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Analysis of the 12 Steps of Hero's Journey in Beowulf

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The Hero’s Journey: Examples of Each Stage

• DESCRIPTION Superhero girl with cape on city rooftop
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Mythology can be simultaneously fascinating and complex. Intrigued by these legendary tales, author Joseph Campbell studied myths and made the famous claim that nearly all myths and some other story types have similar ideas, and the heroes' adventures are almost identical in their format. The different stages of adventure he identified have come to be called the hero's journey. Explore the stages of a hero's journey and hero's journey examples.

Stages of the Hero's Journey

There are multiple steps to the hero's journey, and each step falls into one of three stages.

• Stage 1: Departure - During this stage, the hero is preparing for his quest.
• Stage 2: Initiation - This begins as the hero crosses the first threshold, and it ends as the hero begins the road back.
• Stage 3: Return - This starts as the hero begins the road back, this stage continues through the end of the story.

Joseph Campbell's Hero's Journey Steps

In his book, The Hero with a Thousand Faces , Joesph Campbell broke down the 17 steps of the hero's journey.

• Call to Adventure - A problem or threat interrupts the hero's normal life.
• Refusal of the Call - Initially, the hero is hesitant to embark on the journey. Therefore, they refuse the call.
• Supernatural Aid - Someone they look up to helps them find the inspiration to join the journey.
• Crossing the Threshold - This is the point where the hero leaves on their journey.
• Belly of the Whale - In this stage, the hero encounters the first obstacle after leaving on the journey. This step is the end of the departure stage.
• Road of Trials - The first step of the initiation stage, these are the trials the hero undergoes and the beginning of the change in some aspect of the hero. They learn from their mistakes in this step.
• Meeting With the Goddess - The hero meets the allies that will help them through their journey.
• Woman as Temptress - The temptation that arises to try to get the hero to abandon the journey.
• Atonement With the Father - One of the major turning points of the story where the hero faces the ultimate reason for the journey. The hero might face a villain or even their own doubt.
• Apotheosis - From the previous step, the hero learns how they will face the rest of the journey. This is the moment that the hero gains profound understanding or knowledge that helps them to prevail.
• Ultimate Boon - The final step of the initiation stage, this step is where the hero fulfills the reason for their journey.
• Refusal of Return - The first step of the return stage, the hero is initially reluctant to return to their mundane life.
• Magic Flight - Though the hero has answered their call and completed the reason for their journey, they are still chased by others. In this step, the hero works to evade those chasing them.
• Rescue From Without - Again an outside source or mentor works to guide them home and rescue them from those chasing them.
• Crossing the Return Threshold - The hero crosses back into their mundane world.
• Master of Two Worlds - Since the hero has been on the journey, they need to learn to balance their mundane life and the world they experienced on the journey.
• Freedom to Live - The hero acclimates back into their mundane life and lives peacefully.

Christopher Vogler's 12 Step Hero's Journey

In his book, The Writer's Journey , Christopher Vogler, a Hollywood consultant, simplified Joseph Campbell's hero's journey into only 12 steps. The 12 steps of the hero's journey include:

• Ordinary World - This step refers to the hero's normal life at the start of the story, before the adventure begins. It’s the starting point, and it gives a glimpse into the character of the hero before the adventure begins. Often, this hero will change over the course of the story. We may see evidence of hamartia or a fatal flaw in the hero at this early point in the story.
• Call to Adventure - The hero is faced with something that makes them begin their adventure. This might be a problem or a challenge they need to overcome. In general, the hero must make a choice about whether to undertake the adventure.
• Refusal of the Call - The hero attempts to refuse the adventure because of fear. They may feel unprepared or inadequate, or may not want to sacrifice what is being asked of them.
• Meeting With the Mentor - The hero encounters someone who can give advice and ready them for the journey ahead. Acting as a mentor, this person imparts wisdom that may change the hero’s mind.
• Crossing the First Threshold - The hero leaves their ordinary world for the first time and crosses the threshold into adventure. This step may seem almost inevitable, but it also represents a choice the hero is making. It’s a door through which the hero must pass for the story to really begin.
• Tests, Allies, Enemies - The hero learns the rules of their new world. During this time, they endure tests of strength and tests of will, meets friends, and come face to face with foes. This period in the journey helps define the hero's relationship with other characters in the story. During this part of the journey, the hero learns who will help and who will hinder.
• Approach - Setbacks occur, sometimes causing the hero to try a new approach or adopt new ideas. This is a lesson in persistence for the hero. When they fail, they need to try again. Often, the stakes are rising, and real overall failure becomes less of an option.
• Ordeal - The hero experiences a major hurdle or obstacle, such as a life or death crisis. They must come face to face with their weaknesses and must overcome them. This will be something the hero barely manages to accomplish.
• Reward - After surviving death, the hero earns a reward or accomplishes their goal. This is a moment of great success in the story. The hero is a changed person now, though they may not fully realize the extent of the change in their continued focus on the matter at hand.
• The Road Back - The hero begins the journey back to ordinary life. In some ways, integrating back into their life will be a challenge. They are different now after the ordeal.
• Resurrection Hero - The hero faces a final test where everything is at stake, and they must use everything they have learned. This is where personal changes prove useful. The hero is now ideally suited to overcoming the obstacles in front of them.
• Return With Elixir - The hero brings their knowledge or the "elixir" back to the ordinary world, where they apply it to help all who remain there. 
This is the true reward for the journey and transformation.

Printable Hero's Journey Worksheet

Test your understanding of the 12 steps of the hero's journey with this guided worksheet.

Hero journey worksheet

Hero's journey examples in literature and movies.

This concept of the hero's journey is one that has gained much praise and consideration of worth in the literary community. This classic formula for an epic tale has been around for a long time, and it’s satisfying to readers and viewers today. You’ll recognize it in many of the most famous stories, including Ancient Greek mythology .

The Odyssey

In the Greek classic The Odyssey , the hero Odysseus must also go on a hero’s journey.

• Ordinary world - Odysseus is at home with his wife and son.
• Call to adventure - Odysseus is called to fight the Trojans.
• Refusal of the call - He doesn’t want to leave his family.
• Meeting with the mentor - The goddess Athena guides Odysseus.
• Crossing the first threshold - After the war, the gods are angry, and Odysseus’ ship is taken off course.
• Tests, allies, and enemies - Odysseus and his men must go through several tests, including fighting a sea monster and a cyclops.
• Approach - Odysseus’ crew opens the bag of winds when they are nearly home, sending them away again.
• Ordeal - Odysseus must go to the underworld.
• Reward - Odysseus receives passage home.
• The road back - Odysseus returns home to find his wife is being courted by many suitors.
• Resurrection of the hero - Odysseus is patient and dresses as a beggar to test his wife’s fidelity.
• Return with the elixir - He learns she has been faithful, and their union is restored.

The Old English poem Beowulf is a great example of the hero’s journey. You’ll recognize the following stages:

• Ordinary world - Greatland is Beowulf’s ordinary world.
• Call to adventure - Beowulf heard stories of Grendel, who had killed many men. He was asked to help.
• Refusal of the call - Beowulf chooses not to refuse the call.
• Meeting with the mentor - King Hrothgar becomes Beowulf’s mentor, helping him learn what it is to be a good king.
• Crossing the first threshold - Beowulf sails across the sea to Denmark.
• Tests, allies, and enemies - Beowulf battles Grendel.
• Approach - Beowulf learns that Grendel’s mother lives.
• Ordeal - Beowulf must fight the swamp hag.
• Reward - Beowulf receives treasures as a reward.
• The road back - Beowulf becomes the king.
• Resurrection of the hero - Beowulf fights a dragon to defend his kingdom.
• Return with the elixir - Beowulf dies a hero’s death and is remembered by his people.

