• Custom font style
• Parallax sections custom

+91 9833536000

[email protected]

JungleTrail

Safari Zones and Gates at Tadoba

How to plan a safari and select zones at tadoba .

Safari Zones in Tadoba

The Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve also famous as the “Land of Tigers”, is one of the finest places to see Royal Bengal Tigers in India. It can be explored through Jeep Safari, also known in India as tiger safari.

The reserve is divided into three zones;

Moharli Range, Tadoba Range and Kolsa Range.

Further for Safari there are different entry gates. These gates are divided into Core Zones and Buffer Zones.

The Core Entry Gates are;

Moharli Gate

Kolara Gate

Kutvanda Gate

Navegaon Gate

Kolsa – Zari

Out of these 6 Core Gates, except for the Kolsa and Pangdi, whichever among the other four gates you enter from, you have access to the same forest area for tourism and tiger sighting. These four gates allow you to explore the 2 Core zones of Moharli and Tadoba.

Few Famous tiger spotting areas in these zones are;

Moharli Zone – areas like Telia, Jamunzora, Aswalhira and

Tadoba Zone – areas like  Tadoba Lake, Pandharpauni, Jamni, Kolara road

While the other 2 Core entry gates that is Zari and Pangdi are located on the other side of the tiger reserve and have an exclusive access into the tourism area which is less visited and comparatively less explored. While planning your trip, you have to keep in mind that this is a huge tiger reserve with an area approx. 650 sq km and therefore the gates are located at considerable distances from each other!

It is very important to choose the gate for safari based on your accommodation. Always plan your safari and book the permits through the gates which are close to your resorts. It has been observed that people book the resorts online and then book the permits as per the availability without checking the distance of the gate from their resort.

Apart from the Core there are many buffer zones and these are close to the Core entry gates.

Location of Buffer Gates with respect to the Core Gates;

The Agarzari, Devada and Junona zones are located around the Moharli entry gate.

The Ramdegi-Navegaon zone is located around the Navegaon Core Safari entry gate.

The Kolara zone (buffer), Madnapur zone, Alizanza zone, Sirkada zone are located around the Kolara Core Safari entry gate

Our Upcoming Tours to Tadoba

Further it is also important to know that following buffer zones allows you to have access to the same forest area;

Devada and Junona

Ramdegi Navegaon and Alizanza

Kolara Buffer and Madnapur

The  Core zone  is basically the central area originally demarcated area of the national park with no villages or settlements. Here the natural resources and wildlife are highly conserved and human activity is extremely limited.

The  Buffer zone  is the area of forest surrounding or adjoining the core. In the buffer zones conservation takes place along with limited human settlement.

The main object of the buffer forest is to protect the Core forest and ensure the safe passage for animals to migrate. Buffer forests also connect the National Parks to other sanctuaries and adjacent Tiger Reserves through ‘Tiger Corridors’.

When (Season) to visit the Forest ?

Todaba forest like any other wildlife reserve is open for tourism from October to June. During Monsoon (July, August and September) forest remains closed for the Tourism.

Generally, this the most common question to decide the forest trips. Its Winters when the climate is quite cool and pleasant, there is plenty of water around and forest is lush green or its Summer when there is shortage of water and tigers to move towards the artificial water bodies in the forest making high probability of tiger sightings.

The fact is that the tigers are sighted throughout the year. Post Monsoon the forest is lush green and roads inside the forest are quite soft. Tigers during this period prefer walking on the soft roads and marking its territory. Though there would be less of alarm calls and may be tracking a tiger little difficult as compared to the summer. If you enjoy the thrill in tracking a tiger winters would be the best to explore the forest i.e. from October to early March.

Summer are quite dry and hot. The temperature is quite high and raises to 45 degrees or even more. Most of the water dries up and therefore water for the animals is only available at the man-made waterholes. Most of the tigers have a regular habit of visiting these waterholes as a result the probability of tiger being sighted is quite high during the summers.

Planning and Booking the right Safari Zones.

It is very important to plan your safari gates and book the permits quite in advance. Once you decide the place for accommodation you should check for the Safari gates close to the resort you choose to stay. Also you should plan and book permits for the core and buffer zones both. At Tadoba it is always advisable to have a combination of core and buffer safaris.

For Tadoba it is most ideal to plan a safari and book the permits at least  120 days in advance. Safari permits are limited and available online. The booking opens 4 months or 120 days in advance and therefore most of the permits gets booked quite in advance. So before you book the resort you should ensure that the permits are available for those entry gates close to your resorts.

It is always recommended to book the tadoba safari packages thorough an expert travel agents or a tour operator.

Famous Tigers at Tadoba and its Territory

At Moharli Zones:

Sonam is the daughter of Tigress Madhuri along with her three sibling Mona, Lara and Seeta. They are the four tiger siblings of  Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve  grown up living in the Telia Lake area. Tiger Sisters of Telia was the most famous wildlife documentaries present by Discovery Channel on the gang of four tigresses.

Currently Tigress Sonam is the most famous tiger at the Moharli Zone of the forest. Teliya Lake and around is the area dominated by Sonam and her cubs.

Male Tiger named, Bajrang is supposed to be the dominant male in this zone. It is not so tourist-friendly like other tigers around. Sighting Bajrang is actually a very rare tiger sighting and If any safari tourist spots him, they can consider themselves most lucky.

Sonam’s sister Lara is often seen currently in this zone, close to the Kutwanda Gate.

At Tadoba Zone:

Matkasur,  Around 2016 to 2019, He was the dominant male tiger of Tadoba. He was known because of his repetitive wins against other dominant male tigers. He was named ‘Matkasur’ because of his huge size and ‘pot-belly’ body frame. He is said to be the father of ChotiTara’s cub ChotaMatka. He did not fear the tourist vehicles and is reported to appear frequently in front of the tourist vehicles. Most of his sightings were considered to be a road show.

Since 2020, two other male tigers have entered and successfully captured his territory. Presently Male Tigers Tala and Rudra are the dominant male tigers of the Tadoba Zones. Tala is mostly sighted around the Tadoba Lake and Padharpauni water bodies. Whereas Rudra is sighted around Jamni Lake and surrounding areas.

Choti Tara is the daughter of famous Tara tigress. She is one of the few tigresses with a radio collar around her neck used to track her movements. She reigns a large territory and is gradually becoming a famous attraction of TATR. Jamani lake and around is Chhoti Tara’s current territory. Choti Tara is currently radio collared and has 3 cubs.

Chota Matka is the active male cub of Choti Tara and Matkasur.

Maya , This elegant beauty is known as the “Queen of Tadoba”. She is one of the most famous tigers in India. She currently seems to be the ruling a considerable area of this real land of the tigers. Tadoba Lake and surrounding areas right upto Panderpauni are currently dominated by Tigress Maya & her cubs.  This is also the area where black leopard has been frequently sighted.

Tigress Sonam at Teliya Lake - Tadoba

Famous Tigers of Pench National Park

Safari zones and gates at kanha.

Tadoba National Park

Tadoba is a forest that bears the name of a local tribal deity called “TARU” which is revered in the area.

Located in the Maharashtra province’s Chandrapur district, this National Park has a hilly topography with an average elevation of 200–350 metres.

According to the famous folklore here, TARU was the tribal village chief, who came face to face with a powerful tiger at a lake close to his hamlet.

The outcome of the violent combat is debatable; some claim Taru defeated the tiger, while others think Taru was killed despite his valour.

A shrine was built in his honour under a huge tree next to the lake.

The lake and its neighbouring forests took acquired his name and came to be known as Tadoba.

An unbeatable combination of luxury and comfort. Tadoba is ideal for a vacation in any season and for any reason. A perfect getaway for Honeymooners, Families, and Leisure and Luxury seekers.

Contact us now for a stress-free  Jungle experience

Experience safe encounters with the world-famous Bengal tigers on the handcrafted safaris by the experts, as you travel in open, comfortable jeeps. Relax Experience the Wilderness.

The jungle safari provides you with a unique opportunity, thrill and excitement of getting up close with nature.

Book your adventure now.

Adventure Awaits You

Experience the perfect combination of nature and luxury.

Imagine waking up to the sounds of the jungle and embarking on an epic adventure to sight the famous Royal Bengal Tigers.

With an in-depth knowledge of the vicinity, our local on-ground superheroes ensure that your every visit to the forest is of the highest quality. With private transfers and exclusive open jeep safaris, we assure you that the most authentic, exciting and memorable experience.

Our Luxury  Holiday Package Exclusively designed for you covers everything that you need for a memorable holiday. From your accommodation to road transfer to booking the best jungle safaris for you.

Experience The Perfect Combination of Nature and Luxury of TADOBA! 

How To Reach Tadoba

You can easily reach Tadoba by road, air and rail transport. The nearest railway station is Chandrapur Railway Station and the nearest airport is Dr Babasaheeb Ambedkar International Airport, Nagpur. For road transport, Chandrapur and Chimur are the nearest bus stands. They are well-connected with major cities in India.

Reaching Tadoba by Road 

Chandrapur and Nagpur are well connected to all important cities through national highways and hence access to National Park is easy via Chandrapur and Nagpur even by road. Read more here

Reaching Tadoba By Flight

Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport is the nearest airport to Tadoba National Park. Regular flights fly from Mumbai, Pune, Delhi, Bengaluru, Chennai and Kolkata to Nagpur Our  customized Package is inclusive of pick-up and drop facility from Nagpur Airport

Reaching Tadoba By Rail

45 km away from the Tadoba national park is the nearest railway station, Chandrapur. Located on New Delhi–Chennai main line of Indian Railways it receives trains from many major cities of India.

Tadoba Activities

Jungle Safari is the most sought-after activity at Tadoba. Apart from the open jeep safari, the National Park has many other thrilling activities to experience.

Butterfly Garden

The Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve’s butterfly garden, which is next to the Agarzari buffer zone and was established with scientific research, is a popular tourist destination.

Cherish a novel experience of paddling at your own pace in the jungle. Accompanied by trained guides this cycling adventure is bound to make your jungle visit, adventurous and memorable.

Tadoba lake is also known as an ornithologist’s paradise. It is one of the best birding goals in Maharashtra with thick, bamboo zones, meadows, and wetlands that suits both the woodland and the wetland flying creatures. 

one can sit and overlook the jungle hearing the calls of the wild creatures and if you are lucky, you may even spot the roaring tiger, watching you.

Nature Walk

The nature walk is one of the most thrilling and adventurous experiences in the jungles of Tadoba National Park. Walking trail in the jungle, exploring the forest, finding signs and picking up the smells of the animals that may have walked the same path

Boating & Kayaking

A beautiful lake with its gentle wind, can best be enjoyed on the boat ride on the Irai backwaters.

Come to Moharli to watch birds, enjoy sun-rise, sunsets, and go Kayaking.

Visiting Tadoba

What we offer.

Customized Packages

Pick & Drop

Accommodation

Call +91 744-744-4560 now for customized Tadoba Tour Packages For Couples, Families & Groups.

Contact Now!

Book Your Tadoba Holiday Package: An unbeatable combination of luxury and comfort We provide stress-free options for your jungle Vacation.

+91 744-7444-560

Safari Zones In Tadoba

Tadoba Safari Gates

In Tadoba National Park and Tiger reserve, there are 4 safari zones where the amazing wildlife dwells. These zones are further divided into core and buffer zones. In these zones, there is a total of 22 gates. These gates are well connected and easy to find, and getting to each gate is simple. However, choosing the best safari zone depends on your individual interests.

