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Brazilian Wandering Spider

The Brazilian Wandering Spider (Phoneutria fera) is an aggressive and highly venomous spider . It was first discovered in Brazil hence its name. However, this genus is known to exist elsewhere in South and Central America .

The Brazilian Wandering spider is a member of the Ctenidae family of wandering spiders.

The Brazilian Wandering spider appeared in the Guinness Book of World Records 2007 for being the most venomous animal .

In this particular genus, there are five known similar species whose members are also highly venomous. They include some of the relatively few species of spiders that present a threat to human beings.

Brazilian Wandering Spider Characteristics

The Brazilian wandering spider can grow to have a leg span of up to 4 – 5 inches. They are large hairy spindly-looking spiders who have eight eyes, two of which are large. Brazilian wandering spiders are fast-moving spiders, their legs are strong and spiny and they have distinctive red jaws which they display when angered.

The Brazilian wandering spider is not a Tarantula . Brazilian wandering spiders are not even in the same family group. Tarantulas are harmless to humans and are mostly ambush killers who wait for prey to come to them. Brazilian wandering spiders are active hunters. Brazilian wandering spiders and Tarantulas do have one thing in common, however, they do not eat bananas.

Brazilian Wandering Spider Habitat and Spider Webs

The Brazilian Wandering spider is so-called because it wanders the jungle floor, rather than residing in a lair or maintaining a web. This is another reason it is considered so dangerous. In densely populated areas, the Brazilian Wandering spider will usually search for cover and dark places to hide during daytime, leading it to hide within houses, clothes, cars, boots, boxes and log piles. This usually causes accidents when people disturb them.

The Brazilian Wandering spider is also called the ‘banana spider’ as it is occasionally found within shipments of bananas. As a result, any large spider appearing in a bunch of bananas should be treated with due care.

Brazilian Wandering Spider Diet

Adult Brazilian Wandering spiders eat crickets, other large insects, small lizards and mice. Spiderlings of this species eat flightless fruit flies and pinhead crickets.

Brazilian Wandering Spider Reproduction

All spiders produce silk, a thin, strong protein strand extruded by the spider from spinnerets most commonly found on the end of the abdomen. Many species use it to trap insects in webs, although there are many species that hunt freely such as the Brazilian Wandering spider. Silk can be used to aid in climbing, form smooth walls for burrows, build egg sacs, wrap prey and temporarily hold sperm, among other applications.

Brazilian Wandering spiders reproduce by means of eggs, which are packed into silk bundles called egg sacs. The male spider must (in most cases) make a timely departure after mating to escape before the females normal predatory instincts return.

Mature male spiders have swollen bulbs on the end of their palps for this purpose and this is a useful way to identify whether the spider is male or female. Once the sperm is inside the female spider, she stores it in a chamber and only uses it during the egg-laying process, when the eggs come into contact with the male sperm for the first time and are fertilized. The Brazilian Wandering spiders life cycle is 1 – 2 years.

Brazilian Wandering Spider Venom

Bites from the Brazilian Wandering spider may result in only a couple of painful pinpricks to full-blown envenomed. In either case, people bitten by this spider or any Ctenid should seek immediate emergency treatment as the venom is possibly life threatening.

The Phoneutria fera and Phoneutria nigriventer (two species of wandering spider) are the two most commonly implicated as the most vicious and deadly of the Phoneutria spiders.

The Phoneutria not only has a potent neurotoxin, but is reported to have one of the most excruciatingly painful envenoms of all spiders due to its high concentration of serotonin. They have the most active venom of any living spiders.

One of their members, the Brazilian Huntsman, is thought to be the most venomous spider in the world. Brazilian wandering spiders are certainly dangerous and bite more people than any other spiders.

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Brazilian wandering spiders: Bites & other facts

Brazilian wandering spiders don't build webs but crawl on the forest floor at night in search of prey, which they kill with neurotoxic venom.

Classification/taxonomy

Size & characteristics, bites and venom, additional resources.

Brazilian wandering spiders are aggressive spiders that belong to the genus Phoneutria, which means "murderess" in Greek.

These critters, also known as armed spiders or banana spiders, are some of the most venomous spiders on Earth. Their large mouthparts, or chelicerae, inflict painful bites loaded with neurotoxic venom that can be deadly to humans — especially children — although in most cases immediate medical care can prevent death with antivenom, according to a 2018 study in the journal Clinical Toxinology in Australia, Europe, and Americas .

Brazilian wandering spiders are frequently listed among the deadliest spiders in the world . They were named the world's deadliest spiders multiple times by Guinness World Records, although the current record-holder is the male Sydney funnel-web spider ( Atrax robustus ). But "classifying an animal as deadly is controversial," Jo-Anne Sewlal, an arachnologist at the University of the West Indies in Trinidad and Tobago, previously told Live Science. Each bite is unique, and the damage it causes depends on the amount of venom injected, Sewlal said. 

Jo-Anne Sewlal was a noted arachnologist from Trinidad and Tobago. While completing her PhD, she received the National Institute of Higher Education, Research, Science and Technology (NIHERST) 2012 Award for Excellence in Science and Technology for Junior Scientist. In 2013, She received a doctorate in zoology from the University of the West Indies. She discovered several species of spiders in her home country, surveyed the arachnids across several countries the Caribbean and appeared as an expert on the topic on The Science Channel. She died of an allergic reaction in January 2020.

There are nine species of Brazilian wandering spider, all of which are nocturnal and can be found in Brazil. Some species also can be found throughout Central and South America, from Costa Rica to Argentina, according to a 2008 article in the journal American Entomologist . Study author Richard S. Vetter , a research associate in the department of entomology at the University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources, wrote that specimens of these powerful arachnids have been mistakenly exported to North America and Europe in banana shipments. However, Vetter noted, in many cases of cargo infestation, the spider in question is a harmless banana spider (genus Cupiennius ) that is misidentified as a Phoneutria . The two types of spiders look similar.

The taxonomy of Brazilian wandering spiders, according to the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) , is:

Kingdom : Animalia 

Subkingdom : Bilateria 

Infrakingdom : Protostomia 

Superphylum : Ecdysozoa 

Phylum : Arthropoda 

Subphylum : Chelicerata 

Class : Arachnida 

Order : Araneae 

Family : Ctenidae 

Genus : Phoneutria  

• Phoneutria bahiensis
• Phoneutria boliviensis
• Phoneutria eickstedtae
• Phoneutria fera
• Phoneutria keyserlingi
• Phoneutria nigriventer
• Phoneutria pertyi
• Phoneutria reidyi
• Phoneutria depilata , according to a 2021 study published in the journal ZooKeys , which found that Phoneutria boliviensis actually included two separate species from different habitats. 

Brazilian wandering spiders are large, with bodies reaching up to 2 inches (5 centimeters) and a leg span of up to 7 inches (18 cm), according to the Natural History Museum in Karlsruhe, Germany. The species vary in color, though all are hairy and mostly brown and gray, although some species have lightly colored spots on their abdomen. Many species have bands of black and yellow or white on the underside of the two front legs, according to the University of Florida . 

These arachnids "are called wandering spiders because they do not build webs but wander on the forest floor at night, actively hunting prey," Sewlal told Live Science in an interview conducted in 2014, before her death. They kill by both ambush and direct attack.

They spend most of their day hiding under logs or in crevices, and come out to hunt at night. They eat insects, other spiders and sometimes, small amphibians, reptiles and mice. 

Research into one species of Brazilian wandering spider, Phoneutria boliviensis , revealed that these spiders eat a mix of arthropods and reptiles. DNA metabarcoding, a technique that examines the DNA and RNA in a sample, of the guts of 57 spiders identified 96 prey species, including flies, beetles, butterflies, moths, grasshoppers, locusts and crickets, according to research from the University of Tolima and the University of Ibagué in Colombia . Some of the female spiders also ate lizards and snakes.

While their bites are powerful and painful, "their bites are a means of self-defense and only done if they are provoked intentionally or by accident," Sewlal said.

When Brazilian wandering spiders feel threatened, they often assume a defensive position by standing on their hind legs and stretching out their front legs to expose their fangs, according to the 2018 study in Clinical Toxinology in Australia, Europe, and Americas. This posture is sometimes accompanied by side-to-side movements. The spiders can also jump distances up to 1.3 feet (40 cm). 

In the Brazilian wandering spider, just as in most spider species, the female is larger than the male. Males approach females cautiously when attempting to mate, according to the biology department at the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse . Males perform a dance to get females' attention, and males often fight each other over the female. The female can be picky, and she often turns down many males before choosing a mating partner. Once she does pick one, the male needs to watch out; females often attack the males once copulation is finished.

The female then can store the sperm in a separate chamber from the eggs until she is ready to fertilize them. She will lay up to 1,000 eggs at a time, which are kept safe in a spun-silk egg sac.

Brazilian wandering spiders typically live for one or two years.

Brazilian wandering spiders' venom is a complex cocktail of toxins, proteins and peptides, according to the Natural History Museum in Karlsruhe, Germany. The venom affects ion channels and chemical receptors in victims' neuromuscular systems.

After a human is bitten by one of these spiders, they may experience initial symptoms such as severe burning pain at the site of the bite, sweating and goosebumps, Sewlal said. Within 30 minutes, symptoms become systemic and include high or low blood pressure , fast or a slow heart rate , nausea, abdominal cramping, hypothermia, vertigo, blurred vision, convulsions and excessive sweating associated with shock. People who are bitten by a Brazilian wandering spider should seek medical attention immediately.

Their venom is perhaps most famous for triggering painful and long-lasting erections . For that reason, in a 2023 study, scientists reported that they were testing the venom in humans as a potential treatment for erectile dysfunction in those for whom Viagra didn't work.

However, these bites are rare, and envenomations, or exposure to these toxins from a spider bite, are usually mild, Vetter said. For instance, a 2000 study in the journal Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo found that only 2.3% of people with bites who came to a Brazilian hospital over a 13-year period were treated with antivenom. (The other bites did not contain enough venom to require it.) Most of the bites were from the species P. nigriventer and P. keyserlingi in eastern coastal Brazil. About 4,000 bites reportedly happen each year in Brazil, but only 0.5% of those cases are severe, according to the 2018 study. Meanwhile, 15 deaths have been attributed to Phoneutria in Brazil since 1903, the 2018 study reported. 

"It is unlikely that the spider would inject all of its venom into you, as this venom is not only needed as a means of defense but to immobilize prey," Sewlal said. "So if it did inject all of its venom, it [would] have to wait until its body manufactured more before it could hunt." That would also leave the spider vulnerable to being attacked by predators.

Furthermore, Sewlal pointed out that venom production requires a lot of a spider's resources and time. "So if the spider were to attack frequently and use up all of its venom, it [would] be safe to assume that it has a ready food supply to replace the energy and resources used. This situation does not exist in the wild."

• Learn more about Brazilian wandering spiders from the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse .
• Read about several species of Brazilian wandering spiders, including several images of the arachnids at the University of Florida .
• Find a spider in your bananas? It may or may not be a deadly species, according to the University of California, Riverside .

This article was originally published on Nov. 20, 2014. 

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Jessie Szalay is a contributing writer to FSR Magazine. Prior to writing for Live Science, she was an editor at Living Social. She holds an MFA in nonfiction writing from George Mason University and a bachelor's degree in sociology from Kenyon College. 

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• Sascha Pare Trainee staff writer

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Brazilian Wandering Spider facts

Last updated on July 12th, 2023 at 01:48 pm

When you think of deadly spiders, there are a few names that spring to mind – but none more infamous than the Brazilian Wandering Spider. This species is reputed to have the most toxic venom of any spider, having a bite which causes horrendous side-effects like priapism and convulsions.

What you may not know, however, is that the Brazilian Wandering Spider name is actually used for a few species. The most common, and perhaps the most medically significant in the group are Phoneutria nigriventer and Phoneutria fera .

In this post, I’ll tell you more about these two species, from where they live, to what they eat. To keep things simple, I’ll just refer to them both as the “Brazilian Wandering Spider”, given how similar they are. Let’s dive in…

Quick Facts

To kick things off, here are some fascinating factoids about the Brazilian Wandering Spider:

• They belong to the genus ‘Phoneutria’, which translates to ‘murderess’ in Greek.
• They are known for their highly potent venom.
• Wandering Spiders are nocturnal creatures.
• They are also known as ‘banana spiders’ due to their tendency to hide in banana plants.
• They are not web-weavers but active hunters. This is called ‘cursorial’ hunting.
• It’s considered one of the most dangerous spiders in the world.

Other Common Names

The Brazilian Wandering Spider goes by several other names. The most common is the ‘banana spider’, thanks to their notorious habit of stowing away in banana shipments. In their native Portuguese, they’re known as ‘aranhas-armadeiras’ , translating to ‘armed spiders’ – a reference to their aggressive defense posture.

Brazilian Wandering Spider Venom

Possessing one of the most potent venoms among spiders, the Brazilian Wandering Spider’s bite is a cause for concern. Its venom is a complex cocktail of toxins, proteins, and peptides.

The main component that gets everyone’s attention is the neurotoxin, called PhTx3 , which can interfere with the functioning of our nervous system, leading to a variety of symptoms.

What’s the Benefit of Having Such Strong Venom?

With venom potent enough to kill a human, one might wonder why this spider needs such a powerful weapon. The answer lies in its lifestyle.

Brazilian Wandering Spiders are active hunters and their venom is primarily used to incapacitate prey quickly. The venom’s potency also serves as an effective deterrent against potential predators.

Brazilian Wandering Spider Deaths

Despite the notorious reputation, actual deaths from Brazilian Wandering Spider bites are rare. This is largely due to the rapid medical attention available in areas where these spiders are common. Plus, these spiders don’t always inject venom when they bite – a dry bite can occur.

This actually common in venomous animals, including spiders and reptiles. Occasionally they bite and decide to not inject any venom. The point of this is to conserve it, given that it is energetically costly to produce.

Brazilian Wandering Spider Size

Being quite large and impressive compared to most arachnids, adult Brazilian Wandering Spiders can reach a leg span of up to 7 inches (18 cm) . The body size excluding the legs can be up to 2 inches (5 cm). Their size contributes to their intimidating presence.

If you’d to learn more about why they get so big, check out my article on Brazilian Wandering Spider size for more info!

Brazilian Wandering Spider Location and Habitat

Brazilian Wandering Spiders are native to South America. Here’s a quick rundown of their range and preferred habitats:

Brazilian Wandering Spider Speed

An adept hunter, the Brazilian Wandering Spider can move quickly when chasing prey or evading threats. While exact speed measurements can vary, some sources report that these spiders can achieve speeds up to 1 meter per second.

What Does the Brazilian Wandering Spider Eat?

The Brazilian Wandering Spider’s diet consists mainly of insects, other spiders, and occasionally small amphibians and reptiles. Their potent venom allows them to tackle prey larger than themselves, making them one of the apex micro-predators in their habitat.