Lilo and Stitch

Professionals, such as Christopher Vogler, even use the hero's journey in the creation of Disney classics. Here is a step-by-step outline of how the hero in the Disney movie Lilo and Stitch follows this journey:

• Ordinary world - Lilo's ordinary world is in Hawaii; Stitch is Experiment 626.
• Call to adventure - The call to adventure occurs when Lilo is sent away. The problem/challenge is a threat that Lilo will be taken from her sister Nani. Stitch then crashes onto Earth.
• Refusal of the call - There is no refusal of the call in this story.
• Meeting with the mentor - The meeting with the mentor occurs when Lilo adopts Stitch. They are each other's mentors.
• Crossing the first threshold - The crossing of the first threshold occurs when Stitch crashes on Earth.
• Tests, allies, and enemies - The characters endure many tests as Stitch learns to become a model citizen.
• Approach - The approach occurs because Stitch causes problems, and there are threats to take Lilo away from Cobra.
• Ordeal - The ordeal occurs when Stitch learns he has no family and is alone, and when Cobra takes Lilo who then runs away. Lilo also takes Stitch to go away after discovering he is an alien. Both characters are then captured, and it appears that Stitch is dead.
• Reward - The reward for Stitch is that he wants to be a family, and he must rescue Lilo.
• The road back - The road back occurs when Stitch rescues Lilo from the spaceship.
• Resurrection of the hero - The resurrection occurs when Stitch and Lilo get to become a family.
• Return with the elixir - The return with elixir occurs when everyone comes together, the aliens assist with the construction of a new house, and everyone becomes friends.

Recognizing the Hero’s Journey Examples

The hero's journey can be found in all genres of literature including mystery, science fiction, thriller, romance, and historical fiction. Learning to recognize this important literary element helps you gain a deeper understanding of the stories you read and experience.

Beowulf Anglo Saxon Epic Hero

The World of Beowulf: An Exemplary Anglo-Saxon Epic Hero

Picture steering through the chaos of a storm-tossed sea on a creaking wooden ship. The waves tower ominously, akin to mythical giants threatening to consume you. Now imagine that ship being your understanding, and the sea being the complex narrative of Beowulf, the quintessential Anglo-Saxon epic hero. A genuine intrigue stems from Beowulf's amalgam of valor, might, and honour, painting a vivid image of the warrior ethos in the ancient Anglo-Saxon society.

Unraveling the Heroic Values of Beowulf

Upon delving into the character and deeds of Beowulf, it's clear he personifies the heroic norms of his era. His narrative echoes the mythological tales prevalent in other cultures, with his character dynamics offering rich paradoxes that warrant further exploration. Our exploration of Beowulf is akin to sailing into uncharted waters, with the promise of unearthing fascinating insights along the way.

Beowulf: More than a Symbol

Far from being a mere symbol, Beowulf is a complex character loaded with paradoxes that demand our attention. His persona serves as a mirror, reflecting the values and traditions of the ancient Anglo-Saxon warrior culture. In the world of literature, he is an exemplar of courage, strength, and nobility, embodying the heroic values of his time.

Embarking on the Journey of Beowulf

Are you ready to embark on this exciting journey into the world of Beowulf, the Anglo-Saxon epic hero? There's a wealth of treasures waiting to be discovered – so let's set sail!

Remember, understanding Beowulf isn't just about memorizing the narrative; it's about immersing ourselves in his world, grappling with the complexities of his character, and gaining insights into the values of the society he represents. So, let's dive in and explore the tumultuous, yet fascinating waters of Beowulf's world.

Defining an Epic Hero

Examining the Epic Hero: Beowulf's Illustrative Journey

A deep dive into the world of *Beowulf* reveals the nuanced and complex definition of an epic hero in the context of an Old English poem. The protagonist Beowulf personifies the qualities of a quintessential epic hero – he's of noble lineage, showcases exceptional strength, exemplifies courage, possesses unmatched warrior skills, and willingly traverses enormous landscapes. Most importantly, he earns the unwavering admiration and respect of his compatriots.

The Noble Lineage of Beowulf: A Key Trait of Anglo-Saxon Heroes

Born into a lineage of kings, Beowulf's noble birth is a significant characteristic that aligns him with the archetypal Anglo-Saxon hero. This detail adds depth to his character, emphasizing his inherent heroic traits and setting the stage for his heroic deeds.

Beowulf's Exceptional Strength and Courage: Heroic Battles Against Monstrous Foes

Beowulf's extraordinary strength and bravery shine through in his hand-to-hand combat with fearsome adversaries like Grendel and Grendel's mother. This isn't just about physical prowess though. Beowulf's victory over a fire-breathing dragon underscores his superior warrior skills, further solidifying his status as an epic hero.

The Adventurous Epic Hero: Beowulf's Willingness to Aid Others

Beyond his homeland, Beowulf's heroism extends as he willingly journeys across expansive landscapes to help others. This trait accentuates his role as an epic hero, setting an example of selflessness and courage.

Admiration and Respect: The Hallmark of Beowulf's Heroism

Above all, Beowulf is highly revered and respected by his people, a clear testament to his heroic stature. His timeless tale, immortalized in the annals of English Literature, serves as a shining example of an epic hero. The narrative of Beowulf resonates even today, illuminating the defining traits of epic heroes – a subject worth exploring for any literature enthusiast.

Beowulf's Heroic Characteristics

The Heroic Persona of Beowulf: An Exemplary Anglo-Saxon Hero

Delving into the attributes that mold Beowulf into an epic hero, his aristocratic lineage, unmatched might, exceptional martial prowess, venturesome zeal, and the deep reverence he earns from his subjects are unmistakable elements. Beowulf, the courageous protagonist of an ancient English epic poem, perfectly embodies the concept of an Anglo-Saxon hero . He displays a strength equivalent to thirty men when he confronts and defeats Grendel, a terrifying entity wreaking havoc among his people. This display of strength is a trait highly esteemed in the Anglo-Saxon era.

Engaging further with Beowulf's heroics, his encounter with Grendel's mother provides a lens to examine more of his heroic qualities. Even when death looms large, Beowulf's courage doesn't falter. This bravery comes to the forefront when he sustains fatal injuries in his ultimate battle with the dragon, demonstrating an unwavering dedication to his people's well-being.

Beowulf: The Embodiment of Anglo-Saxon Heroism

Beowulf's readiness to put his life on the line, his herculean strength, and his staunch commitment to justice establish him as an archetypal Anglo-Saxon hero. His deeds earn him the deep admiration and respect of his subjects. His persona underscores the values held in high regard in the Anglo-Saxon culture: courage, strength, and responsibility. His epic confrontations and courageous acts make Beowulf an enduring hero in the realm of literature.

*"Beowulf's strength of a bear, heart of a lion, and moves of an eagle make him the quintessential Anglo-Saxon hero. His heroic deeds resonate with the values of courage, strength, and duty, making him a timeless hero in literature."*

Remember to explore the heroic attributes of Beowulf and other characters in literature further. Their stories offer real-world examples of courage, strength, and duty. Discover more about Anglo-Saxon culture and its heroes in books like "The Anglo-Saxon World: An Anthology" by Kevin Crossley-Holland. Be sure to explore the epic poem "Beowulf" in its original form or in modern translations for a deeper understanding. Happy reading!

The Influence of Anglo-Saxon Culture

Understand the Impact of Anglo-Saxon Culture through Beowulf

Tracing the connection between Beowulf's gallant deeds and the overall Anglo-Saxon culture, it's evident that the societal standards and principles of that epoch were instrumental in shaping his depiction. Beowulf's rise to the throne of the Geats is a clear reflection of the Anglo-Saxon view of ideal kingship. His triumphant encounters with Grendel's mother and the beast Grendel in Heorot, the Danish king's abode, underscore his heroism – a quality deeply admired in the Anglo-Saxon society. Beowulf's embodiment of an epic hero signifies the ethos and customs of the Anglo-Saxon period, making this literary piece an iconic epic.