Moharli Zone

If you love spotting tigers, you'll adore the Moharli Zone ! It's famous for that. Dive into the heart of nature in Moharli and Khutwanda. Or for a bit more solitude, check out Agarzari, Adegaon, Dewada, and Junona for exciting wildlife encounters.

• Buffer Gates

Kolara Zone

Picture-perfect landscapes await you in Kolara ! Enjoy the beauty of nature while spotting wildlife. Explore Kolara village or wander through Kolara Chauradeo, Madnapur, Belara, Alizanza, Shirkada, and Palasgaon for unique wildlife sightings

• Kolara Chauradeo
• Palasgaon (Noon)

Zari Gate and Pangadi Gate

Seeking tranquility amidst nature's wonders? Pangadi & Zari is your spot! It's remote and stunning, with potential tiger sightings. Visit Pangadi and Zari or wander into Pangadi Aswal Chuha, Keslaghat, Zari Peth, Mamla, and Somnath for a serene yet wild experience.

• Pangadi Aswal Chuha

Navegaon Zone

This zone serves as a convenient starting point for your safari journey. Explore the core area surrounding Navegaon village, teeming with diverse wildlife. Alternatively, venture into the buffer zones of Navegaon Ramdegi and Nimdela, offering a slightly different perspective of the park's ecosystem.

• Navegaon Ramdegi

Enquire Now

An Unforgettable Experience To Witness

Tadoba Tiger Safari

Book a Safari

Safari booking system is under bank integration and testing process. Bookings will start soon. For any queries please email at [email protected]

• --> Home --> Gallery --> --> --> <--, our gallery.
  

  Tadoba Safari Booking for Winter & Summer season are open now! Safari is available for Core & Buffer Zone .

  

  Tadoba National Park

  Buffer zone & night safari @ inr 5500, core zone booking pricing.

  Tadoba Online Safari Booking

  

  Tadoba National Park Safari

  Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve and Sanctuary is one of the noted wildlife destination popular for Tiger Safari in India. It is located in Chandrapur district which lies in the state of Maharashtra, India. Its name Tadoba has been derived from the Tribal god honoured in this region Taru or Tadoba and the river that flows through the area Andhari. Tadoba National Park is one of the biggest and oldest national parks of Maharashtra which was created in the year 1955 sprawl over an area of approx 1727 square kms. In the year 1986 Andhari Wildlife sanctuary came into existence and later it was diluted with the area of Tadoba National Park.

  Jeep Safari in the Jungles of Tadoba National Park

  If you wish to explore the dense jungle of Tadoba National Park then Open Jeep Safari is the most feasible option to travel inside the park. Four wheeler open gypsy takes you to the core and buffer tourism zone of the park. Its bio-diversity is unique and definitely you will love sighting apart from Royal Bengal Tigers and different species of reptiles and mammals. Tadoba is an abode of 74 types of colourful butterflies and more than 190 species of avifauna.

  

  Canter Safari Booking

  This is a universal safari in which 22 people can be accommodated at a time.This shared safari or Canter is an open big bus in which there are 2 guides in the canter. Canters are the cost-effective option for safari in the Tadoba National Park. Online booking for Moharli gate can be done well in advance. In Tadoba National Park, Canter safari is available only in Moharali Zone. The most visited zone in Tadoba. The effective visit to Moharli zone via canter safari is priceless as well and it has its own charm. This mini-van will take you to the deep forest and add more value to your Tadoba trip.

  Erai Dam Tadoba

  Among many attractions, the Erai Dam is one of the main attractions of the Tadoba national park. The Erai dam is placed across the river Erai and is a severe overflowing dam. This Dam is 1620m in length and 30 m above the lowest base in height. Its water storage power and level of the Erai dam are 226, 500 cu km, and 985 cu km, respectively. This place is a beautiful sight to behold. No less than calm, serene, pious, untouched as pure as God. The significance lies in every bit of this and the history behind the same. When you visit this beauty, it is highly recommended to have some calm and soothing moments out here.

  

  TADOBA ONLINE SAFARI BOOKING

  If you are planning your wildlife vacation to the most exciting safari tour at Tadoba then simply make safari and package booking online and enjoy your tour without any hassle. We always advise you to plan your tour well in advance since the number of accommodation options and safari seats are very limited in the sanctuary. So online safari and package booking in Tadoba is Must. The thrilling and exciting trip of Tadoba National Park is a few clicks away via online safari booking in Tadoba and take pleasure in your comfortable tour to have a better opportunity of spotting animals. If you want to enjoy your trip hassle free then you must indulge in online safari booking as the whole preparation of the trip will be at its best and no last moment hassle will be a source of interruption for any. For online booking you have to go through certain guidelines that need to be followed with the aim to have the provision of maximum comfort for the travelers.

  Geographical Details about Tadoba

  
  • 1. Total Forest Area – 1536 Square Kilometres
  • 2. Core Area – 716 square kilometres
  • 3. Type of Forest – tropical moist, deciduous forests with sal, mixed forest .
  • 4. Rivers – Johilla, janadh, charanganga, Damnar, Banbei, Ambanala and Andhiyari Jhiria
  • 5. Hills – Tadoba hill, rising 811 meters above sea level
  • 6. Temperature – maximum 40 degree Celsius in summer and 8 degree in winter
  • 7. Annual Rainfall – The average rainfall of Tadoba National Park is 1133mm

  Road Distance from Tadoba to following Cities

  • 1. Distance from Nagpur 140 km
  • 2. Distance from Pune 742 km
  • 3. Distance from Mumbai 856 km
  • 4. Distance from Gwalior 850 km
  • 5. Distance from Navi Mumbai 858 km
  • 6. Distance from Indore 856 km
  • 7. Distance from Nashik 689 km
  • 8. Distance from Bhopal 500 km
  • 9. Distance from Jabalpur 418 km
  • 10. Distance from Katni 513 km
  • 11. Distance from Hyderabad 447 km
  • 12. Distance from Solapur 576 km
  • 13. Distance from Lucknow – 430 Km
  

  Tadoba Weekend Tour

  Lush green Tadoba is no less than heaven on earth. The real highlight of Tadoba National Park exists in its varied wildlife...

  

  Tadoba Holiday Tour

  Tadoba National Park is the largest national park in Chandrapur, Maharashtra. It boasts 625.4 sq/km. Its major attraction is maximum...

  

  Tadoba Tour Package

  Tadoba's landscape comes alive with lush green flora and wildlife and trails. Discovering the wilderness ...

  

  Irai Lake Boat Safari

  Tadoba National Park offers the unique experience of boat safaris on Irai Lake. This allows visitors to observe...

  Tadoba National Park History

  There was a mythological tale, told in parts about a man who became the sanctity. Taru, a Gond tribal from a respected village confronted a prodigious tiger near a lake in his village. A Ferocious battle between the tiger and the man resulted in a disputed conclusionwhere some say that Taru defeated the tiger while others believe that despite his bravery, Taru was executed by the tiger. Regardless of whatever the tale is the man was considered a legend. A Shrine was also constructed in his memory along with the lake and the surrounding forested area which is known by the name ‘Tadoba’, from the man’s name ‘Taru’. The Bulletin was then passed in the year 1931 stating that the shooting of tigers is prohibited in the national park and the surrounding protected area. With a total area of 45 km surrounded by Tadoba lake, the area has been declared a sanctuary in 1935. In the year 1942, shooting ranges in Tadoba were declared as the game reserves with Karwa, Kalsa, Moharli, and Mul blocks, and the permits being issued in Karwa and Kalsa blocks. Gond Kings governed the territory for several centuries as they did ample for central India. It was established by the Marathas during the 18th century following the British period about a century later. The Area was declared a reserved forest in the year 1879 and later, in the year 1955, Tadoba became the earliest national park the same year as the Kanha National Park. Even after passing of the bill, overexploitation, hunting and poaching, and extensive cultivation continued. It was during the 1970s that the four hunting blocks were permanently closed due to continued illegal activities. In the year 1986, an area encompassing about 506.32 sq. km was declared as Andhari Wildlife Sanctuary. And in the year 1993, Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve (TATR) with an area extending up to 622.87 sq. km was established thereby merging the national park and the sanctuary area.

  In short, one can get an idea of the conservation chronology of TATR through the points listed below:

  • 1873- British started planned fire protection in Tadoba
  • 1879- Tadoba is declared as the Reserved Forest
  • 1905- Tiger shooting was prohibited except for blocks with ‘special permits’
  • 1907- First forest rest house was built by Britishers
  • 1931- Restrictions were placed on the shooting of all the animals
  • 1935- 45- A Total of 45 sq. km. of the area covered by the Tadoba lake
  • 1942- Tadoba declared as the game reserves for shooting blocks
  • 1955- Tadoba National Park116.55 sq. km area was notified
  • 1968- Collection of all Non-Timber Forest Produce (NTFP) prohibited
  • 1973- 74- All four hunting blocks closed for hunting
  • 1986- Tendu leaf collection was banned within the national park
  • 1989- Andhari Wildlife Sanctuary was transferred to the Tadoba National Park Division
  • 1992- NTFP collection was wholly banned in Andhari Wildlife Sanctuary
  • 1993- TadobaAndhari Tiger Reserve 622.87 sq. km area notified
  • 1997- Management plan for Tadoba Andhari National Park was approved
  • 1998- 2000-Tiger restrictions were placed on tourists and entry of the people and cattle into TATR
  • 2008- Core area of Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve notified
  • 2010- Buffer area of Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve 1127.17 sq. km notified
  • 2013- Unified control of the entire area was handed over to the field director of Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve

  Tadoba is Famous Wildlife Destinations in India

  Tadoba is called pride of Maharashtra. Bering the largest as well as oldest wildlife sanctuaries in India, Tadoba is noted for protecting and conserving number of endangered species of Tigers and wild animals. Tadoba is dream destination for wildlife enthusiasts and nature lovers. Blessed with wide variety of flora and fauna, the jungles of Tadoba is cool and calm i.e. enough for travellers to rejuvenate their mind and body. When you visit Tadoba, you are ensuring that you will be able to spot tigers and other wildlife species. The jungle of Tadoba offers a number of opportunities to see Tigers.

  Tadoba National Park Safari Zones:-

  Moharli Safari Zone: - Moharli is the best known tourism for tiger spotting, popular for giving shelter to the highest density of tiger in its territory. Open Jeep safari is the most feasible option to explore the rich diversity of flora and fauna of the TATR. Jeep safari rides passes through the densely forested area of the park where there is increased chances of spotting the rare wild species of tigers along with the other animals.

  Kolara Safari Zone: - The Kolara zone is very much liked for its distinct topography and the greater possibility of spotting rarest of the wild animal species which are comparatively lower in this zone. The Possible entries in this zone are through Madnapur, Shirkheda, Alizanza and Bellara gates.

  Khutwanda Safari Zone: - Among the top three core zones of the Tadoba National Park, Khutwanda Safari Zone is one of them, located very close to the Moharli Gate and easily accessible from Nagpur and Chandrapur. It is bordered with the beauty of flora and fauna and a wildlife resort around it.

  Navegaon Safari Zone: - Being the best core gate in Tadoba National Park, it is just 140 km away from Nagpur. With the daily permit of six vehicles each morning and evening for tiger safari. It is the home to around 60% bird species which are found in whole Maharashtra.

  Zari Safari Zone: - Offering the good and ultimate sight view of the national park, the zari safari zone has its own unique charm and various contributions like staycation nearby along with essential facilities and other such contributions. Also, booking safari from Zari gate will curl you through core and central areas of the tourism zones in Tadoba.