Final Thoughts…

While the Brazilian Wandering Spider might seem terrifying to many, as an arachnid enthusiast, I find them to be incredibly fascinating. Their potent venom, hunting prowess, and adaptation to diverse habitats reveal the intricate beauty of the evolutionary process.

Just remember, these spiders, like all creatures, play a vital role in our ecosystem. Respect, not fear, should be our response to these remarkable arachnids.

The truth is that most bites are accidental, but they do occur. The fact that so few deaths occur each year is a testament to the effectiveness of the antivenom that has now become widely available.

FAQ related to the Brazilian Wandering Spider

What happens if you are bitten by a brazilian wandering spider.

Immediately after a bite from a Brazilian Wandering Spider, you will experience localized pain. Then, within 5 to 15 minutes the area around the bite will swell. The swelling can spread to most of a limb, for example. Finally, neurological symptoms like coldness, sweating, and convulsions will set in.

Do wandering spiders jump?

Wandering Spiders are excellent at jumping. They can jump several feet when surprised, and may occasionally use this as a tactic to evade predators. Jumping at you isn’t part of how bites happen though. When faced with humans, Wandering Spiders usually stand their ground and use their threat display of raised legs to warn us away.

Is Brazilian wandering spider friendly?

Wandering Spiders are not friendly. As a general rule, they are relatively calm, but can also be defensive. They tend to see humans as a threat, and will not take to being handled easily. That said, they are not aggressive, and most bites happen when someone accidentally touches one or tries to kill it.

Are Brazilian wandering spiders in Australia?

Brazilian Wandering Spiders are not found in Australia. The only species in Australia that get as large as Wandering Spiders are the Huntsman Spiders. At a distance they may appear relatively similar, but Huntsman Spiders are completely harmless to humans.

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Fact Animal

Facts About Animals

Brazilian Wandering Spider Facts

Brazilian wandering spider profile.

There are more than 50,000 species of spider, and the vast majority are less dangerous than a honeybee. Almost none are aggressive, and of those with medically significant venom, only a small percentage are capable of causing death. So, on the whole, arachnophobes are just being a bit silly.

But there’s one spider that vindicates all of these fears, and few animals are as globally renowned to be a serious threat to human lives as the Brazilian Wandering Spider .

Brazilian Wandering Spiders are actually 9 species of spider in the same genus ‘Phoneutria’, one of which is found in Central America, with the rest in South America.

Brazilian Wandering Spider Facts Overview

These spiders are called wandering spiders because of instead of spinning a web to wait for food, or occupying a lair, they spend their night wandering in the leaf litter of the jungle floor for prey.

The sensitive hairs on its body help detect vibrations of passing prey, and it will feed on insects, lizards, frogs and any animals as large as itself.

During the day they will hide under logs, rocks, or inside termite mounds and banana plants. They will also sometimes wander into urban areas and homes, where they can come into contact with humans.

Brazilian wandering spiders are aggressive , dangerous and frightening. For once, this is an animal you should be wary of.

The females are larger, around 50% heavier than males, and produce more venom, and this might be a clue as to why their Greek name translates to “ Mudress” . These spiders will often stand and fight and have an intimidating threat display.

The potency of their venom is one of the reasons they’re so dangerous, and their ability to hide away in fruit and shoes explains why most bites are on extremities.

Interesting Brazilian Wandering Spider Facts

1. armed spiders.

In Brazilian, these are sometimes known as armed spiders, on account of their elongated front legs.

They can convey quite a bit of information with these legs, and as wandering spiders, use them to get about the forest, looking for food.

2. Banana Spiders

They’re also sometimes called ‘banana spiders’ on account of their status as a stowaway on popular fruit imported from the tropics.

This is becoming less common as stricter regulations ensure there’s less contamination of fruits, but there’s always a chance your next bunch of bananas will have a family of these spiders living inside it.

3. They have the largest venom glands of any spider

Females produce more venom than males, but both sexes have enormous venom glands. These glands are even more impressive when you consider the size of the spider is significantly less than the largest around.

The venom glands of the Brazilian Wandering Spider are over a centimetre long, and this is all housed inside the bright red chelicerae (mouth parts) which they are quick to display whenever they get upset. 1

4. They’re aggressive

These spiders can grow quite large and have long, brightly-coloured legs. Unlike most spiders, they’re known to stand their ground when threatened and are far quicker to bite than many other species.

They’ll still try to scurry away where possible, and they’re not out to get anybody.

But where most other species will flee, the wandering spiders’ aggression does make it more likely to be involved in incidents.

Most bites are on fingers and toes, a sign that they’re being stepped on or grabbed inadvertently. When the spider feels cornered, it’ll rear up on its back legs and waves its colourful arms around as a warning.

Then it’ll sway side to side, beckoning you to have a go. Anything foolhardy enough to call this bluff gets a wealth of envenomation effects. 2 3

5. They give some men erections

There are ways to accomplish this with fewer side effects, but a bit from a Brazilian wandering spider does come with a certain Viagral quality.

This isn’t as fun as it might sound. Prolonged erections in this manner are likely to harm and destroy muscles and blood vessels in the penis and could cause irreparable damage.

Besides this, the assault on the central nervous system that comes with envenomation by this spider doesn’t sound worth it. 4

6. And some people die

This assault brings with it a whole host of unpleasant symptoms. Seizures, foaming at the mouth, inability to speak, collapse, and a host of other miserable experiences.

Paralysis is possible, as is cardiac shock. Blood vessels can burst in the brain, or anywhere else, and in many cases, this can be enough to kill a person.

This spider has one of the most potent venoms of all, and there are multiple legitimate records of death as a result of bites.

7. But they’re rarely fatal

While the Brazilian wandering spider is potentially one of the most dangerous spiders in the world, there is some evidence to suggest it gives a dry bite, defensively.

This means that despite exceptionally toxic venom, the amount actually injected is less than some of the other contenders, and this is what makes it typically less lethal than the Australian funnel webs.

These spiders are classified as Dangerous Wild Animals and would therefore require a special permit to keep. Bites from wandering spiders are common in South America, but antivenom is often readily available, and they rarely result in death.

In most cases, lethal bites are cases of a very young or very old victim, and few people of healthy age are killed. 5

8. They do invade the UK sometimes

These unquestionably scary spiders show up in supermarkets in the UK on occasion, having hitched a ride on banana shipments.

On more than one occasion they’ve made their way into shoppers’ homes, but it doesn’t appear that there are any cases of them biting people as a result.

These spiders aren’t suited for temperate climates and don’t survive Winter, so there’s no risk of them multiplying.

Brazilian Wandering Spider Fact-File Summary

Scientific classification, fact sources & references.

• PeerJ. (2017), “ Dimensions of venom gland of largest venom glands in all spiders ”, Bio Numbers.
• Dave Clarke (2010), “ Venomous spider found in Waitrose shopping ‘beautiful but aggressive’” , The Guardian.
• “ Phoneutria Perty (Arachnida: Araneae: Ctenidae) ”, UF-IFAS University of Florida
• Kátia R.M. Leite (2012), “ Phoneutria nigriventer spider toxin Tx2-6 causes priapism and death: A histopathological investigation in mice ”, Science Direct.
• “ Brazilian wandering spiders: Bites & other facts ”, Live Science.

Understanding the Wandering Spider: Quick Essential Facts

Wandering spiders are a group of venomous arachnids found primarily in South America.

Among these, the Brazilian wandering spider is particularly known for its potent venom and unique behavior. They are often referred to as “banana spiders” due to their frequent encounters with humans in banana plantations.

As a reader, you might be interested in learning more about these fascinating creatures, including their habitat, hunting techniques, and the effects of their venom.

In this article, we will delve into the world of wandering spiders and provide you with all the essential information to satisfy your curiosity.

Scientific Classification and Naming

The wandering spider belongs to the genus Phoneutria , which is a part of the Ctenidae family.

These spiders are known for their potent venom and aggressive behavior. Here is the scientific classification of the wandering spider:

• Kingdom: Animalia
• Phylum: Arthropoda
• Subphylum: Chelicerata
• Class: Arachnida
• Order: Araneae
• Family: Ctenidae
• Genus: Phoneutria

Within the genus Phoneutria, two species are particularly noteworthy: Phoneutria fera and Phoneutria nigriventer, also known as P. nigriventer . These spiders are primarily found in South America and other tropical regions.

Phoneutria fera and P. nigriventer differ in some aspects. Let’s compare their features using a table:

Some key characteristics of the wandering spiders in the genus Phoneutria include:

• Potent venom that can be dangerous to humans
• Nocturnal hunters and are active at night
• Equipped with long, spiny legs for capturing prey
• Aggressive defenders of their territory

By understanding the scientific classification and differences between Phoneutria species, you can better appreciate the diversity and fascinating biology of these wandering spiders.

Identification and Appearance

Color and size.

The wandering spider, also known as the banana spider, has a distinctive appearance that can help you easily identify it in the wild.

They usually have a combination of hairy brown and black colors on their body. Their size can vary, but they are generally considered large spiders. Their size can range from 1 to 2 inches in body length.

When it comes to wandering spider’s leg span, these creatures can have an impressive reach. Their leg span can extend up to 5-6 inches.

Some key characteristics of a wandering spider’s legs include:

Habitat and Distribution

Wandering Spiders are known to inhabit various environments, including rainforests and tropical forests.

These spiders can adapt to different habitats based on their needs and availability of food sources. They prefer warm and humid places, as these conditions suit their growth and reproduction.

Geographical Coverage

Wandering spiders are found in Central and South America .

They live in forests from Costa Rica to Argentina, including Colombia, Venezuela, The Guianas, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Northern Argentina.

They may also be present in some parts of the United States, particularly in the northern part of southern America.

However, they don’t inhabit countries like Australia. In summary, the Wandering Spider is mostly prevalent in the following areas:

• South America
• Central America
• Southern parts of the United States

Types of Wandering Spiders

Here’s a brief description of the major types of wandering spiders.

Brazilian wandering spiders

Also known as armed or banana spiders, these spiders are nocturnal and don’t make webs.

They are known to have been transported outside of South America in banana shipments.

Phoneutria nigriventer

These spiders contain neurotoxins that can cause cerebral changes and breakdown of the blood-brain barrier .

Their venom is medically significant and has been used in manufacturing drugs. Their bites may be fatal to children.

Ctenus captiosus

Also known as the Florida false wolf spider or tropical wolf spider, this species is found in the United States.

Some species of these spiders are large and scary-looking, but they’re only mildly venomous. Their venom is comparable to a bee sting.

Other types of wandering spiders include: Acantheis, Acanthoctenus, Africactenus, and Afroneutria.

Behavior and Diet

Aggression level.

Wandering spiders, as their name suggests, are known for their aggressive behavior .

While they won’t attack without provocation, if they feel threatened, they will not hesitate to defend themselves.

This is especially true during mating season.

Prey and Predators

In their natural habitat, wandering spiders primarily feed on insects and small vertebrates, such as:

• Insects like ants and moths
• Small amphibians

This diverse diet allows them to thrive in various ecosystems.

However, they are not top predators, as their natural predators include larger birds, mammals, and other spiders.

Nocturnal Activities

Wandering spiders are nocturnal creatures , which means they are active during the night.

During the day, they remain hidden in their retreats, often made from rolled-up leaves or small crevices.

At night, they leave their hiding spots to search for prey using their strong hunting skills.

Venom and Its Effects

Composition of venom.

The venom of the wandering spider is a complex mixture containing several toxic components.

Its main component is a potent neurotoxin, which can have severe effects on your nervous system 1 . Here’s a brief overview of its composition:

• Neurotoxins

Symptoms and Severity

A wandering spider’s venomous bite can cause a wide range of symptoms, depending on the severity of envenomation. These symptoms may include 2 :

• Mild to moderate pain
• Redness and swelling at the bite site
• Irregular heartbeat
• Difficulty breathing
• Blurred vision
• High blood pressure

Some severe cases may result in life-threatening complications, such as respiratory failure or even death 2 .

Medical Treatment and Antivenom

If bitten by a wandering spider, it’s crucial to seek immediate medical attention. Treatment often involves the following steps:

• Cleaning and immobilizing the affected area
• Monitoring and managing the symptoms
• Administering antivenom if it’s available and appropriate, depending on the severity of envenomation 3

Antivenom is specific to the venom of the wandering spider and can help neutralize its effects.

However, the availability of antivenom may be limited in some regions 3 .

Always remember that prevention is better than cure: learning how to identify and avoid wandering spiders is the best way to stay safe.

Reproduction and Mating

Mating ritual.

When it’s time for reproduction, the wandering spider undergoes an intriguing mating ritual.

The male spider performs a dance to attract the female by displaying his brightly colored legs and vibrating his body.

During the process, the male also produces a sperm web and transfers his sperm to the female’s reproductive organs using his pedipalps.

Egg Sacs and Offspring

After the mating process, the female wandering spider will create an egg sac to protect her eggs.

The sac consists of silk and can hold hundreds of eggs. She then attaches it to a safe hiding place, usually against a protective surface or within a secure web.

The female often guards the egg sac to ensure the protection of her offspring until they hatch.

Once the spiderlings hatch, they are known to be highly independent.

They disperse quickly and start their own journey, fending for themselves soon after emerging from the egg sac.

As they grow, they’ll go through a series of molts before reaching adulthood and beginning their own reproductive cycle.

Danger and Defense Mechanisms

The Wandering Spider is known to be one of the most dangerous spiders in the world.

Although they can potentially kill humans, fatalities are rare due to their reluctance to bite.

Oddly enough, their venom can cause an involuntary erection in men, alongside other painful symptoms.

Here are some ways the Wandering Spider protects itself and displays its dangerous nature:

• Fangs : These spiders are equipped with strong, sharp fangs that can easily pierce human skin, allowing them to inject their venom with ease.
• Venom : Their venom is potent and can cause severe pain, inflammation, and other adverse effects. In rare cases, it can even lead to death.

While interacting with Wandering Spiders, be cautious and observe them from a safe distance.

Knowing their defense mechanisms will help you respect their space and avoid any unpleasant encounters.

Remember, it’s essential to be informed and aware when dealing with these fascinating, yet dangerous creatures.

Comparison with Other Dangerous Spiders

Comparison to black widow.

The black widow spider is notorious for its potent venom, but the wandering spider has a stronger venom overall.

Both spiders are capable of causing severe symptoms, but the black widow’s venom is primarily neurotoxic, affecting your nervous system.

In contrast, the wandering spider’s venom can cause both neurotoxic and cytotoxic effects, potentially damaging your nerves and cells.

• Potent neurotoxic venom
• Red hourglass marking
• Stronger venom (neurotoxic and cytotoxic)
• No distinct marking

Comparison to Brown Recluse

The brown recluse spider is known for its necrotic venom that can lead to tissue damage and sometimes requires medical intervention.