These correlations not only establish Beowulf as a personification of an Anglo-Saxon hero but also illustrate the culture's influence on the narrative and comprehension of this epic hero. The societal expectations and values of his time undeniably molded Beowulf's heroic undertakings, thereby transforming him into a symbol of Anglo-Saxon culture.

Discover the Essence of Anglo-Saxon Culture through Beowulf's Heroic Feats

From the realm of Beowulf's adventures, we can glean a deeper understanding of the Anglo-Saxon world. His story is a mirror, reflecting the values and beliefs of the era. Not only does Beowulf embody the virtues of a king, but his valiant battles against Grendel and his mother also demonstrate the society's admiration for bravery and heroism. These exploits are not just thrilling narratives – they are the embodiment of the values of the Anglo-Saxon era.

Experience the Richness of Anglo-Saxon Culture in Beowulf's Epic Journey

The tale of Beowulf is more than just an exciting epic – it's a journey through the essence of Anglo-Saxon culture. Beowulf's heroic feats, his rise to kingship, and his valorous battles against formidable foes are all reflections of the societal norms and values of that time. This epic tale provides a window into the Anglo-Saxon world, making Beowulf an enduring symbol of this remarkable era.

This interpretation of Beowulf's character and his heroic deeds offers an engaging and detailed exploration of Anglo-Saxon culture. Dive into this epic journey to uncover the richness of an era that continues to influence our understanding of heroism and valor.

Beowulf's Legendary Battles

The Epic Battles of Beowulf: A Testament to Legendary Bravery

Immerse yourself in the awe-inspiring tales of Beowulf's legendary battles. Here, we gain insight into his extraordinary strength, unparalleled bravery, and unmatched warrior prowess. These qualities not only define Beowulf as an epic hero but also mirror the esteemed virtues of the Anglo-Saxon era.

Beowulf vs. Grendel: A Fight of Monumental Proportions

Our journey begins with Beowulf's first epic encounter against Grendel, the fearsome monster wreaking havoc among the Danes. With nothing more than his bare hands, Beowulf vanquishes Grendel, demonstrating an impressive display of brute strength and courage.

Facing Grendel's Mother: Venturing Beyond Native Geatland

Our saga continues with Beowulf's second legendary fight, this time against Grendel's mother. Venturing far beyond his native Geatland to aid the Danes, Beowulf's heroism transcends borders. This act of courage exemplifies the true essence of an epic hero.

The Final Battle: An 81-Year-Old Hero vs. A Dragon

Fast forward to an 81-year-old Beowulf, still radiating strength and bravery, proving age is no barrier to heroism. Despite suffering a mortal wound, he valiantly engages in his final battle, slaying a dragon. This act further cements his legacy as an epic hero.

Beowulf: The Quintessential Epic Hero

This English tale of immense bravery and strength serves as a striking example of the traits greatly valued during the Anglo-Saxon era. Beowulf, through his legendary battles, embodies the true definition of an epic hero. His story is a testament to the heroic virtues of strength, bravery, and selflessness, making it a compelling read for anyone interested in the rich tapestry of Anglo-Saxon literature.

Interpretation and Criticism of Beowulf

Beowulf: An Epic Hero's Interpretation and Criticism

Diving into the heart of the timeless Anglo-Saxon classic, Beowulf, we find a hero whose legendary battles paint a vivid picture of epic heroism. The narrative follows Beowulf, a young warrior who ascends to the Danish throne after a 12-year reign. His epic journey includes a deadly encounter with a dragon, symbolizing the climax of his heroic saga and marking the end of an era.

Between Courage and Fate: Beowulf's Heroic Path

A striking aspect of Beowulf's interpretation is the stark contrast between his undaunted valor and the impending doom of fate. Grendel, portrayed as a repugnant beast, embodies the lurking darkness and inherent peril in Beowulf's heroic journey. Yet, as Beowulf asserts, *"Fate often saves an undoomed man when his courage is good,"* he echoes the Anglo-Saxon faith in the potency of personal will and the flexibility of destiny.

Tragic Flaw or Unwavering Heroism?

Critics often debate Beowulf's decision to confront the dragon unarmed, resulting in his fatal end. Some view this as his tragic flaw – an overbearing pride. Yet, others celebrate this as a testament to his unyielding heroism, displaying his resolve to meet his fate with courage and dignity.

In essence, the interpretation and criticism of Beowulf offer a rich tapestry of insights into the character's heroic journey and the Anglo-Saxon ethos. This timeless classic continues to captivate audiences, providing a lens to explore themes of heroism, fate, and courage. It's a must-read for anyone interested in literature, history, or the human spirit's resilience.

Frequently Asked Questions What Makes Beowulf an Anglo-Saxon Hero?

Understanding Beowulf: The Quintessential Anglo-Saxon Hero

In the grand tapestry of literature, Beowulf emerges as the quintessential Anglo-Saxon hero. His tale, steeped in bravery and fortitude, has captivated audiences for centuries. Let's dive deeper into what truly defines him as this revered archetype.

Born from Nobility, Destined to Lead

Beowulf's story begins with his noble birth – a powerful testament to his destined greatness. This lineage, however, is merely the foundation for his heroic stature. His noble bloodline does not merely command respect, but sets the stage for his exceptional leadership. Far from being just a hero, he is a beloved king, held in high esteem by his people.

Unmatched Strength: The Powerhouse of Anglo-Saxon Era

Beowulf's strength is unrivaled, a characteristic that's central to his heroic identity. His might, both physical and mental, is a beacon of hope for his people. It is this unmatched power that sets him apart, marking him as a true Anglo-Saxon hero.

Exceptional Warrior Skills: The Ultimate Battleground Tactician

Beyond his strength, Beowulf also boasts exceptional warrior skills. His prowess in battle is not only a testament to his physical abilities but also showcases his strategic acumen. His victories aren't merely the product of brute force, but a combination of strength, skill, and intellect.

A Willingness to Aid Others: The Heart of a True Hero

A hero is not defined by strength alone, but also by their willingness to aid others. Beowulf exemplifies this trait, always ready to lend a hand and defend his people. This selfless dedication paints him as more than a warrior or a king, but a true hero.

In Summary: Beowulf, A Timeless Anglo-Saxon Hero

To say Beowulf is an Anglo-Saxon hero is an understatement. He is the embodiment of nobility, strength, skill, and selflessness. More than just a hero, he is a revered king, a beacon of hope, and a symbol of strength for his people. Beowulf's tale is a shining example of the heroic ideal in Anglo-Saxon literature, a testament to the enduring allure of his character.

In essence, Beowulf is not just a character, but a symbol of the values cherished by the Anglo-Saxon culture: courage, fortitude, and unwavering dedication to the community. His tale is a powerful reminder of these timeless values, making him a true Anglo-Saxon hero.

Who Is the Epic Hero in Beowulf?

Understanding the Epic Hero in Beowulf: A Closer Look

In the captivating narrative of Beowulf, the protagonist, Beowulf himself, proudly stands as the quintessential epic hero. His heroism isn't just about wielding a mighty sword or wearing a crown; it's about being a beacon of hope, a defender of his people, and an icon of bravery.

Beowulf: The Warrior, King, and Savior

Beowulf's multi-faceted persona is what truly sets him apart. His prowess as a warrior is legendary, fearlessly locking horns with monstrous beings. As a king, he rules with wisdom and valor, leading his kingdom towards prosperity. However, it's his role as a savior that truly cements his status as an epic hero. His daring exploits and grand adventures paint a vivid picture of a man who would stop at nothing to protect his people.

Defining Heroism through Beowulf

Heroism, as depicted in Beowulf, isn't about the triumph of good over evil alone. It's about rising to the occasion, taking on seemingly insurmountable challenges, and never backing down. It's about embodying the spirit of perseverance, courage, and resilience. In this context, Beowulf isn't just a hero; he's the epitome of heroism itself.