  Pangadi Safari Zone: - Through this zone Kolsa range is accessible only from Pangadi gate with the permit of only two jeeps for the morning and afternoon safari.

  News & Blog

  

  Top 5 Must-See Attractions on Your Tadoba Tour

  Embark on a thrilling journey into the heart of nature with a weekend getaway to Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve.....

  • 11/Jan/2024
  

  Must Try Things in Tadoba

  Tadoba National Park is one of the most visited national park ...

  • 03/Aug/2023
  

  Exploring the Dynamic Climate Changes in Tadoba

  Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve is a haven for wildlife enthusiasts....

  • 03/Jan/2024
  
  • Buffer Safari

  Wildlife Tourism:

  Wildlife tourism in Kanha national park is a balance of conservation education and entertainment with the active participation of local people. The underlying principle is that the tourism should be ecologically and socio-culturally sustainable.

  Safari Zone:

  The Buffer Zone also supports tourism and has three zones, namely

  Vehicle Allowed, Entry gate Information of Sanctuary and Buffer Area

  

   What are Buffer Zones and why are they important?

  Buffer Zones are a critical part of any protected area around the world. A buffer zone is often referred to as an area between two or more other areas and functions to reduce interactions between them. Applying this concept in conservation biology, many researchers, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and government agencies have advocated the creation of a “buffer zone” between well-protected core habitats and areas of intensive human land use.

  This  definition  of  a buffer  zone  according to Wild and Mutebi(1996): “ Any  area,  often  peripheral to  a protected area,  inside  or  outside,  in  which  activities  are implemented or  the  area  managed with  the  aim  of  enhancing the  positive  and reducing  the  negative  impacts  of  conservation  on  neighboring  communities  and neighboring  communities  on  conservation” . 

  What is a buffer zone in a forest ?

  Generally, each biosphere reserve is divided into three protected and managed areas. The first is the core zone, an area which is heavily protected area where human activity is restricted. The second is the buffer zone . This is the area around a major area where low impact activities such as sustainable use of natural resources, research, development, environmental education and regulated tourism are carried out. The last is transition zone. This zone is outside the buffer zone. There is intense human activity and sustainable use of resources by local communities.

  Evolution of a ‘buffer zone’ model in conservation 

  At  first,  buffer areas were  mainly  defined as a means to  protect people  and their  crops from  animals leaving the conservation  areas  and forests. Since last twenty years, the buffer zone principle was applied to protect conservation areas and forests from negative human influences. Now it is used to simultaneously minimize human impact on conservation and address socio-economic needs   of the affected population. 

  Buffer zones are beneficial for both environmental and economical reasons. Here are some of the benefits offered

  Ecological  

  • Provides a filter or barrier against human access and unwanted use of key areas or protected areas. 
  • Protects key areas  from invasions by exotic plant and animal species.
  • Provides additional protection against storm damage, drought, erosion and other forms of damage.
  • Enables habitat expansion and subsequent growth of populations of large dominant species in protected areas
  • Enables  the safe passage and movement of flagship species such as tigers, lions, leopards, wild buffaloes and elephants.
  • Buffer zones  can  also  operate  as  dispersal  corridors   connecting  Protected Areas with other  vegetation  remnants,  thereby  increasing  the  flux  of  individuals and  preventing  demographic  and  genetic isolation of  resident  populations  (Pulsford  et  al.,  2015).
  •  It also aims to restore species, populations and ecological processes in degraded areas.
  • Riparian buffers along streams, lakes and wetlands can help to lessen the impacts of nearby development. Riparian areas also provide habitat for a variety of plant and animal species and protect water quality and aquatic habitats.

  Socio-economic  

  • It provides a flexible mechanism for resolving conflicts between conservation interests and the local communities inhabiting adjacent lands. 
  • It provides alternative income to the local communities in form of ecotourism in form of homestays and employment of local youth in hospitality department.
  • Helps income  generation  from  transit movements to and from  park  (roadside stalls,  resting places, hotels and lodges)
  • Protects traditional land rights and local cultures and opens new market opportunities to sell handicrafts and local cuisine.

  Developmental  

  • Developmental activities such as construction of roads , tourist lodges, public sanitation can be undertaken in limited capacity in buffer zones.
  • Ecotourism and homestay help in sustaining alternate income to those living in nearby villages or in buffer zones.
  • In India many government agencies and NGO’S are providing skill development activities to local youth wherein they can work in local hospitality industry or migrate to big cities after attaining necessary skills.
  • Furthermore local communities are imparted with environmental education and incorporated as forest guards, task forces, anti- poaching squads, which increases the conservation efforts.
  

                                                                                Source: WILDCRU

  Although the design of buffer zones appear straight forward,  the actual management has many challenges from managing human settlements  to preventing threats to the free movement of wildlife.

  Supreme  Court Judgment on Buffer Zone

  According to a verdict passed by the Supreme Court of India, dated June 3, 2022, “ All protected forests, national parks and nature reserves in the country must have mandatory buffer zones or ecologically sensitive zones (ESZs) at least 1 km from their designated boundaries .”  The idea was to create a transition space between areas of high protection and those of low protection.

  However, this decision was not welcomed by people living around Protected Areas. For example, farmers as well as builders and developers who had built residential complexes within inches of bio reserves especially in megacities like Mumbai . A special investigating committee found around 70158 structures in eco-sensitive zones, more than half being residential complexes.

  Buffer zones and Rights of Forest Dwellers 

  The Indian Forest Act of 1865 ,not only expanded British colonialism in India and eased their claim to Indian forests, but also maximized the control of the British government over the forests and literally took away a number of traditional rights of many communities.

  Over the years there has always been a confusion when it comes to implementing the various acts associated with rights of forest dwelling people in India (recognized in the Forest Rights Act, (FRA) 2006).

  Many Critics argue that the powers granted to Forest Authorities under Forest Conservation have been misused. The Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act passed in 2016 provided for the spending of a fund of more than INR 50,000 crore on forestry-related activities that had a direct impact on forest dwellers. The Forest Right Act, 2006 was challenged in the Supreme Court by forest conservation groups who argued that the FRA facilitates deforestation and illegal encroachment. 

  The new Forest Conservation Rules were notified in 2022. The wording of the new rules means that it is not mandatory to seek permission from the Gram Sabha before converting a forest. It means the Government can clear a forest for any development activities without the consent of its inhabitants.

  Mitigating Human-Wildlife Conflicts in Buffer Zones

  Many  studies  have  investigated  the  conservation  effectiveness  of protected  areas,   but  far  less  attention  has been  given  to  the  status  of  buffer  zones  around  Protected areas .

  Human- Wildlife conflict is more in buffer areas where big mammals such as tigers, lions, leopards, wild boars,elephants blue bull(Nilgai) roam freely and come in contact with humans often with negative interactions.

  Although, the increased number of wildlife within protected areas shows the success of conservation, negative developments such as crop damage, livestock damage and injury or death of humans may occur in areas of human settlements which hamper the success of conservation.

  Mitigating such conflicts demand the authorities  to be empathetic, patient and good listeners. Many studies have shown the villagers are positive towards conservation, they only require good administration and timely compensation from the government. 

  Systematic review of current functioning buffer zone programs to understand existing problems and to design improved strategies and policies for compensation of crop damage and livestock depredation can help in mitigating this issue.

  

  Significance of Wildlife Tourism development in Buffer Zones

  Buffer zones form the mainstay of Wildlife tourism. These areas have potential to become more popular than the core areas due to easy access to study nature. Tourists can undertake nature trails to observe the wildlife more closely. 

  Ecotourism can be well developed in these areas which can provide a source of alternative income to local communities whose main income is marginal farming and rearing of livestock.

  An example of this is seen at Tadoba- Andhari Tiger Reserve at Maharashtra, India where buffer tourism has been well implemented to reek benefits from tourism and protect wildlife as well. 

  The youth are employed as safari guides, drivers, gate operators and forest guards. Houses have been converted into homestay. Profits generated are controlled and distributed back to the village people.

  Village relocations from Buffer zones

  Relocation  of  villages  has  been  attempted  in  several  parts  of  the  world  for  protecting  endangered species.  For  instance  entire  villages  were  resettled  from  national  parks  in  the  United  States  in  the nineteenth  century.  In  Nepal,  indigenous  communities  were  relocated from  the  Royal  Chitwan  National  Park  prior  to  1973. Cameroon , Tanzania, Central  African  Republic,  Equatorial Guinea,  Gabon,  Republic  of  Congo  are  some  of  the  countries  where  villages  were  relocated  for  the benefit of wildlife. (Rithe et al 2021).

  In India, villages were relocated from 28 wildlife reserves including 7 tiger reserves and 1 Asiatic Lion Sanctuary. Overall there was a positive response in terms of wildlife conservation since the prey density increased with a positive impact on the population of tigers.

  However village relocations are not easy and require tactical handling of the situation. Evidence from a study conducted by Rithe K et al in 2020 at Melghat Tiger Reserve, India suggests that voluntary rural resettlement (even through negotiations) has the potential to provide a so-called ‘win-win’ situation where conservation goals are met while promoting development goals. However, this  study also found that a significant number of families bear the burden of relocation .

  To conclude, Buffer Zones act as a ‘shock absorber’ between disturbed and undisturbed area of a biosphere reserve. These areas if managed properly can play an important role in conservation.

  Help us Help Them! Think Wildlife Foundation is a non profit organization with various conservation initiatives. Our most prominent campaign is our  Caring for Pari  intiative. Pari is a rehabilitated elephant at the Wildlife SoS Hospital. 25% of the profits from our  store  are donated to the elephant hospital for Pari. Other than buying our wonderful merchandise, you could donate directly to our  Caring For Pari fundraiser .

  Written by: Dr. Nupur Sawant

  

  Pench Safari Zones & Gates

  Pench tiger reserve consists of nine safari gates. Out of them, three are core zones, and six are buffer zones. The core zone is spread over 411.330 square kilometers of land. And the buffer zone comprises 768.302 square kilometers of the area. Both the zones are filled with amazing flora and offer majestic wildlife to see. 

  Turia Gate is the most famous among safari lovers. It is the gate that is almost on the border of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. It is close to NH 7. 

  This zone is dominated by Patdev Tigress and her 5 cubs. Before her, the legendary Collarwali used to rule the place. Furthermore, the Junewani area is famous for sighting Indian leopards. 

  Turia gate is also packed with chital, spotted deers, and jackals. 

  When it comes to flora , the Acacia Catechu plant is found in large amounts in the gate's vicinity.

  You will also find Ghost, Salai Trees and various other mixed vegetations. It is also adorned with small streams and the beautiful Junewani waterhole. Turia gate is also famous for the Baginnalla waterhole. You will also be stunned by seeing the mightiest peak of Pench called Kala Pahad.

  When it comes to flora, the Acacia Catechu plant is found in large amounts in the gate's vicinity.

  Karmajheri Gate

  This gate is famous for spotting Gaurs, Sambars, and Barking deer. It is a tranquil area which is also famous for bird watching. You can watch varieties of birds at the Pench river. During the summer times, you might also spot Bengal tigers near the river where they come to drink water. Bodhanalla area is best to click pictures of Gaurs amongst the Bamboo plantation. 

  There are various guest houses located at this gate which are surrounded by teak trees.

  Khursapar Gate

  Khursapar gate of Pench, Maharashtra is famous for tiger sightings. It is also home to Chowsingha, Chinkara, and Gaurs. Just like other gates of the tiger reserve, Khursapar gate also has water resources in its vicinity.