While both the brown recluse and wandering spider can produce venomous bites, wandering spiders are considered more dangerous due to the potency of their venom and the severity of their bite symptoms.

• Necrotic venom
• Dark violin-shaped marking

Comparison to Wolf Spider

Wolf spiders are frequently mistaken for more dangerous spiders due to their size and appearance.

Although they can bite, their venom is not particularly potent and generally only causes mild itching, redness, and swelling.

In comparison, the wandering spider’s venom is far more dangerous, and its bite can result in serious symptoms, requiring immediate medical attention.

• Large and hairy
• Smoother appearance

Comparison to Sydney Funnel-Web Spider

The Sydney funnel-web spider is another highly venomous spider known for its potentially lethal bites.

While both spiders possess powerful venom, the wandering spider has a broader range of symptoms due to the combination of neurotoxic and cytotoxic effects.

In conclusion, wandering spiders are more dangerous than wolf spiders but their venom’s effects are more varied compared to black widows, brown recluses, and Sydney funnel-web spiders.

Be cautious around these spiders and seek medical help if bitten.

Interesting Facts and Guinness World Records

The Wandering Spider, also known as the Brazilian Wandering Spider, is a fascinating creature that has caught the attention of many.

They belong to the genus Phoneutria , which means “murderess” in Greek, giving you an idea of their potency. Let’s explore some interesting facts about this spider and its place in the Guinness World Records.

First, you might be curious about their venom. The Wandering Spider is known for having one of the most potent venoms among spiders.

In fact, it holds the Guinness World Record for the most venomous spider. Their venom contains a potent neurotoxin that can cause severe symptoms, including difficulty breathing, high blood pressure, and intense pain.

Apart from their venom, their behavior is also quite intriguing. These spiders are called “wandering” because they are known for actively hunting their prey rather than spinning webs to catch them.

They are mostly nocturnal creatures and, during the day, can be found hiding in logs or dark crevices.

Here are a few more notable characteristics of the Wandering Spider:

• Females are larger than males, with a body length of up to 1.6 inches (4 cm).
• They have eight eyes, arranged in two rows, which help them in hunting.
• The Wandering Spider is primarily found in Central and South America, particularly in Brazil.
• They are known to show aggression when threatened.

While the Wandering Spider is a marvel of the arachnid world, it’s essential to keep a safe distance from them due to their venomous nature.

However, their unique characteristics and record-breaking venom potency make them a fascinating subject for those interested in the natural world.

Prevention and Safety Measures

To protect yourself from wandering spiders, there are some simple safety measures you can take.

Firstly, be cautious in areas where these spiders may live, such as dark and warm spaces. For example, avoid reaching into crevices or lifting piles of wood without inspecting them first.

Always wear appropriate shoes when outdoors, particularly in wooded or grassy areas. This can help prevent bites on your feet or ankles.

Reduce the risk of wandering spiders entering your home by sealing gaps and cracks. This minimizes the chance of the spiders finding a way inside.

Regularly clean your living spaces, paying special attention to dark and hidden areas. By maintaining a clean environment, you’ll discourage wandering spiders from making themselves at home.

When out in nature, avoid disturbing spider habitats like webs or egg sacs. This can prevent agitating wandering spiders, reducing your chance of accidental encounters.

Remember, wandering spiders can be dangerous, but by taking these precautions, you can significantly reduce your risk of encountering them or being bitten. Stay safe and always be aware of your surroundings.

In summary, wandering spiders, particularly those in the genus Phoneutria, are a group of venomous arachnids predominantly found in Central, South America and parts of Southern United States.

These spiders, including the Brazilian wandering spider, are known for their potent venom, nocturnal hunting habits, and aggressive defense mechanisms.

Their venom, containing neurotoxins and other components, can cause severe symptoms in humans, making them one of the most dangerous spider species.

Despite their fearsome reputation, fatalities are rare, and they play a vital role in their ecosystems.

It’s important to respect their space and take preventive measures to avoid encounters. Understanding these spiders’ behavior, habitat, and characteristics can help in appreciating their role in nature while ensuring safety.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2857337/ ↩

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3851068/ ↩ ↩ 2

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6560916/ ↩ ↩ 2

Reader Emails

Over the years, our website, whatsthatbug.com has received hundreds of letters and some interesting images asking us about wandering spiders. Scroll down to have a look at some of them.

Letter 1 – Wandering Spider from Ecuador

Hi Michele, There is a resemblance to the Dolomedes Fishing Spiders, and finding it near a river lends credence to that possibility. Eric Eaton noticed this posting and has this to say: ” Ok, the spiders from Ecuador and Costa Rica: They are most likely NOT wolf spiders, but wandering spiders, either in the family Ctenidae or Sparassidae. They tend to be more common, and even larger than, wolf spiders in the tropics. At least one species, Phoneutria fera, is extremely aggressive, with potentially deadly venom. Do not mess with large spiders in Central and South America! The venomous types are very difficult to distinguish from harmless species, and in any event, a bite is going to be really painful. These spiders sometimes stow away in bananas, houseplants, and other exported goods, so they can show up in odd places. Be careful where you put your hands.”

Update:  May 14, 2013 We now have a confirmation that this is a Wandering Spider, Phoneutria fera , and it is a dangerous species.  See Encyclopedia Britannica and Animal Corner .

Letter 2 – Brazilian Wandering Spider: Most Venomous Animal

Hi Martin, We are happy you were able to write to us after your encounter with this Brazilian Wandering Spider and are thrilled to be able to post your story and photos to our site. We started to research, and our first hit has a different species name. Phoneutria fera is described as: “The Brazilian Wandering Spider is not for the ‘pet keeper’. Brazilian Wandering Spiders are extremely fast, extremely venomous, and extremely aggressive. These large and dangerous true spiders are ranked among the most venomous spiders known to man. In fact, the Brazilian Wandering Spider is the most venomous spider in the New World! In South America, these true spiders are commonly encountered in peoples’ homes, supposedly hiding in peoples’ shoes, hats, and other clothes. The Brazilian Wandering Spider does not remain on a web, rather, it wanders the forest floor, hence the name.” Our favorite information on Wikipedia is that Phoneutria is Greek for “murderess”. Here is one final tidbit about the effect of the bite of the Brazilian Wandering Spider on the human male .

Letter 3 – Possibly Wandering Spider from Ecuador

Dear Mike, This is really an interesting Spider, but other than to say it appears to be a hunting spider that does not build a web to entrap prey, we aren’t sure about its identity.  Many hunting spiders can jump quite well.  It looks very much like the spider in a posting in our archives, also from Ecuador, that we identified as possibly a Wandering Spider in the genus Phoneutria, a venomous and potentially dangerous genus .  The spotted legs on your individual look like the spotted legs on an individual in an image on Wikipedia of a Wandering Spider in the genus Phoneutria .  There are many images of Brazilian Wandering Spiders on Primal Shutter and we believe that might be a correct identification for your individual.

Thank you for the information.  After reading more about the spider, I’m glad it didn’t jump! Mike

Letter 4 – Possibly Wandering Spider from Ecuador

Dear Carl, We believe, though we are not certain, that this might be a Wandering Spider in the genus Phoneutria, and you may read more about Wandering Spiders on the Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe website where it states:  “There is no doubt that the venom of some of the species is quite potent for mammals, including humans.”  We eagerly welcome additional opinions on this identification.  Perhaps Cesar Crash of Insetologia can provide something.  In the future, please submit a single species per submission form as it makes it extremely difficult for us to categorize postings with multiple species.

Letter 5 – Wandering Spider from Belize

Hi Karl, Thanks for allowing us to post your excellent image of a Wandering Spider, Cupiennius salei .  The species is pictured on iNaturalist .

Bugman aka Daniel Marlos has been identifying bugs since 1999. whatsthatbug.com is his passion project and it has helped millions of readers identify the bug that has been bugging them for over two decades. You can reach out to him through our Contact Page .

Piyushi is a nature lover, blogger and traveler at heart. She lives in beautiful Canada with her family. Piyushi is an animal lover and loves to write about all creatures.

8 thoughts on “Understanding the Wandering Spider: Quick Essential Facts”

Hi Michele, I am an Ecuadorian scientist and specialized on spiders, I would like to find one like yours, I can say that, almost without doubt, you found the Phoneutria itself, it is the Phoneutria fera, look at this picture: http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-bFH9qzT0F7U/T_2sZuk6xAI/AAAAAAAAAGY/8jnMVcPOcNI/s1600/phoneutria_fera2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://rangerbaiano.blogspot.com/2012/07/animais-peconhentos-e-venenosos.html&usg=__iCWEz7S86xub6RAyvXTER6HBaco=&h=864&w=834&sz=215&hl=es-419&start=6&zoom=1&tbnid=jjOROVO9h-vKXM:&tbnh=145&tbnw=140&ei=99eRUY6xKo2K9QTLvYCoDQ&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dphoneutria%2Bfera%26sa%3DN%26hl%3Des-US%26sout%3D1%26tbm%3Disch%26prmd%3Divns&itbs=1&sa=X&ved=0CDYQrQMwBQ Can you see the similarities?, unfortunately the spider might be in a better life today 🙂 Another thing, when you want identifications you should take a picture in front, the under part, and the upper part, as well as some characteristics about behaviour like how they react when you approach. The Phoneutria is a very agressive one.. best wishes, bye.

Hi Miguel, Thanks so much for the comment. This is a seven year old posting and we did not have the ability to post comments when it was originally posted online. We have made an update on What’s That Bug? and your comment is greatly appreciated.

Ah, there is also needed the size and the picture of its face so we can see the eye arrangement, depending on that it could also be pisauridae, but I stay in Ctenidae..

This is a female Cupiennius sp. wandering spider.

Perhaps surprisingly, this ubiquitous large spider of the Mindo area appears to be undescribed to species level.

Although one is indeed best advised to exercise caution in the presence of large ctenids, members of the genus Cupiennius are not known to be dangerously venomous (Barth, 2002). By way of confirmation, my girlfriend, Shannon Bowley, managed to be bitten by a mature female of this Mindo species in 2013 – she felt only mild effects, equivalent to a bee sting.

Thanks for this valuable information.

I’m planning a trip to Ecuador and I’m fearing these spiders. Do they get in houses? Any tips to keep them out, so I can sleep at night?

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What Do Brazilian Wandering Spiders Eat?

Brazilian Wandering Spiders are carnivorous arthropods that primarily consume other small invertebrates and occasionally small vertebrates.

• Insects : These spiders prey on various insects like beetles, grasshoppers, and other small bugs.
• Arachnids : They often consume other spiders and scorpions.
• Small vertebrates : Occasionally, they hunt small lizards, frogs, and mice.
• Amphibians : Small frogs are also part of their diet.
• Crickets : These are a common food source in their natural habitat.
• Caterpillars : They prey on caterpillars, especially those found on the forest floor.
• Small birds : Rarely, they can prey on small, nestling birds.

How do Brazilian Wandering Spiders Eat?

Brazilian Wandering Spiders are active hunters that use venom to paralyze their prey before consuming it.

• They seek out and stalk their prey, primarily insects and small vertebrates.
• Once they locate a target, they inject it with venom, paralyzing or killing the prey.
• After the prey is immobilized, the spider uses its chelicerae (jaws) to crush and ingest the prey.
• The spider's digestive system liquefies the prey's internal tissue, which is then sucked up by the spider.

What do Brazilian Wandering Spiders Drink?

Brazilian Wandering Spiders, also known as Phoneutria, are large, venomous spiders native to tropical South America. They are primarily carnivorous but also consume fluids for hydration.

• Water : The primary fluid intake for hydration.
• Body Fluids of Prey : They consume body fluids of their prey, which include small insects and sometimes small amphibians or reptiles.

FAQs about Brazilian Wandering Spiders

1. how often do brazilian wandering spiders eat.

Brazilian Wandering Spiders typically eat once or twice a week, depending on the size and availability of their prey.

2. How long can a Brazilian Wandering Spiders live without eating?

A Brazilian Wandering Spider can survive without eating for up to a month, as they have a slow metabolic rate.

3. What do Larvae Brazilian Wandering Spiders eat?

Larvae Brazilian Wandering Spiders do not eat; they are dependent on the yolk sac from their eggs until they mature into spiderlings.

Do Brazilian Wandering Spiders Bite?

Check information about Brazilian Wandering Spiders and learn if they bite or not and what you should do in case they bite.

Brazilian Wandering Spider Profile

Check the profile of and learn more interesting information about them.

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• Spider Facts

Brazilian Wandering Spider: Size, Bite, Diet and Other Facts 

The Brazilian Wandering Spider is a venomous arachnid with a fearsome reputation. This South American rainforest dweller packs a powerful punch, but don’t let its nickname “banana spider” fool you – they’re active hunters, not web-spinners. Despite their size and venom, bites are uncommon as they’re typically shy.

The Brazilian Wandering Spider has garnered significant attention due to its potent venom, which makes it one of the world’s most venomous spiders. Understanding its biology and behavior is crucial for both scientific research and public safety.

Scientific classification

The Brazilian Wandering Spider belongs to the family Ctenidae within the order Araneae. Its scientific classification is as follows:

• Kingdom: Animalia
• Phylum: Arthropoda
• Class: Arachnida
• Order: Araneae
• Family: Ctenidae
• Genus: Phoneutria

The Brazilian Wandering Spider goes by various common names, including “armed spider,” “banana spider,” and “wandering spider.” Synonyms for this species may include Ctenus , which was formerly used for some Phoneutria species.

Distribution and habitat

Distribution:

• South American:  Found throughout most of South America east of the Andes mountains, including countries like Brazil (their namesake), Argentina, Paraguay, and up into northern regions.
• Central American Touch:  A few species even reach southern Central America.
• Rainforest Dwellers:  Primarily found in the lush rainforests of South America.
• Not Picky Places:  They can also adapt to other habitats like the Atlantic Forest and even some urban areas.
• Daytime Hideouts:  While they wander at night, they seek shelter during the day in places like termite mounds, under rocks, or even (unintentionally) in bananas!

Physical Characteristics

 size and weight.

The Brazilian wandering spider is a creepy crawly giant. Their bodies can grow up to 2 inches (5 centimeters) long, but that’s not the scary part. Their legs can span a whopping 7 inches (18 cm), making them look even bigger. They are one of the biggest true spiders by body weight and size.

Despite their impressive leg span, Brazilian wandering spiders are relatively light. They only weigh around 6 grams, which is about the same as two pennies. While they might look imposing, they’re not the heaviest arachnids around.

Coloration and markings

These spiders exhibit a range of colors, including brown, black, and sometimes reddish hues. They often have distinctive markings on their bodies, which can vary between species. These markings may include stripes or patterns that serve as a key identification feature.