As readers, we can draw inspiration from Beowulf's heroism, applying his lessons of courage and resilience in our own lives. Whether it's facing a challenging work project, standing up for what's right, or persevering through personal hardships, we can all channel our inner Beowulf.

Key Takeaways: Beowulf's Heroism

In conclusion, Beowulf's character is a masterclass in epic heroism. His bravery, leadership, and devotion to his people are all hallmarks of his heroic persona. He sets the gold standard for epic heroes, teaching us that true heroism is about much more than just slaying monsters.

Remember, it's not just about being a hero; it's about being a Beowulf.

*Beowulf's heroism is not only about his victories in battles, but also about his dedication to his people, his courage in the face of adversity, and his unwavering commitment to justice. Be bold. Be brave. Be a Beowulf.*

Who Are the Two Heroes in Beowulf?

Beowulf and Wiglaf: The Dynamic Duo in Beowulf

Remember the legendary Geat warrior and ruler, Beowulf? How about his steadfast thane, Wiglaf? Well, in the epic saga of Beowulf, these two prove themselves as unforgettable heroes.

Beowulf, the renowned Geat protagonist, is not just a warrior but a king who commands respect and admiration. His fearless exploits have been celebrated in songs and stories, making him a celebrated figure in the annals of literature.

On the other hand, Wiglaf may not initially stand out as the hero of the story. But when the narrative unfolds, his loyalty and bravery shine through. He steps forward when it matters most, showing his own heroic spirit by supporting Beowulf in his final, epic battle.

These two characters symbolize the true essence of heroism in Beowulf. Their courage, loyalty, and selflessness exemplify the virtues that define a hero, making them fascinating and inspiring figures for readers.

Beowulf and Wiglaf: Heroes to Remember

So, next time you're discussing Beowulf, don't just remember the mighty Geat king. Remember Wiglaf too, the loyal thane who proved his mettle when it counted the most.

Their actions not only shape the narrative but also provide a profound lesson about heroism and loyalty. These two heroes remind us that bravery is not just about physical strength but also about standing up for what's right, even when the odds are against you.

How Would You Describe Beowulf?

Beowulf: A Paragon of Strength and Courage

Beowulf, a legendary character, epitomizes the essence of bravery and physical prowess. His gallant deeds on the battlefield, coupled with a distinguished family background, elevate his stature in the warrior-centric society he belongs to. This courageous figure, celebrated for his heroic exploits, stands as an embodiment of a revered warrior in his society.

Delving Into Beowulf's Heroic Feats

Let's take a deep dive into Beowulf's heroic feats. Not just any warrior, Beowulf is a paragon of strength and valour, revered for his might in combat. From vanquishing the monstrous Grendel to confronting the dragon, Beowulf's heroics resonate with audacious courage and unmatched strength. His noble lineage echoes a legacy of warriors, further cementing his legendary status.

A Leader Admired By All

An essential aspect of Beowulf's persona is the respect and admiration he garners from his peers. His warrior society, bound by the code of honour and bravery, holds him in high esteem. His actions, driven by a sense of duty and courage, inspire awe and respect within his warrior community. This admiration underscores his role as a revered figure in his society.

Why Beowulf Rings True Today

Even in the modern age, Beowulf's story serves as an inspiration. His character embodies timeless virtues of bravery, strength, and leadership, which are still revered today. In a world where heroes are often defined by their physical strength and courage, Beowulf stands as a beacon of true heroism, reminding us that heroism is not just about physical prowess, but also about the strength of character.

The Hero’s Journey Explained: A Breakdown of its Different Stages

The Hero’s Journey is a narrative pattern identified by Joseph Campbell, most notably outlined in his book The Hero with a Thousand Faces . This pattern of adventure and transformation is a universal one that runs through all kinds of mythic traditions across the world.

Christopher Vogler has simplified this pattern in his The Writers Journey: Mythic Structure for Writers . While Joseph Campbell’s monomyth is described to have seventeen stages, I will focus on Christopher Vogler’s version (which is divided into twelve stages) and break them down for you.

An Overview

In its basic form, The Hero’s Journey follows the archetype called The Hero on his journey to achieve great deeds. All the different points on his journey is what creates the framework. The journey is divided into three parts:

This is a similar pattern to that of the Three Act Structure ( The Setup , The Confrontation , and The Resolution ). However, while the Three Act Structure focus on plot points, the focus in The Hero’s Journey lies on the stages the Hero goes through.

That brings us to the different stages The Hero’s Journey is divided into:

The Ordinary World

The call to adventure, refusal of the call, meeting with the mentor, crossing the threshold to the special world, tests, allies and enemies, approach to the innermost cave, the road back, the resurrection, return with the elixir.

All of these stages are divided into the three parts I mentioned above. The first part, the Departure , include the following stages:

The second part, the Initiation , include the following stages:

The third part, the Return , include the following stages:

Now, let’s dive deeper into these different stages of The Hero’s Journey.

The Hero is introduced. He is shown in his Ordinary World, which is nothing special and a complete contrast to the Special World he will later venture into. He has a sad, boring life that usually gets the reader to sympathize and/or identify with him.

Within his Ordinary World, the Hero receives some form of information that shakes up the situation and acts as the call to adventure. The Hero is being prompted to leave the Ordinary World for the Special World. This is where he is beginning a new stage in his life.

The Hero experience some refusal to answer the call and turn away from the adventure, perhaps by feelings of insecurity, obligation, or fear of the unknown.

The Hero meets a guide or protector or some form of magical helper—often a seasoned traveler—who offer the Hero training, knowledge, confidence, advice, and such that will help the Hero on his journey. The key word is that the Mentor offers help and guidance while the Hero is the one who should complete the journey.

At the end of this first part, the Departure , the Hero commits to leaving the Ordinary World and crossing into the adventure and the Special World. This new unknown and dangerous world contains rules the Hero is not familiar with. While the Mentor lead the Hero to the threshold, the Hero has to cross it on his own. The threshold is also guarded by a Guardian or Gatekeeper, which means the Hero must prove to be worthy in order to pass the threshold.

The Hero explores this new and unknown world and goes through tests and trials within this unfamiliar setting. He learns new things and skills that will prepare him for the Ordeal that’s to come. The Hero should not succeed at every test, he should know what failure feels like (because this will make him grow). He will also encounter new characters and sort out friends from foes. His new companions will help him with the tests and trials.

The Hero prepares for the major challenge in the Special World—together with his friends—by facing greater challenges and more difficult obstacles and guardians. This is a way to prove himself worthy of greater challenges and the ultimate battle.

The Hero faces his greatest challenge yet, in the form of the Antagonist, with the knowledge and skills he has obtained up until now. He confronts death or his deepest fear. He then experiences death and rebirth (either literal or symbolic).

The Hero takes possession of the reward/treasure he won by facing his greatest challenge, marking his triumph over the Antagonist. This reward/treasure is what the Hero went on the journey to get (it does not have to be something material, though).

The Hero is driven to complete the adventure by going back to the Ordinary World with the reward/treasure he won. It can often be as dangerous to return from the journey as it was to start it in the first place. There is often a chase scene that signals the urgency and danger of the mission, or the defeated Antagonist may be rallying for a second round.

The Hero is once again tested on the threshold going back to the Ordinary World (this may be brought about by a rebounding Antagonist who must be conquered once more). The Hero experiences a final moment of death and resurrection that’s on a higher and more complete level than the previous one, so that he is pure when he reenters the Ordinary World. This resurrection may either be literal or symbolical, and he wakes to a new world and transformed life.

The Hero returns home with some element of the reward/treasure that will help him improve the Ordinary World (it can just as well be a material thing as a greater insight into himself as a person). Usually, the elixir (the reward/treasure) is meant to help someone other than the Hero—what the Hero gained on his journey will benefit others beyond himself.

There you have the Hero’s Journey in its simplest form. I hope this post has been useful.

Have you structured your story with The Hero’s Journey as a framework? If not, would you consider using it? Please do share in the comments below.