  Bakhari lake is the famous one here. This gate is near Turia gate by just a 12 km of distance. It just takes 87 km of distance to reach from Nagpur. 

  Sillari Gate

  This is the well-known gate from the Maharashtra side. It is beautifully decorated with bamboo and teak trees. There are also crystal clear water resources in this zone. You will also be mesmerized by seeing the waterfalls. Moreover, there is also the famous Totlah Doh Dam.

  The major wildlife to spot here is sloth bears and wild dogs.

  Jamtara Gate

  It is the 3rd gate of the Pench tiger reserve which has Banyan Trees and Shindoori as a majority of flora. Jamtara zone is also adorned with Phanera vahlii. You will also be fascinated while crossing the Chindia ghat.

  Jamtara gate is famous for sighting Sloth Bear.

  Buffer Zones

  This is a beautiful zone located on a hill. It is decorated with Jamun, Bamboo, Arjun Trees, and flowing streams. There is an underpass that allows the wildlife to move from here to Pench and Kanha . Rukhad zone is also famous for night safari that you can enjoy on a cycle.

  The famous tigers of the Rukhad zone are Kingfisher, Masumnala, Kuraigad, Sakata, Daldalli, and Sambhaji. Kingfisher is famous for showing his love to the trees which he expresses by hugging them. 

  Khawasa Zone

  This is the best zone to spot wolves. This zone is therefore also known as a wolf sanctuary. This zone is surrounded by dense woods. This dense wood ambience is adored by wolves, foxes, owls, and porcupines.

  Teliya Zone

  Teliya zone has become famous for the presence of black leopard. You will also get to spot Barking Deer, Blue-Bull Antelope, and Chowsingha.

  Enquire Now

  Zones Full Of Amazing Wildlife Awaits

  Pench Tiger Safari

  

  Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve

  
  • How to Reach
  • Best Time to Visit

  Safari Zones

  • Excursion and Charges
  • Point of Interests
  • Souvenir Shop
  • Do(s) and Don't(s)
  • Safari Booking
  

  The park is divide into Critical Tiger Habitat or the Core Area and Buffer Area with total area as mentioned below:

  Total Area: 1536.938 sq. km

  Core Area: 716.903 sq. km

  Buffer Area: 820.035 sq. km

  As per the tourism guidelines; roughly about 19.89% area of the Core Tiger Habitat or the core zone is open for tourists, which is about 142.59 sq kms.

  Buffer Zones: Dhamokhar, Johila and Panpatha

  Core Zone Safari Vehicles and Capacity of each Zone

  Buffer Zone Safari Vehicles and Capacity of each Zone

  Kanha Tiger Reserve

  The State animal of Madhya Pradesh - Hard Ground Barasingha is found exclusively in Kanha Tiger Reserve.

  Kanha Safari Booking Form

  Kanha national park safari core zones & entry gates, kanha tiger safari buffer zones & entry gates, kanha kisli gypsy safari charges / pricing, hotels & resorts near kanha safari park, about kanha tiger reserve.

  The State animal of Madhya Pradesh - Hard Ground Barasingha is found exclusively in Kanha Tiger Reserve. Through holistic conservation approach and effective management practices, the Tiger Reserve has seen rise in population of this symbolic deer species which was once on the verge of extinction from the Earth.

  The lush green forests of Kanha, composed majorly of Sal (Shorea robusta) and other mixed forest trees, supports the growth of rich and varied flora and fauna.

  General information

  • Core: 917.44 Sq Km
  • Buffer: 1134.361 Sq Km
  • Total: 2051.791 Sq Km

  Best Time to visit

  • The best time to visit the Reserve is 15 Oct to 30 June.

  Flora & Fauna

  • Kanha best known for its evergreen Sal forests, is home to about 300 species of Birds, 43 species of Mammals, 26 species of Reptiles and more than 500 species of Insects. The Major species found are hard ground Barasingha, Tiger, Leopard, Dhole, Bear, Gaur and Indian Python etc.

  Kanha being situated in Central India is subjected to tropical monsoonal climate. The month of January may also witness sub-zero temperatures and frost. Monsoon arrives in the second week of June. The average temperature over the months is as below:

  Connectivity & Distances

  Nearest Airports: Nagpur, Jabalpur, Raipur

  Nearest Railway Stations: Jabalpur, Gondia, Raipur, Bilaspur, Balaghat

  Road: Jabalpur, Nagpur, Balaghat, Mandla

  Kanha Tiger Reserve has three entry points namely Khatia, Mukki and Sarhi.

  Khatia Gate

  Jabalpur (Via Mandla) - 160 kms

  Raipur (Via Chilpi-Mukki-Baihar) - 250 kms

  Nagpur (Via Seoni-Nainpur_Chiraidongri) - 220 kms

  Bichiya (on NH 12) – 8 kms

  Jabalpur (Via Mandla) – 150 kms

  Raipur (Via Chilpi-Sijhora) - 220 kms

  Jabalpur (Via Mandla-Mocha-Baihar) - 200 kms

  Raipur (Via Chilpi) - 210 kms

  Nagpur (Via Seoni-Nainpur- Mocha-Baihar) - 260 kms

  Nagpur (Via Balaghat-Baihar) - 260 kms

  Ghurri Barrier Gate

  Nagpur (Via Seoni) – 278 kms

  Raipur (Via Kawardha) – 213 Kms

  Jabalpur (Via Kundam) – 181 Kms

  This is a Registered Tour & Travel Agency under the name of "Reserve India Tours" which organizes Kanha National Park Tour Packages & Jeep Safari Packages. Connect to us for huge discounts in hotels and resorts booking near Kanha Tiger Reserve.

  Latest Photo

  Quick links, privacy policy, terms & conditions, refund policy, cancellation policy.

  • Parent Website

  Copyright © 2020 Kanha Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh . All Rights Reserved

  • Reserve India Tours respects your right to privacy. Any personal information that you share with us, like your name, date of birth, address, marital status, telephone number, credit card particulars and the like, shall be entitled to privacy and kept confidential. • Reserve India Tours assures you that your personal information shall not be permitted to be used/disclosed, save for the purpose of doing the intended business with you, or if required to be disclosed under the due process of law. • Reserve India Tours assures you that in the event of your personal information being shared with its subsidiaries, business associates etc., such sharing of information shall be for the purpose of doing the intended business with you. • Reserve India Tours reserves its rights to collect, analyze and disseminate aggregate site usage patterns of all its visitors with a view to enhancing services to its visitors. This includes sharing the information with its subsidiaries, and business associates as a general business practice. • In the course of its business Reserve India Tours may hold on-line contests and surveys as permitted by law and it reserves its right to use and disseminate the information so collected to enhance its services to the visitors. This shall also include sharing the information with its subsidiaries and business associates as a general business practice. • If you have any questions or concerns regarding your privacy issues, please do not hesitate to contact Reserve India Tours at '[email protected]' • While Reserve India Tours assures you that it will do its best to ensure the privacy and security of your personal information, it shall not be responsible in any manner whatsoever for any violation or misuse of your personal information by unauthorized persons consequent to misuse of the internet environment. • Cookies: To personalize your experience on our website or to support one of our promotions, we may assign your computer browser a unique random number called a cookie. Cookies enhance website performance in important ways like personalizing your experience, or making your visit more convenient. Your privacy and security are not compromised when you accept a cookie from our website. Reserve India Tours does not use cookies to collect personal information. Cookies cannot read data from your computer’s hard disk or read cookie files from other websites. • Reserve India Tours reserves its rights to revise this privacy policy from time to time at its discretion with a view to making the policy more user friendly. • By accessing or using this website, you acquiesce to the privacy policy and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of the website use. • In the design of our website, we have taken care to draw your attention to this privacy policy so that you are aware of the terms under which you may decide to share your personal information with us. Accordingly, should you choose to share your personal information with us, Reserve India Tours will assume that you have no objections to the terms of this privacy policy.

  The Terms and Conditions set out below ("Conditions") apply to your use of this website and related websites, including the use of the information & services offered on the Site. In accessing and using the Site, you shall be deemed to have read each and all the Conditions without modification. If you do not agree, please cease use of the site and leave the site immediately. These Conditions must be read in conjunction with any other applicable terms and conditions governing the use of the Site. Site The information available on the Site is owned and managed by Reserve India Tours, a firm constituted under the laws of India, and its subsidiaries, controlled entities, affiliates and related parties. Use of Site The services of this Site are available only to individuals who can form legally binding contracts under applicable law, and thus, are not available to minors. By using this Site, You represent that you are of sufficient legal age to use this Site and to create binding legal obligations for any liability you may incur as a result of the use of this Site. You also warrant that you are legally authorized to make the travel reservations and/or purchases for either yourself or for another person for whom you are authorized to act. You may only use this Site to make legitimate reservations or purchases and shall not use this Site for any other purposes, including without limitation, to make any speculative, false or fraudulent reservations, or any reservation in anticipation of demand. This Site is to be used by You for Your personal use only. Commercial uses of this Site are strictly prohibited unless prior written consent from Reserve India Tours has been granted. You agree that You will not use this Site for chain letters, junk mail, spamming, solicitations (commercial or non-commercial) or bulk communications of any kind including but not limited to distribution lists to any person who has not given specific permission to be included in such a list. You / Site User agree to receive promotional, transactional and commercial communications from Reserve India Tours, through email or SMS. Information You accept that all Information provided on the Site or any other material accessed through the Site including via any Linked Website is general information about Reserve India Tours and is not in the nature of advice. You also accept that all of the Information is provided on an as is basis and to the extent permitted by law, is provided without any warranty, representation or condition of any kind whether express, implied, statutory or otherwise. You assume all responsibility and risk for your use of or reliance upon the Information and the Site or any other material accessed through the Site including via any Linked Website. Reserve India Tours is not liable for any loss (direct or indirect) resulting from any action taken or reliance made by you on the Information or any other material accessed through the Site including via any Linked Web Site. You should make your own inquiries and seek independent professional advice before acting or relying on any such information or material. Reserve India Tours may from time to time update, modify or add to the Information, including these Conditions and absolutely reserves the right to make such modifications without any obligation to notify past, current or prospective users of the Site. Unless otherwise specified to the contrary all new Information shall be subject to these Conditions. Reserve India Tours does not guarantee that the Site will operate continuously or without interruption or be error free. In addition, Reserve India Tours may also suspend or discontinue any aspect of the Site at any time without being liable for any direct or indirect loss as a result of such action. Trade Marks The Site contains Kanha National Park Jungle Safari logos, trade and service marks and devices (including the word Reserve India Tours) and other valuable trade or service marks owned by or licensed to Reserve India Tours to distinguish its offerings. These trade and service marks and related intellectual property are protected from copying and simulation under national and international laws and any reproduction or use of any of the contents of this Site without the express written consent of Reserve India Tours is prohibited. Nothing contained on this Site should be construed as granting, by implication, estoppel, or otherwise, any license or right to use any of the Trademarks without the written permission of Reserve India Tours. Copyright The information, text, graphics, images, sounds, links, modules and all other information and software published or otherwise contained in the Site Information are either owned exclusively by Reserve India Tours or licensed by Reserve India Tours and except as specifically provided in these Conditions may not be copied, distributed, displayed, reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means whether electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written approval of Reserve India Tours. Without limitation you may not, without such approval from Reserve India Tours, create derivative works from any part of the Site or commercialize any Information, products or services obtained from any part of the Site. Information procured from a third party may be the subject of copyright owned by that third party. Liability Disclaimer & Exclusion In no event shall Reserve India Tours be responsible for any direct, indirect, special, incidental or consequential loss or damage, however arising and whether in contract, tort or otherwise, which you may suffer in connection with or arising out of: * your use of the Site or any Linked Website; or * your use of or reliance on Information or any other material accessed through the Site including via any Linked Website; including without limitation, loss or damage by way of loss of profits, loss of business opportunity, business interruption or loss of information. These Conditions do not purport to exclude liability arising by any applicable law if, and to the extent, such liability cannot be lawfully excluded, however, to the extent permitted by law, all warranties, terms or conditions which would otherwise be implied into these Conditions are hereby excluded. Where applicable law implies any warranty, term or condition, and that law prohibits exclusion or modification of the application of or the liability of Reserve India Tours under, any such warranty, term or condition, then the liability of Reserve India Tours shall include liability for that warranty, term or condition but such liability will be limited for a breach of that warranty, term or condition to one or more of the following: if the breach relates to services, the supply of the services again or payment of the cost of having the services supplied again; and * if the breach relates to products and the products can be repaired, repair of such products or payment of the costs of having the products repaired, but otherwise, replacement of the products or the supply of equivalent products or payment of the cost of replacing the products or of acquiring equivalent products. Reservations The reservations feature of the Site is provided solely to assist customers in determining the availability of travel related services and products and to make legitimate reservations and for no other purpose. You warrant that you are at least 18 years of age, possess the legal authority to enter into the legal agreement constituted by your acceptance of these Conditions and to use the Site in accordance with such Conditions. You agree to be financially responsible for your use of the Site including without limitation for all reservations made by you or on your account for you, whether authorized by you or not. For any reservations or other services for which fees may be charged you agree to abide by the terms or conditions of supply including without limitation payment of all moneys due under such terms or conditions. The Site contains details of Package charges (including any available SPECIAL PROMOTIONS). Terms and conditions of booking are set out on the Site and payment will be in accordance with the procedure set out in such terms and conditions. No contract will subsist between you and Reserve India Tours or any of its affiliates in respect of any services or products offered through the Site unless and until Reserve India Tours accepts your order by e-mail or automated confirmation through the Site confirming that it has accepted your reservation, booking or order and any such contract shall be deemed to incorporate the reservation terms and conditions of booking. Any other relevant terms and conditions relating to particular services or products are set out in the Site. You undertake that all details you provide to in connection with any services or products which may be offered by Reserve India Tours on the Site (including hotel room reservations) will be correct and, where applicable, the credit card which you use is your own and that there are sufficient funds to cover the cost of any services or products which you wish to purchase. Reserve India Tours reserves the right to obtain validation of your credit card details before providing you with any services or products. Security & Non Confidentiality Reserve India Tours does not warrant and cannot ensure the security or confidentiality of any information which you transmit to Reserve India Tours. Accordingly, any information which you transmit to Reserve India Tours is transmitted at your own risk. Governing Law & Jurisdiction The laws in force in India govern these Conditions and you agree to submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of India. In case of unavailability in mentioned hotels, alternate accommodation will be arranged in a similar category hotel.