Notable features

One of the most notable features of the Brazilian Wandering Spider is its elongated, robust body and long, agile legs. They have sharp fangs, which they use to inject venom into their prey or in self-defense.

Sexual dimorphism

Sexual dimorphism is evident in this species. Females are larger and bulkier than males, while males have longer, more slender legs. Additionally, males possess specialized structures known as pedipalps, which are used during mating.

In the following sections of this article, we will delve deeper into the behavior, venom, and ecological role of the Brazilian Wandering Spider, shedding light on why this species has both fascinated and instilled fear in those who encounter it.

 Behavior and Ecology

 Nocturnal habits

Brazilian Wandering Spiders are primarily nocturnal creatures. They are most active during the night, venturing out of their daytime hiding places to hunt for prey and engage in mating activities. Their nighttime activity allows them to avoid predators and reduce the risk of desiccation in the hot tropical sun.

Hunting and feeding behavior

These spiders are agile hunters and primarily feed on insects, small vertebrates, and other arachnids. They do not build webs to capture prey but instead rely on their excellent senses, including acute vision and touch, to locate and stalk their victims. They often wander in search of food and are known for their swift and lethal strikes. Once they subdue their prey, they inject venom to immobilize it before feeding.

Brazilian Wandering Spiders (Phoneutria) are active hunters and have distinctive feeding behaviors. Here’s an overview of their feeding habits:

• Active Predators: Brazilian Wandering Spiders are not web-builders like many other spider species. Instead, they are active predators. They actively roam their environment in search of prey rather than waiting for insects to stumble into a web.
• Hunting Strategy: When hunting, these spiders use their excellent senses, including acute vision and touch, to locate potential prey. They are known for their agility and speed, which they use to stalk and capture their victims. They have sharp fangs, which they use to deliver a venomous bite to immobilize their prey.
• Diet: Their diet consists primarily of insects and other arthropods, but they are opportunistic feeders and may consume a variety of small creatures, including small vertebrates such as frogs and lizards when the opportunity arises.
• Venom Use: Brazilian Wandering Spiders inject venom into their prey to immobilize and partially digest it. Their venom contains neurotoxins that affect the nervous system of their victims. Once the prey is incapacitated, the spider can feed on it at its leisure.
• Feeding Process: After subduing their prey with a venomous bite, the spider uses its chelicerae (fangs) to break down the prey’s tissues. The venom also helps in predigestion, turning the prey’s insides into a semi-liquid form that the spider can ingest. They can consume both the internal fluids and solid parts of their prey.
• Frequency of Feeding: The frequency of feeding can vary depending on factors such as the availability of prey and the spider’s size. Generally, they need to feed periodically to sustain their energy and growth. Spiderlings may require more frequent meals to support their rapid growth, while adults can go longer periods between meals.

Overall, the Brazilian Wandering Spider’s feeding strategy is well-suited for their active and wandering lifestyle, allowing them to efficiently capture and consume a variety of prey in their natural habitat.

Role in the ecosystem

The Brazilian Wandering Spider plays a vital role in controlling insect populations within its habitat. By preying on a variety of insects and other small creatures, they help maintain ecological balance. Additionally, their presence in the rainforest ecosystem contributes to the overall biodiversity and food web.

Mating and reproduction

Mating in Brazilian Wandering Spiders is a complex and potentially dangerous process. Male spiders must carefully approach and court a receptive female to avoid being mistaken for prey. They use specialized pedipalps to transfer sperm to the female’s reproductive organs. After successful mating, females lay egg sacs containing hundreds of eggs. They guard these sacs and ensure the survival of their offspring until they hatch.

 Lifespan and growth

The lifespan of Brazilian Wandering Spiders varies between males and females. Males generally have a shorter lifespan, typically living for a few months to a year after reaching maturity. Females, on the other hand, can live for several years. The growth of these spiders involves a series of molts, during which they shed their exoskeletons to accommodate their increasing size. Molting is a vulnerable period in their lives as their new exoskeleton is initially soft and requires time to harden.

Venom and Envenomation

Composition of venom.

The venom of Brazilian Wandering Spiders is a complex mixture of neurotoxins, cytotoxins, and other enzymes. One of the most significant components is a neurotoxin called PhTx3, which targets the nervous system of their prey.

Toxicity and effects on humans

The venom of these spiders is highly potent and can be lethal to their prey. In humans, envenomation can cause a range of symptoms, including intense pain, muscle cramps, fever, nausea, and in severe cases, paralysis and death. It’s important to note that while their venom is potent, actual fatalities from Brazilian Wandering Spider bites are rare due to the availability of medical treatment.

First aid and medical treatment

In the event of a Brazilian Wandering Spider bite, immediate medical attention is crucial. First aid measures may include cleaning the wound and applying ice to reduce pain and swelling. However, the primary treatment involves antivenom, which can counteract the effects of the spider’s venom.

Cases of envenomation and fatalities

Although fatalities from Brazilian Wandering Spider bites are uncommon, there have been documented cases of severe envenomation, especially in regions where medical treatment is not readily available. These spiders are generally non-aggressive and will bite humans only in self-defense when provoked, or if they feel cornered.

Understanding the behavior, ecology, and venomous nature of the Brazilian Wandering Spider is crucial for both scientific research and public awareness, helping to minimize the risk of envenomation and promote coexistence with this remarkable but potentially dangerous arachnid.

Brazilian wandering spider life cycle

The Brazilian wandering spider has a fascinating life cycle that revolves around hunting and motherhood. Here’s a breakdown:

• Egg Haven:  After mating, the female lays hundreds, sometimes even a thousand, eggs in a silken sac. This becomes their protected nursery.
• Tiny Terrors:  Hatching from the eggs emerge translucent spiderlings called larvae.
• Nymph Stage:  The larvae molt a few times, transforming into nymphs. Think of them as mini-adults but without the ability to reproduce yet.
• Shedding for Size:  As nymphs grow, they undergo multiple molts, shedding their outer shell to accommodate their larger bodies.
• Ready to Roam:  After the final molt, the spider emerges as a full-fledged adult, complete with reproductive organs. Now, they can join the wandering lifestyle and continue the cycle.

The life cycle begins when a female Brazilian Wandering Spider lays her eggs. She typically creates an egg sac made of silk and deposits it in a concealed location, such as a tree hollow or leaf litter. Inside the sac, she may lay hundreds of eggs. The female guards the egg sac and ensures its protection until the spiderlings hatch. The duration of the egg stage varies depending on environmental conditions but generally lasts for a few weeks.

Spiderling Stage

After the incubation period, spiderlings (young spiders) emerge from the egg sac. They are extremely vulnerable at this stage and rely on their mother’s protection and guidance. Spiderlings are miniature versions of adult spiders but lack the full coloration and size. They disperse from the nest once they have molted and are capable of hunting on their own. During this stage, they grow rapidly by molting, shedding their exoskeletons to accommodate their increasing size.

Juvenile Stage

As spiderlings continue to molt and grow, they progress into the juvenile stage. During this phase, their coloration becomes more distinct, and they start to develop the characteristic features of adult Brazilian Wandering Spiders. They become increasingly independent and begin to exhibit hunting behaviors. The duration of the juvenile stage can vary but often lasts several months.

Sub-Adult Stage

The sub-adult stage is an intermediate phase between juvenile and adult. At this point, the spiders are closer in size and appearance to adults but have not yet reached sexual maturity. They continue to molt, with the frequency of molting gradually decreasing as they approach adulthood. Sub-adult spiders may exhibit more territorial behaviors as they compete for resources and prepare for eventual mating.

Adult Stage

Upon reaching sexual maturity, Brazilian Wandering Spiders enter the adult stage. This is when they are fully developed and capable of reproduction. Females are larger and bulkier than males, and males possess specialized structures called pedipalps, which they use during mating. Adult spiders engage in mating activities, and females lay eggs to continue the life cycle. Adult Brazilian Wandering Spiders can live for several years, with females typically having longer lifespans than males.

Understanding the life cycle of these spiders is essential for studying their behavior, reproductive biology, and population dynamics. It also provides insights into their adaptation strategies in the complex ecosystems of South and Central America.

Brazilian Wandering Spider Bite

Brazilian Wandering Spiders are known for their potent venom and, occasionally, their bites on humans. While bites are relatively rare due to the spider’s non-aggressive nature, understanding the consequences of a bite is crucial for public safety.

Studying Brazilian Wandering Spider bites is of great interest for several reasons. It helps healthcare professionals provide appropriate medical treatment, raises awareness among communities in spider habitats, and contributes to our understanding of venomous arachnid envenomations.

The venom of Brazilian Wandering Spiders is a complex mixture of neurotoxins, cytotoxins, and enzymes. It contains various components, including PhTx3, which is a potent neurotoxin affecting the nervous system.

Brazilian Wandering Spider bites can have a range of effects on the human body, including intense pain, muscle cramps, fever, nausea, and in severe cases, paralysis. The severity of the symptoms depends on factors such as the amount of venom injected and the individual’s sensitivity to the venom. There are several types of spider bites .

Symptoms of a Brazilian Wandering Spider Bite

Local symptoms

• Intense pain
• Itching or burning sensation
• Formation of blisters or lesions

Systemic symptoms

• Muscle cramps and spasms
• Abdominal pain
• Nausea and vomiting
• Elevated heart rate
• Hypertension (high blood pressure)
• Respiratory distress

Severity and variations

The severity of Brazilian Wandering Spider bite symptoms can vary widely. In some cases, symptoms may be mild and resolve on their own, while in severe envenomations, life-threatening complications can occur. Individual reactions to the venom can also vary, making it challenging to predict the exact outcome of a bite.

First Aid and Immediate Response

Steps to take after a bite

Immediate response to a Brazilian Wandering Spider bite should include:

• – Washing the bite area with soap and water.
• – Applying a clean, cool compress to reduce pain and swelling.
• – Immobilizing the affected limb or area.
• – Keeping the bite victim calm to prevent an elevated heart rate.

Do’s and don’ts in case of a bite

• – Seek medical attention promptly.
• – Take note of the spider’s appearance (if possible) to aid identification.
• – Keep the bite victim still and calm to reduce the spread of venom.
• – Do not try to suck out venom or make incisions at the bite site.
• – Avoid applying tourniquets.
• – Don’t use ice directly on the skin as it can worsen tissue damage.

Seeking medical attention

Medical attention is essential after a Brazilian Wandering Spider bite, even if symptoms appear mild initially. Antivenom is available and can be administered to counteract the effects of the venom. Medical professionals can also manage symptoms and monitor for potential complications.

Complications and Long-Term Effects

Potential complications

Complications from Brazilian Wandering Spider bites can include:

• – Severe muscle spasms
• – Respiratory distress
• – Cardiovascular issues
• – Kidney failure (rare)
• – Allergic reactions to antivenom

Long-term consequences

Long-term consequences of a bite can vary depending on the severity and medical treatment received. Some individuals may experience lingering pain, muscle weakness, or psychological trauma following a severe envenomation.

Recovery and rehabilitation

Recovery from a Brazilian Wandering Spider bite typically involves medical treatment, rehabilitation for muscle and nerve damage, and psychological support for individuals affected by the experience. Rehabilitation may include physical therapy to regain muscle strength and function. Prompt medical attention and appropriate care are crucial for minimizing long-term effects and complications.

Facts of Brazilian Wanding Spider

Here are 10 creepy crawly facts about the Brazilian Wandering Spider:

• Big and Hairy:  These spiders are giants! Their bodies can grow up to 2 inches (5 centimeters) long, with a leg span of up to 7 inches (18 cm). They are covered in hairs, making them appear even bigger.
• Wanderlust:  They are aptly named – Brazilian wandering spiders don’t spin webs. Instead, they wander the forest floor at night in search of prey.
• Venomous Bite:  Their venom is considered one of the most potent among spiders. A bite can cause severe pain, swelling, sweating, nausea, and even priapism in males. Thankfully, bites are rare as they are typically shy and defensive.
• Not So Fond of Bananas:  While sometimes called ‘banana spiders,’ they are not typically found in bananas. They might, however, take shelter in them during transport, which is how they might end up in a faraway land.
• Rainforest Resident:  These spiders are native to the rainforests of South America, particularly in Brazil.
• Fearsome Feasters:  They’re active hunters and will eat almost anything they can overpower, including insects, lizards, frogs, and even small rodents.
• Mom’s the Word:  Female Brazilian wandering spiders are dedicated mothers. They lay hundreds of eggs in a silken sac and fiercely guard them until they hatch.
• Multiple Molts:  Like all spiders, Brazilian wandering spiders grow through molting. They shed their exoskeleton multiple times as they grow into adults.
• Mating Dance:  Male Brazilian wandering spiders perform a elaborate mating dance to attract a female.
• Medicinal Potential:  Despite their scary reputation, the venom of the Brazilian wandering spider is being studied for its potential use in treating erectile dysfunction.

What happens if a Brazilian Wandering Spider bites a man?

A Brazilian Wandering Spider bite on a man can cause a range of symptoms, some severe:

• Pain:  The bite is known for causing intense, localized pain at the site.
• Autonomic effects:  Sweating, nausea, and increased heart rate are common.
• Priapism:  In some cases, males may experience a prolonged and painful erection (priapism). This is due to a component in the venom.
• Muscle paralysis:  Severe bites can lead to muscle paralysis, which can affect breathing in rare cases.

However, it’s important to remember:

• Bites are uncommon as these spiders are typically shy and defensive.
• Antivenom is available and effective in treating bites.

If bitten, seek medical attention immediately. Early treatment can help prevent complications and ensure a full recovery.

How poisonous is a Brazilian Wandering Spider?

Brazilian Wandering Spider packs a nasty venomous punch, considered one of the strongest among spiders. Bites are rare though, as they’re shy and prefer to escape trouble.

What is the world’s deadliest spider?

The term “deadliest” can be subjective and depends on how one defines it (e.g., based on venom potency or human fatalities). However, the Brazilian Wandering Spider (Phoneutria) is often considered one of the most venomous spiders in the world. Another spider often mentioned in discussions of venom toxicity is the Sydney Funnel-web Spider (Atrax robustus and Atrax formosus), found in Australia. These spiders are known for their potent venom and have caused fatalities in the past.

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Brazilian Wandering Spider: Care, Food, Habitat & Preventions

Mike Wallace

Have you ever heard of or do you know what a  Brazilian wandering spider is ? It is a big venomous spider from places like Central and South America, and people sometimes call it the  banana spider . Why? Well, we are about to find out!

Table of Contents

These wandering spiders are aggressive hunters who go out on the hunt at night. Their meals include both invertebrates (like insects) and vertebrates (creatures with a backbone, like small animals).

These spiders are super dangerous because their venom is like a powerful potion that can make people really sick or even worse. They usually hang out in tropical rainforests and even in cities, hiding in banana plants. 