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Beowulf | Summary, Poem, Characters, Monster, Analysis

Beowulf, an iconic piece of Old English literature, transcends time with its gripping narrative and profound themes. Journey through the legendary tale as we dissect its summary, explore its characters, and delve deep into its analysis.

Table of Contents

The Epic Saga Unveiled

A hero’s journey.

Beowulf | Summary, Poem, Characters, Monster, Analysis begins with the valiant hero Beowulf, who sets out on a perilous journey to rid the Danish kingdom of the menacing monster Grendel.

The Arrival of Beowulf

In this gripping chapter of Beowulf | Summary, Poem, Characters, Monster, Analysis, we witness Beowulf’s arrival in Denmark and his bold proclamation to King Hrothgar.

Exploring the Poem’s Depths

Rich symbolism.

Within Beowulf | Summary, Poem, Characters, Monster, Analysis lies a tapestry of rich symbolism, woven through its poetic verses. Explore the depths of its allegorical significance and unravel its hidden meanings.

Themes of Good vs. Evil

Delve into the heart of Beowulf | Summary, Poem, Characters, Monster, Analysis as we dissect the timeless battle between good and evil depicted in its verses.

Characters: Heroes and Villains

Beowulf: the heroic protagonist.

Meet Beowulf, the epitome of heroism and valor. Explore his character arc and delve into the depths of his noble deeds in Beowulf | Summary, Poem, Characters, Monster, Analysis.

Grendel: The Malevolent Menace

In this chapter of Beowulf | Summary, Poem, Characters, Monster, Analysis, we encounter the nefarious Grendel, a formidable foe who terrorizes the Danish kingdom.

Confronting the Monstrous Challenge

Battle with grendel.

Experience the adrenaline-pumping encounter between Beowulf and Grendel as we dissect this pivotal moment in Beowulf | Summary, Poem, Characters, Monster, Analysis.

The Wrath of Grendel’s Mother

In this thrilling segment of Beowulf | Summary, Poem, Characters, Monster, Analysis, witness Beowulf’s epic confrontation with the vengeful Grendel’s mother.

READ MORE :

• Paradise Lost by John Milton | Summary, Analysis & Quotes
• Which Brontë sister wrote “Jane Eyre”?
• Exploring the Island Setting of Shakespeare’s “The Tempest”

Analyzing the Epic Tale

Literary analysis.

Embark on a journey of literary exploration as we analyze the themes, motifs, and stylistic elements of Beowulf | Summary, Poem, Characters, Monster, Analysis.

Historical Context

Delve into the historical backdrop of Beowulf | Summary, Poem, Characters, Monster, Analysis, and gain insights into its significance in the context of Old English literature.

FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)

What is the central theme of beowulf.

The central theme of Beowulf revolves around the timeless battle between good and evil, valor, and heroism.

Who is the author of Beowulf?

The authorship of Beowulf remains a subject of scholarly debate, with no definitive answer.

What role does Grendel play in Beowulf?

Grendel serves as the primary antagonist in Beowulf, symbolizing the embodiment of evil and chaos.

Is Beowulf based on true events?

While Beowulf is a work of fiction, it is believed to be inspired by historical events and figures.

What is the significance of Beowulf in literature?

Beowulf holds immense significance in the realm of literature, serving as a cornerstone of Old English poetry and a timeless exploration of heroism and valor.

How does Beowulf reflect Anglo-Saxon culture?

Beowulf reflects various aspects of Anglo-Saxon culture, including its emphasis on bravery, loyalty, and the heroic code.

In conclusion, Beowulf | Summary, Poem, Characters, Monster, Analysis stands as a timeless masterpiece, captivating readers with its epic narrative and profound themes. Dive into this legendary tale, unravel its mysteries, and discover the essence of heroism and valor.

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Beowulf Hero's Journey Summary Storyboard

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Lesson Plans by Rebecca Ray

Storyboard Description

Storyboard text.

• ORDINARY WORLD
• CALL TO ADVENTURE
• MENTOR / HELPER
• Beowulf's ordinary world was Geatland.
• CROSSING THE THRESHOLD
• Beowulf heard stories of a monster known as Grendel, who was hunting the warriors of Heorot. Over twelve years, Grendel killed more than 30 of King Hrothgar’s men. The people needed a hero of epic proportions, so they called upon Beowulf.
• TESTS / ALLIES / ENEMIES
• (No Refusal) Beowulf could not refuse the plight of King Hrothgar, so he gathered his best men and set off for Denmark.
• King Hrothgar becomes Beowulf's mentor, though his influence is not seen at first. Beowulf uses the incident with Grendel as a guide when he becomes king. Through Hrothgar, Beowulf learns that a king who cannot fight is useless to his people. Another helper is Unferth who lends the sword, Hrunting, to Beowulf to help him defeat Grendel’s mother.
• Beowulf and his men cross the sea from Geatland to Denmark.
• Beowulf battles Grendel, and outsmarts the monster; he takes Grendel's arm as a trophy, mortally wounding him. Later, he also battles the swamp hag and the dragon. An important ally against the dragon is Wiglaf.
• Thinking he has ended the battle, the Geats throw a great feast in his honor. However, they learn there is a new foe: Grendel's mother. Beowulf’s work is not yet done.
• Beowulf must defeat the evil swamp hag to save the Danes. To defeat her, he swims into the her underwater lair and stabs her with a sword made for a giant.
• King Hrothgar gives Beowulf his finest horses and a massive treasure.
• Upon returning home, Beowulf ascends to the throne of his homeland where he rules wisely for over 50 years.
• When he first returns, he gives Hygelac gifts. Years later, his heroic deeds are again needed. When a would-be thief disturbs a dragon, it threatens his land. Knowing he has lived a full life and seeing his death before him, Beowulf charges into the action and defeats the dragon, but not before he is bitten in the neck and poisoned.
• According to legend, Beowulf's body and a massive treasure were burned on a funeral pyre overlooking the sea. He dies a hero’s death, and his stories are told over generations.

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Last updated on Aug 10, 2023

The Hero's Journey: 12 Steps to a Classic Story Structure

The Hero's Journey is a timeless story structure which follows a protagonist on an unforeseen quest, where they face challenges, gain insights, and return home transformed. From Theseus and the Minotaur to The Lion King , so many narratives follow this pattern that it’s become ingrained into our cultural DNA. 

In this post, we'll show you how to make this classic plot structure work for you — and if you’re pressed for time, download our cheat sheet below for everything you need to know.

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Hero's Journey Template

Plot your character's journey with our step-by-step template.

What is the Hero’s Journey?

The Hero's Journey, also known as the monomyth, is a story structure where a hero goes on a quest or adventure to achieve a goal, and has to overcome obstacles and fears, before ultimately returning home transformed.

This narrative arc has been present in various forms across cultures for centuries, if not longer, but gained popularity through Joseph Campbell's mythology book, The Hero with a Thousand Faces . While Campbell identified 17 story beats in his monomyth definition, this post will concentrate on a 12-step framework popularized in 2007 by screenwriter Christopher Vogler in his book The Writer’s Journey .

The 12 Steps of the Hero’s Journey

The Hero's Journey is a model for both plot points and character arc development : as the Hero traverses the world, they'll undergo inner and outer transformation at each stage of the journey. The 12 steps of the hero's journey are: 

• The Ordinary World. We meet our hero.
• Call to Adventure. Will they meet the challenge?
• Refusal of the Call. They resist the adventure.
• Meeting the Mentor. A teacher arrives.
• Crossing the First Threshold. The hero leaves their comfort zone.
• Tests, Allies, Enemies. Making friends and facing roadblocks.
• Approach to the Inmost Cave. Getting closer to our goal.
• Ordeal. The hero’s biggest test yet!
• Reward (Seizing the Sword). Light at the end of the tunnel
• The Road Back. We aren’t safe yet.
• Resurrection. The final hurdle is reached.
• Return with the Elixir. The hero heads home, triumphant.