  In regard to refund of unused / unutilized services (which are paid for and cancelled in advance) the refund amount would be worked out on the basis of cancellation policy as described above and the money would be accordingly refunded to the person who has made the payment to us. Please note that the refund process may take 2 - 4 weeks due to banking procedures. If the refund is made to the credit card account OR to Bank account, the bank charges would be debited from the refund amount. Our Liabilities & Limitations : Please note that after the finalization of the tour/service cost, if there are any hikes in entrance fees of monuments/museums, taxes, fuel cost or guide charges by the Govt of India, the same would be charged as extra. Reserve India Tours act only in the capacity of agent for the hotels, airlines, transporters, railways & contractors providing other services & all exchange orders, receipts, contracts & tickets issued by us are issued subject to terms & conditions under which these services are provided by them. All itineraries are sample itineraries, intended to give you a general idea of the likely trip schedule. Numerous factors such as weather, road conditions, the physical ability of the participants etc. may dictate itinerary changes either before the tour or while on the trail. We reserve the right to change any schedule in the interest of the trip participants' safety, comfort & general well being. Our rates are based on the prevailing rates as negotiated by us with the hotels, airlines etc. Hotels and Airlines retain the right to modify the rates without notice. In case of such changes the rates quoted before the modification, can be changed by us according to the modifications by hotels or airlines. All hotel bookings are based on usual check in and check out time of the hotels until unless indicated in the itinerary. We shall not be responsible for any delays & alterations in the programme or expenses incurred - directly or indirectly - due to natural hazards, flight cancellations, accident, breakdown of machinery or equipments, breakdown of transport, weather, sickness, landslides, political closures or any untoward incidents. We shall not be responsible for any loss, injury or damage to person, property, or otherwise in connection with any accommodation, transportation or other services, resulting - directly or indirectly - from any act of GOD, dangers, fire, accident, breakdown in machinery or equipment, breakdown of transport, wars, civil disturbances, strikes, riots, thefts, pilferages, epidemics, medical or custom department regulations, defaults, or any other causes beyond our control. We do not have any insurance policy covering the expenses for accident, sickness, loss due to theft, or any other reasons. Visitors are advised to seek such insurance arrangements in their home country. All baggage's & personal property/s at all times are at the client's risk.

  Policy Regarding Cancellation / No Show / Early Departure In case of cancellation of tour/travel services due to any avoidable/unavoidable reasons we must be informed in writing. Cancellation charges would be effective from the date we receive letter in writing and cancellation charges would be as follows: 30 days prior to arrival - 10% of the tour cost. 15 days to 29 days prior to arrival - 30% of the tour cost. 07 days to 14 days prior to arrival - 40 % of the tour cost. 02 days to 06 days prior to arrival - 50% of the tour cost. Less than 48 hours or no show - NO REFUND. In case of peak season - weekends or weekdays (Holi, Diwali, X'Mas & New Year) hotel bookings separate cancellation policy is applicable (which would be advised as and when required). In case you cancel the trip after commencement refund would be restricted to a limited amount that too would depend on the amount that we would be able to recover from the hoteliers we patronize. For unused hotel accommodation, chartered transportation and missed meals etc. we do not bear any responsibility to refund. Reserve India Tours reserves the right to change/modify or terminate the offer any time at its own discretion and without any prior notice.

  DeSantis signs bills protecting police, limiting review boards. What do SB 184 and HB 601 do?

  

  On Friday Gov. Ron DeSantis signed two bills to support law enforcement officers and other first responders and to put citizen oversight of law enforcement solidly under law enforcement control.

  One bill ( SB 184 ) creates a 25-foot  "no-go" zone around first responders , including police. The other ( HB 601 ) would limit what  citizen police oversight boards can do,  including investigating complaints of officer misconduct, and would require these panels to be re-established under county sheriffs and municipal police chiefs, who would appoint the members.

  Here's what these bills would do.

  What does SB 184, Impeding, Threatening, or Harassing First Responders do?

  SB 184 makes it illegal after you have been verbally warned to approach a first responder or remain within 25 feet while the responder is performing a legal duty with the intent to:

  • Block or interfere with their ability to perform the duty
  • Threaten the first responders with physical harm
  • Harass the first responder

  Violations will be a second-degree misdemeanor punishable by up to 60 days in jail.

  New law enforcement laws for public: DeSantis signs bills limiting police review boards, creating buffer for first responders

  What does SB 184 define as 'harassment'?

  "Harassment" is defined as an action directed at a first responder that "intentionally causes substantial emotional distress in that first responder and serves no legitimate purpose."

  "Emotional distress," "legitimate purpose" and which parties may decide that was left undefined.

  Rep. Angela Nixon, D-Jacksonville, introduced an amendment to clarify that "harass" did not include "asking a first responder questions out of concern, for the health, safety and well-being, of the person that is being responded to" and to stress that a person may still impede a first responder if they are breaking the law or using "unnecessary harm or excessive force." The amendment failed.

  What does SB 184 define as 'first responders'?

  First responders are defined here as law enforcement officers, correctional probation officers, firefighters and emergency medical care providers.

  Are you allowed to record or video police officers in Florida?

  SB 184 does not prevent videoing or taking pictures of law enforcement, but it does require you, if asked, to move 25 feet away, which can make it much more difficult if not impossible.

  An amendment from Rep. LaVon Bracy Davis, D-Ocoee, which would have defined "the peaceful audio or video recording, photographing, or eyewitness observing of a first responder" as a legitimate purpose, failed to pass.

  So did Nixon's proposed amendment to change the name of the bill to "The I Don't Want the World to See the Police Kill an Unarmed Innocent Man Like George Floyd Again, So I Want To Protect Bad Cops and Violate Free Speech Act."

  The amendment referred to the video shot of George Floyd, a Black man killed by a police officer in 2020. The video, and many others, were widely shared online and contributed to the massive widespread Black Lives Matter protests that year by making more Americans aware of incidents of police brutality that otherwise may have gone unnoticed. Darnella Frazier , the then-17-year-old girl who videoed Floyd's murder, was awarded a Pulitzer Prize Special Citation.

  Why was SB 184 necessary?

  DeSantis said the legislation "recognizes we've got some strange currents going on in our society right now that really seek to delegitimize law enforcement," accusing news media outlets of warping narratives about police for attention and "clicks" and citing media coverage of the recent controversial police killing of Dexter Reed in Chicago.

  Officers fired 96 shots in 41 seconds at Reed during a traffic stop, reportedly over Reed not wearing a seatbelt. A citizen review board questioned both the validity of the stop and the order of events — they say it's unclear who shot first — and questioned the appropriateness of deadly force in the response. Bodycam footage showed one officer emptying his pistol multiple times at Reed, even after Reed was motionless on the ground.

  "You shouldn't be in a situation where you're at a traffic stop, you're responding to a call of someone in distress, and then you have people come trying to interdict or trying to harass you from performing your duty," DeSantis said. "We view that as a problem, and now you're going to be held accountable."

  Critics have questioned both bills, saying they would be open to First Amendment challenges and prevent recordings of police misconduct and brutality .

  When does SB 184 take effect?

  Jan. 1, 2025.

  Citizen review boards: What does HB 601 do?

  When there are accusations made against police officers for excessive and deadly force, or a persistent lack of trust between law enforcement and the community, local officials may turn to citizen review boards to investigate complaints. There are currently 21 "civilian oversight agencies" in cities across Florida, including in Daytona Beach, Delray Beach, Gainesville, Tallahassee and West Palm Beach, according to a 2022 report.

  Under the new law, the existing boards would be re-established and any new ones created under new rules.

  • The board must be composed of at least three and up to seven members
  • One of the members must be a retired law enforcement officer
  • All members must be appointed by the sheriff or police chief over the area

  Amendments to require members to be democratically elected or to leave existing citizen review boards in place pending a two-year review on their effectiveness were shot down.

  Law enforcement to police themselves: Citizen boards that flourished after George Floyd's killing face new limits in Florida

  Why was HB 601 necessary?

  Florida Department of Law Enforcement Commissioner Mark Glass said there are already several agencies that are charged with such investigations, including his, along with police internal affairs agencies. 

  "These men and women do not need to be scrutinized again and again by a committee that has no idea what they're talking about," Glass said at the press conference.

  The bill states the intention is to standardize the process statewide for processing and investigation of complaints against law enforcement or correctional officers.

  When does HB 601 take effect?

  July 1, 2024.

  Douglas Soule, USA TODAY NETWORK - Florida, contributed to this article.