So, let’s get more information about the world of this sneaky spider to learn the details about its looks, eating habits, where it lives, the venom it carries, and find out if it is genuinely risky. Ready to explore? Keep reading!

Brazilian Wandering Spider Description:

Scientific name and family:.

In Brazil, they are sometimes known as “ armed spiders ” (armadeiras), and they share the name “ banana spiders ” with a few other spiders. They have different names, but they are all talking about the same interesting spider!

The Brazilian wandering spider, scientifically known as  Phoneutria , Maximilian Perty kickstarted the Phoneutria genus in 1833. The name comes from the Greek word φονεύτρια , which means “murderess” and falls under the Animalia kingdom, Arthropoda phylum, and Arachnida class.

Within Arachnida, it is classified in the order Araneae, infraorder Araneomorphae, and Ctenidae family. The genus Phoneutria, described by Perty in 1833, includes the type species  Phoneutria fera .

This classification helps us understand where these spiders fit into the larger picture of living organisms.

The following 9 species are accepted by The  World Spider Catalog :

• Phoneutria bahiensis
• Phoneutria boliviensis
• Phoneutria eickstedtae
• Phoneutria fera
• Phoneutria keyserlingi
• Phoneutria nigriventer
• Phoneutria pertyi
• Phoneutria reidyi
• Phoneutria depilata

What do Brazilian Wandering Spider look like?

Size range:.

The spiders in the Phoneutria group can get pretty big in size. Their legs can stretch out to be 13 to 18 centimeters (5 to 7 inches) wide, and their bodies can have a range between 17 to 48 millimeters (a little more than half an inch to almost 2 inches) long.

The female Brazilian spiders can get pretty big, reaching up to 15 centimeters (5.9 inches) in length. On the other hand, the males are smaller, usually measuring around 7 centimeters (2.8 inches). They usually weigh up to 0.21 ounces.

They have long, slender legs, and even though some other spiders with different names might have longer legs, the Phoneutria spiders are champions when it comes to having the longest bodies and being the heaviest in their spider gang.

The spider’s body has two main parts. The first is the prosoma, kind of like its “head,” where you will find all eight legs, eyes, fangs (chelicera), and little multitasking arms (pedipalps).

The second part is the opisthosoma, holding the spinnerets for making silk, the back end opening (anal opening), “the lungs,” the heart, and the important bits for making baby spiders (reproductive organs).

So, the prosoma is like the front control center, and the opisthosoma is like the back office, handling things like silk-making and baby-making.

Brazilian spiders come in different colors, with most being hairy and shades of brown and gray. Some species may have lightly colored spots on their abdomen.

A distinctive feature of many species is the presence of bands of black and yellow or white on the underside of their two front legs.

Identification:

To identify a spider from the Phoneutria group, look for a dense brush of fine hairs on their leg parts. They might seem like other spiders, especially  Cupiennius , but here is how you can differentiate: 

• Phoneutria often have a dark line on the front of their palps and a thin black line on top of their head. 
• Check underneath, too; their legs usually have dark parts and light joints. Sometimes, the belly has black dots or is reddish. 
• Usually it has been observed that when they are upset, they do a cool defensive move like lifting their front legs high with a distinctive pattern. So, if you see a spider doing that dance, it is probably a Phoneutria!

Brazilian Wandering Spiders live all over the Americas, from Costa Rica to northern Argentina. They are like the residents of the jungle, chilling in forests east of the Andes in countries like Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and the Guianas.

Some, like P. reidyi, P. boliviensis, and P. fera, love the Amazon rainforest, while others prefer the Atlantic Forest in Argentina, Paraguay, and Brazil.

They have also made themselves at home in the Cerrado savanna. But if you head to northeastern Brazil, they are not around. These spiders have even taken trips to Chile and Uruguay.

Why are they called Banana Spiders?

These spiders are linked with bananas. Richard S. Vetter, a researcher at the University of California, found that these powerful spiders sometimes end up in North America and Europe by accident, hitching a ride in banana shipments.

But it is often a case of mistaken identity. Only a few Phoneutria species have been found in banana shipments, and sometimes, other spiders get the blame due to misidentification. 

What They Like to Eat or Hunt?

Their food includes flies, beetles, butterflies, moths, grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets. Occasionally, they might even feast on small creatures like amphibians, reptiles, or mice. All these diet or food findings tell us about how diversified eating habits these fascinating spiders have.

Mating and Lifecycle:

Like most spiders, the female spiders are bigger than the males. When the male spider wants to be friends, they do a little dance (vibrating his pedipalps and specialized sensory appendages) to signal his intentions to impress the female, but it is a cautious approach.

The behavior of the female can be choosy, and she might say no to a few before picking the right one. 

After the dance, sometimes, the females decide to attack them, or if she is interested, she can store the male’s baby-making material in a special place until she is ready to use it.

Then, she lays a bunch of eggs, up to 1,000 at a time, and keeps them safe in a silk egg sac. Sadly, after laying her eggs, the mom spider says goodbye. It is her way of making sure the new spiders are ready to explore the world on their own.

The lifespan of the banana spider (Phoneutria nigriventer) differs for males and females. Females usually live for 6 to 8 weeks after reaching maturity, while males have a shorter lifespan of 2 to 3 weeks after their last molt. 

Certain mammals, like coatis (Procyonidae, which includes raccoons) and other small insectivores, birds are potential predators of large wandering spiders.

These spiders got their name as wandering spiders because of the fact that they are not into web building. Instead, they stroll around the forest floor at night(nocturnal), searching for dinner.

Brazilian Wandering Spiders are active hunters and use both ambush tactics and direct attacks to catch their prey. During the day, they prefer cozy spots like under logs or in crevices, only emerging at night for their hunting adventures. These spiders do not build nests like other spider species.

While wandering spiders are not naturally aggressive towards humans, they won’t hesitate to bite if they feel cornered or threatened. Most bites happen when a spider accidentally gets trapped in clothing or bedding. 

Bite and Venom:

The bite of the armed spider is the most dangerous in the world as the venom it carries can be harmful to humans.

The danger is not just about how strong the venom is; it is also about factors like the spider’s likelihood to bite and how close it is to where people live.

These spiders often hide in houses, clothes, and other dark places during the day, making accidental bites more likely. 

While their fangs are adapted for small prey, some experts think they might give a “dry” bite in defense to save venom. Studies suggest that not all bites inject venom, and serious cases requiring antivenom are rare.

However, there have been confirmed cases of death, with symptoms appearing quickly, including:

• Severe pain
• Breathing difficulties
• Increased heart rate and blood pressure
• In severe cases, paralysis and death

The severity can depend on the spider’s sex, with females generally more dangerous. The spiders produce less venom in colder months, and a small amount can be potent enough to harm.

Fortunately, bites from Brazilian spiders are rare, and when they do occur, the exposure to the toxins is generally mild, as explained by Vetter.

Also Read: What is a Huntsman Spider? (Heteropodidae) – The Ultimate Guide

Banana Spider’s Facts:

Below are essential details about Brazilian wandering spiders:

• They hold the title for the world’s largest spiders , boasting leg spans reaching up to 15 centimeters (6 inches).
• Their venom packs a powerful punch, capable of inducing severe pain, paralysis, and, in extreme cases, fatal outcomes for humans.
• Despite their intimidating reputation, they are generally non-aggressive and resort to biting only when provoked.
• These spiders inhabit tropical rainforests and urban areas across Central and South America.
• In case someone has been bitten by this spider, he/she needs quick medical treatment to control the effects timely.

Treatment and Preventive Measures:

If bitten by a wandering spider or armed spiders, prompt medical attention is crucial. There is an antivenom for the spider’s venom, but its effectiveness is highest when administered within a few hours of the bite.

To prevent a bite:

• Wear protective clothing, use shoes and long pants when in areas where these spiders are found.
• Before wearing your clothes and shoes, make sure to check them to ensure no spiders are hiding.
• Maintain cleanliness and avoid leaving food or garbage exposed, as this can attract spiders.

These preventive measures are essential for minimizing the risk of encountering and getting bitten by Banana spiders.

Can Brazilian spiders kill humans?

Brazilian wandering spiders (Phoneutria nigriventer) are venomous and can potentially kill a human with a single bite. Their venom contains a potent neurotoxin that can cause severe pain, paralysis, and even death. 

Are Brazilian spiders poisonous?

Yes the venom of this spider is poisonous, that can cause death. While Brazilian wandering spiders are potentially dangerous, actual bites are relatively rare.

By adopting preventive measures and promptly seeking medical attention if bitten, the risk of serious complications can be significantly reduced.

Can you keep Brazilian spiders as pets?

It is strongly advised against keeping wandering spiders as pets due to their venomous nature and the potential risk to human safety.

Managing these spiders in captivity demands specialized knowledge and handling procedures to minimize the risk of bites.

Final Thoughts:

The Brazilian wandering spider, banana spider, or armed spider is a large and venomous arachnid found in Central and South America. While their potent venom can be harmful to humans, encounters are rare.

These nocturnal hunters have adopted various habitats, from rainforests to urban areas, and are associated with banana shipments. Understanding their appearance, behavior, and habitat is crucial for minimizing risks.

Seeking immediate medical attention after a bite is essential, as antivenom is available but most effective when administered promptly. Despite their fearsome reputation, the Brazilian spider remains a captivating and potentially dangerous species.

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Spiders Planet is the ultimate source of information about spiders! All the articles on this site will provide you with the most accurate and up-to-date information written by me and a group of writers, that is well-researched and fact-checked before it’s published.

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The Infinite Spider

A science and nature blog for naturalists and educators.

How Spiders Eat

Spider basics: how spiders eat.

Slurping Up The Goodness

I haven't done a good spider post in a while, and since this is the Infinite Spider Blog I do feel this need to keep up. I've written about spider feet , how spider legs work , spider eyes , orange and black spiders , fishing spiders , and brown spiders but what I haven't covered is how spiders eat. There are two answers to this question, and the answer depends on how the spider gets it food.

There are two general groups of spiders, the wandering or hunting spiders and the web building spiders. The anatomy of both groups is similar, because they are all arachnids with two body segments, with a fused head-thorx called a cephalothorax and an abdomen as well as eight legs. Both types can create silk, but the wandering spiders usually use the silk for drag lines (like bungee cords), wrapping eggs, or creating tunnels. Both types of spiders also have multiple eyes, but the arrangement of these eyes is different. Wandering spiders tend to have two large eyes, and several smaller ones arranged around them. Orb weaving spiders tend to have have rows of only tiny eyes, because they rely on touch and vibrations more than eyesight, whereas hunting spiders actively hunt and jump on their prey at night (this is why when you turn on the kitchen light in the middle of the night you see them scurry off, they were hunting).

So what does all this have to do with how spiders eat? It has to do with how the spider captures and subdues its prey as well as how it chooses to slurp its soup. First, let's look at a quick chart to help compare the two types of spiders:

Web building spiders are agile and patient. They wait for their food by hanging on the webs they build, and they don't rely on eyesight to find their prey. Wandering spiders have good eyesight, strong muscular legs and they have modified and padded feet that allow them to climb walls, run quickly, and jump on prey.

Another large difference is how they subdue and consume their prey. Remember, spiders don't have true teeth, instead the have fangs which inject venom. Venom is made in their salivary glands and is delivered through their hollow pointy bits on the ends.  Most spider venom is specifically made to be toxic to arthropods (insects and other spiders), which makes sense because that's the majority of their prey.

Spider venom is usually stored stored in the chelicerae (mouth parts) in "pieces," sort of like a baking recipe, in the glands of the spider. If the venom was pre-made and sitting around in their glands it could poison them, after all they are arthropods too. Spiders can put together these "pieces" of the recipe to made one more types of venom, which also makes sense considering that they use the venom for defense, subduing and digesting their prey. Some venom may be a neurotoxin while other venoms may be cytotoxins that breaks down cell walls and tissues or even digestive enzymes. You can read all about spider venom in this article by Ron Atkinson .

Now, lets get to the feeding bit. Since spiders don't have teeth they live on a liquid diet. How they get that liquid varies. Most hunting spiders (and some web building spiders) have serrated chelicerae. These serrated mouth parts work best when they prey is against the ground (or other hard surface) and the mouth parts can move back and forth to tear apart and shred their food (thus the need for for venom that can break down cell walls). Check out this neat page from OSU for some interesting images .

This is also why most hunting spiders have vertical mouth parts that move up and down and can create a mushy prey bolus. Web building spiders don't always have the advantage of being able to hold their prey against a hard surface, so they may lack the serrated chelicerae. Regardless, both groups use injected venom to liquefy their prey. Hunting spiders may spit the enzymes on the prey bolus and then let it work for a bit. Web builders may wrap up their prey and then inject it and let the prey liquefy in its own cocoon sippy cup. Hunting spiders sometimes do this too, they wrap up their prey and carry it off as a prize for their mate, or young, and then drink it down after its had a bit of time to crock-pot in some enzymes.

All spiders have a type of stomach that is called a "sucking stomach" (this is not like humans sucking in their stomach to look thinner). The sucking stomach literally creates a sucking motion to draw in the liquefied prey remains, whether it's the spit--slurp--n'--sip of the hunting spiders or the wrap--inject--and sip of the web builders.

Spiders have a foregut where food can be stored, and a hind gut where more digestion occurs. It's also thought that they can spit enzymes back and forth from their sucking stomach, through their mouth, and suck it back in, sort of like a deer chewing cud, but in this case it's re-using digestive enzymes instead of a grass ball that is being chewed on.

The sucking stomach attaches to the spider's intestine, and at the mid-intestine a storage area is formed from a series of canals or tubes that extend outward in a in wagon wheel, or spoke-like formation, called the caecal (sea-cal) ring (on the picture above it's called the digestive cecum...caecum and you shall find um) . You can actually see this when you look cephalothorax of some spiders, like this one below. This wolf spider has clear markings in the "spoke" and wagon wheel formation. If you could "pop-the-hood" and look underneath, you'd see this corresponds with the caecal ring.

While eating many spiders also have the ability to expand their abdomen, like your belly expands after a big Thanksgiving dinner. You can sometimes tell when a spider has fed by looking at the expansion of their abdomen, especially in tarantulas.

Although it's disgusting to most people, I think how spiders eat is pretty unique and fascinating. They are perfectly designed for their tiny world, and their feeding methods lend to us pest control and keeping the insect populations in check. Next time you see a spider web, or a hunting spider feeding, take a closer look and see if you can observe them doing their spider-slurp-n'-sip feeding methods.

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The Brazilian Wandering Spider

The Brazilian Wandering Spider, also known as the armed spider or banana spider, is a venomous arachnid found in Central and South America. It is considered one of the most dangerous spiders in the world. The spider is medium to large in size, with a leg span of up to 6 inches. It has a hairy body, long and slender legs, and displays a variety of colors and patterns, including a distinctive red or orange mark on its abdomen. Unlike most spiders, it does not build a web; instead, it wanders the forest floor or hides in crevices during the day, making it particularly dangerous to humans.