Believe it or not, this story structure also applies across mediums and genres (and also works when your protagonist is an anti-hero! ). Let's dive into it.

1. Ordinary World

In which we meet our Hero.

The journey has yet to start. Before our Hero discovers a strange new world, we must first understand the status quo: their ordinary, mundane reality.

It’s up to this opening leg to set the stage, introducing the Hero to readers. Importantly, it lets readers identify with the Hero as a “normal” person in a “normal” setting, before the journey begins.

2. Call to Adventure

In which an adventure starts.

The call to adventure is all about booting the Hero out of their comfort zone. In this stage, they are generally confronted with a problem or challenge they can't ignore. This catalyst can take many forms, as Campbell points out in Hero with a Thousand Faces . The Hero can, for instance:

• Decide to go forth of their own volition;
• Theseus upon arriving in Athens.
• Be sent abroad by a benign or malignant agent;
• Odysseus setting off on his ship in The Odyssey .
• Stumble upon the adventure as a result of a mere blunder;
• Dorothy when she’s swept up in a tornado in The Wizard of Oz .
• Be casually strolling when some passing phenomenon catches the wandering eye and lures one away from the frequented paths of man.
• Elliot in E.T. upon discovering a lost alien in the tool shed.

The stakes of the adventure and the Hero's goals become clear. The only question: will he rise to the challenge?

3. Refusal of the Call

In which the Hero digs in their feet.

Great, so the Hero’s received their summons. Now they’re all set to be whisked off to defeat evil, right?

Not so fast. The Hero might first refuse the call to action. It’s risky and there are perils — like spiders, trolls, or perhaps a creepy uncle waiting back at Pride Rock . It’s enough to give anyone pause.

In Star Wars , for instance, Luke Skywalker initially refuses to join Obi-Wan on his mission to rescue the princess. It’s only when he discovers that his aunt and uncle have been killed by stormtroopers that he changes his mind.

4. Meeting the Mentor

In which the Hero acquires a personal trainer.

The Hero's decided to go on the adventure — but they’re not ready to spread their wings yet. They're much too inexperienced at this point and we don't want them to do a fabulous belly-flop off the cliff.

Enter the mentor: someone who helps the Hero, so that they don't make a total fool of themselves (or get themselves killed). The mentor provides practical training, profound wisdom, a kick up the posterior, or something abstract like grit and self-confidence.

Wise old wizards seem to like being mentors. But mentors take many forms, from witches to hermits and suburban karate instructors. They might literally give weapons to prepare for the trials ahead, like Q in the James Bond series. Or perhaps the mentor is an object, such as a map. In all cases, they prepare the Hero for the next step.

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5. Crossing the First Threshold

In which the Hero enters the other world in earnest.

Now the Hero is ready — and committed — to the journey. This marks the end of the Departure stage and is when the adventure really kicks into the next gear. As Vogler writes: “This is the moment that the balloon goes up, the ship sails, the romance begins, the wagon gets rolling.”

From this point on, there’s no turning back.

Like our Hero, you should think of this stage as a checkpoint for your story. Pause and re-assess your bearings before you continue into unfamiliar territory. Have you:

• Launched the central conflict? If not, here’s a post on types of conflict to help you out.
• Established the theme of your book? If not, check out this post that’s all about creating theme and motifs .
• Made headway into your character development? If not, this author-approved template may be useful:

Reedsy’s Character Profile Template

A story is only as strong as its characters. Fill this out to develop yours.

6. Tests, Allies, Enemies

In which the Hero faces new challenges and gets a squad.

When we step into the Special World, we notice a definite shift. The Hero might be discombobulated by this unfamiliar reality and its new rules. This is generally one of the longest stages in the story , as our protagonist gets to grips with this new world.

This makes a prime hunting ground for the series of tests to pass! Luckily, there are many ways for the Hero to get into trouble:

• In Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle , Spencer, Bethany, “Fridge,” and Martha get off to a bad start when they bump into a herd of bloodthirsty hippos.
• In his first few months at Hogwarts, Harry Potter manages to fight a troll, almost fall from a broomstick and die, and get horribly lost in the Forbidden Forest.
• Marlin and Dory encounter three “reformed” sharks, get shocked by jellyfish, and are swallowed by a blue whale en route to finding Nemo.

This stage often expands the cast of characters. Once the protagonist is in the Special World, he will meet allies and enemies — or foes that turn out to be friends and vice versa. He will learn a new set of rules from them. Saloons and seedy bars are popular places for these transactions, as Vogler points out (so long as the Hero survives them).

7. Approach to the Inmost Cave

In which the Hero gets closer to his goal.

This isn’t a physical cave. Instead, the “inmost cave” refers to the most dangerous spot in the other realm — whether that’s the villain’s chambers, the lair of the fearsome dragon, or the Death Star. Almost always, it is where the ultimate goal of the quest is located.

Note that the protagonist hasn’t entered the Inmost Cave just yet. This stage is all about the approach to it. It covers all the prep work that's needed in order to defeat the villain.

In which the Hero faces his biggest test of all thus far.

Of all the tests the Hero has faced, none have made them hit rock bottom — until now. Vogler describes this phase as a “black moment.” Campbell refers to it as the “belly of the whale.” Both indicate some grim news for the Hero.

The protagonist must now confront their greatest fear. If they survive it, they will emerge transformed. This is a critical moment in the story, as Vogler explains that it will “inform every decision that the Hero makes from this point forward.”

The Ordeal is sometimes not the climax of the story. There’s more to come. But you can think of it as the main event of the second act — the one in which the Hero actually earns the title of “Hero.”

9. Reward (Seizing the Sword)

In which the Hero sees light at the end of the tunnel.

Our Hero’s been through a lot. However, the fruits of their labor are now at hand — if they can just reach out and grab them! The “reward” is the object or knowledge the Hero has fought throughout the entire journey to hold.

Once the protagonist has it in their possession, it generally has greater ramifications for the story. Vogler offers a few examples of it in action:

• Luke rescues Princess Leia and captures the plans of the Death Star — keys to defeating Darth Vader.
• Dorothy escapes from the Wicked Witch’s castle with the broomstick and the ruby slippers — keys to getting back home.

10. The Road Back

In which the light at the end of the tunnel might be a little further than the Hero thought.

The story's not over just yet, as this phase marks the beginning of Act Three. Now that he's seized the reward, the Hero tries to return to the Ordinary World, but more dangers (inconveniently) arise on the road back from the Inmost Cave.

More precisely, the Hero must deal with the consequences and aftermath of the previous act: the dragon, enraged by the Hero who’s just stolen a treasure from under his nose, starts the hunt. Or perhaps the opposing army gathers to pursue the Hero across a crowded battlefield. All further obstacles for the Hero, who must face them down before they can return home.

11. Resurrection

In which the last test is met.

Here is the true climax of the story. Everything that happened prior to this stage culminates in a crowning test for the Hero, as the Dark Side gets one last chance to triumph over the Hero.

Vogler refers to this as a “final exam” for the Hero — they must be “tested once more to see if they have really learned the lessons of the Ordeal.” It’s in this Final Battle that the protagonist goes through one more “resurrection.” As a result, this is where you’ll get most of your miraculous near-death escapes, à la James Bond's dashing deliverances. If the Hero survives, they can start looking forward to a sweet ending.

12. Return with the Elixir

In which our Hero has a triumphant homecoming.

Finally, the Hero gets to return home. However, they go back a different person than when they started out: they’ve grown and matured as a result of the journey they’ve taken.

But we’ve got to see them bring home the bacon, right? That’s why the protagonist must return with the “Elixir,” or the prize won during the journey, whether that’s an object or knowledge and insight gained.

Of course, it’s possible for a story to end on an Elixir-less note — but then the Hero would be doomed to repeat the entire adventure.