  Watch CBS News

  Democratic National Convention security plan could affect Chicago residents near United Center

  By Lauren Victory

  Updated on: April 17, 2024 / 6:25 PM CDT / CBS Chicago

  CHICAGO (CBS) – In four months, Chicago will play host to the 2024 Democratic National Convention.

  Such a big event means the city will implement security rules that will affect residents and businesses in the area close to the DNC venue at the United Center. The so-called "buffer zone" will include a ban on seemingly innocent activities like dog walking.

  The buffer zone will be in place for nine days and it just so happens that stretch will include two Sundays, meaning services at eight nearby churches in the lockdown area could be affected.

  The Secret Service will operate vehicle checkpoints and put up a gate at the United Center. The likely boundaries of the buffer zone are Maypole Avenue to the north, Jackson to the south, Leavitt to the west, and Ashland to the east.

  

  Restrictions in the secure area include no guns, fireworks, bikes, scooters, tents and balloons. The city also said bicycles and dogs won't be allowed.

  A Chicago police official said that policy is meant to protect residents from getting caught up in whatever demonstration activities will inevitably happen within the buffer zone.

  CBS 2 asked people who work and live in the area what they think about the rules.

  "So you think they're not even gonna let me use this field right here?" said Jawaan Jackson, a dog owner. "Alright, then it could be a slight inconvenience then if that's the case, for sure."

  Jackson owns Every Single Day Dog Training and lives near the arena. He said one day he saw police, FBI and other government organizations in the neighborhood, likely canvassing with flyers about the DNC.

  Barbershop owner Manny Koop added locals are "probably going to be the safest people in Chicago that week, so no, I'm cool." His business is on the cusp of the buffer zone on Ashland.

  While the extra rules will affect Koop and his customers, overall, he doesn't think it'll cut into business.

  DNC activities are also scheduled for McCormick Place, so a second city buffer zone will be established there. The anticipated boundaries are Cullerton Avenue to the north, 26th Street to the south, State to the west and just before DuSable Lake Shore Drive to the east.

  The Chicago City Council approved an ordinance on Wednesday that allows Chicago police to create the security boundaries. The Secret Service said in a statement: 

  "The 2024 Democratic National Convention security plan is still being developed. The U.S. Secret Service, along with our local and federal partners, earlier this month went door-to-door contacting residents and businesses around the United Center and McCormick Place to gather community feedback that can be incorporated into the plan. A list of prohibited items has not been finalized. Specific maps that will include street closures, and parking restrictions are still evolving and will be released closer to the convention."  

  The Democratic National Convention will be held from Aug. 19 through Aug. 22.

  • United Center
  • Democratic National Convention
  

  Lauren Victory is a Morning Insider reporter for CBS2 Chicago. Lauren joined the station in May 2016 and is a graduate of the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University.

  Featured Local Savings

  More from cbs news.

  

  Pritzker says protests will be permitted, but safety will be maintained at DNC

  

  Express to close 4 Chicago area stores after filing for bankruptcy

  

  Bears expected to unveil plans for new lakefront stadium on Wednesday

  

  Morton Arboretum advises protecting trees with cicadas coming

  • Election 2024
  • Entertainment
  • Newsletters
  • Photography
  • Personal Finance
  • AP Investigations
  • AP Buyline Personal Finance
  • AP Buyline Shopping
  • Press Releases
  • Israel-Hamas War
  • Russia-Ukraine War
  • Global elections
  • Asia Pacific
  • Latin America
  • Middle East
  • Election Results
  • Delegate Tracker
  • AP & Elections
  • Auto Racing
  • 2024 Paris Olympic Games
  • Movie reviews
  • Book reviews
  • Personal finance
  • Financial Markets
  • Business Highlights
  • Financial wellness
  • Artificial Intelligence
  • Social Media

  Get better sleep with these 5 tips from experts

  

  FILE - This Nov. 11, 2013 file photo shows a bedroom built by Mike Spangler using some reclaimed materials, in Belle, W.Va. Nearly one-third of American adults don’t get the recommended seven to nine hours of sleep per night. Some of the major causes: Stress, anxiety and a culture that experts say is about productivity, not rest. (Craig Cunningham/Charleston Daily Mail via AP, file)

  • Copy Link copied

  Spending too many nights trying to fall asleep — or worrying there aren’t enough ZZZs in your day ? You’re not alone.

  Nearly one-third of American adults say they don’t get the recommended seven to nine hours a night. Some of the major causes: Stress, anxiety and a culture that experts say is about productivity, not rest.

  “You need to understand what your body needs and try your hardest to prioritize that and not just see sleep as kind of what’s left over of the day,” said Molly Atwood, an assistant professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine.

  Don’t fall for online fads or unproven methods to fall asleep and stay asleep. Instead, try these simple tricks recommended by sleep experts.

  CREATE A BUFFER ZONE

  Work-related stress is inevitable, and it can be hard to disconnect. Try creating a “buffer zone” between the end of your work day and your bedtime.

  Experts suggest leaving career work and daily responsibilities alone about an hour before bed. Don’t check email, pay bills, do chores or scroll endlessly through social media. Instead, create a routine where you relax with a book, indulge in a hobby or spend time with loved ones.

  

  “It goes back to the core value of mindfulness,” said Dr. Annise Wilson, an assistant professor of neurology and medicine at Baylor University. “Anything that helps to center you and just helps you focus and release a lot of that tension from the day will then help promote sleep.”

  WATCH WHAT YOU EAT

  Eating a large meal right before bedtime can disrupt your sleep, so try to grub in the early evening hours.

  “I would say that eating a large meal is impactful simply because it’s like giving your body a really large job to do right before sleep at a time when things are supposed to be shutting down,” Atwood said.

  But don’t go to bed super-hungry, either. Try snacks with protein or healthy fats, like cheese, almonds or peanut butter on whole grain bread.

  AVOID CAFFEINE AND ALCOHOL

  Having a nightcap or post-dinner espresso might feel relaxing, but it could lead to a long night.

  While alcohol can help you fall asleep initially, it can disrupt your sleep cycle, reducing the quality of sleep and increasing the chances you’ll wake up more often in the middle of the night.

  Caffeine is a stimulant that blocks adenosine , a chemical that contributes to the feeling of sleepiness — and it can take your body up to 10 hours to clear caffeine.

  For these reasons, experts suggest finishing up your caffeinated or boozy beverages several hours before bed.

  LIMIT TECHNOLOGY

  Light from phones and computer screens can disrupt the circadian rhythm – or the internal clock that naturally wakes us up – by suppressing melatonin, which assists with sleep.

  But you’ll need self-discipline to stop streaming or scrolling, said Dr. Dianne Augelli, an assistant professor of clinical medicine at Weill Cornell Medical College.

  “TikTok doesn’t want you to stop,” Augelli said. “Only you can stop you, so you have to learn to put that stuff away.”

  TALK TO YOUR DOCTOR

  If nothing’s working and you’ve struggled to get a good night’s sleep for more than a month, experts say it’s time to go to a doctor. This is especially true if your sleepless nights are interfering with your work performance or your mood.

  “It doesn’t matter how much relaxation you do. At a certain point, it’s not going to be effective if there’s a significant amount of stress,” Atwood said. “... It might involve some problem-solving to figure that out.”

  The Associated Press Health and Science Department receives support from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. The AP is solely responsible for all content.

  
  

  Abortion clinic buffer zone law backed by MSP group

  A proposed law to ban protests outside abortion clinics is necessary to ensure women are free of intimidation, a Holyrood committee has said.

  Green Party MSP Gillian Mackay last year introduced a member's bill at the Scottish Parliament that would block any protests taking place within 200m (656ft) of clinics.

  The Queen Elizabeth University Hospital (QEUH) in Glasgow has been one of several sites targeted by the 40 Days for Life pro-life group.

  Ms Mackay has said the protests amounted to "targeted intimidation" of women who were getting an abortion.

  The Health, Social Care and Sport Committee has now unanimously agreed to the general principles of her Abortion Services (Safe Access Zones) Bill.

  The bill proposes pro-life campaigners be fined if they encroach on the 200m zone - with unlimited fines for serious breaches.

  A report published by the committee said it had considered "the conflicting human rights arguments" relevant to the bill.

  But it concluded they were "proportionate" to the legislation's aims of ensuring that women were able to safely access healthcare.

  Scotland's Health Secretary Neil Gray has previously said a law on buffer zones is needed "quickly".

  He described protests from anti-abortion groups outside medical facilities as "unacceptable".

  Silent prayers

  Committee MSPs acknowledged the concerns raised by opponents of the bill who said the proposals threatened their freedom to express their views in public spaces.

  MSPs also questioned why the bill proposes a 200m safe access zone, instead of the 150m recommended by experts.

  An exception would be the Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, which might need the radius extended due to its layout.

  During the evidence-gathering process, the committee heard concerns that police may find it difficult to determine whether the law had been breached by those undertaking silent prayers.

  The report states that committee MSPs had a "difference of views" over the issue of silent prayers, with some suggesting it should be an explicit exemption to avoid the "criminalisation of private thoughts".

  Meanwhile, others said silent prayers "can still be intimidating" to those seeking abortion services. The committee therefore recommended that the issue is discussed further at stage two.

  MSPs also heard from doctors working at facilities offering abortion services, who raised concerns that protests outside premises could result in patients delaying or not accessing treatment.

  Women who had used the services also reported anxiety.

  The bill will now proceed through the Scottish Parliament to be voted on at stage one.

  Committee convener Clare Haughey said the cross-party group of MSPs was united in backing the bill.

  'Appropriate balance'

  "We recognise the strong views it has generated and that not all are in favour of its introduction," she said.

  "But ultimately we believe the creation of safe access zones around abortion services is necessary to enforce the principle that everyone should be able to access healthcare free from intimidation or harassment.

  "We understand there are competing human rights at play, but we have concluded this bill strikes an appropriate balance.

  "We held extensive discussions on the issue of silent prayer and while some members felt this should be exempt from the provisions in this bill, other members felt an exemption would fundamentally undermine its purpose and that silent prayer can be intimidating to those accessing services.

  "This will need further consideration if the bill proceeds to stage two."

  • Abortion clinic buffer zone law needed 'quickly'
  • Bill to ban protests at abortion centres published
  • MSP lodges abortion clinic 'buffer zone' bill
  • Ruling paves way for abortion clinic buffer zones
  
  

  Turn Your Curiosity Into Discovery

  Latest facts.

  

  15 Facts About World Health Day April 7th

  

  8 Facts About International Day Of Light May 16th

  40 facts about elektrostal.

  

  Written by Lanette Mayes

  Modified & Updated: 02 Mar 2024

  

  Reviewed by Jessica Corbett

  

  Elektrostal is a vibrant city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia. With a rich history, stunning architecture, and a thriving community, Elektrostal is a city that has much to offer. Whether you are a history buff, nature enthusiast, or simply curious about different cultures, Elektrostal is sure to captivate you.

  This article will provide you with 40 fascinating facts about Elektrostal, giving you a better understanding of why this city is worth exploring. From its origins as an industrial hub to its modern-day charm, we will delve into the various aspects that make Elektrostal a unique and must-visit destination.

  So, join us as we uncover the hidden treasures of Elektrostal and discover what makes this city a true gem in the heart of Russia.

  Key Takeaways:

  • Elektrostal, known as the “Motor City of Russia,” is a vibrant and growing city with a rich industrial history, offering diverse cultural experiences and a strong commitment to environmental sustainability.
  • With its convenient location near Moscow, Elektrostal provides a picturesque landscape, vibrant nightlife, and a range of recreational activities, making it an ideal destination for residents and visitors alike.