Brazilian Wandering Spider Matchups

We use AI to simulate matchups between the Brazilian Wandering Spider and other animals. Our simulation considers size, strength, and natural predatory behaviors to determine the most likely outcome.

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Brazilian wandering spider : diet, predators, aggression, and defensive behaviors, what do brazilian wandering spiders eat.

Brazilian Wandering Spiders are carnivorous predators, feeding primarily on insects like crickets, cockroaches, and beetles. They are also known to hunt small vertebrates such as lizards, frogs, and mice. These spiders may also catch other spiders or even small snakes as prey. Their venom helps to immobilize and digest their food.

Do Brazilian Wandering Spiders have any predators?

While Brazilian Wandering Spiders are apex predators in their ecosystems, they do have some predators. Birds like owls and hawks have been observed preying on these spiders. Additionally, snakes and certain types of wasps are known to feed on these spiders. However, due to their venomous bite and agile movements, Brazilian Wandering Spiders are not an easy meal for most predators.

Are Brazilian Wandering Spiders aggressive?

Brazilian Wandering Spiders are known to be highly aggressive when threatened or provoked. They will not hesitate to bite if they feel cornered or in danger. However, they will typically give warning signs such as rearing up on their hind legs and exposing their fangs before attacking. It is important to exercise caution and avoid provoking these spiders in their natural habitat.

Do Brazilian Wandering Spiders fight with other species?

Brazilian Wandering Spiders are solitary creatures and will generally avoid confrontation with other spiders or animals, unless it is for hunting or self-defense. They are more likely to engage in combat with prey or potential threats than with members of their own species. However, if two male Brazilian Wandering Spiders encounter each other during mating season, they may engage in a territorial dispute.

How do Brazilian Wandering Spiders defend themselves?

When faced with a threat, Brazilian Wandering Spiders have several defense mechanisms at their disposal. They may exhibit aggressive behavior, raising their front legs and exposing their fangs as a warning. If this does not deter the threat, they are capable of delivering a venomous bite that can cause severe pain and potentially be fatal to humans. Additionally, these spiders are agile and quick, enabling them to evade predators or escape dangerous situations.

What is the biggest weakness of Brazilian Wandering Spiders in a fight?

Despite their potent venom and aggressive nature, Brazilian Wandering Spiders have a vulnerability in their soft exoskeleton. Their bodies are not as robust as some other arachnid species, making them more susceptible to physical damage in a fight. Predators that can overpower them with sheer strength, like large birds or snakes, may pose a serious threat to these spiders. Additionally, injuries sustained in combat can hinder their ability to hunt and survive in their environment.

Fun Fact : This spider has been listed in the Guinness World Records as the world's most venomous spider, as its venom can cause severe pain, swelling, and even paralysis or death in humans if untreated.

Fun Fact : Male Brazilian Wandering Spiders often exhibit a unique and fascinating courtship ritual, which involves drumming or tapping their legs on the leaves to attract females, showcasing their agility and fitness in the process.

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Invertebrates

17 Surprising Facts About Brazilian Wandering Spider

Written by Regine Thomsen

Modified & Updated: 16 May 2024

Reviewed by Jessica Corbett

The Brazilian Wandering Spider, also known as the banana spider, is a fascinating and enigmatic creature that hails from the tropical forests of South America. With its vibrant colors, impressive size, and potent venom, this spider has earned a notorious reputation as one of the most dangerous arachnids in the world.

In this article, we will delve into the intriguing world of the Brazilian Wandering Spider and uncover 17 surprising facts about this captivating creature. From its unique hunting techniques to its bizarre reproductive behavior , these facts will shed light on the mysterious nature of this spider and challenge any preconceived notions you may have about them.

Whether you have a fear of spiders or simply have an interest in the wonders of the animal kingdom, prepare to be amazed and astounded as we explore the remarkable features and habits of the Brazilian Wandering Spider.

Key Takeaways:

• The Brazilian Wandering Spider is a venomous nocturnal hunter with unique mating rituals and a surprising nickname, “Banana Spider,” due to its occasional presence in banana shipments.
• Its potent neurotoxic venom can cause painful erections in humans and requires prompt medical attention, but antivenom is available for treatment in areas where the spider is prevalent.

The Brazilian Wandering Spider is one of the most venomous spiders in the world.

With its potent neurotoxic venom , the Brazilian Wandering Spider poses a significant threat to humans and animals alike.

It is found in various parts of South America, including Brazil, Venezuela, and Suriname.

The Brazilian Wandering Spider is native to the rainforests of South America and has adapted to diverse habitats within the region.

Male Brazilian Wandering Spiders have unique leg flaps.

Unlike other spiders, male Brazilian Wandering Spiders have specialized leg flaps that they use to attract females during courtship rituals.

Female Brazilian Wandering Spiders are larger than males.

The females of this species can grow up to 5 inches in leg span , while males are usually smaller, measuring around 3 inches.

They are known for their distinctive hunting behavior.

The Brazilian Wandering Spider does not build a traditional web to catch prey. Instead, it actively hunts for insects, small rodents, and even lizards.

The venom of the Brazilian Wandering Spider can cause painful erections in humans.

A bite from this spider can lead to a condition called priapism, which is characterized by prolonged and painful erections in men.

This spider is also known as the Banana Spider.

The Brazilian Wandering Spider earned its nickname “Banana Spider” due to its occasional presence in banana shipments, causing concerns for importers and consumers.

The Brazilian Wandering Spider has a defensive display known as “threat posture”.

When threatened, this spider raises its front legs, exposing its fangs and warning potential predators of its venomous capabilities .

They possess a potent venom that affects the nervous system.

The neurotoxic venom of the Brazilian Wandering Spider causes symptoms such as severe pain, muscle spasms, respiratory distress, and in rare cases, even death.

Antivenom exists for the treatment of Brazilian Wandering Spider bites.

In areas where the spider is prevalent, antivenom is available to counteract the effects of its potent venom . Prompt medical attention is crucial in these cases.

Brazilian Wandering Spiders have excellent eyesight.

With their eight eyes, these spiders have keen vision and can detect movement from a considerable distance.

They are nocturnal creatures.

The Brazilian Wandering Spider is primarily active during the night, using its superior vision and hunting skills to locate prey.

These spiders can deliver multiple bites in a single attack.

When threatened, the Brazilian Wandering Spider may repeatedly bite its target, increasing the dosage of venom injected into the victim.

Brazilian Wandering Spiders are known to be highly aggressive.

When disturbed or cornered, these spiders are quick to display defensive behavior and may attack without hesitation.

They have bristly hairs on their bodies, known as urticating hairs.

The Brazilian Wandering Spider possesses specialized hairs on its abdomen that can cause irritation and discomfort when they come into contact with the skin.

The Brazilian Wandering Spider is a member of the Ctenidae family.

Belonging to the Ctenidae family, which includes other wandering spiders, the Brazilian Wandering Spider is notable for its unique characteristics.

Female Brazilian Wandering Spiders protect their egg sacs diligently.

After laying their eggs, female Brazilian Wandering Spiders guard their egg sacs fiercely to ensure the survival of their offspring.

The Brazilian Wandering Spider is undoubtedly one of the most fascinating creatures in the animal kingdom. Their unique characteristics and behaviors make them a subject of both awe and fear. From their lethal venom to their uncanny ability to wander into unexpected places, these spiders have managed to capture the attention of researchers and enthusiasts alike.

Understanding the 17 surprising facts about the Brazilian Wandering Spider gives us a glimpse into their world and highlights their significance in the ecosystem. From their impressive hunting techniques to their role as both predator and prey, these spiders play a vital role in maintaining the balance of nature.

While encountering a Brazilian Wandering Spider in the wild might be a rarity for many, it’s important to respect these creatures and appreciate their beauty from a safe distance. By learning more about them, we can cultivate a greater understanding and appreciation for the diverse and awe-inspiring world of animals.

Q: Are Brazilian Wandering Spiders really dangerous?

A: Yes, they are. Brazilian Wandering Spiders are considered one of the most venomous spiders in the world. Their bite can be fatal if not treated promptly.

Q: Where are Brazilian Wandering Spiders found?

A: These spiders are native to various regions in South America , including Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru.

Q: How big do Brazilian Wandering Spiders get?

A: Adult Brazilian Wandering Spiders can have a leg span of up to 6 inches, making them one of the largest spiders in the world.

Q: What do Brazilian Wandering Spiders eat?

A: They primarily feed on insects, but they have also been known to eat small reptiles and amphibians.

Q: Are Brazilian Wandering Spiders aggressive?

A: Brazilian Wandering Spiders can exhibit aggressive behavior if they feel threatened. It’s important to exercise caution and avoid provoking them.

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Banana Spider, or Brazilian wandering spider (Phoneutria nigriventer)

Phoneutria nigriventer: Taxonomy and characteristics, where does it live and what does it eat? Bite and symptoms; other effects of the bite.

The banana spider, or Brazilian wandering spider (Phoneutria nigriventer ), or banana wandering spider, is probably the most venomous spider in the world and is one of the spiders of the Amazon .

Its name comes from the fact that it is frequently found in banana plantations, and it is widespread throughout Central and South America, whose economies are closely related to banana or plantain exports. Although it can be found in other areas, such as northern Argentina and Uruguay.

There is a spider species that competes with it in terms of venom potency, Phonetria phera , of the same genus, but it does not cause as many victims as P. nigriventer.

Taxonomy and characteristics

Specialists describe it as an araneomorph spider species of the family Ctenidae, genus Phonetria.

The banana spider, which Brazilians call armadeira spider and which causes terror in the Brazilian Amazon , is fearsome not only because of its venom, but also because of its appearance.

Its head and abdomen measure up to 5 cm, but its legs extend up to 15 cm. It is as large as the palm of an adult person.

It has four eyes: two large eyes at the front of the head, and two smaller eyes. It has two reddish “tusks” and eight large, hairy legs. It is very fast and aggressive, but only attacks when it feels threatened.

Where does the banana spider live and what does it eat?

It likes to live in dark places, and feeds on insects, especially crickets and flies.

Banana spider bite and symptoms

Their venom, the toxin, can be fatal to an adult person. Its victims immediately feel great pain, and experience intense sweating, strong tachycardia, and progressive asphyxia, which can lead to death by cardiac arrest.

It does not produce necrosis of the affected part. The only spider that does this is the violin spider (Loxosceles reclusa), but its venom is more potent and lethal.

Another effect, which has attracted the attention of the scientific world: it produces priapism, that is, a prolonged erection, which can be maintained for more than four hours, and even up to 12 hours.

As a result of these effects, if the victim is not treated in time, he dies, but with an erection that creates unbearable pain, because it affects the cavernous vessels, leaving the glans soft.

Other effects of banana spider bites

However, it not only causes the erection of the male member, but also the erection of the female clitoris. This curious effect is the result of the Pn toxin Tx2-6 or Tx2-5, and particularly of the peptide pNPP-19.

Antimicrobial peptides are substances whose molecules produce effects on the innate immune system, forming part of its defense mechanisms.

In the case of banana spider bites, the venom increases the levels of nitric oxide in the blood, increasing blood flow.

The peptide induces relaxation of the spongy tissue and facilitates the distribution of blood flow to the penis or clitoris of the victim, resulting in erection.

This effect has been studied by Brazilian researchers since 1987, particularly at the Ezequiel Dias Foundation (FUNED), which operates in the state of Minas Gerais.

They, and others who have joined the research, believe that there are possibilities of obtaining a drug to help combat erectile dysfunction, or sexual impotence, which affects so many people in the world, and that it may be a better alternative to Viagra and similar drugs.

Bibliography

• Spanish, El. Elespañol.com/ciencia/salud/2017508/214479034_0_htm.
• Jornada, Argentina. 09.03.2019. diariojornada.com.ar/230942/sociedad/ La_arana_bananera_provoca_ mejores_erecciiones_que_el_viagra.

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Wandering Spiders

Wandering spiders is the name given to the species of the Ctenidae family having about 50 genera. The most popular species of this group is the Brazilian Wandering spider.

Spiders Belonging To This Family

• Afroneutria
• Chococtenus
• Wiedenmeyeria
• Brazilian Wandering
• Southeastern Wandering
• Phoneutria keyserlingi
• Cupiennius chiapanensis
• Phoneutria fera
• Cupiennius salei
• Ctenus villasboasi
• Ctenus hibernalis
• Phoneutria pertyi
• Phoneutria nigriventer

Physical Description & Identification

Size: They have a moderately small body, being about 5 cm (2 inches) long.

Color: Most spiders of this family have a brown body.

Other characteristics: The upper part of the oval carapace of this species possess a longitudinal groove.

They are small in size and enclosed in a white sac.

Spiderlings

The spiderlings stay with the mother for a short span until maturity.

Though not much detail is available, most members of this family like the Brazilian Wandering spider do not build webs. They search for their pray by roaming around the jungle floor.

Are Species of the Wandering Spider Family Poisonous and Do They Bite

The members of the wandering spider family are venomous, though those belonging to the Phoneutria genus tops the list and are known to have hazardous effects on humans.

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• Toxins (Basel)

Prey and Venom Efficacy of Male and Female Wandering Spider, Phoneutria boliviensis (Araneae: Ctenidae)

Juan carlos valenzuela-rojas.

1 Grupo de Investigación Biología y Ecología de Artrópodos (BEA), Corporación Huiltur y Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, Altos de Santa Helena, Ibagué 730001, Colombia; moc.liamg@ocimiuqoibnauj (J.C.V.-R.); moc.liamg@04zemogzelaznog (J.C.G.-G.); ln.nedjiemrednaveira@liam (A.v.d.M.)

Julio César González-Gómez

Arie van der meijden.

2 CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas 7, 4485-661 Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal

Juan Nicolás Cortés

3 Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad de Ibagué, Carrera 22 calle 67, Ibagué 730001, Colombia; oc.ude.eugabinusetnaidutse@010231021c (J.N.C.); [email protected] (L.M.F.)

Giovany Guevara

4 Grupo de Investigación en Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, Altos de Santa Helena, Ibagué 730001, Colombia; moc.liamg@aibmolocgg

Lida Marcela Franco

Stano pekár.