Examples of The Hero’s Journey in Action

To better understand this story template beyond the typical sword-and-sorcery genre, let's analyze three examples, from both screenplay and literature, and examine how they implement each of the twelve steps. 

The 1976 film Rocky is acclaimed as one of the most iconic sports films because of Stallone’s performance and the heroic journey his character embarks on.

• Ordinary World. Rocky Balboa is a mediocre boxer and loan collector — just doing his best to live day-to-day in a poor part of Philadelphia.
• Call to Adventure. Heavyweight champ Apollo Creed decides to make a big fight interesting by giving a no-name loser a chance to challenge him. That loser: Rocky Balboa.
• Refusal of the Call. Rocky says, “Thanks, but no thanks,” given that he has no trainer and is incredibly out of shape.
• Meeting the Mentor. In steps former boxer Mickey “Mighty Mick” Goldmill, who sees potential in Rocky and starts training him physically and mentally for the fight.
• Crossing the First Threshold. Rocky crosses the threshold of no return when he accepts the fight on live TV, and 一 in parallel 一 when he crosses the threshold into his love interest Adrian’s house and asks her out on a date.
• Tests, Allies, Enemies. Rocky continues to try and win Adrian over and maintains a dubious friendship with her brother, Paulie, who provides him with raw meat to train with.
• Approach to the Inmost Cave. The Inmost Cave in Rocky is Rocky’s own mind. He fears that he’ll never amount to anything — something that he reveals when he butts heads with his trainer, Mickey, in his apartment.
• Ordeal. The start of the training montage marks the beginning of Rocky’s Ordeal. He pushes through it until he glimpses hope ahead while running up the museum steps.
• Reward (Seizing the Sword). Rocky's reward is the restoration of his self-belief, as he recognizes he can try to “go the distance” with Apollo Creed and prove he's more than "just another bum from the neighborhood."
• The Road Back. On New Year's Day, the fight takes place. Rocky capitalizes on Creed's overconfidence to start strong, yet Apollo makes a comeback, resulting in a balanced match.
• Resurrection. The fight inflicts multiple injuries and pushes both men to the brink of exhaustion, with Rocky being knocked down numerous times. But he consistently rises to his feet, enduring through 15 grueling rounds.
• Return with the Elixir. Rocky loses the fight — but it doesn’t matter. He’s won back his confidence and he’s got Adrian, who tells him that she loves him.

Moving outside of the ring, let’s see how this story structure holds on a completely different planet and with a character in complete isolation. 

The Martian 

In Andy Weir’s self-published bestseller (better known for its big screen adaptation) we follow astronaut Mark Watney as he endures the challenges of surviving on Mars and working out a way to get back home.

• The Ordinary World. Botanist Mark and other astronauts are on a mission on Mars to study the planet and gather samples. They live harmoniously in a structure known as "the Hab.”
• Call to Adventure. The mission is scrapped due to a violent dust storm. As they rush to launch, Mark is flung out of sight and the team believes him to be dead. He is, however, very much alive — stranded on Mars with no way of communicating with anyone back home.
• Refusal of the Call. With limited supplies and grim odds of survival, Mark concludes that he will likely perish on the desolate planet.
• Meeting the Mentor. Thanks to his resourcefulness and scientific knowledge he starts to figure out how to survive until the next Mars mission arrives.
• Crossing the First Threshold. Mark crosses the mental threshold of even trying to survive 一 he successfully creates a greenhouse to cultivate a potato crop, creating a food supply that will last long enough.
• Tests, Allies, Enemies. Loneliness and other difficulties test his spirit, pushing him to establish contact with Earth and the people at NASA, who devise a plan to help.  
• Approach to the Inmost Cave. Mark faces starvation once again after an explosion destroys his potato crop.
• Ordeal. A NASA rocket destined to deliver supplies to Mark disintegrates after liftoff and all hope seems lost.
• Reward (Seizing the Sword). Mark’s efforts to survive are rewarded with a new possibility to leave the planet. His team 一 now aware that he’s alive 一 defies orders from NASA and heads back to Mars to rescue their comrade.
• The Road Back. Executing the new plan is immensely difficult 一 Mark has to travel far to locate the spaceship for his escape, and almost dies along the way.
• Resurrection. Mark is unable to get close enough to his teammates' ship but finds a way to propel himself in empty space towards them, and gets aboard safely.
• Return with the Elixir. Now a survival instructor for aspiring astronauts, Mark teaches students that space is indifferent and that survival hinges on solving one problem after another, as well as the importance of other people’s help.

Coming back to Earth, let’s now examine a heroine’s journey through the wilderness of the Pacific Crest Trail and her… humanity. 

The memoir Wild narrates the three-month-long hiking adventure of Cheryl Strayed across the Pacific coast, as she grapples with her turbulent past and rediscovers her inner strength.

• The Ordinary World. Cheryl shares her strong bond with her mother who was her strength during a tough childhood with an abusive father.
• Call to Adventure. As her mother succumbs to lung cancer, Cheryl faces the heart-wrenching reality to confront life's challenges on her own.
• Refusal of the Call. Cheryl spirals down into a destructive path of substance abuse and infidelity, which leads to hit rock bottom with a divorce and unwanted pregnancy. 
• Meeting the Mentor. Her best friend Lisa supports her during her darkest time. One day she notices the Pacific Trail guidebook, which gives her hope to find her way back to her inner strength.
• Crossing the First Threshold. She quits her job, sells her belongings, and visits her mother’s grave before traveling to Mojave, where the trek begins.
• Tests, Allies, Enemies. Cheryl is tested by her heavy bag, blisters, rattlesnakes, and exhaustion, but many strangers help her along the trail with a warm meal or hiking tips. 
• Approach to the Inmost Cave. As Cheryl goes through particularly tough and snowy parts of the trail her emotional baggage starts to catch up with her.  
• Ordeal. She inadvertently drops one of her shoes off a cliff, and the incident unearths the helplessness she's been evading since her mother's passing.
• Reward (Seizing the Sword). Cheryl soldiers on, trekking an impressive 50 miles in duct-taped sandals before finally securing a new pair of shoes. This small victory amplifies her self-confidence.
• The Road Back. On the last stretch, she battles thirst, sketchy hunters, and a storm, but more importantly, she revisits her most poignant and painful memories.
• Resurrection. Cheryl forgives herself for damaging her marriage and her sense of worth, owning up to her mistakes. A pivotal moment happens at Crater Lake, where she lets go of her frustration at her mother for passing away.
• Return with the Elixir. Cheryl reaches the Bridge of the Gods and completes the trail. She has found her inner strength and determination for life's next steps.

There are countless other stories that could align with this template, but it's not always the perfect fit. So, let's look into when authors should consider it or not.

When should writers use The Hero’s Journey?

The Hero’s Journey is just one way to outline a novel and dissect a plot. For more longstanding theories on the topic, you can go this way to read about the ever-popular Three-Act Structure or here to discover Dan Harmon's Story Circle and three more prevalent structures .

So when is it best to use the Hero’s Journey? There are a couple of circumstances which might make this a good choice.

When you need more specific story guidance than simple structures can offer

Simply put, the Hero’s Journey structure is far more detailed and closely defined than other story structure theories. If you want a fairly specific framework for your work than a thee-act structure, the Hero’s Journey can be a great place to start.

Of course, rules are made to be broken . There’s plenty of room to play within the confines of the Hero’s Journey, despite it appearing fairly prescriptive at first glance. Do you want to experiment with an abbreviated “Resurrection” stage, as J.K. Rowling did in Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone? Are you more interested in exploring the journey of an anti-hero? It’s all possible.

Once you understand the basics of this universal story structure, you can use and bend it in ways that disrupt reader expectations.

Need more help developing your book? Try this template on for size:

Get our Book Development Template

Use this template to go from a vague idea to a solid plan for a first draft.