  Known as the “Motor City of Russia.”

  Elektrostal, a city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia, earned the nickname “Motor City” due to its significant involvement in the automotive industry.

  Home to the Elektrostal Metallurgical Plant.

  Elektrostal is renowned for its metallurgical plant, which has been producing high-quality steel and alloys since its establishment in 1916.

  Boasts a rich industrial heritage.

  Elektrostal has a long history of industrial development, contributing to the growth and progress of the region.

  Founded in 1916.

  The city of Elektrostal was founded in 1916 as a result of the construction of the Elektrostal Metallurgical Plant.

  Located approximately 50 kilometers east of Moscow.

  Elektrostal is situated in close proximity to the Russian capital, making it easily accessible for both residents and visitors.

  Known for its vibrant cultural scene.

  Elektrostal is home to several cultural institutions, including museums, theaters, and art galleries that showcase the city’s rich artistic heritage.

  A popular destination for nature lovers.

  Surrounded by picturesque landscapes and forests, Elektrostal offers ample opportunities for outdoor activities such as hiking, camping, and birdwatching.

  Hosts the annual Elektrostal City Day celebrations.

  Every year, Elektrostal organizes festive events and activities to celebrate its founding, bringing together residents and visitors in a spirit of unity and joy.

  Has a population of approximately 160,000 people.

  Elektrostal is home to a diverse and vibrant community of around 160,000 residents, contributing to its dynamic atmosphere.

  Boasts excellent education facilities.

  The city is known for its well-established educational institutions, providing quality education to students of all ages.

  A center for scientific research and innovation.

  Elektrostal serves as an important hub for scientific research, particularly in the fields of metallurgy, materials science, and engineering.

  Surrounded by picturesque lakes.

  The city is blessed with numerous beautiful lakes, offering scenic views and recreational opportunities for locals and visitors alike.

  Well-connected transportation system.

  Elektrostal benefits from an efficient transportation network, including highways, railways, and public transportation options, ensuring convenient travel within and beyond the city.

  Famous for its traditional Russian cuisine.

  Food enthusiasts can indulge in authentic Russian dishes at numerous restaurants and cafes scattered throughout Elektrostal.

  Home to notable architectural landmarks.

  Elektrostal boasts impressive architecture, including the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord and the Elektrostal Palace of Culture.

  Offers a wide range of recreational facilities.

  Residents and visitors can enjoy various recreational activities, such as sports complexes, swimming pools, and fitness centers, enhancing the overall quality of life.

  Provides a high standard of healthcare.

  Elektrostal is equipped with modern medical facilities, ensuring residents have access to quality healthcare services.

  Home to the Elektrostal History Museum.

  The Elektrostal History Museum showcases the city’s fascinating past through exhibitions and displays.

  A hub for sports enthusiasts.

  Elektrostal is passionate about sports, with numerous stadiums, arenas, and sports clubs offering opportunities for athletes and spectators.

  Celebrates diverse cultural festivals.

  Throughout the year, Elektrostal hosts a variety of cultural festivals, celebrating different ethnicities, traditions, and art forms.

  Electric power played a significant role in its early development.

  Elektrostal owes its name and initial growth to the establishment of electric power stations and the utilization of electricity in the industrial sector.

  Boasts a thriving economy.

  The city’s strong industrial base, coupled with its strategic location near Moscow, has contributed to Elektrostal’s prosperous economic status.

  Houses the Elektrostal Drama Theater.

  The Elektrostal Drama Theater is a cultural centerpiece, attracting theater enthusiasts from far and wide.

  Popular destination for winter sports.

  Elektrostal’s proximity to ski resorts and winter sport facilities makes it a favorite destination for skiing, snowboarding, and other winter activities.

  Promotes environmental sustainability.

  Elektrostal prioritizes environmental protection and sustainability, implementing initiatives to reduce pollution and preserve natural resources.

  Home to renowned educational institutions.

  Elektrostal is known for its prestigious schools and universities, offering a wide range of academic programs to students.

  Committed to cultural preservation.

  The city values its cultural heritage and takes active steps to preserve and promote traditional customs, crafts, and arts.

  Hosts an annual International Film Festival.

  The Elektrostal International Film Festival attracts filmmakers and cinema enthusiasts from around the world, showcasing a diverse range of films.

  Encourages entrepreneurship and innovation.

  Elektrostal supports aspiring entrepreneurs and fosters a culture of innovation, providing opportunities for startups and business development.

  Offers a range of housing options.

  Elektrostal provides diverse housing options, including apartments, houses, and residential complexes, catering to different lifestyles and budgets.

  Home to notable sports teams.

  Elektrostal is proud of its sports legacy, with several successful sports teams competing at regional and national levels.

  Boasts a vibrant nightlife scene.

  Residents and visitors can enjoy a lively nightlife in Elektrostal, with numerous bars, clubs, and entertainment venues.

  Promotes cultural exchange and international relations.

  Elektrostal actively engages in international partnerships, cultural exchanges, and diplomatic collaborations to foster global connections.

  Surrounded by beautiful nature reserves.

  Nearby nature reserves, such as the Barybino Forest and Luchinskoye Lake, offer opportunities for nature enthusiasts to explore and appreciate the region’s biodiversity.

  Commemorates historical events.

  The city pays tribute to significant historical events through memorials, monuments, and exhibitions, ensuring the preservation of collective memory.

  Promotes sports and youth development.

  Elektrostal invests in sports infrastructure and programs to encourage youth participation, health, and physical fitness.

  Hosts annual cultural and artistic festivals.

  Throughout the year, Elektrostal celebrates its cultural diversity through festivals dedicated to music, dance, art, and theater.

  Provides a picturesque landscape for photography enthusiasts.

  The city’s scenic beauty, architectural landmarks, and natural surroundings make it a paradise for photographers.

  Connects to Moscow via a direct train line.

  The convenient train connection between Elektrostal and Moscow makes commuting between the two cities effortless.

  A city with a bright future.

  Elektrostal continues to grow and develop, aiming to become a model city in terms of infrastructure, sustainability, and quality of life for its residents.

  In conclusion, Elektrostal is a fascinating city with a rich history and a vibrant present. From its origins as a center of steel production to its modern-day status as a hub for education and industry, Elektrostal has plenty to offer both residents and visitors. With its beautiful parks, cultural attractions, and proximity to Moscow, there is no shortage of things to see and do in this dynamic city. Whether you’re interested in exploring its historical landmarks, enjoying outdoor activities, or immersing yourself in the local culture, Elektrostal has something for everyone. So, next time you find yourself in the Moscow region, don’t miss the opportunity to discover the hidden gems of Elektrostal.

  Q: What is the population of Elektrostal?

  A: As of the latest data, the population of Elektrostal is approximately XXXX.

  Q: How far is Elektrostal from Moscow?

  A: Elektrostal is located approximately XX kilometers away from Moscow.

  Q: Are there any famous landmarks in Elektrostal?

  A: Yes, Elektrostal is home to several notable landmarks, including XXXX and XXXX.

  Q: What industries are prominent in Elektrostal?

  A: Elektrostal is known for its steel production industry and is also a center for engineering and manufacturing.

  Q: Are there any universities or educational institutions in Elektrostal?

  A: Yes, Elektrostal is home to XXXX University and several other educational institutions.

  Q: What are some popular outdoor activities in Elektrostal?

  A: Elektrostal offers several outdoor activities, such as hiking, cycling, and picnicking in its beautiful parks.

  Q: Is Elektrostal well-connected in terms of transportation?

  A: Yes, Elektrostal has good transportation links, including trains and buses, making it easily accessible from nearby cities.

  Q: Are there any annual events or festivals in Elektrostal?

  A: Yes, Elektrostal hosts various events and festivals throughout the year, including XXXX and XXXX.

  Was this page helpful?

  Our commitment to delivering trustworthy and engaging content is at the heart of what we do. Each fact on our site is contributed by real users like you, bringing a wealth of diverse insights and information. To ensure the highest standards of accuracy and reliability, our dedicated editors meticulously review each submission. This process guarantees that the facts we share are not only fascinating but also credible. Trust in our commitment to quality and authenticity as you explore and learn with us.

  Share this Fact:

  

  Current time by city

  For example, New York

  Current time by country

  For example, Japan

  Time difference

  For example, London

  For example, Dubai

  Coordinates

  For example, Hong Kong

  For example, Delhi

  For example, Sydney

  Geographic coordinates of Elektrostal, Moscow Oblast, Russia

  City coordinates

  Coordinates of Elektrostal in decimal degrees

  Coordinates of elektrostal in degrees and decimal minutes, utm coordinates of elektrostal, geographic coordinate systems.

  WGS 84 coordinate reference system is the latest revision of the World Geodetic System, which is used in mapping and navigation, including GPS satellite navigation system (the Global Positioning System).

  Geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude) define a position on the Earth’s surface. Coordinates are angular units. The canonical form of latitude and longitude representation uses degrees (°), minutes (′), and seconds (″). GPS systems widely use coordinates in degrees and decimal minutes, or in decimal degrees.

  Latitude varies from −90° to 90°. The latitude of the Equator is 0°; the latitude of the South Pole is −90°; the latitude of the North Pole is 90°. Positive latitude values correspond to the geographic locations north of the Equator (abbrev. N). Negative latitude values correspond to the geographic locations south of the Equator (abbrev. S).

  Longitude is counted from the prime meridian ( IERS Reference Meridian for WGS 84) and varies from −180° to 180°. Positive longitude values correspond to the geographic locations east of the prime meridian (abbrev. E). Negative longitude values correspond to the geographic locations west of the prime meridian (abbrev. W).

  UTM or Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system divides the Earth’s surface into 60 longitudinal zones. The coordinates of a location within each zone are defined as a planar coordinate pair related to the intersection of the equator and the zone’s central meridian, and measured in meters.

  Elevation above sea level is a measure of a geographic location’s height. We are using the global digital elevation model GTOPO30 .

  Elektrostal , Moscow Oblast, Russia

  Optimizing WebKit & Safari for Speedometer 3.0

  Apr 10, 2024

  by Alan Baradlay, Antti Koivisto, Matt Woodrow, Patrick Angle, Ryosuke Niwa, Vitor Ribeiro Roriz, Wenson Hsieh, and Yusuke Suzuki

  The introduction of Speedometer 3.0 is a major step forward in making the web faster for all, and allowing Web developers to make websites and web apps that were not previously possible. In this article, we explore ways the WebKit team made performance optimizations in WebKit and Safari based on the Speedometer 3.0 benchmark.

  In order to make these improvements, we made an extensive use of our performance testing infrastructure. It’s integrated with our continuous integration , and provides the capability to schedule A/B tests. This allows engineers to quickly test out performance optimizations and catch new performance regressions.

  Improving Tools

  Proper tooling support is the key to identifying and addressing performance bottlenecks. We defined new internal JSON format for JavaScriptCore sampling profiler output to dump and process them offline. It includes a script which processes and generates analysis of hot functions and hot byte codes for JavaScriptCore. We also added FlameGraph generation tool for the dumped sampling profiler output which visualizes performance bottlenecks. In addition, we added support for JITDump generation on Darwin platforms to dump JIT related information during execution. And we improved generated JITDump information for easy use as well. These tooling improvements allowed us to quickly identify bottlenecks across Speedometer 3.0.

  Improving JavaScriptCore

  Revising megamorphic inline cache (ic).