5 Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic; zc.inum.ics@rakep

Luis Fernando García

6 Grupo Multidisciplinario en Ecología para la Agricultura, Centro Universitario Regional del Este, Treinta y Tres 33000, Uruguay

Associated Data

Spiders rely on venom to catch prey and few species are even capable of capturing vertebrates. The majority of spiders are generalist predators, possessing complex venom, in which different toxins seem to target different types of prey. In this study, we focused on the trophic ecology and venom toxicity of Phoneutria boliviensis F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897, a Central American spider of medical importance. We tested the hypothesis that its venom is adapted to catch vertebrate prey by studying its trophic ecology and venom toxicity against selected vertebrate and invertebrate prey. We compared both trophic ecology (based on acceptance experiments) and toxicity (based on bioassays) among sexes of this species. We found that P . boliviensis accepted geckos, spiders, and cockroaches as prey, but rejected frogs. There was no difference in acceptance between males and females. The venom of P . boliviensis was far more efficient against vertebrate (geckos) than invertebrate (spiders) prey in both immobilization time and LD50. Surprisingly, venom of males was more efficient than that of females. Our results suggest that P. boliviensis has adapted its venom to catch vertebrates, which may explain its toxicity to humans.

1. Introduction

Venoms are substances injected into another organism with the aim of altering its state to the benefit of the injecting organism. Chemically, venoms are mixtures of different peptide and protein toxins [ 1 ]. Animal venoms are mainly used for prey capture, feeding, and defensive purposes [ 2 ]. For venomous predators, the use of venom is a highly efficient strategy as it allows them to paralyze prey, reducing its possible escape or retaliation [ 3 ], or to partially digest it, facilitating the feeding processes [ 4 ]. For example, Conus snails have a very potent venom for capturing fast and mobile prey such as fish [ 5 ], while some snakes have developed highly specific toxins to subdue different prey types such as arthropods, birds, or reptiles [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ].

Spiders are known as the most diverse group of terrestrial predators [ 11 ], and although some groups lack venomous glands [ 1 , 12 ], most species rely on venom to catch prey [ 13 ]. Pekár et al. [ 14 ] showed that strict specialist spiders, like the araneophagous and myrmecophagous species, have venom components, which might act specifically against their preferred prey when compared to generalist species. In contrast, generalist species have a rich chemical cocktail venom with toxins that affect different prey types [ 1 ]. For example, in the medically important Latrodectus spiders, toxins target different prey such as crustaceans, insects, and vertebrates [ 1 ]. Nevertheless, studies about venom composition and its role in prey capture in generalist spiders are still scarce.

Vertebrate predation by spiders remains an uncommon phenomenon overall. However, it appears to be relatively frequent in some spider families, which include large-sized groups such as Theraphosidae, Ctenidae, Lycosidae, and Pisauridae, among others [ 15 ]. Vertebrates consumed by spiders include small mammals like bats, mice, or small marsupials [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. Reptiles, including lizards and snakes, are also consumed [ 15 , 19 ]. Anurans are the most frequent prey among amphibians [ 18 , 20 ], but some species also consume fish and birds [ 15 , 21 ]. Although it has been suggested that toxins in generalist spiders are complex enough to similarly affect both vertebrates and invertebrates [ 1 ], specific venom components for targeting vertebrates as prey have been reported in some groups such as Mygalomorphs and black-widow and some Therididae (e.g., widows of the genera Latrodectus and Steatoda ) [ 1 , 22 , 23 ].

Spiders of the genus Phoneutria represent one of the main groups of medically important spiders in South America because of their defensive behavior, anthropogenic habits, and potent venom [ 16 , 24 , 25 ]. Toxicity of these spiders also varies with sex, as it does in other spider species [ 26 ], where females are more toxic than males [ 27 ]. Studies on the toxicity of Phoneutria spiders have shown that some of their venom components are highly toxic against insects and vertebrates [ 28 ]. Although toxicity to insects has been suggested to be a mechanism for prey capture [ 29 ], ecological and evolutionary causes for high toxicity in vertebrates have been poorly explored. Recent records in the diet of Phoneutria boliviensis , suggest these spiders prey on several arthropod species but also consume vertebrates, mainly reptiles and anurans [ 30 ]. In addition, mammals and birds have occasionally been reported as prey in other Phoneutria spiders [ 16 ]. As a consequence, we hypothesize that just like in Latrodectus spiders, high toxicity to vertebrates in Phoneutria spiders might be a consequence of feeding on this kind of prey. However, to our knowledge, there are no studies that have analyzed the trophic ecology of Phoneutria spiders linking it with its toxicity against different prey types.

Knowledge on trophic ecology is essential for understanding the functional role of the venom since a more realistic effect can be measured when natural prey is used. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that P. boliviensis , a wandering and medically important spider with anthropic habits, captures both arthropods and vertebrate prey and has adapted its venom for such prey. Since, in spiders, females tend to be larger and feed more frequently than males [ 31 ], we evaluated whether prey acceptance and venom efficiency varied intersexually. We also hypothesized a higher acceptance, and in consequence, more toxicity in females against consumed prey.

2.1. Prey Acceptance and Immobilization Time

We found that three out of four prey types were accepted (i.e., killed and consumed), namely spiders (Spinoctenus sp.), geckos ( Hemidactylus frenatus ), and cockroaches ( Periplaneta americana ) by males and females of P. boliviensis ( Figure 1 ). The frog Engystomops pustulosus Lynch, 1970 was rejected in all trials ( Figure 1 , Table S1 ); although in five instances (12.5%), spiders attacked the frog. Bitten frogs always died, yet they were never consumed, in contrast to the remaining prey types. We did not find significant differences in the acceptance of prey between sexes (generalized estimating equation (GEE)-b, X 2 1 = 0.50, p = 0.45) or significant effect of weight on acceptance (GEE-b, X 2 1 = 0.50, p = 0.49), but a difference was observed among prey types (GEE-b, X 2 3 = 5302.20, p < 0.0001), with a lower acceptance of the frog compared to the other prey types.

Comparison of the probability of acceptance of four prey types ( Periplaneta Americana cockroaches, Hemidactylus frenatus geckos, and Spinoctenus sp. spiders) by females (n = 20) and males (n = 20) of Phoneutria boliviensis. Bars are means; whiskers are confidence intervals.

The immobilization time was not significantly different between the sexes (GEE-g, X 2 1 = 0.78, p = 0.37). However, we found that overall immobilization time was significantly different among prey types (GEE-g, X 2 2 = 10.16, p = 0.003): Cockroaches were immobilized in significantly longer times than the other prey (contrasts, p < 0.01, Figure 2 ). We found a significant effect of prey mass on immobilization times (GEE-g, X 2 1 = 8.62, p = 0.0004).

Relationship between mass of prey and immobilization time of three prey types, namely cockroaches ( Periplaneta americana), geckos ( Hemidactylus frenatus ), and spiders ( Spinoctenus sp.) by P. boliviensis . Estimated exponential models are shown.

Number of bites was not significantly different among prey types (GEE-p, X 2 1 = 1.03, p = 0.60) or sex (GEE-p, X 2 1 = 1.19, p = 0.28) and was not affected by mass (GEE-p, X 2 1 = 0.24, p = 0.62). Overall P. boliviensis made 1.42 (SE = 0.09) bites per prey ( Table S1 ).

2.2. Venom Volume

We did not find a significant effect of spider size (prosoma length) on venom production (LM, F 1, 29 = 3.70, p = 0.06), however we found significant differences between sexes (LM, F 1, 29 = 7.36, p = 0.0012): Females produced more venom (mean ± standard error: 8.60 ± 1.53 µL) than males (3.31 ± 0.38 µL) ( Figure 3 and Table S2 ).

Boxplot showing comparison of venom volume produced by females and males of Phoneutria boliviensis . Thick lines are medians, boxes are quartiles, and whiskers are 1.5 times interquartile range. Red points represent means.

2.3. Toxicity

Symptoms observed after injecting different venom concentrations (see Table S3 ) included erratic movements, paralysis, and leg curl in spiders, while in geckos, we observed them running in circles in the container, repeatedly opening the mouth, and displaying leg paralysis before the total paralysis. No mortality was recorded in the control groups for spiders and geckos.

We found a significant interaction between the prey types and dose (GLM-b, X 2 1 = 73.16, p < 0.0001, Figure 4 ). Similarly, mortality was significantly different between prey (GLM-b, X 2 1 = 18.35, p < 0.0001), but not between sexes (GLM-b, X 2 1 = 3.34, p = 0.06).

Relationships between dose and mortality after venom injection of Phoneutria boliviensis for males against ( a ) gecko ( Hemidactylus frenatus) and ( b ) spider ( Spinoctenus sp.) prey and females against ( c ) gecko ( Hemidactylus frenatus ) and ( d ) spider prey ( Spinoctenus sp.). Estimated logit models are shown.

Consequently, the LD 50 values for each prey and sex were different ( Table 1 ).

Estimated LD 50 values (mg/kg) for two different prey (gecko, spider) of females and males of P. boliviensis; 95% confidence intervals for the means are given in brackets.

3. Discussion

Our results show that P. boliviensis captures both invertebrate and vertebrate prey. Males and females of P. boliviensis display a similar prey acceptance, as both captured and consumed the same prey. Phoneutria boliviensis accepted and was able to overcome animals with different morphologies, such as spiders, cockroaches, and geckos, suggesting this species is likely an euryphagous species [ 32 ]. These results thus confirm ability to exploit small reptiles as has been previously reported for this genus from the field [ 30 ]. Rejection of frogs was an unexpected result since anurans are readily consumed by Phoneutria spiders [ 20 , 33 ]. However, it has been reported that the frog E. pustulosus possesses defensive glands, which store noxious substances [ 34 ], which may have contributed to their avoidance by the spiders. This is supported by observations as the rejection occurred only after the spider bit the frog.

When evaluating the immobilization times, we found them to be similar for both male and female spiders. However, immobilization time was different between the offered prey types: Spiders were the most susceptible, while cockroaches were the least. Shorter times observed for spiders might be achieved by injection of more venom. Araneophagy is a risky behavior [ 35 ] and is used when predators possess effective weapons. According to the venom optimization hypothesis, venomous animals are able to regulate volume of administered venom according to some prey traits, and this might be the case when attacking other spiders [ 36 ]. Short immobilization times in geckos might be explained by the fact that it is a fast prey that needs to be paralyzed quickly to prevent escape.

In particular, the cockroaches exhibited the longest immobilization times, probably due to their cuticular armor, which in some cases prevented the spider from biting some regions, such as the abdomen and the ventral part of thorax. Alternatively, cockroaches might be more resistant to P. boliviensis venom. Overall, we found that P. boliviensis needed a single bite to immobilize prey, probably as the spider was able to grasp and inject venom at the same time. A similar trend has been observed in Loxosceles , another medically important species [ 37 ]. Surprisingly, we observed an inverse relationship between prey mass and immobilization time, which contrasts with previous records [ 38 ]. We hypothesize that this could be due to the fact that larger prey were more active than smaller prey, which might cause the spider injects more venom; a similar trend has been shown in scorpions where sting use is directly related to prey activity [ 39 ] or centipedes where prey size selection is related to venom availability [ 40 ].

The volume of the venom was higher in females than in males, which is not surprising, since in general in spiders, females produce more venom than males [ 41 , 42 , 43 ]. A similar difference, observed in Phoneutria nigriventer Keyserling, 1891, was attributed to allometry [ 27 ], which is not supported by our study. We also observed a higher variation of volume venom in females when compared to males. We assume this variation might be a consequence of venom production, which although on average was higher in females, caused a higher variation when some individuals produced a low quantity. This variation would not be so evident in males, where the venom production was much lower compared to females. However, not only venom volume varied between sexes in P. boliviensis , but also toxicity varied, which might be either due to differences in venom compounds or in the concentrations of the same compounds [ 44 ]. We expected a higher toxicity in females, in agreement with former studies in other Phoneutria spiders [ 27 ]. Instead, males had slightly more toxic venom to geckos and much more toxic venom to spiders when compared to females. However, in some mygalomorph species, such as Hadronyche (Atrax) , males have also been reported to be more toxic than females [ 25 ]. We attribute these differences to the use of different prey, as it has been shown that venom can act in a different way in closely related organisms and might be biased when not using real prey [ 9 ]. This is supported by a significant interaction between sex and prey type in the toxicity. Apparently, there is a trade-off between the venom volume and its efficacy: Males achieved high toxicity at lower dose while females at higher doses. A selection in toxicity for different defensive purposes is unlikely in this species as both males and females are equally exposed to potential vertebrate predators given their wandering habits. In addition, both sexes readily consumed reptiles such as geckos, which emphasize the important role of venom when capturing this kind of prey.

Venom is strongly linked to prey capture in spiders and other arthropods. For example, it has been suggested that prey-specialized spiders have specific toxins effective for subduing their preferred prey [ 14 ]. In the case of larger spider species, vertebrate specific toxins might have an important role in prey capture. For example, theraphosid spiders possess toxins highly effective against small terrestrial vertebrates, which might be attributed for prey capture [ 45 ], a similar case occurs in belostomatid bugs, whose toxins can subdue small aquatic vertebrates such as fishes, amphibians, and reptiles [ 46 ]. The higher toxicity of P. boliviensis to geckos suggests it plays an important role in the capture of this kind of prey. We cannot dismiss the possibility that the venom of P. boliviensis is also used for defensive purposes against vertebrates. Interestingly, although vertebrate-specific toxins are present in P. nigriventer individuals from early stages [ 47 , 48 ], lethality to vertebrates, namely mice, occurs mainly when spiders reach adulthood [ 41 ]. This might be explained by adults administering higher venom volume than juveniles or it might be due an ontogenic shift in toxin production, behavior, and overall venom toxicity.

The LD 50 values of P. boliviensis against geckos are slightly higher than those reported for other Phoneutria species ( Table 2 ) or against mice ( Table 2 ), suggesting that Phoneutria venom might act similarly in several vertebrate species including mammals. A similar trend is observed in several Latrodecus spiders [ 49 ], whose LD 50 values against mouse are slightly smaller than those reported here for P. boliviensis , an expected result given the vertebrate feeding habits recorded in Latrodectus spiders [ 50 ]. However, comparison should be carefully interpreted as mice have not been used here and these are not natural prey for P. boliviensis . [ 30 ].

Comparison of LD 50 (mg/kg) of spiders of the genus Phoneutria for different prey types. Sex: M—male, F—female, M/F: Pooled male and female venom. * Values reported in this study.

The evidence gathered in this study suggests that high toxicity of Phoneutria venom against vertebrate prey might be a consequence of feeding on this prey type. Therefore, more studies on the feeding ecology of Phoneutria spiders are required to understand the evolution of venom composition as well as venom use and optimization against different prey types. Future studies should also focus on the feeding and defensive behavior of other Phoneutria species and other related vertebrate-eating spiders, such as Ctenus and Ancylometes [ 20 ].

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. specimen collection and housing.