When your focus is on a single protagonist

No matter how sprawling or epic the world you’re writing is, if your story is, at its core, focused on a single character’s journey, then this is a good story structure for you. It’s kind of in the name! If you’re dealing with an entire ensemble, the Hero’s Journey may not give you the scope to explore all of your characters’ plots and subplot — a broader three-act structure may give you more freedom to weave a greater number story threads. ​​

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Whether you're a reader or writer, we hope our guide has helped you understand this universal story arc. Want to know more about story structure? We explain 6 more in our guide — read on!

6 responses

PJ Reece says:

25/07/2018 – 19:41

Nice vid, good intro to story structure. Typically, though, the 'hero's journey' misses the all-important point of the Act II crisis. There, where the hero faces his/her/its existential crisis, they must DIE. The old character is largely destroyed -- which is the absolute pre-condition to 'waking up' to what must be done. It's not more clever thinking; it's not thinking at all. Its SEEING. So many writing texts miss this point. It's tantamount to a religions experience, and nobody grows up without it. STORY STRUCTURE TO DIE FOR examines this dramatic necessity.

↪️ C.T. Cheek replied:

13/11/2019 – 21:01

Okay, but wouldn't the Act II crisis find itself in the Ordeal? The Hero is tested and arguably looses his/her/its past-self for the new one. Typically, the Hero is not fully "reborn" until the Resurrection, in which they defeat the hypothetical dragon and overcome the conflict of the story. It's kind of this process of rebirth beginning in the earlier sections of the Hero's Journey and ending in the Resurrection and affirmed in the Return with the Elixir.

Lexi Mize says:

25/07/2018 – 22:33

Great article. Odd how one can take nearly every story and somewhat plug it into such a pattern.

Bailey Koch says:

11/06/2019 – 02:16

This was totally lit fam!!!!

↪️ Bailey Koch replied:

11/09/2019 – 03:46

where is my dad?

Frank says:

12/04/2020 – 12:40

Great article, thanks! :) But Vogler didn't expand Campbell's theory. Campbell had seventeen stages, not twelve.

Comments are currently closed.

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October 30, 2023

To Lead a Meaningful Life, Become Your Own Hero

From  Gilgamesh  to  Star Wars, the narrative blueprint underpinning many heroic tales can offer a powerful way to reframe experiences

By Ben Rogers , Kurt Gray & Mike Christian

lerbank/Getty Images

What do Beowulf, Batman and Barbie all have in common? Many ancient legends, comic book sagas and blockbuster movies share a storytelling blueprint called the hero's journey. This timeless narrative structure, first described by mythologist Joseph Campbell in 1949, is found in ancient epics, such as the Odyssey and the Epic of Gilgamesh , and modern favorites, including the Harry Potter, Star Wars and Lord of the Rings series. Many such stories have become cultural touchstones that influence how people think about their world and themselves.

Our research reveals that the hero's journey is not just for legends and superheroes. In a recent study published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , we show that people who frame their own life as a hero's journey find more significance in it . This insight led us to develop a “restorying” intervention to enrich individuals' sense of meaning and well-being. When people start to see their own lives as heroic quests, we discovered, they report less depression and can cope better with challenges.

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The human brain seems hardwired to make sense of the world through stories . Over millennia of evolution, Homo sapiens has spent countless hours sitting around fires and telling tales of challenge and triumph. Our interest in storytelling explains why we read magazine articles that open with an anecdote and why we naturally frame our lives in story form. These life tales stitch together different events into an overarching narrative with the storyteller as the protagonist. They help people define themselves and make existence more coherent .

Of course, some stories are better than others—some evoke awe and excitement, whereas others make people yawn. We wondered whether the hero's journey provides a template for telling a more compelling version of one's own history. After all, the hero's journey lies at the heart of the most culturally significant stories around the world.

To explore the connection between people's life stories and the hero's journey, we first had to simplify the storytelling arc from Campbell's original formulation, which features 17 steps. Some of the steps in the original set are very specific, such as undertaking a “magic flight” after completing a quest. Think of Dorothy, in the novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , being carried by flying monkeys to the Emerald City after vanquishing the Wicked Witch of the West. Others are out of touch with contemporary culture, such as encountering “women as temptresses.” We abridged and condensed the 17 steps into seven elements that can be found in both legends and everyday life: a lead protagonist, a shift of circumstances, a quest, allies, a challenge, a personal transformation and a resulting legacy.

Credit: Matteo Farinella; Source:  Reference figure by Kevin House in “Seeing Your Life Story as a Hero’s Journey Increases Meaning in Life,” by Benjamin A. Rogers et al., in  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,  Vol. 125, No. 4; October 2023

For example, in J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings , Frodo (the protagonist) leaves his home in the Shire (a shift) to destroy the Ring (a quest). Sam and Gandalf (his allies) help him face the enemy forces of Sauron (a challenge). He discovers unexpected inner strength (a transformation) and eventually returns home to help the friends he left behind (a legacy). In an everyday-life parallel, a young woman (the protagonist) might move to Los Angeles (a shift), develop an idea for a new business (a quest), get support from her family and friends (her allies), overcome self-doubt after initial failure (a challenge), grow into a confident and successful leader (a transformation), and ultimately help her community (a legacy).

With our condensed version of the hero's journey, we looked at the connection between how people told their life stories and their feelings of meaning in life. Across four separate studies, we collected life stories from more than 1,200 people, including online participants and a group of middle-aged adults in Chicago. We also used questionnaires to measure the participants' sense of meaning in life, amount of life satisfaction and level of depression.

We then examined their stories for the seven elements of the hero's journey. We found that people who had more of the elements in their life stories reported more meaning in life, more flourishing and less depression. These “heroic” people (men and women were equally likely to see their life as a hero's journey) reported a clearer sense of self than other participants did, as well as more new adventures, strong goals, good friends, and so on.

We also found that narratives in line with the hero's journey provided more benefits than other kinds, including a basic “redemptive” arc, in which a person's life story goes from defeat to triumph. Of course, redemption is often a part of the “transformation” aspect of the hero's journey, but compared with people whose life story contained only the redemptive narrative, those with a full hero's journey reported more meaning in life.

We then wondered whether making one's story more “heroic” would increase feelings of meaningfulness. We developed a “restorying” intervention in which we prompted people to retell their story as a hero's journey. Participants identified each of the seven elements in their life, and then we encouraged them to weave these pieces together into a coherent narrative.

In six studies with more than 1,700 participants, we confirmed that this restorying intervention worked: it helped people see their life as a hero's journey, which in turn made that life feel more meaningful. Intervention recipients also reported greater well-being and became more resilient in the face of personal challenges; these participants saw obstacles more positively and dealt with them more creatively.

Critically, our intervention required two steps: identifying the seven elements and connecting them in a coherent story. In other studies, we found that doing only one or the other—such as describing aspects of one's life that resembled the hero's journey without linking them together—had a much more modest effect on feelings of meaning in life than doing both.

Furthermore, the intervention increased participants' tendency to perceive more meaning in general. For instance, after retelling their stories according to our prompts, people were more likely to perceive patterns in seemingly random strings of letters on a computer screen.

Anyone can frame their life as a hero's journey—and we suspect that people can also benefit from taking small steps toward a more heroic life. You can see yourself as a heroic protagonist, for example, by identifying your values and keeping them top of mind in your day-to-day. You can lean into friendships and new experiences. You can set goals much like those of classic quests to stay motivated and challenge yourself to improve your skills. You can also take stock of lessons learned and ways you might leave a positive legacy for your community or loved ones.

Although you might never save the world on a massive scale, you could save yourself. You can become a hero in the context of your own life, which, at the very least, will make for a better story.

Are you a scientist who specializes in neuroscience, cognitive science or psychology? And have you read a recent peer-reviewed paper that you would like to write about for Mind Matters? Please send suggestions to  Scientific American’s  Mind Matters editor Daisy Yuhas at  [email protected] .

This is an opinion and analysis article, and the views expressed by the author or authors are not necessarily those of  Scientific American.