  Megamorphic IC offers faster property access when one property access site observes many different object types and/or property names. We observed that some frameworks such as React contain a megamorphic property access. This led us to continuously improve JavaScriptCore’s megamorphic property access optimizations: expanding put megamorphic IC, adding megamorphic IC for the in operation, and adding generic improvements for megamorphic IC.

  Revising Call IC

  Call IC offers faster function calls by caching call targets inline. We redesigned Call IC and we integrated two different architectures into different tiers of Just-In-Time (JIT) compilers. Lower level tiers use Call IC without any JIT code generation and the highest level tier uses JIT code generatiton with the fastest Call IC. There is a tradeoff between code generation time and code efficiency, and JavaScriptCore performs a balancing act between them to achieve the best performance across different tiers.

  Optimizing JSON

  Speedometer 3.0 also presented new optimization opportunities to our JSON implementations as they contain more non-ASCII characters than before. We made our fast JSON stringifier work for unicode characters . We also analyzed profile data carefully and made JSON.parse faster than ever .

  Adjusting Inlining Heuristics

  There are many tradeoffs when inlining functions in JavaScript. For example, inline functions can more aggressively increase the total bytecode size and may cause memory bandwidth to become a new bottleneck. The amount of instruction cache available in CPU can also influence how effective a given inlining strategy is. And the calculus of these tradeoffs change over time as we make more improvements to JavaScriptCore such as adding new bytecode instruction and changes to DFG’s numerous optimization phases. We took the release of the new Speedometer 3.0 benchmark as an opportunity to adjust inlining heuristics based on data collected in modern Apple silicon Macs with the latest JavaScriptCore.

  Make JIT Code Destruction Lazy

  Due to complicated conditions, JavaScriptCore eagerly destroyed CodeBlock and JIT code when GC detects they are dead. Since these destructions are costly, they should be delayed and processed while the browser is idle. We made changes so that they are now destroyed lazily, during idle time in most cases.

  Opportunistic Sweeping and Garbage Collection

  In addition, we noticed that a significant amount of time goes into performing garbage collection and incremental sweeping across all subtests in both Speedometer 2.1 and 3.0. In particular, if a subtest allocated a large number of JavaScript objects on the heap, we would often spend a significant amount of time in subsequent subtests collecting these objects. This had several effects:

  • Increasing synchronous time intervals on many subtests due to on-demand sweeping and garbage collection when hitting heap size limits.
  • Increasing asynchronous time intervals on many subtests due to asynchronous garbage collection or timer-based incremental sweeping triggering immediately after the synchronous timing interval.
  • Increasing overall variance depending on whether timer-based incremental sweeping and garbage collection would fall in the synchronous or asynchronous timing windows of any given subtest.

  At a high level, we realized that some of this work could be performed opportunistically in between rendering updates — that is, during idle time — instead of triggering in the middle of subtests. To achieve this, we introduced a new mechanism in WebCore to provide hints to JavaScriptCore to opportunistically perform scheduled work after the previous rendering update has completed until a given deadline (determined by the estimated remaining time until the next rendering update). The opportunistic task scheduler also accounts for imminently scheduled zero delay timers or pending requestAnimationFrame callbacks : if it observes either, it’s less likely to schedule opportunistic work in order to avoid interference with imminent script execution. We currently perform a couple types of opportunistically scheduled tasks:

  • Incremental Sweeping : Prior to the opportunistic task scheduler, incremental sweeping in JavaScriptCore was automatically triggered by a periodically scheduled 100 ms timer. This had the effect of occasionally triggering incremental sweeping during asynchronous timing intervals, but also wasn’t aggressive enough to prevent on-demand sweeping in the middle of script execution. Now that JavaScriptCore is knowledgable about when to opportunistically schedule tasks, it can instead perform the majority of incremental sweeping in between rendering updates while there aren’t imminently scheduled timers. The process of sweeping is also granular to each marked block, which allows us to halt opportunistic sweeping early if we’re about to exceed the deadline for the next estimated rendering update.
  • Garbage Collection : By tracking the amount of time spent performing garbage collection in previous cycles, we’re able to roughly estimate the amount of time needed to perform the next garbage collection based on the number of bytes visited or allocated since the last cycle. If the remaining duration for performing opportunistically scheduled tasks is longer than this estimated garbage collection duration, we immediately perform either an Eden collection or full garbage collection . Furthermore, we integrated activity-based garbage collections into this new scheme to schedule them at appropriate timing.

  Overall, this strategy yields a 6.5% total improvement in Speedometer 3.0 *, decreasing the time spent in every subtest by a significant margin, and a 6.9% total improvement in Speedometer 2.1 *, significantly decreasing the time spent in nearly all subtests.

  * macOS 14.4, MacBook Air (M2, 2022)

  Various Miscellaneous Optimizations for Real World Use Cases

  We extensively reviewed all Speedometer 3.0 subtests and did many optimizations for realistic use cases. The examples include but are not limited to: faster Object.assign with empty objects , improving object spread performance , and so on.

  Improving DOM code

  Improving DOM code is Speedometer’s namesake, and that’s exactly what we did. For example, we now store the NodeType in the Node object itself instead of relying on a virtual function call. We also made DOMParser use a fast parser, improved its support of li elements , and made DOMParser not construct a redundant DocumentFragment . Together, these changes improved TodoMVC-JavaScript-ES5 by ~20%. We also eliminated O(n^2) behavior in the fast parser for about ~0.5% overall progression in Speedometer 3.0. We also made input elements construct their user-agent shadow tree lazily during construction and cloning , the latter of which is new in Speedometer 3.0 due to web components and Lit tests. We devirtualized many functions and inlined more functions to reduce the function call overheads. We carefully reviewed performance profile data and removed inefficiency in hot paths like repeated reparsing of the same URLs .

  Improving Layout and Rendering

  We landed a number of important optimizations in our layout and rendering code. First off, most type checks performed on RenderObject are now done using an inline enum class instead of virtual function calls , this alone is responsible for around ~0.7% of overall progression in Speedometer 3.0.

  Improving Style Engine

  We also optimized the way we compute the properties animated by Web Animations code. Previously, we were enumerating every animatable properties while resolving transition: all . We optimized this code to only enumerate affected properties. This was ~0.7% overall Speedometer 3.0 progression. Animating elements can now be resolved without fully recomputing their style unless necessary for correctness.

  Speedometer 3.0 content, like many modern web sites, uses CSS custom properties extensively. We implemented significant optimizations to improve their performance. Most custom property references are now resolved via fast cache lookups, avoiding expensive style resolution time property parsing. Custom properties are now stored in a new hierarchical data structure that reduces memory usage as well.

  One key component of WebKit styling performance is a cache (called “matched declarations cache”) that maps directly from a set of CSS declarations to the final element style, avoiding repeating expensive style building steps for identically styled elements. We significantly improved the hit rate of this cache.

  We also improved styling performance of author shadow trees, allowing trees with identical styles to share style data more effectively.

  Improving Inline Layout

  We fixed a number of performance bottlenecks in inline layout engine as well. Eliminating complex text path in Editor-TipTap was a major ~7% overall improvement. To understand this optimization, WebKit has two different code paths for text layout: the simple text path, which uses low level font API to access raw font data, and the complex text path, which uses CoreText for complex shaping and ligatures. The simple text path is faster but it does not cover all the edge cases. The complex text path has full coverage but is slower than the simple text path.

  Previously, we were taking the complex text path whenever a non-default value of font-feature or font-variant was used. This is because historically the simple text path wouldn’t support these operations. However, we noticed that the only feature of these still missing in the simple text path was font-variant-caps . By implementing font-variant-caps support for the simple text path , we allowed the simple text path to handle the benchmark content. This resulted in 4.5x improvement in Editor-TipTap subtest, and ~7% overall progression in Speedometer 3.0.

  In addition to improving the handling of text content in WebKit, we also worked with CoreText team to avoid unnecessary work in laying out glyphs. This resulted in ~0.5% overall progression in Speedometer 3.0, and these performance gains will benefit not just WebKit but other frameworks and applications that use CoreText.

  Improving SVG Layout

  Another area we landed many optimizations for is SVG. Speedometer 3.0 contains a fair bit of SVG content in test cases such as React-Stockcharts-SVG. We were spending a lot of time computing the bounding box for repaint by creating GraphicsContext, applying all styles, and actually drawing strokes in CoreGraphics. Here, we adopted Blink ’s optimization to approximate bounding box and made ~6% improvement in React-Stockcharts-SVG subtest. We also eliminated O(n^2) algorithm in SVG text layout code, which made some SVG content load a lot quicker .

  Improving IOSurface Cache Hit Rate

  Another optimization we did involve improving the cache hit rate of IOSurface. An IOSurface is a bitmap image buffer we use to paint web contents into. Since creating this object is rather expensive, we have a cache of IOSurface objects based on their dimensions. We observed that the cache hit rate was rather low (~30%) so we increased the cache size from 64MB to 256MB on macOS and improved the cache hit rate by 2.7x to ~80%, improving the overall Speedometer 3.0 score by ~0.7%. In practice, this means lower latency for canvas operations and other painting operations.

  Reducing Wait Time for GPU Process

  Previously, we required a synchronous IPC call from the Web Process to the GPU process to determine which of the existing buffers had been released by CoreAnimation and was suitable to use for the next frame. We optimized this by having the GPUP just select (or allocate) an appropriate buffer, and direct all incoming drawing commands to the right destination without requiring any response. We also changed the delivery of any newly allocated IOSurface handles to go via a background helper thread , rather than blocking the Web Process’s main thread.

  Improving Compositing

  Updates to compositing layers are now batched , and flushed during rendering updates, rather than computed during every layout. This significantly reduces the cost of script-incurred layout flushes.

  Improving Safari

  In addition to optimizations we made in WebKit, there were a handful of optimizations for Safari as well.

  Optimizing AutoFill Code

  One area we looked at was Safari’s AutoFill code. Safari uses JavaScript to implement its AutoFill logic, and this execution time was showing up in the Speedometer 3.0 profile. We made this code significantly faster by waiting for the contents of the page to settle before performing some work for AutoFill. This includes coalescing handling of newly focused fields until after the page had finished loading when possible, and moving lower-priority work out of the critical path of loading and presenting the page for long-loading pages. This was responsible for ~13% progression in TodoMVC-React-Complex-DOM and ~1% progression in numerous other tests, improving the overall Speedometer 3.0 score by ~0.9%.

  Profile Guided Optimizations

  In addition to making the above code changes, we also adjusted our profile-guided optimizations to take Speedometer 3.0 into account. This allowed us to improve the overall Speedometer 3.0 score by 1~1.6%. It’s worth noting that we observed an intricate interaction between making code changes and profile-guided optimizations. We sometimes don’t observe an immediate improvement in the overall Speedometer 3.0 score when we eliminate, or reduce the runtime cost of a particular code path until the daily update of profile-guided optimizations kicks. This is because the modified or newly added code has to benefit from profile-guided optimizations before it can show a measurable difference. In some cases, we even observed that a performance optimization initially results in a performance degradation until the profile-guided optimizations are updated.

  With all these optimizations and dozens more, we were able to improve the overall Speedometer 3.0 score by ~60% between Safari 17.0 and Safari 17.4. Even though individual progressions were often less than 1%, over time, they all stacked up together to make a big difference. Because some of these optimizations also benefited Speedometer 2.1, Safari 17.4 is also ~13% faster than Safari 17.0 on Speedometer 2.1. We’re thrilled to deliver these performance improvements to our users allowing web developers to build websites and web apps that are more responsive and snappier than ever.

  fiche metier grutier a tour