We collected 50 adult individuals (25 males, 25 females) of P. boliviensis in the locality of Oporapa, Colombia (2° 1’ 40.5" N; 75° 59’ 43" W). Specimens were sampled by hand at night using a headlamp, in grassland and coffee plantations. Collected specimens were placed singly in 710 mL plastic containers and transferred to the biology laboratory at the Universidad de Ibagué, where they were kept individually in plastic terraria (23 × 17 × 14 cm). A piece of curved cardboard was placed inside the terrarium as a shelter, a piece of wet cotton was provided for humidity. Water was provided ad libitum, moistening a cotton every two days with 5 mL of water. Conditions at the sampling locality, i.e., humidity (80 ± 10%), temperature (25 ± 1 °C), and photoperiod (12:12 h, light:dark), were simulated with a thermoregulator and a humidifier installed in the laboratory. Voucher specimens are deposited in the zoology collection at the Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué.

Four prey species were used, two vertebrates and two invertebrates. Prey species were selected based on 1) their sympatry and abundance at the same site as P. boliviensis and 2) evidence of the consumption of closely related prey species by other Phoneutria or related ctenid spiders. As vertebrate prey, we selected the gecko Hemidactylus frenatus Duméril & Bibron, 1836 (mass (mean ± SE): 0.29 ± 0.01 g, size (mean ± SE): 47.57 ± 1.25)) and the frog E. pustulosus (mass: 1.26 ± 0.37 g, size: 24.27 ± 0.54), which were reported to be preyed upon by Phoneutria spiders [ 30 ] and other ctenid spiders [ 52 ], respectively. As arthropod prey, we used the spider Spinoctenus sp. (Araneae, Ctenidae, mass: 0.41 ± 0.02 g, size: 15.95 ± 0.61) and the cockroach Periplaneta americana Linnaeus, 1758 (mass: 0.85 ± 0.02 g, size: 29.17 ± 0.95), based on reports of Lucas [ 53 ] and Hazzi [ 54 ]. All prey were collected next to buildings and gardens of the Universidad de Ibagué and the Universidad del Tolima. All prey specimens were maintained ad libitum by supplying Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus, 1758 every two days ( Periplaneta americana with a diet of oats and carrots). Spinoctenus sp. were kept singly in 148 mL containers, while the other prey were kept together in 50 × 50 × 50 cm containers, under the same environmental conditions as P. boliviensis . Vertebrates used in this study (geckos and frogs) were kept under laboratory conditions according to international standards [ 55 ].

4.2. Prey Acceptance and Immobilization

Before using spiders in the acceptance experiment, we standardized their hunger level by feeding all spiders with T. molitor [ 56 ] larvae until the spider stopped feeding, so it was considered satiated. Subsequently all individuals were deprived of prey for 12 days before starting the experiment in order to increase their capture success rate. We randomly assigned one prey species to a spider (using the Excel pseudorandom function). We repeated this procedure until all selected prey had been offered to all spiders, namely 20 males: (mean ±SE, weight: 2.09 ± 0.38 g, prosoma length: 12.85 ± 0.48 mm) and 20 females (weight: 2.41 ± 0.15 g, prosoma length: 13.59 ± 0.47 mm), in order to achieve a complete block design [ 57 ].

Spiders were individually placed in an observation arena of 23 × 17 × 14 cm 2 h before starting the experiment. Trials were performed at night, as the spiders are nocturnal. For this purpose, recordings were made with a NIKON© D3300 camera under red light, since this color is not perceived by spiders [ 58 ]. All prey and spiders were weighed on a Precisa© analytic balance model LX 220A, with 0.01 mg precision. A prey was released to the arena housing a spider and its fate was observed for 10 min. If the prey was attacked and consumption of the prey had started during that time, it was classified as accepted. If the prey was attacked but not killed or killed but not consumed it was classified as rejected. For all successful captures, we recorded the immobilization time, defined as the time (in seconds) between the first bite and when the prey stopped moving.

Since the experiment had a block design (due to repeated measurements), data were analyzed by generalized estimating equations (GEE) from the geepack [ 59 ], which is an extension of generalized linear models (GLM) for correlated data [ 60 ]. In the case of acceptance, we used a binomial distribution (GEE-b), while in the case of immobilization time, we used a Gamma distribution (GEE-g). In the linear predictor, spider specimen was considered as a block and prey type and prey mass were used as explanatory variables. We compared the number of bites between prey and sex using GEE with Poisson distribution, using the same explanatory variables as in immobilization analysis, and number of bites as the response variable.

4.3. Venom Extraction and Volume

The venom of 15 other males (mean ± SE, prosoma length: 12.43 ± 0.39 mm) and 18 females (mean ± SE, prosoma length: 13.42 ± 0.38 mm) of P. boliviensis was extracted. For this, we built a device to immobilize spiders without anesthetizing them [ 61 ], since it has been shown that anesthesia can increase mortality or alter the behavior and physiology of the animal [ 62 ]. The designed device was a plastic container covered with a fine plastic mesh and the spider was pressed against the mesh with the help of a foam piece ( Figure S1 ).

We used an ENTES electro-stimulator (Entomopixel™ Company: www.entomopixel.com ) set at a square wave with an amplitude of 12 V, a frequency of 20 Hz, and a 10% duty factor. Spider electro-stimulation was done by placing the electrodes on the prosoma and cheliceral base for 5 s, electrodes were moved at different positions to get as much venom as possible. Electrostimulation method was chosen based on its efficiency for extracting venom in large spiders [ 63 ]. At the same time, two glass capillary tubes (internal diameter (mean ± SE): 1.16 ± 0.004 mm) were placed over the tips of the fangs to collect the venom and prevent possible contamination from other fluids the spider may expel. Spiders did not appear to suffer ill effects of electrostimulation, and were maintained healthy in the lab after venom extraction. The capillaries were then photographed with a size reference in order to estimate the volume, and the venom was transferred to a low protein binding cryotube and flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen. The extracted venom was lyophilized, weighed by Precisa © analytical balance, and stored in a freezer at −85 °C [ 24 ] until use. The volume of venom was calculated from the images by measuring the length and diameter of the fluid column. The mean of venom volumes obtained from each fang was used in the analysis. Venom volume between males and females was compared using a linear model (LM). The linear predictor included spider size and sex.

4.4. Toxicity Bioassays

We used one vertebrate and one arthropod prey species in the bioassays, namely the gecko H. frenatus (2.62 ± 0.34 g) and the spider Spinoctenus sp (0.84 ± 0.22 g); these prey were selected as they were accepted at higher frequency by P. bolivinensis than other prey. The geckos were kept according to the international standards for the use of reptiles in laboratory investigations [ 54 ]. In vivo experiments were approved by the ethical committee of the Universidad de Ibagué (001 10 November 2017). Reports for gecko results on this study followed the Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments (ARRIVE) guidelines [ 64 ]. Both Spinoctenus sp. spiders (n = 190) and geckos (n = 259) used were adults. The Spinoctenus sp. spiders were fed ad libitum with T. molitor larvae and geckos were fed with juvenile individuals of the cricket Acheta domestica Linnaeus, 1758 weekly during two weeks before the bioassays. The temperature, relative humidity, and conditioning photoperiod were similar to that of spiders (temperature = 25 ± 1 °C, relative humidity = 80 ± 10%, and photoperiod = 12 h light:12 h dark). Individuals were weighed before using them in bioassay to the nearest 0.1 mg.

The lyophilized venom was diluted in physiological saline solution [ 27 , 48 ]. Individuals were randomly assigned to each experimental group. A different number of prey animals were used in our bioassay because of the difference in availability of female and male venom ( Table S1 ). The venom solution was injected with a 10 μL Hamilton© syringe. The geckos were held in hand and injected subdermally through the skin, in the left rear leg. We selected this location as no vital organs could be affected, similar to as has been done in mice [ 27 ]. Individuals of control group were injected only with physiological saline solution. After the injections, the geckos were placed individually in 710 mL plastic containers. In the case of Spinoctenus sp. spiders, these were fixed using the same mechanism as with P. boliviensis in milking, and were injected into the joint section between coxae and leg IV, avoiding any possible contact with the sternum so no vital organs would be affected. After the injections, the spiders were placed individually in 148 mL plastic containers. All injections were made by the same person (J.C.V.R) to avoid experimenter bias. Once injected, all animals were kept under same conditions as described on the prey maintenance section. Water was provided but not food.

Treated animals were immediately checked after being injected and rechecked 24 h later. Spiders were considered dead after 24 h if they could not turn around when turned side up. In the case of the geckos, the same procedure was performed while also checking for the absence of respiration.

Data on survival were compared between sex and prey using GLM with a binomial distribution and logit link [ 65 ]. The dose was logarithmically transformed [ 66 ]. We used sex and prey type as explanatory variables, and mortality as the response variable. All the statistical analyses were carried out with R software version 3.5.0 [ 67 ], LD 50 , and its SE was estimated using a function from the MASS package [ 68 ].

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Carlos Suárez, and the National Police of Oporapa for their help during field trips; Sandra Buitrago, Allison Cubillos, Katherine Moreno, Felipe Ospina and Diego Medina for their help with the experiments; to Johan Romero by frog photo; to the Ethical Committee of the Universidad de Ibagué for providing permission to use the animals in our bioassays (No. 001, issued on 10 November 2017); the SENA (Sede La Granja, Espinal, Colombia) for providing lyophilizer equipment; and the Entomopixel™ for design and donation of ENTES 1.0 electro-stimulator. Two anonyomous referees provided very useful comments to improve this study.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/11/11/622/s1 , Figure S1: Device built for spider milking, with foam holding the immobilized spider. Table S1: Record for behavioral observations, including the explanatory variables (acceptance, immobilization time, number of bites) of males and females of P. boliviensis when attacking cockroaches ( Periplaneta americana ), frogs ( Engystomops pustulosus ), geckos ( Hemidactylus frenatus ) and spiders ( Spinoctenus sp.). Table S2. Prosoma length and mean volume produced by males and females of P. boliviensis . Table S3. List of doses used the in the bioassays for females (F) and males (M) of P. boliviensis and two prey types, gecko ( Hemidactylus frenatus ) and spider ( Spinoctenus sp.).

Key Contribution

Traditionally, the toxicity of medically significant spiders has been explained from a defensive perspective. Here, we offer a new perspective, by comparing prey capture and toxicity in males and females of the spider Phoneutria boliviensis against vertebrate and arthropod prey. We found that toxicity in P. boliviensis is higher against reptiles compared to arthropods, suggesting that high toxicity to humans is a side-effect of adaptation for the capture of vertebrate prey.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, L.F.G., J.C.V.-R., and J.C.G.-G.; methodology, L.F.G., A.v.d.M., J.C.V.-R., J.N.C., and J.C.G.-G.; formal analysis, L.F.G., J.C.V.-R., and S.P.; writing—original draft, J.C.V.-R. and L.F.G.; writing—review and editing, A.v.d.M. and S.P.; resources and funding acquisition, L.M.F., G.G., and S.P.; supervision, L.F.G., L.M.F., G.G., and A.v.d.M.

We are grateful for financial support by the Universidad de Ibagué, Project 18-544-INT. CURE-Universidad de la República and Department of Botany and Zoology from Masaryk University provided funds for paper publication.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

What Do Brazilian Wandering Spiders Eat?

The Brazilian wandering spider, also known as the banana spider or armed spider, is one of the most venomous spiders on the planet. While its venom is extremely potent, it isn’t as deadly as its five comparable species. Among these, the Australian funnel-web spider and the sand spider are also incredibly venomous. Despite its name, you won’t find this deadly spider eating bananas.

You may have heard that Brazil’s wandering spiders eat bananas, but a more common sighting is a tarantula in a banana. This large, brownish spider is not dangerous to humans, but is often mistaken for the deadly black tarantula. The spider’s egg sacs are often found inside bananas. While it’s rare for these spiders to actually bite people, they are still an annoyance.

Although the size of the Brazilian wandering spider isn’t very large, it does grow quite large and can be dangerous. Many years ago, these large spiders were transported to Europe in bananas. Today, bananas are consumed in Brazil almost exclusively. Because of this, large spiders are unlikely to be imported out of the country in banana shipments. If you happen to find a Brazilian wandering spider in a banana, you should be able to identify it fairly easily.

Unlike most species of spiders, Brazilian wandering spiders do not spin webs; instead, they swoop down on their prey. Their diets vary from large insects to small lizards. Spiderlings eat flightless fruit flies and newborn crickets. They only use spinnerets during egg sac production. When threatened, males must retreat rapidly. The wet bite from a wandering spider is deadly, and a wet one can kill a human in just two hours.

The nine species of Brazilian wandering spiders live in Brazil, with some species also found in Central and South America. These spiders are sometimes mistaken for harmless banana spiders when shipped to North America. In fact, this species is considered one of the most dangerous spiders. Despite the size, they are extremely poisonous and should not be handled lightly. Their bite can be deadly if not treated immediately. Phoneutria fera is one of the most dangerous Brazilian wandering spider species, as it has a venom potency sufficient to kill five people.

Other spiders

The Brazilian wandering spider is a dangerous, poisonous species. While it is rare to find one in the UK, it is common in South American rainforests. At night, it migrates across the jungle floor, preying on other spiders and other animals. Despite the deadly bite, the Brazilian wandering spider is not the deadliest or venomous spider. Here are some facts about them.

The genus Phoneutria is made up of several species, mostly found in tropical South and Central America. Members of this genus are commonly referred to as “banana spiders,” “armed spiders,” and “brazilian wandering spiders.” These spiders have distinct threat displays, which include clutching the ground as if to fight. If you are bitten by a Brazilian wandering spider, get medical attention right away. Fortunately, most cases can be treated fairly quickly, without severe complications.

Brazilian wandering spiders are known for their aggressive behavior and toxic bite. They attack only when provoked, and the bite is accompanied by goosebumps, sweating, and chills. A Brazilian wandering spider bite can cause severe pain, goose bumps, or even shock. In severe cases, the spider may even inflict convulsions. If you happen to accidentally injure a wandering spider, seek medical attention right away.

Venom from this spider has high potency and is effective against many vertebrate species. Scientists are investigating its venom, which contains the compound PnTx2-6. This compound blocks calcium entry and messes with brain function. Ultimately, it wrecks havoc on its prey. The venom of Brazilian wandering spiders kills mice in one bite. This arachnid is the “Deadliest Spider in the World.”

Small amphibians

The Brazilian wandering spider is an arachnid in the genus Phoneutria. The name “phoneutria” comes from the Greek word for murderress. This spider is considered to be one of the most venomous spiders on the planet. Their bite is extremely painful and can cause heavy sweating, drooling, skin swelling, redness, and heat. The spider is often called a “murderess” due to the fact that it can induce local piloerection.

There are several species of Brazilian wandering spiders, but two species are the most commonly reported worldwide. The spiders sometimes wander into cities and towns as well as fruit shipments. If you find one of these spiders in your home, seek medical attention as soon as possible to prevent serious injury. Among its diet are insects, other spiders, small mammals, amphibians, and reptiles. However, they are not poisonous to humans.

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